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THE 

FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES 

AMERICA; 




THE CULTURE, PROPAGATION, AND MANAGEMENT, IN THE 
GARDEN AND ORCHARD, OP FRUIT-TREES GENERALLY: 



DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE FINEST VARIETIES OF FRUIT, NATIVE 
AND FOREIGN, CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY. 



By AT J* DOWNING, 

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY OF LONDON ; AND OF TKE HORTICUL- 
TURAL SOCIETIES OF BERLIN, THE LOW COUNTRIES, MASSACHUSETTS, 
PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA, CINCINNATI, ETC. 



' What wondrous life is this I lead ? 
Ripe apples drop about my head ; 
The luscious clusters of the vino 
Upon my mouth dp crush their wine ; 
The nectarine and curious peach 
Into my hands themselves do reach." 

Mart^ell. 



SECOND REVISION AND CORRECTION, WITH LARGE ADDITIONS, BY 

CHARLES DOWNING. 




NEW YORK : 

JOHN WILEY & SON, 2 CLINTON HALL, ASTOR PLACE. 

3869. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by 
JOHN WILEY, 

Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of 
New York. 



The New York Printing Company, 
8 i, 83, and 85 Cetitre Street, 
New York. 



TO 

MARSHALL P. WILDEK, Esq., 

PEESIDENT OF THE 

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 
THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED, 

BY HIS FRIEND, 

THE AUTHOR,. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Preface xiii 

Preface to the Second Revision . xvii 

Abbreviations and Books Quoted xxi 

CHAPTER I. 

The Production of New Varieties of Fruit 1 

The Van Mons Theory 5 

Cross-Breeding 7 

CHAPTER II. 

Remarks on the Duration of the Varieties of Fruit-Trees 10 

CHAPTER III. 

Propagation of Varieties, Grafting, Budding, Cuttings, Layers, 

and Suckers. 16 

CHAPTER IV. 

Pruning 33 

CHAPTER V. 

Training 38 

CHAPTER VI. 

Transplanting 45 

CHAPTER VII. 

The Position of Fruit-Trees — Soil and Aspect 51 

CHAPTER VIII. 

General Remarks on Insects 54 



VU1 CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER IX. 

PAGE 

The Apple 58 

Uses 59 

Propagation , CO 

Soil and Situation - CI 

Preparing, Planting, and Cultivation of Orchards G2 

Pruning G3 

Insects G3 

Gathering and Keeping the Fruit 67 

Cider 69 

Varieties, Classification, and Terms used in Describing Apples 70 

Desc3iptive List of Varieties 73 

Siberian Crabs and Improved Siberian Apples, with Descriptive List 421 

Select List of Varieties for Table Use, Cooking, and Keeping, &c. . . . 427 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive Lists 1013 



CHAPTER X. 



The Almond. . „ 430 

Uses and Cultivation 430 

Descriptive List of Varieties 431 

Ornamental Varieties 432 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1013 



CHAPTER XL 



The Apeicot 432 

Uses, Cultivation, Diseases 433 

Descriptive List of Varieties 433 

Curious or Ornamental Varieties 442 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1040 



CHAPTER XT!. 



The Berberry 442 

Culture 443 

The Blackberry • 443 

Descriptive List of Varieties 443 

Ornamental Varieties 446 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1042 



CHAPTER XIII. 

The Cherry 447 

Uses 447 

Soil and Situation 448 

Propagation and Cultivation 449 

Training and Gathering the Fruit 450 

Descriptive List of Varieties : 

Class I. — Bigarreau and Heart Cherries 450 

Class II. — Duke and Morello Cherries 476 

Ornamental Varieties 486 

, Selections of Choice Cherries for Family Use. 487 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1042 



CONTENTS. IX 

CHAPTER XIV. 

PACK 

The Currant 487 

Uses, Propagation and Culture, Insects and Diseases • 488 

Descriptive List of Varieties : 

Class I.— Red and White Currants 489 

Class II.— Black Currants 492 

Ornamental Varieties 493 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1047 

CHAPTER XV. 

The Cranberry 493 

Alphabetical Index 1046 

CHAPTER XVI. 

The Fig 494 

Propagation, Soil, and Culture 495 

Descriptive List of Varieties : 

Class I. — Red, Brown, or Purple 496 

Class II.— White, Green, or Yellow. 498 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1047 

CHAPTER XVII. 

The Gooseberry 499 

Uses, Propagation, and Cultivation 500 

Descriptive List of Varieties 501 

American Varieties 503 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1048 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

The Grape 504 

Uses, Soil 505 

Propagation 506 

1. Culture of the Foreign Grape 506 

Renewal Training 507 

Culture under Glass without Artificial Heat 508 

Culture under Glass with Fire Heat 510 

Construction of the Vinery 511 

Insects and Diseases 513 

Descriptive List of Foreign Grapes 513 

2. American Grapes 525 

Vineyard Culture 526 

Diseases and Insects, Grafting, Keeping 527 

Descriptive List of American Grapes 528 

Selection of Varieties 558 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive Lists of Foreign and American 

Grapes 1049 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

PAGTC 

The Melon 559 

. Culture 559 

Descriptive List of Varieties 560 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1053 

CHAPTER XX. 

The Water-Melon 561 

Descriptive List of Varieties 562 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1054 

CHAPTER XXI. 

The Mulberry 564 

Description of Varieties 564 

Alphabetical Index . 1054 

CHAPTER XXII. 

The Nectarine 565 

Culture 565 

Descriptive List of Varieties 566 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1054 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

Nuts 572 

Descriptive List of Varieties 573 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1055 

CHAPTER XXIY. 

The Olive 575 

Uses and Value 575 

Propagation and Culture 575 

Varieties 576 

Index to Varieties 1056 

CHAPTER XXV. 

The Orange Family 576 

Soil and Culture 577 

Varieties 578 

Lemons 579 

The Lime 579 

The Citron 579 

The Shaddock 579 

Index to Varieties 1056 



CONTENTS. Xi 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

PAGK 

The Peach 580 

Uses 581 

Propagation, Soil, and Situation 582 

Pruning 583 

Insects and Diseases 586 

The Yellows 587 

Remedy for the Yellows 591 

Raising Peaches in Pots 594 

Descriptive List of Varieties 596 

Curious or Ornamental Varieties. . „ 638 

Selection of Varieties ( G39 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1056 

CHAPTER XXVII. 

The Pear 639 

General Description 639 

Gathering and Keeping the Fruit 641 

Propagation 642 

Soil, Situation, and Culture 643 

Diseases and Insects 644 

The Insect Blight 645 

The Frozen-sap Blight . . .". 646 

Varieties 650 

Descriptive List of Varieties 651 

Select List for Table Use, Marketing, and Cooking 887 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1060 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 

The Plum 889 

Uses 889 

Propagation and Culture 890 

Soil ; Insects and Diseases 891 

Varieties 895 

Descriptive List of Varieties 895 

Ornamental Varieties 955 

Selection of Varieties for Table, Marketing, and Cooking 955 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1083 

CHAPTER XXIX. 

The Pomegranate 956 

Propagation and Culture 957 

Varieties 957 

Alphabetical Index to Varieties 1089 

CHAPTER XXX. 

The Quince 957 

Uses, Propagation, Soil, and Culture 958 

Varieties 958 

Ornamental Varieties 960 

Alphabetical Index to Varieties 1090 



xu 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

PAGE 

The Raspberry 960 

Uses, Propagation, Soil, and Culture 962 

Varieties 962 

Alphabetical Index to Varieties 1090 

CHAPTER XXXII. 

The Strawberry 974 

Propagation, Soil, and Culture 975 

Varieties 977 

Alpine and Wood Strawberries 1005 

Hautbois Strawberries 1007 

Chili Strawberries 1007 

Green Strawberries 1008 

Selection of Varieties 1008 

Alphabetical Index to Varieties 1091 

Key to French Names 1009 

Index to the Different Fruits 1013 

General Index 1096 



PREFACE. 



A man born on the banks of one of the noblest and most fruitful 
rivers in America, and whose best days have been spent in gardens and 
orchards, may perhaps be pardoned for talking about fruit-trees. 

Indeed the subject deserves not a few, but many words. "Fine 
fruit is the flower of commodities." It is the most perfect union of the 
useful and the beautiful that the earth knows. Trees full of soft 
foliage ; blossoms fresh with spring beauty ; and, finally, — fruit, rich, 
bloom-dusted, melting, and luscious, — such are the treasures of the 
orchard and the garden, temptingly offered to every landholder in this 
bright and sunny, though temperate climate. 

" If a man," says an acute essayist, " should send for me to come a 
hundred miles to visit him, and should set before me a basket of fine 
summer fruit, I should think there was some proportion between the 
labor and the reward." 

I must add a counterpart to this. He who owns a rood of proper 
land in this country, and, in the face of all the pomonal riches of the 
day, only raises crabs and choke-pears, deserves to lose the respect of all 
sensible men. The classical antiquarian must pardon one for doubting 
if, amid all the wonderful beauty of the golden age, there was anything 
to equal our delicious modern fruits — our honeyed Seckels, and Beurres, 
our melting Rareripes. At any rate, the science of modern horticulture 
has restored almost everything that can be desired to give a paradisi- 
acal richness to our fruit-gardens. Yet there are many in utter igno- 
rance of most of these fruits, who seem to live under some ban of expul- 
sion from all the fair and goodly productions of the garden. 

Happily, the number is every day lessening. America is a young 
orchard, but when the planting of fruit-trees in one of the newest States 
numbers nearly a quarter of a million in a single year ; when there are 
more peaches exposed in the markets of ISTew York, annually, than are 
raised in all France ; when American apples, in large quantities, com- 
mand double prices in European markets ; there is little need for enter- 
ing into any praises of this soil and climate generally, regarding the cul- 
ture of fruit. In one part or another of the Union every man may, 
literally, sit under his own vine and fig-tree. 



xiv 



PREFACE. 



i It is fortunate for an author, in this practical age, when his subject 
requires no explanation to show its downright and direct usefulness. 
When I say I heartily desire that every man should cultivate an or- 
chard, or at least a tree, of good fruit, it is not necessary that I should 
point out how much both himself and the public will be, in every sense, 
the gainers. Otherwise I might be obliged to repeat the advice of Dr. 
J ohnson to one of his friends. " If possible," said he, " have a good 
orchard. I know a clergyman of small income who brought up a family 
very reputably, which he chiefly fed on apple dumplings." (!) 

The first object, then, of this work is to increase the taste for the 
planting and cultivation of fruit-trees. The second one is to furnish a 
manual for those who, already more or less informed upon the subject, 
desire some work of reference to guide them in the operations of cul- 
ture, and in the selection of varieties. 

If it were only necessary for me to present for the acceptance of my 
readers a choice garland of fruit, comprising the few sorts that I esteem 
of the most priceless value, the space and time to be occupied would be 
very brief. 

But this would only imperfectly answer the demand that is at pres- 
ent made by our cultivators. The country abounds with collections of 
all the finest foreign varieties ; our own soil has produced many native 
sorts of the highest merit ; and from all these, kinds may be selected 
which are highly valuable for every part of the country. But opinions 
differ much as to the merits of some sorts. Those which succeed per- 
fectly in one section, are sometimes ill-adapted to another. And, 
finally, one needs some accurate description to know, when a variety 
comes into bearing, if its fruit is genuine, or even to identify an indiffer- 
ent kind, in order to avoid procuring it again. Hence the number of 
varieties of fruit that are admitted here. Little by little I have sum- 
moned them into my pleasant and quiet court, tested them as far as 
possible, and endeavored to pass the most impartial judgment upon 
them. The verdicts will be found in the following pages. 

From this great accumulation of names, Pomology has become an 
embarrassing study, and those of our readers who are large collectors 
will best understand the difficulty — nay, the impossibility of making a 
work like this perfect. 

Towards settling this chaos in nomenclature, the exertions of the 
Horticultural Society of London have been steadily directed for the last 
twenty years. That greatest of experimental gardens contains, or has 
contained, nearly all the varieties of fruit, from all parts of the world, 
possessing the least celebrity. The vast confusion of names, dozens 
sometimes meaning the same variety, has been by careful comparison 
reduced to something like real order. The relative merit of the kinds 
has been proved and published. In short, the horticultural world owes 



PREFACE. 



XV 



this Society a heavy debt of gratitude for these labors, and to the 
science and accuracy of Mr. Robert Thompson, the head of its fruit 
department, horticulturists here will gladly join me in bearing the fullest 
testimony. 

To give additional value to these results, I have adopted in nearly 
all cases, for fruits known abroad, the nomenclature of the London 
Horticultural Society. By this means I hope to render universal on 
this side of the Atlantic the same standard names, so that the difficulty 
and confusion which have always more or less surrounded this part of 
the subject may be hereafter avoided. 

These foreign fruits have now been nearly all proved in this country, 
and remarks on their value in this climate, deduced from actual experi- 
ence, are here given to the public. To our native and local fruits espe- 
cial care has also been devoted. Not only have most of the noted sorts 
been proved in the gardens here, but I have had specimens before me 
for comparison, the growth of no less than fourteen of the different 
States. There are still many sorts, nominally fine, which remain to be 
collected, compared, and proved ; some of which will undoubtedly 
deserve a place in future editions. To the kindness of pomologists in 
various sections of the country I must trust for the detection of errors in 
the present volume, and for information of really valuable new varieties.* 

Of the descriptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary. 
First, is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed, in 
smaller type, the various synonymes, or local names, by which the same 
fruit is known in various countries or parts of the country. Thus, on 
page 761, is the following : 

Flemish Beauty. 

Belle de Flandres. Poire Davy. 
Bosch Nouvelle. Imperatrice de France. 

Bosch. Fondant du Bois. 

Bosc Sire. Boschpeer. 

Beurre Spence {erroneously). 

By this is signified, first, that Flemish Beauty is the standard name 
of the pear ; secondly, that the others — synonymes — are various local 
names by which the Flemish Beauty is also known in various places ; 
and, lastly, that by the latter name — Beurre Spence — it is incorrectly 
known in some collections, this name belonging to another distinct pear. 

It is at once apparent that one of the chief points of value of a 
book like this, lies in the accuracy with which these synonymous names 

* It is well to remark that many of the so-called new varieties, especially from 
the West, prove to be old and well-known kinds, slightly altered in appearance by 
new soil and different climate. A new variety must possess very superior qualities 
to entitle it to regard, now that we have so many fine fruits in our collections. 



xvi 



PREFACE. 



are given — since a person might, in looking over different catalogues 
issued here and abroad, suppose that all ten of the above are different 
varieties — when they are really all different names for a single pear. In 
this record of synonymes, I have therefore availed myself of the valu- 
able experience of the London Horticultural Society, and added all the 
additional information in my own possession. 

Many of the more important varieties of fruit are shown in outline. 
I have chosen this method as likely to give the most correct idea of the 
form of a fruit, and because I believe that the mere outline of a fruit, 
like a profile of the human face, will often be found more characteristic 
than a highly finished portrait in color. The outlines have been nearly 
all traced directly from fruits grown here. They are from specimens 
mostly below the average size. It has been the custom to choose the 
largest and finest fruits for illustration — a practice very .likely to mis- 
lead. I believe the general character is better expressed by specimens 
of medium size, or rather below it. 

It only remains for me to present my acknowledgments to the nu- 
merous gentlemen, in various parts of the country, who have kindly fur- 
nished information necessary to the completion of the work. The names 
of many are given in the body of the volume. But to the following I 
must especially tender my thanks, for notes of their experience, or for 
specimens of fruits to solve existing doubts. 

In Massachusetts, to Messrs. M. P. Wilder, S. G. Perkins, J. P. 
Cushing, B. V. French, S. Downer, and C. M. Hovey, of Boston; John 
C. Lee, J. M. Ives, the late Bobert Manning, and his son, R. Manning, 
of Salem ; and Otis Johnson, of Lynn. 

In Connecticut, to Dr. E. W. Bull, of Hartford ; Mr. S. Lyman, of 
Manchester ; and the Bev. H. S. Bamsdell, of Thompson. 

In New York, to Messrs. -David Thomas, of Aurora ; J. J. Thomas, 
of Macedon ; Luther Tucker and Isaac Denniston, of Albany ; Alexan- 
der Walsh, of Lansingburgh ; T. H. Hyatt, of Bochester ; B. L. Pell, 
of Pelham ; C. Downing, of Newburgh ; and Wm. H. Aspinwall, of 
Staten Island. 

In Ohio, to Professor Kirtland, of Cleveland; Dr. Hildreth, of 
Marietta ; and Messrs. N. Longworth, C. W. Elliott, and A. H. Ernst, 
of Cincinnati. 

In Indiana, to the Bev. H. W. Beecher, of Indianapolis. In New 
Jersey, to Messrs. Thomas Hancock, of Burlington, and J. W. Hayes, 
of Newark. In Pennsylvania, to Mr. Frederick Brown and Col. Carr, 
of Philadelphia. In Maryland, to Lloyd N. Bogers, Esq., of Baltimore. 
In Georgia, to James Camak, Esq., of Athens. 

A. J. D. 

Highland Gardens, ) 
Newburgh, N. Y., May, 1845. \ 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION. 



The second revision of the Fruits and Fruit-Trees of America, 
originally written by my lamented brother, in 1845, has been under- 
taken with very great hesitancy ; but the extended increased interest in 
fruit-culture, and demand for this work, have seemed to require of me 
such aid in its construction, commensurate with the progress of the age, 
as I could command. 

I have therefore, by the assistance of numerous friends in all parts of 
the States and the Canadas, gathered together material, and embodied, 
enlarged, and revised the work, trusting that the desire to assist, aid, and 
continue the advancement of fruit-culture may be taken as the incentive 
which has guided my labors ; and that imperfections will not be too 
freely commented upon, without careful thought of the time and obser- 
vation, etc., requisite in deciding many points in Pomology. The cor- 
recting or deciding relative to the various names under which one fruit 
is known in different sections, was originally a feature of great diffi- 
culty, even when they were brought together and grown in one garden, 
as by the London Horticultural Society; but when this has to be done 
with the varieties spread over such a wide territory, and with so many 
varied climates and soils as ours, the task is one of no light character. 
At the first writing of this book the accumulation of names was such 
as to then cause the study of Pomology to be counted as an embarrass- 
ing one. What then shall we say of it now, when the list of names has 
been more than trebled? New varieties have sprung into existence 
with the magic rapidity belonging to everything of our country ; but, 
unfortunately, regard has not always been had to the qualifications 
which should have been by them possessed ere their introduction to 
our lists ; and at this day I may safely say that not perhaps one in 
thirty of the recent introductions, for the past twenty years, will bear 
the criticism of a first-class fruit. • 

In my revision I have endeavored to keep as near as possible the 
simple arrangement of the original, omitting the arrangement of classes 
and periods of ripening, and placing the whole alphabetically in order,, 
trusting to the text description to give the information sought by the 
reader. The nomenclature of the London Horticultural Society in the 
original edition has been retained, and, so far as known, I have con- 
tinued the original name by which each fruit was first described, as its 
true name, appending all others as synonyms. 

In the first edition of this work the names of authors who had 



xviii 



PEE FACE TO THE SECOND KEVISION. 



before given descriptions of the fruits were appended to each descrip- 
tion, but owing to the great number of names such a record would 
now make, and to its little practical benefit, I have omitted it. 

In the labor of ascertaining synonyms and identifying disputed varie- 
ties, much credit is due to the American Pomological, Massachu- 
setts, Western New York, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and other 
kindred Societies, by their gathering and comparing great numbers of 
specimens from various sources, and in the accumulation of knowledge 
and opinions here reported as the result of long-continued examinations 
of private individuals. But the confusion of names yet exists to a large 
extent, and while much has been done toward correction, order and accu- 
racy can only be arrived at when the different varieties are well grown 
in the same soil and locality, a result only to be realized in an experi- 
mental garden on a large scale. 

The place of origin of each variety has been attached whenever it 
could be truly traced or known; but many are noted only as having 
been received from certain States or sections, their origin being possibly 
in another State. The period of maturity has been given as its period 
when fruited here ; but it is well known locations South or North cause 
great changes in this respect, as well as in quality, and many good long- 
keeping winter apples of this section, when grown in our Southern 
States, become early autumn and inferior sorts. Again, nearly all varie- 
ties of our early summer fruits, although ripened at an earlier period, 
are equal, if not improved, in size and quality when grown at the South. 

In the revision of a former edition, as well as in aid of revision of 
the present, I have received valuable notes, specimens of fruits, &c, 
from a large number of gentlemen, and in here making my grateful ac- 
knowledgments, I desire to record all names as a simple tribute, al- 
though some have passed from this land of chaotic terrestrial fruit 
to that where order and system ever reigns. 

In Massachusetts — to John Milton Earl, Samuel Colton, George A. 
Chamberlain, and George Jacques, Worcester ; J. C. Stone, Shrewsbury ; 
F. Burr, Hingham ; Asa Clement, Lowell ; Willis P. Sargent, West 
Amesbury ; O. Y. Hills, Leominster ; Dr. L. W. Puffer, North Bridge- 
water ; Joseph Merrill, James D. Black, and N. Page, Danversport ; Asa- 
hel Foote, Williamstown ; Col. E. Stone, Dedham ; Simon Brown, Con- 
cord; J. W. Manning, Beading; Marshall P. Wilder, Dorchester; C. 
M. Hovey, Boston ; J. F. C. Hyde, Newton Centre ; N. P. Morrison, 
North Cambridge ; M. Ordway, West Newbury ; J. W. Clark, Fram- 
ingham ; J. W. Foster, Dorchester ; Sumner Goss, Millbury ; Jona- 
than Ames, West Bridgewater ; Robert Manning, Salem ; J oel Knapp, 
Wilkinsonville ; S. W. Cole, Chelsea. 

In Connecticut — to S. D. Pardee and Prof. Eli Ives, New Haven ; 
Sheldon Moore, Kensington ; George Seymour, Norwalk ; G. W. Gager, 
Sharon ; P. S. Beers, Southville ; D. S. Dewey and Dr. G. W. Russell, 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION. 



xix 



Hartford; S. Lyman, Manchester; Major J. McLellan, Woodstock; 
Dr. D. W. Coit, Norwich ; E. Newbury, Brooklyn. 

In Canada West — to Charles Arnold, Paris ; D. W. Beadle, St. Ca- 
tharine's ; Wm. H. Reed, Port Dalhousie. 

In Vermont — to Chauncey Goodrich and Rev. John Wheeler, Burling- 
ton ; J. M. Ketchum, Brandon ; G-. W. Harman, Bennington ; Buel Lan- 
don, Grand Isle ; Albert Bresee, Hubbardton ; Solon Burroughs, Waltham. 

In New York — to Wm. S. Ferris, Williamsbridge ; T. M. Younglove 
and S. B. Fairchild, Hammondsport ; J acob G. Sickles, Stuy vesant ; Chas. 

G. Benedict, Perry; Wm. Brocksbank, Hudson; E. Moody and L. 
C. Hoag, Lockport ; Wm. S. Carpenter, Rye ; Dr. James Fountain, 
Jefferson Valley ; S. P. Carpenter, New Rochelle ; William R. Prince, 
Flushing ; Dr. C. W. Grant, Dr. T. B. Shelton, James H. Ricketts, and 
A. Saul, Newburgh ; Elisha Dorr and Prof. J ames Hall, Albany ; J. W. 
Bailey, Plattsburgh ; J. Battey, Keeseville ; J. C. Hastings, Clinton ; 
Matthew Mackie, Clyde; Isaac Hildreth, Watkins; T. C. Maxwell 
Brothers, and W. T. & E. Smith, Geneva; Ellwanger and Berry, 

H. E. Hooker, A. Frost & Co., and James H. Watts, Rochester ; J. B. 
Eaton, Buffalo ; Stephen Underhill, Croton Point ; Wm. Collins, 
Smyrna; M. J. Parrish, Hillsdale; N. T. Arms, Albany; Geo. S. Con- 
over, West Fayette ; H. N. Longworthy, Rochester ; Reagles & Son, 
Schenectady ; James Yick, Rochester ; John R. Comstock, Hart's Vil- 
lage ; James M. Matteson, Jacksonville ; Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons ; 
E. G. Studley, Claverick ; Dr. Henry Reeder, Varick ; Isaac Hicks, 
Old Westbury ; W. Brown Smith, Syracuse ; J. H. Case, New Hart- 
ford ; Harvey Green, Jefferson Valley. 

In New Jersey — to Louis E. Berckmanns, Plainfield ; William Reid, 
Elizabethtown ; James McLean, Roadstown ; William Parry, Cinna- 
nimson ; A. G. Baldwin, Newark ; Chas. Davis, jr., Philipsburgh ; 
David Pettit, Salem ; John Needles, Mt. Laurel ; E. Williams, Mont- 
clair ; A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood ; Peter B. Mead, Tenany. 

In Pennsylvania — to Dr. ^V r . D. Brinckle, Chas. Harmer, and Dr. J. 
S. Houghton, Philadelphia ; Chas. Kessler and Daniel B. Lorah, Read- 
ing ; Dr. J. K. Eshleman and Jonathan Baldwin, Downington ; Thomas 
Harvey, West Grove; David Miller, jr., Carlisle; D. H. Wakefield, 
Rostra ver ; Josiah Hoopes, Westchester ; S. W. Noble, Jenkintown ; 
J. A. Nelson & Sons, Indian Run ; Edward J. Evans, York ; O. T. 
Hobbs, Randolph ; B. L. Ryder, Loudon ; Mahlon Moon, Morrisville ; 
Daniel Engle and Engle Brothers, Marietta ; Caspar Hiller, Cones- 
toga Centre ; Luckens Peirce, Coatesville ; Wm. G. Waring, Tyrone ; 
Samuel Miller, Lebanon ; John Hamilton, Jersey Shore ; Wilson Den- 
nis, Applebackville ; W. L. Nesbit, Lewisburg ; E. H. Cocklin, 
Shepherdstown ; Josiah G. Youngken, Richland Town. 

In Ohio — to Robert Buchanan and A. H. Ernst, Cincinnati ; D. C. 
Richmond, Sandusky ; A. Thompson, Delaware ; M. B. Batcham, 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION. 



Painesville ; N. L. Wood, Smithfield ; Isaac Dillen, Zanesville ; Samuel 
Myers, Salem; H. N. Gillett, Quaker Bottom; J. N. Shepherd, 
Marion; Rev. J. H. Creighton, Chillicothe; Geo. W. Campbell, Dela- 
ware ; A. & R. G. Hanford, Columbus ; Chas. Carpenter, Kelley Island ; 
S. S. Jackson, Cincinnati ; L. S. Mote, West Milton ; Prof. J. P. Kirt- 
land, F. R. Elliott, Dr. E. Taylor, and S. B. Marshall, Cleveland; R. J. 
Black, Bremen ; Geo. Hapgood, Warren ; W. C. Hampton, Mt. Vic- 
tory ; A. L. Benedict, Ashley ; H. P. McMaster, Leonardsburgh. 

In Illinois — to Dr. J. A. Kennicott, West North field ; F. K. Phoenix 
and C. R. Overman, Bloomington ; Arthur Bryant, Princeton ; Tyler 
McWhorter, Pomeroy ; A. M. Lawver, South Pass ; J. W. Stewart, 
Quincy ; E. H. Skinner, Marengo ; Dr. L. S. Pennington, Sterling ; J. S. 
Shearman, Rockford ; J. A. Crain, Undulation. 

In Kentucky — to H. P. Byram, Louisville ; F. Pound, Shortsville; 
J. S. Downer, Fairview ; D. L. Adair, Hawesville ; Dr. S. J. Leavell, 
Trenton ; Geo. C. Curtiss, Maysville ; Thos. Kennedy, Louisville ; A. 
L. Woodson, Woodsonville. 

In Iowa — to James C. Smith, Des Moines ; Finley &, Dwyre, Daven- 
port ; Henry Avery, Burlington. 

In Indiana — to Reuben Regan, Nicholsonville ; John C. Teas, Rays- 
ville ; Wm. H. Loomis and E. Y. Teas, Richmond ; J. D. G. Nelson, 
Fort Wayne. 

In Maine — to S. L. Goodall, Saco. 

In New Hampshire — to Robert Wilson, Keene ; Nathan Norton, 
Greenland, and Charles H. Sanborn, Hampton Valley. 

In Michigan — to T. T. Lyon, Plymouth ; Dr. D. K. Underwood, 
Adrian. 

In Delaware — to Edward Tatnail, Wilmington. 
In Virginia — to H. R. Roby, Fredericks burgh. 
In Missouri — to George Husmann, Hermann. 
In Washington — to John Saul. 

In Georgia — to William N. White and Dr. M. A. Ward, Athens ; 
Richard C. Peters and Wm. H. Thurmond, Atlanta ; J. Van Beuren, 
Clarksville, and P. J. Berckmans, Augusta. 

In North Carolina — to G. W. Johnson, Milton ; Westbrooke & Co., 
Greensboro ; R. L. Steele, Rockingham. 

In South Carolina — to Wm. H. Sumner, Pomona; A. P. Wylie, 
Chester. 

In Alabama — to R. R. Hunley, Harpersville ; R. S. Owen, Tus- 
caloosa. 

In Tennessee — to J, W. Dodge, Pomona. 

In Nova Scotia — to C. C. Hamilton, Cornwallis. 



CHARLES DOWNING. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. 1 



Arboretum Britannieum ; or, The Trees and Shrubs of Britain, pictorially and 
botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described. By J. 
C. Loudon London, 1845, 8 vols. 8vo. 

Annates de la SocUte d? Horticulture de Paris. — Paris. In monthly Nos. 8vo. 
1827 to 1845. 

Annales de Vlnstitut de Fromont. Par le Chevalier Soulange Bodin. Paris, 8vo. 
1829 to 1834, 6 vols. 

Adlum. A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best mode 
of making- Wine. By John Adlum. 12mo. Washington, 1828. 

Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour l'Annee 1844. Contenant des principes g£- 
neraux de culture, etc. Par A. Poiteau and M. Vilmorin, Paris. 12mo, — 
yearly volume. 

Busby. A Visit to the principal Vineyards of France and Spain. By Jas. Busby. 

New York, 12mo, 1835. 
Bridgeman. The Young Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman. Tenth 

ed. New York, 1844, 8vo. ^ 
Baumann's Cat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre disponible dans l'Etab- 

lissement des Freres Baumann, a Bolwiller, 1842. 
Coxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees in the United States, and of 

the Management of Orchards and Cider. By William Coxe. Philadelphia, 

8vo, 1817. 

Chaptal. Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal. Amer- 
ican ed. , 12mo, Boston, 1835. 

Cobbett. The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London, 1821. 12mo. 

Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman, 
Boston, 8vo, 1840-41. 

Bom. Gard. The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By John Towers. London, 
1839, 8vo. 

Duhamel. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. Paris, 
1768, 2 vols. 4to. 

Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly Journal of Agriculture, &c. Edited by 
Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time, 8vo. 

Bid. Versuch einer Systematischen Beschreibung in Deutschland vorhandener 
Kernobstsorten. Von Dr. Aug. Freidr. Ad. Diel. 12mo. 24 vols., 1799 — 
1825. 

Be Candolle. Physiologie Vegetale, ou Exposition des Forces et des Fonctions 
vitales des Vegetaux. Par A. P. De Candolle. Paris, 1832, 3 vols. 8vo. 

. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Vegetabilis. Paris, 1818—1830, 

4 vols. 8vo. 

B^Albret. Cours Theorique et Pratique de la Taille des Arbres Fruitiers. Par 
D'Albret. Paris, 1840, 8vo. 

Forsyth. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By Wil- 
liam Forsyth. 7th ed., London, 1824, 8vo. 

Floy. Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by 
Michael Floy. New York, 1833, 12mo. 

Fessenden. New American Gardener, containing practical Directions for the Cul- 
ture of Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828, 
12mo. 

Gard. Mag. The Gardener's Magazine conducted by J. C. Loudon. In monthly 
Nos. 8vo, 19 vols, to 1844, London. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. 



Gard. Chron. The Gardener's Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, edited bj 
Professor Lindley. A weekly journal, 4to, 5 vols., 1844 to the present time 

Hoare. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine on open walls. 
By Clement Hoare. London, 1840, 12mo. 

Eort. Soc. Cat. See Thompson. 

Hort. Trans. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. London 

4to, 1815, and at intervals to the present time. 
Hooker. Pomona Londonensis. By William Hooker. London, 1813, 4to. 
Hayward. The Science of Horticulture. By Joseph Hayward. London, 

1824, 8vo. 

Harris . A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation. By 
Dr. T. W. Harris. Cambridge, 1841, 8vo. 

Hov. Mag. or H. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Rural Affairs. 
Conducted by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo, monthly Nos. 1834 to the pre- 
sent time. 

Johnston. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. By Jas. W. F. 

Johnston. American ed., New York, 12mo, 2 vols., 1842. 
Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier. Par Louis Noisette. 2 ed. Paris, 1839, 

2 vols. 8vo. 

Knight. Various Articles in the London Horticultural Transactions. By Thomas 
Andrew Knight, its late President. 

Knoop. Pomologie ; ou, Description des Arbres Fruitiers. Par Joh. Herm. 
Knoop. Amsterdam, 1771, Fol. 

Ken. The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston, 1844. 

Kollar. A Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. 
By Vincent Kollar, Notes by Westwood. London, 1840, 12mo. 

Langley. Pomona ; or, The Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley. Lon- 
don, 1729, Folio. 

Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. London, 1835, 
1 thick vol. 8vo. 

An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the same. London, 1836, 1 thick 

vol. 8vo. 

An Encyclopedia of Agriculture. By the same. London, 1831, 1 thick 

vol. 8vo. 

Hortas Britannicus. A Catalogue of all the Plants in Britain. By the 

same. London, 8vo. 

The Suburban Horticulturist. By the same. London, 1842, 8vo. 

The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. London, 

1838, 1842, 8vo. 

Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. By the same. 8 vols. , London, 

1838, 8vo. 

IAebig. Organic Chemistry in its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology. 
By Justus Liebig. American ed., Cambridge, 1844, 12mo. 

Lind. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden ; or, an Account of the Fruits 
and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley. Lon- 
don, 1831, 8vo. 

Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London. 1832, 

8vo. 

. An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. By John Lindley . 

London, 1835, 2d ed., 8vo. 

. British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine — it is the same work. 

. The Theory of Horticulture ; or, An Attempt to explain the Operation 

of Gardening upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. London, 

8vo, 1840. 

. The same work, with Notes by A. Gray and A. J. Downing. New York, 

1841, 12mo. 

L. or Linnceus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810, 5 vols. 8vo. 
Lelieur. La Pomone Francaise ; ou, Traite de la Culture Francaise, et de la 

Taille des Arbres Fruitiers. Par le Comte Lelieur. Paris, 1811, 8vo. 
Man. The New England Fruit Book. By R. Manning. 2d ed., enlarged by 

John M. Ives, Salem, 1844, 12mo. 
Man. in H. M. Manning's Articles in Hovey's Magazine. 

Mill. The Gardener's and Botanist's Dictionary. By Philip Miller. Revised by 
Professor Martyn. London, 1819, 2 vols. 8vo. 



ABBKEVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. 



xxiii 



Michaux. The North American Sylva ; or, Description of the Forest Trees 
of the United States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Michaux. Paris, 1819, 
3 vols. 8vo. 

Mcintosh. The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Charles Mcintosh. London, 
1819, 12mo. 

N. Dnh. (The New Duhamel) Traite des Arbres Fruitiers de Duhamel. Nou- 
velle edition augmentee, etc. Par MM. Poiteau et Turpin, Paris. 5 vols, 
folio, 1808, et seq. 

Nois. See Jardin Fruitier. 

New England Farmer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horticul- 
ture, &c. Boston, 4to, continued to the present time. 
0. Duh. See Duhamel. 

Pom. Mag. or P. M. The Pomological Magazine ; or, Figures and Descriptions of 
the most important varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. Lon- 
don, 1828, 3 vols. 8vo. 

Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. By "William R. Prince. New York, 
1831, 2 vols. 8vo. 

Prince. A Treatise on the Vine. By William R. Prince. New York, 1830, 
8vo. 

Prince . A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince . New York, 
1828, 12mo. 

Phillips. Pomarium Britannicum ; an Historical and Botanical Account of 
the Fruits known in Great Britain. By Henry Phillips. London. 1820, 
8vo. 

Poit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Francaise. Recueil des plus beaux Fruits cul- 
tives en France. Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to num- 
bers. 

Rivers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Rivers. Sawbridge- 

worth, 1843-68, pamphlet, 8vo. 
Ron. or Ronalds. Pyrus Malus Brentfordienses ; or, A Concise Description of 

Selected Apples, with a figure of each sort. By Hugh Ronalds. London, 

1831, 4to. 

Ray. Historia Plantarum, a John Ray, M.D. London, 3 vols., folio, 1636 — 
1704. _ 

Revue Horticole. Journal - des Jardiniers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur. Paris, 
1844, et chaque mois, 12mo. 

Switzer. The Practical Fruit Gardener. By Stephen Switzer, 1724, 8vo. 

Torrey & Gray. A Flora of North America, containing abridged Descriptions of 
all the known Plants growing north of the Gulf of Mexico. By John 
Torrey, M.D., and Asa Gray, M.D. New York, vol. 1st, 8vo. New York, 
1840, and still in progress. 

Thomp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticul- 
tural Society of London. 3d ed. , London, 1842. [Prepared with great 
care by Robert Thompson, the Head of the Fruit Department.] 

Thacher. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M.D. Boston, 1822, 
8vo. 

VanMons. Arbres Fruitiers ; ou, Pomologie Beige Experimental et Raisonnee. 

Par J. R. Van Mons. Louvain, 1835— 1-S36, 2 vols. 12mo. 
. Catalogue des Arbres Fruitiers, Descriptif, Abrege. Par J. B. Van 

Mons. Louvain, 1823. 
Wilder M8S. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By M. P. Wilder, Esq., President of 

the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 
Al. Pom. Album de Pomologie ; in which the fruits of Belgium are figured and 

described. 

An. Pom. Annals of Pomology ; a periodical published by royal commission, in 

which choice fruits are figured and described. 
C. H. A. Cornice of Horticulture of Angers. 

Sort. The Horticulturist of Rural Art and Rural Taste. 22 vols. 
Cole. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, Boston, Mass. 

Thomas. American Fruit Culturist. By John J. Thomas, Union Springs, New 
York. 

Barry. The Fruit Garden. By P. Barry, Rochester, New York. 
Waring. The Fruit-Grower's Hand- Book. By Win. G. Waring, Boalsburg, Pa 
Elliott. American Fruit-Grower's Guide. By F. R. Elliott, Cleveland, O. 



xxiv 



ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. 



Wldte's Gard. Gardening for the South. By Wm. N. White, Athens, G-a. 
IIov. Mag. The Magazine of Horticulture. By C. M. Hovey, Boston, Mass. 
33 vols. 

N. Y. Hc/rt. Rev. New York Horticultural Review. By C. Beagles, New York. 
Ad. Int. Rep, Ad Interim Reports of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 
Ga. Pom. S. Rep. Ad Interim Reports of the Georgia Pomological Society. 
Me. Pom. 8. Rep. Annual Report of the Maine Pomological Society. 
A. Pom. 8. Transactions of the American Pomological Society. 
L. E. Berckman' s MS. Manuscript Notes by Louis E. Berckman, Augusta, Ga. 
W. D. BrinckWs MS. Manuscript Notes by W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia. 
R. Manning's MS. Manuscript Notes by Robert Manning, Salem. Mass. 
A. H. Ernst MS. Manuscript Notes by A. H. Emst. Cincinnati, Ohio. 
R. Buchanan MS. Manuscript Notes by Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Wm. N. White MS. Manuscript Notes by Wm. N. White, Athens, Ga. 
J. Van BeuverHs MS. Manuscript Notes by J. Van Beuren. Clarksville, Ga. 

H. R. Robey MS. Manuscript Notes by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburg, Va. 
Samuel Miller, Jr. , MS. Manuscript Notes by Samuel Miller, Jr. , Cumberland, 

Pa. 

I. S. Downer MS. Manuscript Notes by J. S. Downer, Elkton, Ky. 
Warder. American Pomology. By J. A. Warder. 

0. P. S. Ohio Pomological Society Reports. 

M. S. H. S. Missouri State Horticultural Society Reports. 

Verg. The Verger. By M. Mas, Paris, France. 

BZogg. British Pomology and Hogg's Fruit Manual. By Robert Hogg, London, 
England. 

Pa. Rep. Report of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 
Mead. American Grape Culture and Wine-making. By Peter B. Mead, Tenafly, 
N. ,T. 

Gar. Mon. Gardener's Monthly. Edited by Thomas Meahan, Philadelphia, Pa. 
10 vols. 

K. Hort. Soc. Transactions of the Kentucky Horticultural Society. 
J. of H. Journal of Horticulture, Boston, Mass. 

Husmann. The Cultivation of the American Grape, and Manufacture of Ameri- 
can Wines, by George Husmann, Hermann, Mo. 
8. Y. M. Reports of the Society Van Mons. Brussels. 
Strang. Cultivation of the Grape. By W. C. Strong, Brighton, Mass. 
Trans. St. L. H. Soc. Transactions of the St. Louis Horticultural Society. 
Am. Hort. An. American Horticultural Annual. Orange Judd & Co. , N. Y. 
Count. Gent. Country Gentleman. Luther Tucker & Son, Albany, N. Y. 32 vols. 
Jar. V. M. Fruits of the Jardin Van Mons. By A. Bivort. Bruxelles. 
Mus. Museum of the Jardin of Fruits. By J. Decaisne. 
Liegel. Survey of Plums, by G. Liegel, Braunau, Austria. 
F. &. P. Florist and Pomologist, London, England. 
Leroy. Dictionary of Pomology. By Andre Leroy, Angers, France. 
Fuller. Small Fruit Culturist. By A. S. Fuller 
Fuller. The Grape Culturist. By A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J. 
P. J. B. MS. Manuscript Notes of P. J. Berckman, Augusta, Ga. 
J. H. Creighton. Manuscript Notes by J. H. Creighton, Chillicothe, O. 
Tat. MS. Manuscript Notes by Edward Tatnall, Wilmington, Del. 
J. W. Bailey. Manuscript Notes by J. W. Bailey. Plattsburg, N. Y. 
Arnold. Manuscript Notes by Charles Arnold, Paris, C. W. 
R. R. Huriley, MS. Manuscript Notes by R. R. Hunley, Harpersville, Ala. 



FRUITS AID FRUIT-TREES. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE PRODUCTION" OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 

In our survey of the culture of fruits let us begin at the beginning. 
Gradual amelioration, and the skilful practice of the cultivator, have so 
filled our orchards and gardens with good fruits, that it is necessary now 
to cast a look back at the types from which these delicious products have 
sprung. 

In the tropical zone, amid the surprising luxuriance of vegetation of 
that great natural hot-house, nature offers to man, almost without care, the' 
most refreshing, the most delicious, and the most nutritive fruits. The 
Plantain and Banana, excellent either raw or cooked, bearing all the 
year, and producing upon a rood of ground the sustenance of a family ; 
the refreshing Guava and Sapodilla ; the nutritious Bread-fruit ; such; 
are the natural fruit-trees of those glowing climates. Indolently seated 
under their shade, and finding a refreshing coolness both from their ever- 
verdant canopy of leaves, and their juicy fruits, it is not here that we 
must look for the patient and skilful cultivator. 

But, in the temperate climates, nature wears a harsher and sterner 
aspect. Plains bounded by rocky hills, visited not only by genial warmth 
and sunshine, but by cold winds and seasons of ice and snow ; these are 
accompanied by sturdy forests, whose outskirts are sprinkled with crabs 
and wild cherries, and festooned with the clambering branches of the 
wild grape. These native fruits, which at first offer so little to the eye* 
or the palate, are nevertheless the types of our garden varieties. Des- 
tined in these climates to a perpetual struggle with nature, it is here 
that we find man ameliorating and transforming her. 

Transplanted into a warmer aspect, stimulated by a richer soil, reared 
from selected seeds, carefully pruned, sheltered, and watched, by slow 
degrees the sour and bitter crab expands into a Golden Pippin, the wild 
pear loses its thorns and becomes a Bergamotte or a Beurre, the Almond 
is deprived of its bitterness, and the dry and flavorless Peach is at length 
a tempting and delicious fruit. It is thus only, in the face of obstacles, 
in a climate where nature is not prodigal of perfections, and in the midst 
of thorns and sloes, that man, the gardener, arises and forces nature to 
yield to his art. 

These improved sorts of fruit, which man everywhere causes to share 
his civilization, bear, almost equally with himself, the impress of an exist- 

1 



2 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



ence removed from the natural state. When reared from seeds they 
always show a tendency to return to a wilder form, and it seems only 
chance when a new seedling is equal to, or surpasses its parent. Removed 
from their natural form, these artificially created sorts are also much 
more liable to diseases and to decay. From these facts arises the fruit- 
garden, with its various processes of grafting, budding, and other means 
of continuing the sort ; with also its sheltered aspects, warm borders, 
deeper soils, and all its various refinements of art and culture. 

In the whole range of cares and pleasures belonging to the garden, 
there is nothing more truly interesting than the production of new varie- 
ties of fruit. It is not, indeed, by sowing the seeds that the lover of 
good fruit usually undertakes to stock his garden and orchard with fine 
fruit-trees. Raising new varieties is always a slow, and, as generally 
understood, a most uncertain mode of bringing about this result. The 
novice plants and carefully watches his hundred seedling pippins, to find 
at last, perhaps, ninety-nine worthless or indifferent apples. It appears 
to Mm a lottery, in which there are too many blanks to the prizes. He 
therefore wisely resorts to the more certain mode of grafting from well- 
known and esteemed sorts. 

Notwithstanding this, every year, under the influences of garden cul- 
ture, and often without our design, we find our fruit-trees reproducing 
themselves ; and occasionally there springs up a new and delicious sort, 
whose merits tempt us to fresh trials after perfection. 

To a man who is curious in fruit, — the pomologist, — who views with a 
more than common eye the crimson cheek of a peach, the delicate bloom 
of a plum, or understands the epithets, rich, melting, buttery, as applied 
to a pear, nothing in the circle of culture can give more lively and un- 
mixed pleasure than thus to produce and to create — for it is a sort of 
^creation — an entirely new sort, which he believes will prove handsomer 
and better than anything that has gone before. And still more : as 
varieties which originate in a certain soil and climate are found best 
adapted to that locality, the production of new sorts of fruit of high 
merit may be looked on as a most valuable as well as interesting result. 

Besides this, all the fine new fruits which of late figure so conspicu- 
ously in the catalogues of the nurseries and fruit-gardens, have not 
been originated at random and by chance efforts. Some of the most dis- 
tinguished pomologists have devoted years to the subject of the improve- 
ment of fruit-trees by seeds, and have attained, if not certain results, at 
least some general laws, which greatly assist us in this process of amelio- 
ration. Let us therefore examine the subject a little more in detail. 

In the wild state, every genus of trees consists of one or more species, 
•or strongly marked individual sorts ; as, for example, the white birch 
and the black birch ; or, to confine ourselves more strictly to the mat- 
ter in hand, the different species of cherry, — the wild or bird cherry, the 
sour cherry, the mazard cherry, <fec. These species, in their natural 
state, exactly reproduce themselves ; to use a common phrase, they 
" come the same " from seed. This they have done for centuries, and 
doubtless will do forever, so long as they exist under natural circum- 
stances only. 

On the other hand, suppose we select one of these species of fruit-trees 
and adopt it into our gardens. So long as we cultivate that indi- 
vidual tree, or any part of it, in the shape of sucker, graft, or bud, its 
nature will not be materially altered. It may, indeed, through cultiva- 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



3 



tion, be stimulated into a more luxuriant growth ; it will probably pro- 
duce larger leaves and fruit ; but we shall neither alter its fruit in tex- 
ture, color, or taste. It will always be identically the same. 

The process of amelioration begins with a new generation, and by 
sowing the seeds. Some species of tree, indeed, seem to refuse to yield 
their wild nature, never producing any variation by seed ; but all fruit- 
trees, and many others, are easily domesticated, and more readily take 
the impress of culture. 

If we sow a quantity of seed in garden soil of the common black 
mazard cherry ( Gerasus avium), we shall find that, in the leaves and 
habit of growth, many of the seedlings do not entirely resemble the 
original species. When they come into bearing, it is probable we shall 
also find as great a diversity in the size, color, and flavor of the fruit. 
Each of these individual plants differing from the original type (the 
mazard) constitutes a new variety; though only a few, perhaps only 
one, may be superior to the original species. 

It is worthy of remark, that exactly in proportion as this reproduc- 
tion is frequently repeated, is the change to a great variety of forms or 
new sorts increased. It is likely, indeed, that to gather the seeds from 
a wild mazard in the woods, the instances of departure from the form 
of the original species would be very few ; while if gathered from a gar- 
den tree, itself some time cultivated, or several removes from a wild state, 
though still a mazard, the seedlings will show great variety of character. 

Once in the possession of a variety which has moved out of the nat- 
ural into a more domesticated form, we have in our hands the best ma- 
terial for the improving process. The fixed original habit of the species 
is broken in upon, and this variety which we have created has always 
afterwards some tendency to make further departures from the original 
form. It is true that all or most of its seedlings will still retain a like- 
ness to the parent, but a few will differ in some respects, and it is by 
seizing upon those which show symptoms of variation that the impro- 
ver of vegetable races founds his hopes. 

"We have said that it is a part of the character of a species to produce 
the same from seed. This characteristic is retained even where the 
sport (as gardeners term it) into numberless varieties is greatest. Thus, 
to return to cherries : the Kentish or common pie-cherry is one species, 
and the small black mazard another, and although a great number of 
varieties of each of these species have been produced, yet there is always 
the likeness of the species retained. From the first we may have the 
large and rich Mayduke, and from the last the sweet and luscious Black- 
Hearts ; but a glance will show us that the duke cherries retain the dis- 
tinct dark foliage, and, in the fruit, something of the same flavor, shape, 
and color of the original species ; and the heart cherries the broad leaves 
and lofty growth of the mazard. So too the currant and gooseberry are 
different species of the same genus ; but though the English gooseberry- 
growers have raised thousands of new varieties of this fruit, and shown 
them as large as hens' eggs, and of every variety of form and color, yet 
their efforts with the gooseberry have not produced anything resembling 
the common currant. 

Why do not varieties produce the same from seed ? Why, if we plant 
the stone of a Green Gage plum, will it not always produce a Green 
Gage ? This is often a puzzling question to the practical gardener, while 
his every-day experience forces him to assent to the fact. 



4 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



We are not sure that the vegetable physiologists will undertake to 
answer this query fully. But in the mean time we can throw some light 
on the subject. 

It will be remembered that our garden varieties of fruits are not 
natural forms. They are the artificial productions of our culture. They 
have always a tendency to improve, but they have also another and a 
stronger tendency to return to a natural or wild state. " There can be 
no doubt," says Dr. Lindley, "that if the arts of cultivation were 
abandoned for only a few years, all the annual varieties of plants in our 
gardens would disappear and be replaced by a few original wild forms." 
Between these two tendencies, therefore, the one derived from nature, 
and the other impressed by culture, it is easily seen how little likely is 
the progeny of varieties always to reappear in the same form. 

Again, our American farmers, who raise a number of kinds of Indian 
corn, very well know that, if they wish to keep the sorts distinct, they 
must grow them in different fields. Without this precaution they find, 
on planting the seeds produced on the yellow-corn plants, that they have 
the next season a progeny not of yellow corn alone, but composed of 
every color and size, yellow, white, and black, large and small, upon the 
farm. Now many of the varieties of fruit-trees have a similar power of 
intermixing with each other while in blossom by the dust or pollen of 
their flowers, carried through the air by the action of bees and other 
causes. It will readily occur to the reader, in considering this fact, what 
an influence our custom of planting the different varieties of plum or of 
cherry together in a garden or orchard must have upon the constancy of 
habit in the seedlings of such fruits. 

But there is still another reason for this habit, so perplexing to the 
novice, who, having tasted a luscious fruit, plants, watches, and rears its 
seedling, to find it, perhaps, wholly different in most respects. This is 
the influence of grafting. Among the great number of seedling fruits 
produced in the United States, there is found occasionally a variety, per- 
haps a plum or a peach, which will nearly always reproduce itself from 
seed. From some fortunate circumstances in its origin, unknown to us, 
this sort, in becoming improved, still retains strongly this habit of the 
natural or wild form, and its seeds produce the same. We can call to 
mind several examples of this ; fine fruit-trees whose seeds have estab- 
lished the reputation in the neighborhood of fidelity to the sort. But 
when a graft is taken from one of these trees, and placed upon another 
stock, this grafted tree is found to lose its singular power of producing 
the same by seed, and becomes like all other worked trees. The stock 
exercises some, as yet, unexplained power in dissolving the strong natu- 
ral habit of the variety, and becomes, like its fellows, subject to the laws 
of its artificial life.* 

When we desire to raise new varieties of fruit, the common practice 

* The doctrine here advanced has perhaps no foundation in fact, nor has there 
been any test made that, to our knowledge, would controvert it. Observation 
of many years, however, leads to the belief that the mere engrafting a variety 
upon another stock in no way affects its habit or capacity for reproducing itself 
just the same as it would if retained upon its parent root. The great vitality 
possessed by some varieties, their strong character, &c, prevent them, as it 
were, from, receiving impregnation while in flower from any less vigorous sort, 
and hence, as a strong variety is oftener than otherwise surrounded by those of 
less vitality, it mainly f ertilizes itself from its own blossoms and thus reproduces 
its leading qualities. 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



5 



is to collect the seeds of the finest table fruits — those sorts whose merits 
are everywhere acknowledged to be the highest. In proceeding thus, 
we are all pretty well aware that the chances are generally a hundred to 
one against our obtaining any new variety of great excellence. Before 
we offer any advice on rearing seedlings, let us examine briefly the prac- 
tice and views of two distinguished horticulturists abroad, who have 
paid more attention to this subject than any other persons whatever; 
Dr. Yan Mons, of Belgium, and Thos. Andrew Knight, Esq., the late 
President of the Horticultural Society of London. 

The Van Mons Theory. 

Dr. Yan Mons, Professor at Louvain, devoted the greater part of his 
life to the amelioration of fruits. His nurseries contained, in 1823, no 
less than two thousand seedlings of merit. His perseverance was inde- 
fatigable, and, experimenting mainly on Pears, he succeeded in raising an 
immense number of new varieties of high excellence. The Beurre Diel, 
De Louvain, Frederic of Wurtemberg, &c, are a few of the many well- 
known sorts which are the result of his unwearied labors. 

The Yan Mons theory may be briefly stated as follows : 

All fine fruits are artificial products ; the aim of nature, in a wild 
state, being only a healthy, vigorous state of the tree, and perfect seeds 
for continuing the species. It is the object of culture, therefore, to sub- 
due or enfeeble this excess of vegetation ; to lessen the coarseness of the 
tree ; to diminish the size of the seeds ; and to refine the quality and in- 
crease the size of the flesh or pulp. 

There is always a tendency in our varieties of fruit-trees to return 
by their seeds towards a wild state. 

This tendency is most strongly shown in the seeds borne by old fruit- 
trees. And " the older the tree is of any cultivated variety of Pear," 
says Dr. Yan Mons, "the nearer will the seedlings raised from it 
approach a wild state, without however ever being able to return to that 
state." 

On the other hand, the seeds of a young fruit-tree of a good sort, be- 
ing itself in the state of amelioration, have the least tendency to retro- 
grade, and are the most likely to produce improved sorts. 

Again, there is a certain limit to perfection in fruits. When this 
point is reached, as in the finest varieties, the next generation will more 
probably produce bad fruit, than if reared from seeds of an indifferent 
sort in the course of amelioration. "While, in other words, the. seeds of 
the oldest varieties of good fruit mostly yield inferior sorts, seeds taken 
from recent varieties of bad fruit, and reproduced uninterruptedly for 
several generations, will certainly produce good fruit. * 

With these premises, Dr. Yan Mons begins by gathering his seeds 
from a young seedling tree, without paying much regard to its quality, 
except that it must be in a state of variation / that is to say, a garden 
variety, and not a wild sort. These he sows in a seed-bed or nursery, 
where he leaves the seedlings until they attain sufficient size to enable 
him to judge of their character. He then selects those which appear 
the most promising, plants them a few feet distant in the nursery, and 

* Experience of American growers does not bear out the supposition here 
taken. The Seckel, one of the finest and most perfect pears, has perhaps given 
more valuable seedlings than any other one kind. 



6 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



awaits their fruit. Not discouraged at finding most of them mediocre 
in quality, though differing from the parent, he gathers the first seeds of 
the most promising and sows them again. The next generation comes 
more rapidly into bearing than the first, and shows a greater number of 
promising traits. Gathering immediately, and sowing the seeds of this 
generation, he produces a third, then a fourth, and even a fifth genera- 
tion, uninterruptedly, from the original sort. Each generation he finds 
to come more quickly into bearing than the previous ones (the fifth sow- 
ing of pears fruiting at three years), and to produce a greater number of 
valuable varieties ; until in the fifth generation the seedlings are nearly 
all of great excellence. 

Dr. Van Mons found the pear to require the longest time to attain 
perfection, and he carried his process with this fruit through five gener- 
ations. Apples he found needed but four races, and peaches, cherries, 
plums, and other stone fruits were brought to perfection in three succes- 
sive reproductions from the seed. 

It will be remembered that it is a leading feature in this theory that, 
in order to improve the fruit, we must subdue or enfeeble the original 
coarse luxuriance of the tree. Keeping this in mind, Dr. Van Mons 
always gathers his fruit before fully ripe, and allows them to rot before 
planting the seeds, in order to refine or render less wild and harsh the 
next generation. In transplanting the young seedlings into quarters to 
bear he cuts off the tap root, and he annually shortens the leading and 
side branches, besides planting them only a few feet apart. All this les- 
sens the vigor of the trees, and produces an impression upon the nature 
of the seeds which will be produced by their first fruit ; and, in order to 
continue in full force the progressive variation, he allows his seedlings to 
bear on their own roots.* 

Such is Dr. Van Mons' theory and method for obtaining new varieties 
of fruit. It has never obtained much favor in England, and from the 
length of time necessary to bring about its results, it is scarcely likely to 
come into very general use here. At the same time it is not to be de- 
nied that in his hands it has proved a very successful mode of obtaining 
new varieties. 

It is also undoubtedly true that it is a mode closely founded on natural 
laws, and that the great bulk of our fine varieties have originated by 

chance. 

The first colonists here, who brought with them many seeds gath- 
ered from the best old varieties of fruits, were surprised to find their 
seedlings producing only very inferior fruits. These seedlings had re- 
turned, by their inherent tendency, almost to a wild state. By rearing 
from them, however, seedlings of many repeated generations, we have 
arrived at a great number of the finest apples, pears, peaches, and plums. 
According to Dr. Van Mons, had this process been continued uninter- 
ruptedly, from one generation to the next, a much shorter time would 
have been necessary for the production of first-rate varieties. 

To show how the practice of chance sowing works in the other hemis- 

* " I have found this art to consist in regenerating in a direct line of descent, 
and as rapidly as possible, an improving variety, taking care that there he no in- 
terval between the generations. To sow, to re-sow, to sow again, to sow perpet- 
ually, in short, to do nothing but sow, is the practice to be pursued, and which 
cannot be departed from ; and in short this is the whole secret of the art I have 
employed."— Van Mons' Arbrea Fruitiers, 1. p. 22, 223. 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



7 



phere, it is stated by one of the most celebrated of the old writers on 
fruits, Duhamel of France, that he had been in the habit of planting 
seeds of the finest table pears for fifty years without ever having pro- 
duced a good variety. These seeds were from trees of old varieties of 
fruit. 

The American gardener will easily perceive, from what we have stated, 
a great advantage placed in his hands at the present time for the ameli- 
oration of fruits by this system. He will see that, as most of our Amer- 
ican varieties of fruit are the result of repeated sowings, more or less 
constantly repeated, he has before him almost every day a part of the 
ameliorating process in progress ; to which Dr. Yan Mons, beginning de 
novo, was obliged to devote his whole life. Nearly all that it is necessary 
for him to do in attempting to raise a new variety of excellence by this 
simple mode, is to gather his seeds (before they are fully ripe) from a 
seedling sort of promising quality, though not yet arrived at perfection. 
The seedling must be quite young — must be on its own root (not graft- 
ed) ; and it must be a healthy tree, in order to secure a healthy gener- 
ation of seedlings. Our own experience leads us to believe that he will 
scarcely have to go beyond one or two generations to obtain fine fruit. 
These remarks apply to most of our table fruits commonly cultivated. 

In order to be most successful in raising new varieties by successive 
reproduction, let us bear in mind that we must avoid — 1st, the seeds of 
old fruit-trees ; 2d, those of grafted fruit-trees ; and 3d, that we have 
the best grounds for good results when we gather our seeds from a 
young seedling tree, which is itself rather a perfecting than a perfect 
fruit. 

It is not to be denied that, in the face of Dr. Yan Mons' theory, in 
this country new varieties of rare excellence are sometimes obtained at 
once by planting the seeds of old grafted varieties ; thus the Lawrence's 
Favorite and the Columbia plums were raised from seeds of the Green 
Gage, one of the oldest European varieties. 

Such are the means of originating new fruits by the Belgian mode. Let 
us now examine another more direct, more interesting, and more scientific 
process — cross-breeding; a mode almost universally pursued now by skil- 
ful cultivators in producing new and finer varieties of plants ; and which 
Mr. Knight, the most distinguished horticulturist of the age, so success- 
fully practised on fruit-trees. 

Cross-breeding. 

In the blossoms of fruit-trees, and of most other plants, the seed is the 
offspring of the stamens and pistil, which may be considered the male and 
female parents, growing in the same flower. Cross-breeding is, then, 
nothing more than removing out of the blossom of a fruit-tree the 
stamens, or male parents, and bringing those of another and different 
variety of fruit, and dusting the pistil or female parent with them, — a 
process sufficiently simple, but which has the most marked effect on the 
seeds produced. It is only within about fifty years that cross-breeding 
has been practised ; but Lord Bacon, whose great mind seems to have 
had glimpses into every dark corner of human knowledge, finely fore- 
shadowed it. " The compounding or mixture of plants is not found out, 
which, if it were, is more at command than that of living creatures ; where- 
fore, it were one of the most notable discoveries touching plants to find 



8 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 



it out, for so you may have great varieties of fruits and flowers yet un- 
known." 

In Figure 1 is shown the blossom of the Cherry. The central por- 
tion, a, connected directly with the young fruit, is 
a \ h the pistil. The numerous surrounding threads, b, are 

the stamens. The summit of the stamen is called the 
anther, and secretes the powdery substance called pol- 
len. The pistil has at its base the embryo fruit, and at 
its summit the stigma. The use of the stamens is to 
fertilize the young seed contained at the base of the 
pistil ; and if we fertilize the pistil of one variety of 
fruit by the pollen of another we shall obtain a new 
variety, partaking intermediately of the qualities of both parents. Thus, 
among fruits owing their origin directly to cross-breeding, Coe's Golden 
Drop Plum was raised from the Green Gage, impregnated by the Magnum 
Bonum or Egg Plum ; and the Elton cherry from the Bigarrieu, impreg- 
nated by the White Heart.* Mr. Knight was of opinion that the habits 
of the new variety would always be found to partake most strongly of the 
constitution and habits of the female parent. Subsequent experience 
does not fully confirm this, and it would appear that the parent whose 
character is most permanent, impresses its form most forcibly on the 
offspring. 

The process of obtaining cross-breed seeds of fruit-trees is very easily 
performed. It is only necessary, when the tree blooms which we intend 
to be the mother of the improved race, to select a blossom or blossoms 
growing upon it not yet fully expanded. With a pair of scissors we cut 
out and remove all the anthers. The next day, or as soon as the blossom 
is quite expanded, we collect with a camel's-hair brush the pollen from 
a fully blown flower of the variety we intend for the male parent, apply- 
ing the pollen and leaving it upon the stigma or point of the pistil. If 
your trees are much exposed to those busy little meddlers, the bees, it is 
well to cover the blossoms with a loose bag of thin gauze, or they will 
perhaps get beforehand with you in your experiments in cross-breeding. 
Watch the blossoms closely as they open, and bear in mind that the two 
essential points in the operation are : 1st, to extract the anthers care- 
fully, before they have matured sufficiently to fertilize the pistil ; and 
2d, to apply the pollen when it is in perfection (dry and powdery), and 
while the stigma is moist. A very little practice will enable the amateur 
to judge of these points. 

There are certain limits to the power of crossing plants. What is 
strictly called a cross-bred plant or fruit is a sub-variety raised between 
two varieties of the same species. There are, however, certain species, 
nearly allied, which are capable of fertilizing each other. The offspring 
in this case is called a hybrid, or mule, and does not always produce per- 
fect seeds. " This power of hybridizing," says Dr. Lindley, " appears to 
be much more common in plants than in animals. It is, however, in 
general only between nearly allied species that this intercourse can take 
place ; those which are widely different in structure and constitution not 

* The seedlings sometimes most resemble one parent, sometimes the other ; 
but more frequently share the qualities of both. Mr. Coxe describes an Apple, a 
cross between a Newtown Pippin and a Russet, the fruit of which resembled exter- 
nally at one end the Russet and at the other the Pippin, and the flavor at either 
end corresponded exactly with the character of the exterior. 




THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 







being capable of any artificial union. Thus the different species of 
Strawberry, of the gourd or melon family, intermix with the greatest 
facility, there being a great accordance between them in general struc- 
ture and constitution. But no one has ever succeeded in compelling the 
pear to fertilize the apple, nor the gooseberry the current. And as spe- 
cies that are very dissimilar appear to have some natural impediment 
which prevents their reciprocal fertilization, so does this obstacle, of 
whatever nature it may be, present an insuperable bar to the intercourse 
of the different genera. All the stories that are current as to the inter- 
mixture of oranges and pomegranates, of roses and black currants, and 
the like, may therefore be set down to pure invention." 

In practice this power of improving varieties by crossing is very 
largely resorted to by gardeners at the present day. Not only in fruit- 
trees, but in ornamental trees, shrubs, and plants, and especially in 
florists' flowers, it has been carried to a great extent. The great number 
of new and beautiful Roses, Azaleas, Camellias, Fuchsias, Dahlias, and 
other flowering plants so splendid in color and perfect in form, owe their 
origin to careful cross-breediug. 

In the amelioration of fruits it is by far the most certain and satisfac- 
tory process yet discovered. Its results are more speedily obtained, and 
correspond much more closely to our aim, than those procured by succes- 
sive reproduction. 

In order to obtain a new variety of a certain character, it is only neces- 
sary to select two parents of well known habits, and which are both 
varieties of the same or nearly allied species, and cross them for a new 
and intermediate variety. Thus, if we have a very early but insipid 
and worthless sort of pear, and desire to raise from it a variety both 
early and of fine flavor, we should fertilize some of its pistils with the 
pollen of the best flavored variety of a little later maturity. Among the 
seedlings produced we should look for early pears of good quality, and at 
least for one or two varieties nearly or quite as early as the female 
parent, and as delicious as the male. If we have a very small but highly 
flavored pear, and wish for a larger pear with a somewhat similar flavor, 
we must fertilize the first with the pollen of a large and handsome sort. 
If we desire to impart the quality of lateness to a very choice plum, we 
must look out for a late variety as the mother, and cross it with our 
best flavored sort. If we desire to impart hardiness to a tender fruit, 
we must undertake a cross between it and a much hardier sort ; if we 
seek greater beauty of color or vigor of growth, we must insure these 
qualities by selecting one parent having such quality strongly marked. 

As the seeds produced by cross fertilization are not found to produce 
precisely the same varieties, though they will nearly all partake of the 
mixed character of the parents, it follows that we shall be most success- 
ful in obtaining precisely all we hope for in the new race in proportion 
to the number of our cross-bred seedlings ; some of which may be infe- 
rior, as well as some superior to the parents. It is always well, there- 
fore, to cross several flowers at once on the same plant, when a single 
blossom does not produce a number of seeds. 

We should observe here, that those who devote their time to raising 
new varieties must bear in mind that it is not always by the first fruits 
of a seedling that it should be judged. Some of the finest varieties require 
a considerable age before their best qualities develop themselves, as it is 
only when the tree has arrived at some degree of maturity that its secre- 



10 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 



tions, either for flower or fruit, are perfectly elaborated. The first fruit 
of the Black Eagle cherry, a fine cross-bred raised by Mr. Knight, was 
pronounced worthless when first exhibited to the London Horticultural 
Society ; its quality now proves that the tree was not then of sufficient 
age to produce its fruit in perfection. 



CHAPTER II. 

REMARKS ON THE DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 

It was for a long time the popular notion, that when a good variety 
of fruit was once originated from seed, it might be continued by grafting 
and budding forever, — or, at least, as some old parchment deeds pithily 
gave tenure of land — " as long as grass grows and water runs." 

About 1830, however, Thomas Andrew Knight, the distinguished 
President of the Horticultural Society of London, published an Essay in 
its Transactions tending entirely to overthrow this opinion, and to 
establish the doctrine that all varieties are of very limited duration. 

The theory advanced by Mr. Knight is as follows : All the constitu- 
tional vigor or properties possessed by any variety of fruit are shared at 
the same time by all the plants that can be made from the buds of that 
variety, whether by grafting, budding, or other modes of propagating. 
In similar terms, all the plants or trees of any particular kind of pear or 
apple being only parts of one original tree, itself of limited duration, it 
follows, as the parent tree dies, all the others must soon after die also. 
" No trees, of any variety," to use his own words, " can be made to pro- 
duce blossom or fruit till the original tree of that variety has attained 
the age of puberty ; * and, under ordinary modes of propagation, by 
grafts and buds, all become subject, at no very distant period, to the 
debilities and diseases of old age." 

It is remarkable that such a theory as this should have been offered 
by Mr. Knight, to whose careful investigations the science of modern 
horticulture is so deeply indebted — as, however common it is to see the 
apparent local decline of certain sorts of fruit, yet it is a familiar fact that 
many sorts have also been continued a far greater length of time than 
the life of any one parent tree. Still, the doctrine has found supporters 
abroad, and at least one hearty advocate in this country. 

Mr. Kenrick, in his new American Orchardist, adopts this doctrine, 
and in speaking of Pears says : " I shall, in the following pages, desig- 
nate some of these in the class of old varieties, once the finest of all old 
pears, whose duration we had hoped, but in vain, to perpetuate. Eor, 
except in certain sections of the city, and some very few and highly 

* This part of the doctrine has of late been most distinctly refuted, and any 
one may repeat the experiment. Seedling fruit-trees, it is well known, are usu- 
ally several years before they produce fruit. But if a graft is inserted on a 
bearing tree, and, after it makes one season's fair growth, the grafted shoot is 
bent directly down and tied there, with its point to the stock below, it will the 
next season — the sap being checked — produce flower-buds and begin to bear, 
long before the parent tree. 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 11 

favored situations in the country around, they (the old sorts) have 
become either so uncertain in their bearing — so barren — so unproductive 
— or so miserably blighted — so mortally diseased — that they are no 
longer to be trusted ; they are no longer what they once were with us, 
and what many of them are still described to be by most foreign 
writers." 

Mr. Kenrick accordingly arranges in separate classes the Old and 
New Pears ; and while he praises the latter, he can hardly find epithets 
sufficiently severe to bestow on the former poor unfortunates. Of the 
Doyenne he says : " This most eminent of all Pears has now become an 
outcast, intolerable even to sight ; " of the Brown Beurre, " once the 
best of all Pears — now become an outcast." The St. Germain "has 
long since become an abandoned variety," &c, &c. 

Many persons have, therefore, supposing that these delicious varieties 
had really and quietly given up the ghost, made no more inquiries after 
them, and only ordered from the nurseries the new varieties. And this 
not always, as they have confessed to us, without some lingering feeling 
of regret at thus abandoning old and tried friends for new-comers — 
which, it must be added, not unfrequently failed to equal the good quali- 
ties of their predecessors. 

But, while this doctrine of Knight's has found ready supporters, we 
are bound to add that it has also met with sturdy opposition. At the 
head of the opposite party we may rank the most distinguished vege- 
table physiologist of the age, Professor De Candolle, of Geneva. Varie- 
ties, says De Candolle, will endure and remain permanent so long as 
man chooses to take care of them, as is evident from the continued 
existence to this day of sorts, the most ancient of those which have 
been described in books. By negligence, or through successive bad sea- 
sons, they may become diseased, but careful culture will restore them, 
and retain them, to all appearance, forever. 

Our own opinion coincides, in the main, with that of De Candolle. 
While we admit that, in the common mode of propagation, varieties are 
constantly liable to decay or become comparatively worthless, we believe 
that this is owing not to natural limits set upon the duration of a vari- 
ety ; that it does not depend on the longevity of the parent tree ; but 
upon the care with which the sort is propagated, and the nature of the 
climate or soil where the tree is grown. 

It is a well-established fact, that a seedling tree, if allowed to grow 
on its own root, is always much longer lived, and often more vigorous 
than the same variety when grafted upon another stock ; and experi- 
ence has also proved that in proportion to the likeness or close relation 
between the stock and the graft is the long life of the grafted tree. 
Thus a variety of pear grafted on a healthy pear seedling lasts almost as 
long as upon its own roots. Upon a thorn stock it does not endure so 
long. Upon a mountain ash or quince stock still less ; until the aver- 
age life of the pear-tree when grafted on the quince is reduced to one- 
third of its ordinary duration on the pear stock. This is well known to 
every practical gardener, and it arises from the want of affinity between 
the quince stock and the pear graft. The latter is rendered dwarf in its 
habits, bears very early, and perishes equally soon. 

Next to this, the apparent decay of a variety is often caused by graft- 
ing upon unhealthy stocks. For although grafts of very vigorous habit 
have frequently the power of renovating in some measure, or for a time, 



12 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 



the health of the stock, yet the tree, when it arrives at a bearing state, 
will, sooner or later, suffer from the diseased or feeble nature of the 
stock. 

Carelessness in selecting scions for engrafting is another fertile source 
of degeneracy in varieties. Every good cultivator is aware that if 
grafts are cut from the ends of old bearing branches, exhausted by over- 
bearing, the same feebleness of habit will, in a great degree, be shared 
by the young graft. And on the contrary, if the thrifty straight shoots 
that are thrown out by the upright extremities, or the strong limb- 
sprouts, are selected for grafting, they ensure vigorous growth, and 
healthy habit in the graft. 

Finally, unfavorable soil and climate are powerful agents in deterio- 
rating varieties of fruit-tree. Certain sorts that have originated in a 
cold climate are often short-lived and unproductive when taken to 
warmer ones, and the reverse. This arises from a want of constitutional 
fitness for a climate different from its natural one. 

Most varieties of apples originating in the climate of the Middle 
States, if their period of maturity be mid-winter, when taken to the ex- 
treme northern limits lose their value, because of the season not being 
long enough for their juices to become fully matured. Again, if they 
are taken to the Southern States their period of maturity is hastened 
by a greater amount of continued heat, and the quality impaired. 

Varieties, however, that originate at the North, and have their matu- 
rity naturally in the warm summer months, are improved by their 
removal South. But this only proves that it is impossible to pass cer- 
tain natural limits of fitness for climate, and not that the existence of 
the variety itself is in any way affected by these local failures. 

Any or all of these causes are sufficient to explain the apparent decay 
of some varieties of fruit, and especially of pears, over which some culti- 
vators, of late, have uttered so many lamentations, scarcely less pathetic 
than those of Jeremiah. 

Having stated the theories on this subject, and given an outline of 
our explanation, let us glance for a moment at the actual state of the 
so-called decayed varieties, and see whether they are really either extinct, 
or on the verge of annihilation. 

Mr. Knight's own observation in England led him to consider the 
English Golden Pippin and the Nonpareil, their two most celebrated 
varieties of apple, as the strongest examples of varieties just gone to de- 
cay, or, in fact, the natural life of which had virtually expired twenty 
years before. A few years longer he thought it might linger on in the 
warmer parts of England, as he supposed varieties to fall most speedily 
into decay in the north, or in a cold climate. 

Lindley, however, his contemporary, and second to no one in practi- 
cal knowledge of the subject, writing of the Golden Pippin,* very frank- 
ly states his dissent, as follows : " This apple is considered by some of 
our modern writers on Pomology to be in a state of decay, its fruit of 
inferior quality, and its existence near its termination. I cannot for a 
moment agree with such an opinion, because we have facts annually be- 
fore our eyes completely at variance with such an assertion. In Covent 
Garden, and indeed in any other large market in the southern or mid- 
land counties of England, will be found specimens of fruit as perfect 



* Guide to the Orchard, by George Lindley. 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 



13 



and as fine as have been figured or described by any writer, either in 
this or any other country whatever. Instead of the trees being in a 
state of ' rapid decay,' they may be found of unusually large size, per- 
fectly healthy, and their crops abundant; the fruit perfect in form, 
beautiful in color, and excellent in quality." And the like remarks are 
made of the Nonpareil. 

Certain French writers, about this time, gladly seized Knight's theory 
as an explanation of the miserable state into which several fine old sorts 
of pears had fallen about Paris, owing to bad culture and propagation. 
They sealed the death-warrant, in like manner, of the Brown Beurre, 
Doyenne, Chaumontel, and many others, and consigned them to oblivion 
in terms which Mr. Kenrick has already abundantly quoted. 

Notwithstanding this, and that ten or fifteen years have since elaps- 
ed, it is worthy of notice that the repudiated apples and pears still hold 
their place among all the best cultivators in both England and France. 
And the " extinct varieties " seem yet to bid defiance to theorists and 
bad cultivators. 

But half the ground is not yet covered. How does the theory work 
in America ? is the most natural inquiry. In this country we have 
soil varying from the poorest sand to the richest alluvial, climate vary- 
ing from frigid to almost torrid — a range wide enough to include all 
fruit-trees between the apple and the orange. 

We answer that the facts here, judged in the whole, are decidedly 
against the theory of the extinction of varieties. While here, as abroad, 
unfavorable soil, climate, or culture have produced their natural results 
of a feeble and diseased state of certain sorts of fruit, these are only the 
exceptions to the general vigor and health of the finest old sorts in the 
country at large. 

Recent experiments have proved that it is not sufficient to bring 
healthy trees of the old varieties from the interior of the seaboard to in- 
sure, in the latter localities, fair and excellent crops. But, on the other 
hand, the complete renovation of blighted trees by the plentiful use of 
wood-ashes, bone-dust, lime, and blacksmith cinders, along with common 
manure, shows us distinctly that it is not the age of these varieties of 
fruit which causes their apparent decline, but a want of that food abso- 
lutely necessary to the production of healthy fruit.* 

But there is another interesting point in this investigation. Do 
the newly originated sorts really maintain in the unfavorable districts 
the appearance of perfect health? Are the new pears uniformly 
healthy where the old ones are always feeble ? 

Undoubtedly this question must be answered in the negative. Some 

* Since the writing of this, in 1845, there have occurred seasons when nearly 
every variety of fruit perfected, and there have also been seasons when the 
old as well as new varieties have failed, and that too in almost all soils and in 
many varied sections of the country. To our knowledge, no continued experi- 
ments in the practice of applying special manures as remedial agents have been 
tried, but, from the fact that old as well as new sorts have frequently failed in 
our rich western soils and inland climates, we have come to regard the cause of 
cracking and other diseases of the pear more to proceed from climatic or atmos- 
pheric influence than from any special condition or quality of the soil. It is 
now generally conceded that our seasons are more changeable and the extremes 
greater than they were half a century back, and to this influence do we attribute 
in a great measure the deterioration noted in occasional seasons and localities. 



14 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 



of the latest Flemish pears already exhibit symptoms of decay or bad 
health in these districts. Even Mr. Kenrick, with all his enthusiasm 
for the new sorts, is obliged to make the following admission respecting 
the Beurre Diel pear, the most vigorous and hardy here of all : " I re- 
gret to add, that near Boston this noble fruit is liable to crack badly." 
We predict that many of the Flemish pears originated by Yan Mons 
will become feeble, and the fruit liable to crack, in the neighborhood of 
Boston, in a much less time than did the old varieties. 

And this leads us to remark here, that the hardiness of any variety 
depends greatly upon the circumstances of its origin. When a new 
variety springs up accidentally from a healthy seed in a semi-natural 
manner, like the Seckel, the Dix, and other native sorts, it will usually 
prove the hardiest. It is, as it were, an effort of nature to produce a 
new individual out of the materials in a progressive state which garden 
culture has afforded. Cross-bred seedlings — one parent being of a hardy 
nature, and both healthy ; such as Knight's own seedlings, the Monarch 
and Dunmore pears — are next in hardiness. Lastly, we rank varieties 
reared by Yan Mons' method — that of continually repeated reproduc- 
tions. This, as Yan Mons distinctly states, is an enfeebling process — 
without any compensating element of vigor. Hence it follows, as a 
matter of course, that seedlings of the fifth or sixth generation, as are 
some of his varieties, must in their origin be of feeble habit. Yan Mons 
himself was fully aware of this, and therefore resorted to " grafting by 
copulation," — in fact, root-grafting, — well knowing that on common 
stocks these new varieties would, in light soils, soon become feeble and 
decayed. It is needless for us to add that hence we consider the Belgian 
mode of producing new varieties greatly inferior to the English one, 
since it gives us varieties often impaired in health in their very origin. 

If any further proof of this is desired, we think it is easily found by 
comparing the robust vigor and longevity of many native pear-trees to 
be found in the United States — some of them 80 or 100 years old, and 
still producing large crops of fruit — with the delicate trees of several 
new varieties now in our gardens from Europe. These varieties are 
delicate not only with respect to their constitutional vigor, but they are 
also more susceptible to injury from the severity of our winter's cold 
and summer's sun. 

There are great advantages, undoubtedly, for soils naturally unfavor- 
able, and for small gardens, in grafting the pear upon quince stocks ; 
yet, as it diminishes the vigor of the tree, it is not impossible that con- 
tinued propagation from dwarf trees may somewhat lessen the vital 
powers and the longevity of a given variety. 

The decay of varieties of the Apricot, or Peach, much shorter lived 
trees by nature, we seldom or never hear of. Yarieties of both are now 
in cultivation, and in the most perfect vigor, of 200 years' duration. 
This, probably, is owing to the more natural treatment these trees 
receive generally. Yarieties of the vine are said never to degenerate, 
and this is perhaps owing to their having very rarely been propagated by 
grafting.* 

* "We do not deny that in any given soil there is a period at which a variety of 
tree or plant exhibits most vigor, and after having grown there awhile it ceases 
to have its former luxuriance. The same is true of wheat or potatoes, and 
accordingly farmers are in the habit of " changing their seed." The nutriment 
for a given variety is after a time exhausted from the soil, and unless it is again 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 



15 



We are not without remedy for varieties that have partially decayed 
in a certain district. If the trees have once been productive of excellent 
fruit, and are still in a sound condition, though enfeebled, a thorough 
renewal of their powers will again restore them to health. To effect 
this, the soil about the roots should be replaced by new, enriched by 
manure or peat-compost, and mixed with the mineral substances named 
in the preceding page. The bark of the trunk and large branches should 
be well scraped, and, as well as all the limbs, thoroughly washed with 
soft soap ; the head should be moderately pruned ; and finally, the tree 
should be suffered to bear no fruit for the two following seasons. After 
this it will generally bear excellent fruit for several years again. 

In making plantations of fine old varieties, in districts where the 
stock has become feeble, something may be gained by procuring grafts or 
trees from more favorable localities, where the fruit is still as fair as ever, 
and care should be exercised in selecting only the healthiest grafts or 
trees. Nurserymen in unfavorable districts should endeavor to pro- 
pagate only from trees of healthy character ; and if those in their own 
vicinity are diseased, they should spare no pains to bring into their nurse- 
ries and propagate only such as they feel confident are healthy and 
sound. On them, next to the soil, depends very considerably the vigor 
or debility of the stock of any given variety in the country around 
them. 

In Mr. Knight's original essay on the Decay of Varieties, he clearly 
stated a circumstance that most strongly proves what we have here endea- 
vored to show, viz. : that the local decline of a variety is mainly owing to 
neglect, and to grafting on bad stock. We allude to the fact repeatedly 
verified, that healthy young shoots, taken from the roots of an old variety 
in apparent decline, produce trees which are vigorous and healthy. " The 
decay," says he, " of the powers of life in the roots of seedling trees is 
exceedingly slow comparatively with that in the branches. Scions (or 
shoots) obtained from the roots of pear-trees two hundred years old 
afford grafts which grow with great vigor, and which are often covered 
with thorns like young seedling stocks ; whilst other grafts, taken at the 
same time from the extremities of the branches of such trees, present a 
totally different character, and a very slow and unhealthy growth. I do 
not conceive that such shoots possess all the powers of a young seedling, 
but they certainly possess no inconsiderable portion of such powers." 

This is nothing more, in fact, than going back to the roots — the por- 
tion of the tree least exhausted — for the renewal of the health of a variety 
when the branches of the tree have been exhausted by overbearing, &c. 
It is a simple and easy mode of increasing the vigor of a sort of delicate 
habit, to take scions from young root-suckers for grafting anew. This 
can of course only be done with trees that grow on their own roots, or 
have not been grafted. 

supplied the tree must decline. In light soils this speedily happens. In strong 
clayey or rocky soils, the natural decomposition of which affords a continual store 
of lime, potash, &c. , the necessary supply of inorganic food is maintained, and 
the variety continues healthy and productive. 



16 



PROPAGATION OP VARIETIES. 



CHAPTER in. 

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES GRAFTING BUDDING CUTTINGS, LAYERS, 

AND SUCKERS. 

After having 1 obtained a new and choice kind of fruit, which in our 
hands is perhaps only a single tree, and which, as we have already shown, 
seldom produces the same from seed, the next inquiry is how to continue 
this variety in existence, and how to increase and extend it, so that other 
gardens and countries may possess it as well as ourselves. This leads us 
to the subject of the propagation of fruit-trees, or the continuation of 
varieties by grafting and budding. 

Grafting and budding are the means in most common use for pro- 
pagating fruit-trees. ' They are, in fact, nothing more than inserting 
upon one tree the shoot or bud of another, in such a manner that the 
two may unite and form a new compound. No person having any inte- 
rest in a garden should be unable to perform these operations, as they are 
capable of effecting transformations and improvements in all trees and 
shrubs, no less valuable than they are beautiful and interesting. 

Grafting is a very ancient invention, having been well known and 
practised by the Greeks and Romans. The latter, indeed, describe a 
great variety of modes, quite as ingenious as any of the fanciful varia- 
tions now used by gardeners. The French, who are most expert in 
grafting, practise occasionally more than fifty modes, and within a few 
years have succeeded perfectly in grafting annual plants, such as the 
tomato, the dahlia, and the like. 

The uses of grafting and budding, as applied to fruit-trees, may be 
briefly stated as follows : 

1. The rapid increase of propagation of valuable sorts of fruit not 
easily raised by seeds or cuttings, as is the case with nearly all varieties. 

2. To renew or alter the heads of trees partially or fully grown, pro- 
ducing in two or three years, by heading-in and grafting, a new head, 
bearing the finest fruit, on a formerly worthless tree. 

3. To render certain foreign and delicate sorts of fruit more hardy by 
grafting them on robust stocks of the same species native to the country, 
as the foreign grape on the native ; and to produce fine fruit in climates 
or situations not naturally favorable, by grafting on another species more 
hardy, as in a cool climate and damp strong soil by working the Peach 
on the Plum. 

4. To render dwarf certain kinds of fruit, by grafting them on suit- 
able stocks of slower growth, as in the case of the Pear on the Quince, 
the Apple on the Paradise stock, &c. 

5. By grafting several kinds on the same tree, to be able to have a 
succession of fruit, from early to late, in a small garden. 

6. To hasten the bearing of seedling varieties of fruit, or of such as 
are a long time in producing fruit, by grafting them on the branches of 
full-grown or mature bearing trees. Thus a seedling pear, which would 
not produce fruit on its own root in a dozen years, will generally begin 
to bear the third or fourth year if grafted on the extremity of the bear- 
ing branches of a mature tree. 

The proper time for grafting fruit-trees is in the spring, as soon as 
the sap is in motion, which commences earliest with the Cherry and 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



17 



Plum, and ends with the Pear and Apple. The precise time of course 
varies with the season and the climate, but is generally comprised from 
February to the middle of April. The grape-vine, however, which 
suffers by bleeding, is not usually grafted until it is in leaf. The most 
favorable weather for grafting is a mild atmosphere with occasional 
showers. 

The scions are generally selected previously, as it is found, in nearly 
all kinds of grafting by scions, that success is more complete when the 
stock upon which they are placed is a little more advanced — the sap in a 
more active state than in the scion. To secure this, we usually cut the 
scions very early in the spring, during the winter, or even in the autumn, 
burying their lower ends in the ground in a shaded place, or keeping 
them in fine soil in the cellar till wanted for use. In cutting scions we 
choose straight thrifty shoots of the last year's growth, which may remain 
entire until we commence grafting, when they may be cut into scions of 
three or four buds each. In selecting scions from old trees it is always 
advisable to choose the most vigorous of the last year's shoots growing 
near the centre or top of the tree. Scions from sickly and unhealthy 
branches should be rejected, as they are apt to carry with them this feeble 
and sickly state. Scions taken from the lower bearing branches will pro- 
duce fruit soonest, but they will not afford trees of so handsome a shape 
or so vigorous a growth as those taken from the thrifty upright shoots near 
the centre or top of the tree. Nurserymen generally take their scions 
from young grafted trees in the nursery-rows, these being usually in better 
condition than those taken from old trees, not always in a healthy state. 

The stock for grafting upon is generally a tree which has been 
standing, at least for a year previously, on the spot where it is grafted, 
as success is much less certain on newly moved trees. 

In the case, however, of very small trees or stocks, which are grafted 
below the surface of the ground, as is frequently the practice with the 
Apple in American nurseries, the stocks are grafted in the house in 
winter, or early spring, put away carefully in a damp cellar, and planted 
out in the spring ; but this method is only successful when the root is 
small, and when the top of the stock is taken off, and the whole root is 
devoted to supplying the graft with nourishment. 
J The theory of grafting is based on the power of union between the 
young tissues or organizable matter of growing wood. When the parts 
are placed nicely in contact, the ascending sap of the stock passes into 
and sustains life in the scion ; the buds of the latter, excited by this 
supply of sap and the warmth of the season, begin to elaborate and send 
down woody matter, which, passing through the newly granulated sub- 
stance of the parts in contact, unites the graft firmly with the stock. 
" If," says De Candolle, " the descending sap has only an incomplete 
analogy with the wants of the stock, the latter does not thrive, though 
the organic union may have taken place ; and if the analogy between the 
albumen of stock and scion is wanting, the organic union does not ope- 
ra! e, the scion cannot absorb the sap of the stock, and the graft fails." 

Grafting therefore is confined within, certain limits. A scion from 
one tree will not, from the want of affinity, succeed on every other tree, 
but only upon those to which it is allied. We are, in short, only success- 
ful in budding or grafting where there is a close relationship and simi- 
larity of structure between the stock and the scion. This is the case 
with varieties of the same species which take most freely, as the different 
I 2 



IS 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



sorts of Apple ; next with the different species of a genus, as the Apple 
and the Pear, which grow, but in which the union is less complete and 
permanent ; and lastly with the genera of the same natural family, as the 
Cherry on the Plum, which die after a season or two. The ancients 
boasted of Vines and Apples grafted on Poplars and Elms ; but repeated 
experiments, by the most skilful cultivators of modern times, have clearly 
proved that although we may, once in a thousand trials, succeed in effect- 
ing these ill-assorted unions, yet the graft invariably dies after a few 
months' growth.* 

The range in grafting or budding, for fruit-trees in ordinary culture, 
is as the following : Apples, on apple or crab seedlings for orchards 
(standards), or on Paradise apple stocks, for dwarfs ; Pears, on pear 
seedlings for common culture, or Quince stocks for dwarfs, and some- 
times on the thorn for clayey soils ; Peaches, on their own seedlings for 
standards or for orchards ; on Almonds, for hot and dry climates ; on 
Plums in cold or moist soils, or to secure them against the worm ; Apri- 
cots, on Plum stocks, to render them hardy and productive, or on their 
own seedlings to render them long-lived. Nectarines are usually worked 
on the Peach or Plum ; and Cherries on mazard seedlings, or on the per- 
fumed Cherry, and on the morello for forming half dwarfs. 

The manual operation of grafting is performed in a 
very easy and complete manner when the size of the stock, or 
branch to be grafted, corresponds precisely with that of the 
scion. In this case, which is called splice-grafting, it is 
only necessary with a smooth sloping cut, upwards on the 
stock a, and downwards on the scion b, Fig 2, to make 
the two fit precisely, so that the inner bark of one corre- 
sponds exactly with that of the other, to bind them firmly 
together with a strand of matting, and to cover the wound 
entirely with grafting clay or wax, and the whole is fin- 
ished. In this, which is one of the neatest modes, the 
whole forms a complete union nearly at once, leaving 
scarcely any wounded part to heal over. But, as it is 
only rarely that the stock is of .so small a size as to fit 
thus perfectly to the scion, the operation must be varied 
somewhat, and requires more skill. The method in most 
common use to cover all difficulties is called tongue 
grafting. 

We may remark here that grafting the shoots of 
splice-Grafting. p eaclieSj Nectarines, and Apricots, owing to their large 
pith, is more difficult than that of other fruit-trees. A variation of 
splice-grafting, Fig. 3, has been invented to obviate this. This consists 
in selecting .the scion a, so as to leave at its lower end about a fourth of 
an inch of two years old wood, which is much firmer. The bottom of 

* The classical horticulturist will not fail to recall to mind Pliny's account of 
the tree in the garden of Lucullus, grafted in such a manner as to bear Olives, 
Almonds, Apples, Pears, Plums, Figs, and Grapes. There is little doubt, how- 
ever, that this was some ingenious deception, as to this day the Italian gardeners 
•pretend to sell Jasmines, Honeysuckles, &c. , growing together and grafted on 
Oranges and Pomegranates. This is ingeniously managed, for a short-lived 
effect, by introducing the stems of these smaller plants through a hole bored up 
the centre of the stock of the trees— their roots being in the same soil, and their 
stems, which after a little growth fill up these holes, appearing as if really 
grafted. 




PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



19 



the slope on the stock is cut with a dovetail notch, b, into which the 
scion is fitted. 

Tongue- grafting (or whip-grafting), Fig. 4, resembles very nearly 




Splice-Grafting the Peach. Tongue-Grafting, progressive stages. 

splice-grafting, except, instead of the simple splice, a tongue is made 
to hold the two together more firmly. In order to understand this 
method, let us explain it a little in detail. 

Having chosen your stock of the proper size, cut it off at the point 
where, a, it appears best to fix the graft. If the stock is quite small, 
it may be within three or four inches of the ground. Then, with a 
very sharp knife, make a smooth cut upwards, b, about two inches in 
length. Next make a slit from the top of this cut about one-fourth of 
the way downwards, c, taking out a thin tongue of wood. Cut the scion 
four or five inches long, or so as to have three buds ; then shape the 
lower end with a single smooth sloping cut, e, about the same length as 
that on the stock, and make the tongue upward, f to fit in the down- 
ward slit of the stock. Now apply the scion accurately to the stock, 
making the inner bark of the scion fit exactly the inner bark of the stock, 
at least on one side, g. Without changing their position, tie them 
together carefully with a piece of bass matting or tape, h. And finally 
cover the wound with well-prepared grafting clay or wax, i. This ball 
of clay should more than cover the union, by an inch above and below, 
and should be about an inch thick. If grafting-wax is used, the cover- 
ing need not be above half an inch thick. 

American Whip Tongue- Grafting — the mode generally practised by 
American nurserymen — is similar to the foregoing method, but much 
more rapid in its execution. The scion and stock are first cut, as rep- 
resented in Fig. 2, for splice-grafting, and then the knife is passed 
upward in the scion, a, Fig. 5, and downward in the stock, b, forming 
a sliced tongue in appearance, and when joined together, c, serves to hold 
the scion in place. The tying for out-door grafting is then done by a 
narrow strip of cloth, say half an inch to an inch wide, one side of which 
is saturated or coated with grafting-wax, and as each turn round the 



20 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 




American Whip Tongue-Grafting in its 
different stages. 

(a). Scion cut for insertion, (b). Stock 
prepared to receive the scion, (c). Stock 
and scion united, (d). The same tied up. 




Whip-Grafting large stock, 
(a). Stock prepared to receive the scion. 
(b). Scion cut for insertion, (c). Stock and 
scion united. 



graft and stock is made, the adhesive 
power of the wax holds the strip firmly 
and renders the work complete (d). 

Whip-grafting large stocks is fre- 
quently practised, and is a very success- 
ful manner of operating upon quite 
large trees in the nursery row. The 
sloping cut upon the stock, and the 
forming of the graft, is the same as in 
the ordinary American whip tongue- 
grafting, except that one side of the 
stock, opposite that on which the graft 
is placed, should be cut away upon the 
same slope as the grafted side, as indi- 
cated by the dotted lines in Fig. 6. As 
soon as the graft has taken, and com- 
menced expandipg its leaves and send- 
ing out shoots, it will be necessary to 
rub or cut off all shoots between the ball 
and the ground, if it is a small stock, or 
all those which would rob it of a princi- 
pal share of nourishment, if upon a large 
tree. If the scion or stock is very 
weak, it is usual to leave one or two 
other buds for a time, to assist in 
drawing up the sap. When the graft 
has made a growth of two or three 
inches the ball of clay may be remov- 
ed, and if the graft is securely united, 
the bandage may be loosened and re- 
tied, or it may be cut partially away at 
the back of the graft, for the purpose of 
permitting the expansion of growth, 
that otherwise would soon be checked, 
and cause the graft to break off. In the 
use of the wax-cloth strips, passing the 
knife at the back and cutting the tie is 
all that is requisite. Early in August 
the angle left at the top of the stock 
should be cut off smoothly, in order to 
allow the bark of the stock and the scion 
to heal neatly over the whole wound. 

Though it is little attended to in 
common practice, the amateur will be 
glad to know that the success of a graft 
is always greatly insured by choosing 
the parts so that a bud is left near the 
top of the stock, k, Fig. 4, and another 
near the bottom of the scion, I. These 
buds attract the rising sap to the por- 
tions where they are placed, form woody 
matter, and greatly facilitate the union of 
the parts near them ; the upper part of 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



21 




the stock and the lower part of the scion being the portions soonest 
liable to perish from a want of nourishment.* 

Cleft-grafting is a very easy though rather clumsy mode, and is in 
more common use than any other in the United States. It is chiefly 
practised on ' large stocks, or trees the branches 
of which have been headed back, and are too 
large for tongue-grafting. The head of the 
stock is first cut over horizontally with the saw 
and smoothed with a knife. A cleft about two 
inches deep is then made in the stock with a 
hammer and splitting-knife. The scion is now 
prepared by sloping its lower end in the form of 
a wedge about an inch and a half long, leaving 
it a little thicker on the outer edge. Opening 
the cleft with the splitting-knife, or a small 
chisel for that purpose, push the scion carefully 
down to its place, fitting its inner bark on one 
side to that of one side of the stock. When the 
stock is large, it is usual to insert two scions, 
Fig. 7. On withdrawing the chisel, the cleft 
closes firmly on the scions, when the graft is 
tied and clayed in the usual manner. 

Apple-stocks, in many American nurseries, 
are grafted in great quantities in this mode — the 
stocks being previously taken out of the 

ground, headed down very near the root, cleft-grafted with a single 
scion, sloping off with an oblique cut the side of the stock opposite that 
where the graft is placed, and then planted at once in the rows, so as to 
allow only a single bud of the scion to appear above ground. It is 
not usual with many either to tie or clay the grafts in this case, as the 
wound is placed below the surface ; but when this plan is adopted, the 
grafts must be set and the trees planted at once, drawing the well- 
pulverized soil with great care around the graft. Another way of 
grafting apple-stocks, common in western nurseries, consists in tongue- 
grafting on seedling stocks of very small size, cut back almost to the 
root. 

Large quantities of trees are also propagated by using pieces of roots 
each three to five inches long, thus forming from the root of one stock 
sufficient root for two or more grafts. This practice, although quite com- 
mon, is of very doubtful value, and by some prominent horticulturists 
considered as tending to debilitate and reduce vitality — the seat of vital 
life in fact resting in the natural crown of the seedling, and that once 
destroyed cannot be renewed. It is therefore apparent that but one 
healthy permanent tree can ever be grown from a seedling stock. This 
is performed in winter, by the fireside, the grafts carefully tied, and the 



Cleft-Grafting. 
(«). Scion ready for inser- 
tion. (&). Stock with two 
scions inserted. 



* In grafting large quantities of young trees when stocks are scarce, it is not an 
unusual practice in some nurseries to tongue or whip-graft upon small pieces of 
roots of the proper sort of tree, planting the same in the earth as soon as grafted. 
Indeed Dr. Van Mons considers this the most complete of all modes, with regard 
to the proper condition of the grafted sort : 1st, because the smallest quantity of 
the stock is used ; and 2d, because the lower part of the scion being thus placed 
in the ground, after a time it throws out fibres from that portion, and so at last 
is actually growing on its own roots. 



22 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



roots placed in the cellar, in sand, till spring, when they are planted, the 
top of the graft just above ground. 

Grafting the Vine is attended with success in the cleft or whip 
manner, if treated as follows : — Cut your scions during the winter or 
early spring, keeping them partially buried in a cool damp cellar till 
wanted. As soon as the first leaves of the old vine or stock have 
grown to about two inches in diameter, and all danger of bleeding is 
past, cut it off 1 smoothly below the surface of the ground, and split the 
stock and insert one or two scions in the usual manner, binding the cleft 
well together if it does not close firmly. Draw the soil carefully over 
the whole, leaving one bud of the scion at the surface. If the root of 
the stock is a strong native grape, the graft will frequently grow ten or 
fifteen feet during the first season, and yield a fair crop the second year. 




Saddle-Grafting. Saddle-Grafting Large Stocks. 

Saddle-grafting, Fig. 8, consists in cutting the top of the stock in 
the form of a wedge, splitting the scion and thinning away each half 
to a tongue shape, placing it astride the stock, and fitting the two, at 
least on one side, as in tongue-grafting. This mode offers the largest 
surface for the junction of the scion and stock, and the union is very per- 
fect. Mr. Knight, who practised it chiefly upon Cherry-trees, states 
that he has rarely ever seen a graft fail, even when the wood has been 
so succulent and immature as to preclude every hope of success by 
any other mode. 

A variety of this mode, for stocks larger than the scions, is prac- 
tised with much success in England after the usual season is past, and 
when the bark of the stock separates readily. "The scion, which 
must be smaller than the stock, is split up between two or three 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



23 



inches from its lower end, so as to have one side stronger than the other. 
This strong side is then properly prepared and introduced between the 
bark and the wood, while the thinner division is fitted to the oppo- 
site side of the stock." The graft, thus placed, receives a large supply 
of the sustaining fluid from the stock, and the union is rapid ; while the 
wound on the stock is speedily covered by a new layer of bark from that 
part of the scion which stands astride it. 

Side-grafting is a mode described by Elliott, and considered very 
successful for grafting the Magnolia, and other trees difficult of propaga- 
tion ; and also for the greater safety of grafts received or delayed late in 
spring. It is performed by cutting a notch or slit of about one inch 
long in the side of the stock, paring the outer portion, splitting the lower 
end of the graft and paring the inner portion, then inserting it, so as to 
form a union of the bark and wood, leaving meanwhile the top of the 
stock to carry on the circulation of the sap until the graft becomes 
united, when the stock is to be cut away. 

Grafting-clay is prepared by mixing one-third cow-dung, free from 
straw, and two-thirds clay, or clayey loam, with a little hair, like that 
used in plaster, to prevent its cracking. Beat and temper it for two or 
three days, until it is thoroughly incorporated. When used, it should 
be of such a consistency as to be easily put on and shaped with the hands. 

Grafting-wax. The common grafting-wax of the French gardeners is 
of two kinds. The first is melted and laid on with a brush in a fluid 
state, and is made of half a pound of pitch, half a pound of beeswax, and 
a pound of cow-dung, boiled together. The second, which is spread 
while warm on strips of coarse cotton or strong paper, and wrapped 
directly about the graft, answering at once to tie and to protect it, is com- 
posed of equal parts of beeswax, turpentine, and resin. The grafting-wax 
most commonly used here is made of tallow, beeswax, and resin, in 
equal parts, or, as many prefer, with a little more tallow to render 
it pliable. It may be applied directly around the graft, or it may 
be spread with a brush, when warm, upon cloth or paper, and after- 
ward the cloth or paper cut into suitable strips for wrapping, as indicated 
in the directions for grafting. 

Grafting-wax is a much neater and more perfect protection than 
grafting-clay. 

JBudding. 

Budding [inoculating, of the old authors) differs from common graft- 
ing not the least in its nature or effects. Every bud is a distinct indi- 
vidual, capable of becoming a tree under favorable circumstances. In 
grafting we use a branch composed of several buds, with a considerable 
quantity of bark and wood ; while in budding we employ but a single 
bud, with a very small quantity of the adjoining bark and wood. 

The advantages of budding fruit-trees, compared with grafting, are 
so considerable that in this country it is ten times as much practised. 
These are, first, the great rapidity with which it is performed ; a skilful 
budder, with a clever boy following him to tie the buds, being able to 
work from a thousand to twelve hundred young nursery stocks in a day. 
2d. The more convenient season at which it is performed in all coun- 
tries where a short spring crowds garden labors within a small space. 
3d. Being able to perform the operation without injuring the stock in 



24 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



case of failure, which is always more or less the case in stocks headed 
down for grafting. 4th. The opportunity which it affords, when per- 
formed in good season, of repeating the 
trial on the same stock. To these we 
may add that budding is universally pre- 
ferred here for all stone-fruits, such as 
Peaches, Apricots, and the like, as these 
M jjj require extra skill in grafting, but are 

budded with great ease. 

The proper season for budding fruit- 
trees in this country is from the first of 
July to the middle of September ; the dif- 
ferent trees coming into season as fol- 
lows: — Plums, Cherries, Apricots on 
Plums, Apricots, Pears, Apples, Quinces, 
Nectarines, and Peaches. Trees of con- 
siderable size will require budding earlier 
than young seedling stocks. But the 
operation is always, and only, performed 
ivhen the bark of the stock parts or sep- 
arates freely from the wood, and when 
the buds of the current year's growth 
are somewhat plump, and the young wood 
is growing firm. Young stocks in the 
nursery, if thrifty, are usually planted 
out in the rows in the spring, and bud- 
Budding-Kiiives. cled the same summer or autumn. 

Before commencing you should pro- 
vide yourself with a budding-knife, Fig. 10 (about four 
and a half inches long), having a round blade at one end, 
and an ivory handle, terminating in a thin rounded edge 
called the haft, at the other. 

Fig. 11 represents another style or form of budding- 
knife, by many considered preferable. The cutting por- 
t,'\i§ tion extends about one-third around the end of the blade, 
and about two-thirds of its length, leaving the lower part 
dull. The rounded end of the blade to this knife obviates 
the necessity of reversing it for opening the bark when 
setting a bud, and thus facilitates work. 

In choosing your buds, select thrifty shoots that have 
nearly done growing, and prepare what is called a stick 
of buds, Fig. 12, by cutting off a few of the imperfect buds 
at the lower, and such as may be yet too soft at the upper 
ends, leaving only smooth, well-developed single buds ; 
double buds being fruit-buds. 

Great care is essential in selecting buds, as often even 
on sticks cut from young trees, and especially from bear- 
ing trees, many of the single buds will be found developed 
into fruit-buds, and are therefore unfitted for use. The 
form of a wood-bud is always long rather than round, and, 
in the case of peaches, there are sometimes triple buds, 
A stick of Buds, the centre one of which is always a wood-bud. 

Cut off the leaves, allowing about half an inch of the 



PEOPAGATI ON OF VARIETIES. 



25 




foot-stalks to remain for conveniently inserting the buds. Some strands 
of bass matting, about twelve or fourteen inches long, and from a quarter 
to half an inch in width, moistened in water to render them soft and 
pliable (or in the absence of these some soft woollen yarn), must also be 
at hand for tying the buds. 

Shield or T-budding is the most approved mode in all countries. 
A new variety of this method, now generally practised in this country, we 
shall describe first, as being the simplest and the best mode for fruit-trees. 

American shield-budding. Having your stick of buds ready, choose 
a smooth portion of the stock. When the latter is small, let it be near 
the ground, and, if equally convenient, select also the north side of the 
stock, as less exposed to the sun. Make an upright incision in the bark 
from an inch to an inch and a half long, and at the top 
of this make a cross cut, so that the whole shall form 
a T. From the stick of buds, your knife being very 
sharp, cut a thin, smooth slice of wood and bark con- 
taining a bud, Fig. 13, a. With the rounded end of your 
budding-knife, now raise the bark on each side of the 
incision just wide enough to admit easily the prepared 
bud. Taking hold of the footstalk of the leaf, insert 
the bud under the bark, pushing it gently down to the 
bottom of the incision. If the upper portion of the 
bud projects above the horizontal part of the T, cut 
it smoothly off, so that it may completely fit b. A 
bandage of the soft matting is now tied over the whole 
wound, Fig. 14, commencing at the bottom, and tying 
most firmly above, leaving the bud and the footstalk 
of the leaf only exposed to the light air. 

Common shield-budding, Fig. 15, practised in all gardens in 
Europe, differs from the foregoing only in one respect — the removal of 
the slice of wood contained in the bud. This is taken out with the 
point of the knife, holding the bud or shield 
by the leaf-stalk with one hand, inserting the 
knife under the wood at the lower extremity, 
and then raising and drawing out the wood by 
bending it upwards and downwards, with a 
slight j erk, until it is loosened from the bark ; 

always taking care that a small 
portion of the wood remains 
behind to fill up the hollow at 
the base or heart of the bud. 
The bud thus prepared is in- 
serted precisely as before de- 
scribed. 

The American variety of 
shield-budding is found greatly 
preferable to the European 
mode, at least for this climate. 
Many sorts of fruit-trees, es- 
pecially Plums and Cherries, nearly mature 

their growth, and require to be budded in the hottest part of our 
summer. In the old method, the bud having only a shield of bark with 
but a particle of wood in the heart of the bud, is much more liable to 



American shield - 
budding. 





26 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



be destroyed by heat, or dryness, than when the slice of wood is left 
behind in the American way. Taking out this wood is always an 
operation requiring some dexterity and practice, as few buds grow 
when their eye or heart-wood is damaged. The American method 
therefore requires less skill, can be done earlier in the season with 
younger wood, is performed in much less time, and is uniformly more 
successful. It has been very fairly tested upon hundreds of thousands 
of fruit-trees in our gardens for the last twenty years, and although 
practised English budders coming here at first are greatly prejudiced 
against it, as being in direct opposition to one of the most essential 
features in the old mode, yet a fair trial has never failed to convince 
them of the superiority of the new. 

After-treatment. In two weeks after the operation you will be able 
to see whether the bud has taken, by its plumpness and freshness. If 
it has failed, you may, if the bark still parts readily, make another 
trial ; a clever budder will not lose more than 6 or 8 per cent. If it has 
succeeded, after a fortnight more has elapsed the bandage must be 
loosened, or, if the stock has swelled much, it should be removed alto- 
gether, by cutting on the back side opposite the bud. When budding 
has been performed very late, we have occasionally found it an advan- 
tage to leave the bandage on during the winter. 

As soon as the buds commence swelling in the ensu- 
ing spring, head down the stock, with a sloping back cut, 
within two or three inches of the bud. The bud will 
then start vigorously, and all " robbers," as the shoots 
of the stock near to and below the bud are termed, must 
be taken off from time to time. To secure the upright 
growth of the bud, and to prevent its being broken by 
the winds, it is tied, when a few inches long, to that por- 
tion of the stock left for the purpose, Fig. 16, a. During 
the month of August, if the shoot is strong, this support 
may be removed, and the superfluous portion of the stock 
smoothly cut away in the dotted line b, when it will be 
rapidly covered with young bark. 

We have found a great advantage, when budding trees 
which do not take readily, in adopting Mr. Knight's ex- 
cellent mode of tying with two distinct bandages, one 
covering that part below the bud, and the other the 
portion above it. In this case the lower bandage is 
removed as soon as the bud has taken, and the upper 
left for two or three weeks longer. This, by arresting the upward sap, 
completes the union of the upper portion of bud (which in plums fre- 
quently dies while the lower part is united) and secures success. 

Reversed shield-budding, which is nothing more than making the 
cross cut at the bottom instead of the top of the upright incision in 
the bark, and inserting the bud from below, is a good deal practised 
in the south of Europe, but we have not found that it possesses any 
superior merit for fruit-trees. 

An ingenious application of budding, worthy the attention of ama- 
teur cultivators, consists in using a blossom-bud instead of a wood-bud ; 
when, if the operation is carefully done, blossoms and fruit will be pro- 
duced at once. This is most successful with the Pear, though we have 
often succeeded also with the Peach. Blossom-buds are readily distin- 




Treatment of the 
grcwing bud. 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



27 



guished, as soon as well formed, by their roundness, and in some trees 
by their growing in pairs ; while wood-buds grow singly, and are more 
or less pointed. We have seen a curious fruit-grower borrow in this 
way, in September, from a neighbor ten miles distant, a single blos- 
som-bud of a rare new pear, and produce from it a fair and beautiful 
fruit the next summer. The bud, in such cases, should be inserted 
on a favorable limb of a bearing tree. 

Annular budding, Pig. 17, we have found a valuable 
mode for trees with hard wood and thick bark, or those 
which, like the walnut, have buds so large as to render 
it difficult to bud them in the common way. A ring of 
bark, when the sap is flowing freely, is taken from the /ggjjnfe 
stock, a, and a ring of corresponding size containing a ffpt 
bud, b, from the scion. If the latter ' should be too 
large a piece must be taken from it to make it fit ; ^ 
or should all the scions be too small, the ring upon the 
stock may extend only three-fourths the way round, to 

Suit the ring of the bud. Annular Budding. 

An application of this mode, of great value, occa- 
sionally occurs in this country. In snowy winters, fruit-trees in orchards 
are sometimes girdled at the ground by field-mice, and a growth of 
twenty years is thus destroyed in a single day, should the girdle extend 
quite round the tree. To save such a tree it is only necessary, as 
soon as the sap rises vigorously in the spring, to apply a new ring 
of bark, in the annular mode, taken from a branch of proper size ; 
tying it firmly, and drawing up the earth so as to cover the wound com- 
pletely. When the tree is too large to apply an entire ring, separate 
pieces, carefully fitted, will answer ; it is well to reduce the top some- 
what by pruning, that it may not make too large a demand on the root 
for a supply of food. 

Another practice, and perhaps one more easily applicable, is the tak- 
ing several large grafts or strong twigs of last year's growth, and after 
splitting them in halves, pare each end down to a thin edge, and in- 
sert them underneath the bark of the tree just above and below the 
wound. Tie around firmly with strong bass matting, and then draw up 
the earth to cover the whole and keep out the air. 

Budding may be done in the spring as well as at the latter end of 
summer, and is frequently so performed upon roses and other orna- 
mental shrubs by French gardeners, but is only in occasional use upon 
fruit-trees. 

Influence of the stock and graft. 

The well-known fact that we may have a hundred different varieties 
of pear on the same tree, each of which produces its fruit of the proper 
form, color, and quality ; and that we may have, at least for a time, 
several distinct though nearly related species upon one stock, as the Peach, 
Apricot, Nectarine, and Plum, prove very conclusively the power of 
every grafted or budded branch, however small, in preserving its identity. 
To explain this, it is only necessary to recall to mind that the ascending 
sap, which is furnished by the root or stock, is nearly a simple fluid ; 
that the leaves digest and modify this sap, forming a proper juice, which 
re-descends in the inner bark ; and that thus every bud and leaf upon a 



28 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



branch, maintains its individuality by preparing its own proper nourish- 
ment, or organizing matter, out of that general aliment the sap. In- 
deed, according to De Candolle,* each separate cellule of the inner bark 
has this power of preparing its food according to its nature ; in proof of 
which a striking experiment has been tried by grafting rings of bark, of 
different allied species, one above another, on the same tree, without 
allowing any buds to grow upon them. On cutting down and examining 
this tree, it was found that under each ring of bark was deposited the 
proper wood of its species, thus clearly proving the power of the bark in 
preserving its identity, even without leaves. 

On the other hand, though the stock increases in size by the woody 
matter received in the descending sap from the graft, yet as this descends 
through the inner bark of the stock, it is elaborated by, and receives its 
character from the latter ; so that, after a tree has been grafted fifty 
years, a shoot which springs out from its trunk below the place of union 
will always be found to bear the original wild fruit, and not to have been 
in the least affected by the graft. 

But whilst grafting never effects any alteration in the identity of the 
variety or species of fruit, still it is not to be denied that the stock does 
exert certain influences over the habits of the graft. The most important 
of these are dwarfing, inducing fruitfulness, and adapting the graft to the 
soil or climate. 

Thus every one knows that the slower habit of growth in the Quince 
stock is shared by the Pear grafted upon it, which becomes a dwarf ; as 
does also the Apple when worked on the Paradise stock, and, in some 
degree, the Peach on the Plum. The want of entire similarity of struc- 
ture between the stock and graft confines the growth of the latter, 
and changes it, in the case of the Pear, from a lofty tree to a shrub of 
eight or ten feet in height. The effect of this difference of structure is 
very apparent, when the Peach is grafted on the Plum, in the greater 
size of the trunk above, as compared with that below the graft ; a fact 
which seems to arise from the obstruction which the descending sap of 
the graft finds in its course through the bark of the stock. 

To account for the earlier and greater fruitfulness caused by grafting 
on a stock of slower growth, Mr. Knight, in one of his able papers, offers 
the following excellent remarks : — 

" The disposition in young trees to produce and nourish blossom buds 
and fruit is increased by this apparent obstruction of the descending 
sap ; and the fruit, I think, ripens somewhat earlier than upon other 
young trees of the same age which grow upon stocks of their own species. 
But the growth and vigor of the tree, and its power to nourish a succes- 
sion of heavy crops, are diminished, apparently, by the stagnation in the 
branches and stock of a portion of that sap which, in a tree growing on 
its own stem or upon a stock of its own species, would descend to nourish 
and promote the extension of its own roots. The practice, therefore, of 
grafting the Pear on the Quince, and the Peach on the Plum, when ex- 
tensive growth and durability are wanted, is wrong ; but it is eligible 
wherever it is wished to diminish the vigor and growth of the tree, and 
its durability is not so important." 

In adapting the graft to the soil the stock has a marked influence. 
Thus in dry chalky soils, where the Peach on its own roots will scarcely 



Physiologie Vegetable. 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



29 



grow, it is found to thrive admirably budded on the Almond. We have 
already mentioned that in clay soils too heavy and moist for the Peach, 
it succeeds very well if worked on the Plum. M. Floss, a Prussian 
gardener, succeeded in growing line pears in very sandy soils, where it 
was nearly impossible to raise them before, by grafting them on the 
Mountain Ash, a nearly related tree, which thrives on the driest and 
lightest soil. 

A variety of fruit which is found rather tender for a certain climate, 
or a particular neighborhood, is frequently acclimatized by grafting it on 
a native stock of very hardy habits. Thus near the sea-coast, where the 
finer plums thrive badly, we have seen them greatly improved by being 
worked on the beech-plum, a native stock adapted to the spot ; and the 
foreign grape is more luxuriant when grafted on our native stocks. 

A slight effect is sometimes produced by the stock on the quality of 
the fruit. A few sorts of pear are superior in flavor, but many are also 
inferior, when grafted on the Quince, while they are more gritty on the 
thorn. The Green Gage, a Plum of great delicacy of flavor, varies con- 
siderably upon different stocks; and Apples raised on the crab, and pears 
on the Mountain Ash, are said to keep longer than when grown on their 
own roots. 

In addition to the foregoing, a diseased stock should always be 
avoided, as it will communicate disease slowly to the graft, unless the 
latter is a variety of sufficient vigor to renew the health of the stock, 
which is but seldom the case. 

The cultivator will gather from these remarks that, in a favorable 
climate and soil, if we desire the greatest growth, duration, and develop- 
ment in any fruit (and this applies to orchards generally), we should 
choose a stock of a closely similar nature to the graft — an apple 
seedling for an apple ; a pear seedling for a pear. If we desire dwarf 
trees that come into bearing very young, and take little space in a gar- 
den, we employ for a stock an allied species of slower growth. If our 
soil or climate is unfavorable, we use a stock which is adapted to the 
soil, or which will, by its hardier roots, endure the cold. 

The influence of the graft on the stock seems scarcely to extend be- 
yond the power of communicating disease. A graft taken from a tree 
enfeebled by disease will recover with difficulty, even if grafted on 
healthy stocks for a dozen times in repeated succession. And when the 
disease is an inherent or hereditary one, it will certainly communicate it 
to the stock. We have seen the yellows, from a diseased peach-tree, 
propagated through hundreds of individuals by budding, and the stock 
and graft both perish together from its effects. Hence the importance, 
to nurserymen especially, of securing healthy grafts, and working only 
upon healthy stocks. 



Propagation by Cuttings. 

Propagating by cuttings, as applied to fruit-trees, consists in causing 
a shoot of the previous season's wood to grow, by detaching it from the 
parent tree at a suitable season, and planting it in the ground under fa- 
vorable circumstances. 

In this case, instead of uniting itself by woody matter to another 
tree, as does the scion in grafting, the descending woody matter becomes 
roots at the lower end, and the cutting of which is then a new and entire 



30 PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 

plant. Every bud being a distinct individual, capable of forming a new 
plant, has indeed theoretically the power, if separated from the parent 
stem, of throwing out roots and maintaining a separate existence ; and 
some plants, as the grape-vine, are frequently propagated by single buds 
planted in the soil. But in practice it is found necessary, with almost 
all trees and plants, to retain a considerable portion of the stem with the 
bud, to supply it with food until it has formed roots to draw nourish- 
ment from the soil. 

All fruit-trees may be propagated by cuttings, with proper care and 
attention, but only a few grow with sufficient facility in this way to 
render their propagation by cuttings a common mode. These are the 
Gooseberry, the Currant, the Vine, the Quince, the Fig, and the Mulberry. 

Cuttings of the Currant, Gooseberry, and the hardy sorts of Tine 
will root readily, in a soil not too dry, in the open garden. Currants 
and Gooseberries are generally taken off in the fall or winter, prepared 
for planting, and two-thirds of their lower ends buried in the ground till 
the commencement of spring, when they are planted out, either where 
they are to remain or in nursery rows. They will succeed nearly as 
well if taken off in the spring, but, owing to the period at which they 
commence growing, this must be attended to very early , if deferred till 
that season. 

A successful practice is to prepare the cuttings of Gooseberries and 
Currants early in the autumn, and to plant them at once in the position 
where they are to grow the succeeding summer. In planting, set the 
cuttings into the ground so deeply that but one bud will be left at or 
near the surface, and then, as soon as the frosts of winter come, cover 
the whole ground with a light mulch of coarse straw manure, or other 
litter three or four inches deep. 

In order to raise plants of the Gooseberry and Currant, 
with straight clean stems, which shall not throw up suckers, 
it is only necessary, before planting the cutting, to cut out 
every eye or bud to be placed below the surface of the 
ground, Fig. 18. The cutting should be about a foot long, 
eight inches of which may be inserted in the ground. To 
insure greater success in raising the finer sorts of Gooseberry, 
or other shrubs, it is customary to plant the cuttings on 
the shaded side of a wall or fence, in deep rich loam, rather 
damp than dry. Cuttings of the vine are generally prepared 
when trimming the old plants in autumn or winter ; they 
may then be buried with their lower ends in the ground, 
or kept in earth in the cellar till spring. 

Grape cuttings are also made as soon as it will answer 
to prune the vines in the autumn ; and, being planted at 
once in the ground, covered as above noted for Gooseberries 
and Currants, are found to grow successfully. 

Scarce sorts of grapes, which it is desirable to multiply 
extensively, are frequently propagated by joints : that is, by 
Gooseberry buds having about two inches of wood attached to each — 
cutting pre- every bud in this way forming a plant. When this mode 
pfanted. and is adopted, it is usual to plant the joints about half an inch 
deep, in light soil, in a common hot-bed prepared for the 
purpose, or each joint is planted in a pot by itself. In the first way 
a great number of plants may be grown in a small space. 




PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



31 



Formerly more certain success in propagating the vine by joints was 
considered gained by halving the joint before planting, as shown in Fig. 
19; but, recently, operators have practised the simple manner of prepar- 
ing the cuttings with about two inches of 
wood below, and half an inch above the 
bud, and then planting in frames or pro- 
pagating-houses, by simply placing the 
eye or cutting in a perpendicular posi- 
tion, the bud just level with, or nearly 
covered in a bed of clean, sharp, building A ^ i oint P re P ared and Panted, 
or lake sand. A gentle bottom heat is to be maintained steadily, at the 
same time keeping the air in the house or frame quite cool until the lower 
end of the cutting or bud has commenced to form roots, when the air of 
the surface or volume of the house may be increased in warmth to stimu- 
late growth of vine. 

In the method of growing from single eyes, or two-eye cuttings, in 
out-door practice, it is considered best to prepare the cuttings during 
winter, and pack them in clean damp — not wet — sand, in a cool dark cel- 
lar, where they will callus ; and then, just as soon in the spring as the 
ground can be worked, plant the cuttings out, selecting as far as possible 
a sharp sandy loam for the location, covering the bed half an inch deep 
with the soil, and then two to three inches deep with mulch of sawdust, 
tan bark, &c. 

In preparing cuttings of what are termed hard- wood varieties, such as 
Delaware, Norton's Virginia, &c, it is customary with some propaga- 
tors to scrape off the outer bark from the lower end of the cutting, and 
to soften it by soaking in water from ten to twenty hours before placing 
them in the bed or frame. 

The large English black mulberry is propagated by cuttings, as 
follows : About the last of October take cuttings from the thrifty shoots 
of a bearing tree, cut out all the buds except two or three at the top, 
and pare off the bottom of the cutting just below a bud. Lay in the 
cuttings in a sheltered border, burying them so that only the two buds 
at the top are exposed, and covering them with some loose straw or lit- 
ter. In the spring make a small hot-bed with very sandy soil, in which 
to plant the cuttings on taking them out of the ground, or place each 
one in a small pot in any hot-bed ready at hand, and in a few weeks 
they will be found to have made roots freely. 

As a general rule, cuttings succeed best when they are taken off 
just between the young and the previous year's wood ; or, in the case of 
young side shoots, when they are cut off close to the branch preserving 
the collar of the shoot. The lower end should be cut smoothly across 
just below a bud, the soil should in all cases be pressed firmly about the 
lower end of the cutting, and it should always be planted before the 
buds commence swelling, that the wound may in some measure heal 
before growth and the absorption of fluid commences. 

Propagation by Layers and Suckers. 

A layer may be considered as a cutting not entirely separated from 
the plant. 

Layering is a mode of propagation resorted to in increasing some 
fruit-tree stocks, as the Paradise stock, the Muscle Plum, and some 




32 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 




kinds which do not grow so well from the seed. Certain varieties 
of native grape, as the Norton's Virginia, which do not root readily by- 
cuttings, are also raised in this way, and it may be applied to any sort 
of fruit-tree which it is desirable to continue on its own root without 
grafting. 

Fruit-trees are generally layered in the spring, and the layers may be 
taken off well-rooted plants in the autumn. But they may also be lay- 
ered with success early in July. 

In making layers the ground around the mother plant should be 
made light and mellow by digging. Being provided with some hooked 

pegs to fasten down the 
layers, bend down a branch, 
so that the end may recline 
upon the ground. Open a 
little trench three or four 
inches deep to receive the 
young wood to be layered ; 
make a cut or tongue, Fig. 
20, a, half way through the 
under or upper side of the 
shoot, pegging down the 
branch with the hooked peg, 
b, to keep it in its place ; 
press the earth slightly 
Layering. round the tongue, and, in 

filling in the soil, raise nearly upright the end of the layer, c, which re- 
mains above the surface of the ground. 

The descending sap, filled with organizable matter, is arrested by this 
tongue, accumulates there, and the emission of roots speedily takes place. 
Hinging, wounding, or twisting the limb answers the same purpose less 
perfectly, and indeed many trees root readily from the mere position of 
the branches as layers, and the moisture of the soil. 

A tree or plant which is kept for raising layers is called a stool, and 
is headed down both to facilitate the rooting of the layers and to 
afford an abundance of shoots near the earth. Shoots of some of the 
fruit-tree stocks in the English nurseries are pegged down to the surface 
before growth commences in the spring, covered about an inch deep with 
soil, and at the end of autumn afford hundreds of plants; almost every 
bud making a separate root. 

Suckers are shoots sent up from the root, or from portions of the 
stem below the surface of the soil, which are easily separated from the 
parent plant. 

Suckers of fruit-trees are frequently used as stocks for budding or 
grafting upon ; but they are greatly inferior to seedlings for this purpose, 
as they are always more liable to produce suckers, and they have not the 
thrifty, vigorous habit, or the same power of forming as good roots as 
seedlings. Besides this, should the tree from which they are taken be 
diseased, they will be likely to carry the malady with them. 

Propagating by suckers is an easy and desirable way when we wish 
to continue a seedling fruit of value on its own root, and some of our 
common fruits appear to be more healthy and permanent when growing in 
that way. It is also a mode for increasing the Raspberry ; as is also that 
of runners, which is a kind of sucker above ground, for the Strawberry. 



PRUNING. 



33 



Propagation by Pieces of Hoots. 

Many varieties of trees, and nearly all varieties of Blackberries, 
Raspberries, Gooseberries, Currants, &c, can be readily propagated by 
small pieces of roots. Cut the root into pieces of about two inches 
in length, any time in autumn or winter, and pack them in moist 
sand, storing where they will be free from frost. In spring prepare 
a frame with a gentle bottom heat and plant them, covering about an 
inch deep, in a sandy loam ; as soon as they have well started they may 
be transplanted out into the open field. Some propagators keep them 
in the winter packages until the spring is well advanced and the ground 
becomes somewhat warmed, when they plant at once in the open ground, 
setting the upper end of the piece of root just level with the ground, 
and then covering the whole surface with about three inches deep of 
some light mulching material. 



CHAPTER IV. 

PRUNING. 

1. Pruning to promote Growth or modify the Form of Fruit-trees. 

In this country almost all fruit-trees are grown as standards. In 
this way they develop their natural forms, attain the largest size,, 
and produce the greatest quantity of fruit with the least possible care. 
Our bright and powerful sun, reaching every part of the tree, renders 
the minute systems of pruning and training, which occupy so large a por- 
tion of the English works on the subject, of little or no moment to the 
cultivator here. Pruning is therefore commonly resorted to only for 
the purpose of increasing the vigor of feeble trees, or to regulate and 
improve the form of healthy and luxuriant trees. 

Pruning has the power of increasing the vigor of a tree in two ways. 
If we assume that a certain amount of nourishment is supplied by the 
roots to all the branches and buds of a tree, by cutting off one-half of the 
branches at the proper season we direct the whole supply of nourish- 
ment to the remaining portion, which will consequently grow with 
nearly double their former luxuriance. Again, when a tree becomes 
stunted or enfeebled in its growth, the thinness of its inner bark, with its 
consequent small sap-vessels (which it must be remembered are the prin- 
cipal channel for the passage of the ascending supply of food), renders 
the upward and downward circulation tardy, and the growth is small. 
By heading back or pruning judiciously, all the force of the nourishing 
fluid is thrown into a smaller number of buds, which make new and 
luxuriant shoots, larger sap-vessels, and which afford a ready passage to 
the fluids, and the tree with these renewed energies will continue in vigor 
for a long time. 

This treatment is especially valuable in the case of small trees of 
feeble or stunted growth, which are frequently cut back to a single bud, 
and a new shoot or shoots, full of vigor, gives a healthy habit to the 

3 




34 



PRUNING. 



tree. In the nurseries this practice of heading down unthrifty trees is 
frequently pursued, and small orchard trees which have become enfeebled 
may be treated in the same manner, cutting back the head as far as the 
place where it is wished that new shoots should spring out. Older trees 
should be headed back more sparingly, unless they are greatly enfeebled, 
and their roots should at the same time be assisted by manure. 

A judicious pruning, to modify the form of our standard trees, is 
nearly all that is required in ordinary practice. Every fruit-tree, grown 
in the open orchard or garden as a common standard, should be allowed 
to take its natural form, the whole efforts of the pruner going no f urther 
than to take out all weak and crowded branches; those which are filling 
uselessly the interior of the tree, where their leaves cannot be duly 
exposed to the light and sun, or those which interfere with the growth 
of others. All pruning of large branches in healthy trees should be 
avoided, by examining them every season and taking out superfluous 
shoots while small. Mr. Coxe, the best American author on fruit-trees, 
remarks very truly : " When orchard trees are pruned, they are apt to 
throw out numerous (superfluous) suckers from the boughs in the follow- 
ing summer ; these should be rubbed off when they first appear, or they 
may easily be broken off while young and brittle — cutting is apt to 
increase their number." 

Where pruning is not required to renovate the vigor of an enfeebled 
tree, or to regulate its shape, — in other words, in the case of a healthy 
tree which we wish to retain in a state of the greatest luxuriance, health, 
and vigor, — it may be considered worse than useless. Bearing in mind 
that growth is always corresponding to the action of the leaves and 
branches, if these are in due proportion and in perfect health, the knife 
will always be found rather detrimental to luxuriance and constitutional 
vigor than beneficial. * 

The best season for pruning to promote growth, theoretically, is in 
autumn, soon after the fall of the leaf. Next to this, winter pruning, 
performed in mild weather, is best, and in orchards this is the season 
usually most convenient. f In all parts of the country where the winters 
are not very severe (and always in the Southern or Western States) the 
roots are collecting a certain stock of nourishment during the whole 
autumn and winter. When a tree is pruned in autumn or winter this 
whole supply goes to the remaining branches, while in the case of spring 
pruning it is partly lost. North of the 43d degree of latitude, however, 
the winters are so severe that winter-pruning should be deferred till the 
last of February. 

We should especially avoid pruning at that period in spring when 

* Ignorant cultivators frequently weaken the energies of young trees, and 
■cause them to grow up with lean and slender stems, by injudiciously trimming 
off the young side shoots and leaves in the growing season. By taking off these 
shoots the stem is deprived of all the leaves which would attract and elaborate 
the sap, thus preparing nourishment for the growth of the stem ; and the trunk 
of the tree does not increase in size half so fast as when the side branches are 
allowed to remain for a time, pruning them away gradually. It is better, in the 
case of these young trees, to stop the side branches, when of moderate length, by 
pinching out the terminal bud. 

f Experience of many years convinces us that, whatever theory may sug- 
gest, the best time to prune in order to promote growth, and to have the wound 
healed perfectly, is very early in spring, or as soon as the severity of winter has 
passed. 



PRUNING. 



35 



the buds are swelling, and the sap is in full flow, as the loss of sap by- 
bleeding is very injurious to most trees, and in some brings on a serious 
and incurable canker in the limbs. 

In pruning large limbs, some composition should always be at hand 
to cover the wound. This will not only prevent its cracking by the 
cold in winter-pruning, but will keep out the air, and maintain the 
exposed wood in a sound state until it is covered with a new layer of 
bark. Many compositions have been in fashion abroad for this pur- 
pose, which under our summer sun and wintry frosts are nearly worth- 
less, as they generally crack and fall off in a single year. The following 
is a cheap and admirable application, which we recommend to all culti- 
vators of fruit-trees. 

Composition for wounds made in pruning. Take a quart of alcohol 
and dissolve in it as much gum-shellac as will make a liquid of the con- 
sistence of paint. Apply this to the wound with a common painter's 
brush ; always paring the wound smoothly first with the knife. The 
liquid becomes perfectly hard, adheres closely, excludes the air perfectly, 
and is affected by no changes of weather ; while at the same time its 
thinness offers no resistance to the lip of new bark that gradually closes 
over the wound. If the composition is kept in a well-corked bottle, 
sufficiently wide-mouthed to admit the brush, it will always be ready for 
use and suited to the want of the moment. 

To prevent mice or rabbits from girdling trees. Great inj ury is done to 
young orchards in some districts by the meadow mouse. This little ani- 
mal always works under cover, and therefore does its mischief in winter 
when the snow lies deeply upon the ground. A common and effectual mode 
of deterring it is that of treading down the snow firmly about the stem 
directly after every fall of snow. But this is a very troublesome affair. 

The following mixture will be found to be an effectual prevention. 
Take one spadeful of hot slaked lime, one do. of clean cow-dung, half do. 
of soot, one handful of flowers of sulphur : mix the whole together with the 
addition of sufficient water to bring it to the consistency of thick paint. 
At the approach of winter paint the trunks of the trees sufficiently high to 
be beyond the reach of these vermin. Experience has proved that it does 
no injury to the tree. A dry day should be chosen for its application. 

English nurserymen are in the habit of protecting nurseries of small 
trees from the attacks of rabbits, simply by distributing through the 
squares of the nursery coarse matches made by dipping bunches of rags, 
or bits of tow, in melted sulphur, and fastening these in split stakes a 
couple of feet high. The latter are stuck into the ground, among the 
trees, at from 12 to 20 feet apart, and are said completely to answer the 
purpose. 

Wrapping the body of the tree with coarse hardware paper, letting 
the lower end of the paper go below the soil at the crown of the tree, 
will effectually prevent the attacks of rabbits. 

Wash for the trunks and branches of fruit-trees. The best wash for 
the stems and branches of fruit-trees is made by dissolving two pounds 
of potash in two gallons of water. This is applied with a brush at any 
season, but perhaps with most effect in the spring. One, or at most 
two applications will rid the stem of trees of the bark-louse, and render 
it smooth and glossy. It is far more efficacious than whitewash, as a 
preservative against the attacks of insects, while it promotes the growth 
of the tree, and adds to the natural lively color of the bark. 



36 



PRUNING. 



The wash of soft soap is also a very good one for many purposes. 
Though not equal for general purposes to the potash wash, it is better for 
old trunks with thick and rigid bark, as a portion of it remains upon the 
surface of the bark for some time, and with the action of every rain is 
dissolved, and thus penetrates into all the crevices where insects may be 
lodged, destroying them, and softening the bark itself. 

2. Pruning to induce Fruitf ulness. 

There are advantages and disadvantages attending all seasons of 
pruning, but our own experience has led us to believe that, practically, 
a fortnight before midsummer is by far the best season on the ivhole for 
pruning in the Northern and Middle States. Wounds made at this 
season heal over freely and rapidly ; it is the most favorable time to 
judge of the shape and balance of the head, and to see at a glance which 
branches require removal ; and all the stock of organizable matter in the 
tree is directed to the branches that remain. 

When a young fruit-tree is too luxuriant, employing all its energies 
in making vigorous shoots, but forming few or no blossom buds, and 
producing no fruit, we have it in our power by different modes of 
pruning to lessen this over-luxuriance, and force it to expend its ener- 
gies in fruit-bearing. A successful mode of doing this is by pruning the 
roots — a proceeding recently brought into very successful practice by 
European gardeners. 

Root-pruning has the effect of at once cutting off a considerable 
supply of the nourishment formerly afforded by the roots of a tree. The 
leaves, losing part of their usual food, are neither able to grow as rapidly 
as before, nor to use all the nutritious matter already in the branches ; 
the branches therefore become more stunted in their growth, the organ- 
izable matter accumulates, and fruit-buds are directly formed. The en- 
ergies of the tree are no longer entirely carried off in growth, and the re- 
turning sap is employed in producing fruit-buds for the next year. 

Root-pruning should be performed in autumn or winter, and it 
usually consists in laying bare the roots and cutting off smoothly at a dis- 
tance of a few feet from the trunk (in proportion to the size of the tree) 
the principal roots. Mr. Rivers, an English nurseryman of celebrity, 
who has practised this mode with great success, digs a trench early in 
November, eighteen inches deep, round and under his trees to be root- 
pruned, cutting off the roots with a sharp spade. By following this 
practice every year he not only throws his trees into early bearing, but 
forces Apples, Pears, and the like, grafted on their own roots, to become 
prolific dwarfs, growing only six feet apart, trained in a conical form, 
full of fruit branches, and producing abundantly. Those dwarf trees, 
thus annually root-pruned, he supplies abundantly with old composted 
manure at the ends of the roots, thus keeping up their health and vigor. 
The plan is an admirable one for small gardens, or for amateurs who 
wish to grow a great many sorts in a small surface. Mr. Rivers, in a 
pamphlet on this subject, enumerates the following among the advan- 
tages of systematic root-pruning : — 

" 1. The facility of thinning (owing to the small size of the trees), 
and, in some varieties, of setting the blossoms of shy-bearing sorts, and 
of thinning and gathering the fruit. 

" 2. It will make the gardener independent of the natural soil of his 



PRUNING. 



37 



garden, as a few barrowfuls of rich mould will support a tree for a 
lengthened period, thus placing bad soils nearly on a level with those the 
most favorable. 

" 3. The capability of removing trees of fifteen or twenty years' 
growth with as much facility as furniture." 

In conclusion, Mr. Rivers recommends caution; " enough of vigor 
must be left in the tree to support its crop of fruit, and one, two, 
or three seasons' cessation from root-pruning will often be found 
necessary." 

Root-pruning in this country will, we think, be most valuable in its 
application to common standard trees, which are thrifty but bear little 
or no fruit. They will generally be found to require but a single prun- 
ing to bring them into a permanently fruitful condition ; and some sorts 
of Pears and Plums, which do not usually give a fair crop till they are 
twelve or fourteen years old, may be brought into fruit by this means as 
soon as they are of proper size. Several nearly full-grown peach, pear, 
and plum trees, on a very rich soil on the Hudson, which were over-lux- 
uriant but bore no fruit, were root-pruned by our advice, and yielded 
most excellent and abundant crops afterwards. 

In the case of Apple orchards, where the permanent value depends 
on the size, longevity, and continued productiveness of the trees, it 
is better to wait patiently and not resort to pruning to bring them into 
bearing, as it cannot be denied that all excessive pruning shortens 
somewhat the life of a tree. Mr. Coxe, indeed, recommended that the 
first fruit should never be allowed to ripen on a young apple orchard, as 
it lessens very materially the vigor of the trees. 

Shortening-in the shoots of Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, as we 
shall hereafter point out, has a strong tendency to increase the fruitful- 
ness of these trees, since by reducing the young wood the sap accumu- 
lates in the remainder of the branch, and many bearing shoots are pro- 
duced instead of one. And the English practice of spurring-in, which 
consists in annually shortening the lateral shoots of trained Pears, Ap- 
ples, and the like, in order to make them throw out short fruit branches 
or spurs, is founded on the same principle. 

Bending down the limbs is an easy and simple means of throwing 
such branches directly into fruit. By this means the circulation is retard- 
ed, rapid growth ceases, organizable matter accumulates, and fruit-buds, as 
before stated, surely follow. The limbs are bent while flexible, in June 
or July, and tied down below a horizontal line until they retain of them- 
selves their new position. When this can be easily applied, it is a never- 
failing mode of rendering such branches fruitful. It is stated in Loudon's 
" Gardener's Magazine " that " a very large crop of Pears was obtained 
by the Rev. Mr. Fisher, in Buckinghamshire, from trees which had not 
borne at all, by twisting and breaking down the young shoots late in the 
autumn, when the wood had become tough ; and the pendent branches 
afterwards continued perfectly healthy." 

Disbarking and Hinging are two modes that have been recommend- 
ed by some authors, but of which, except as curious experiments, we 
entirely disapprove. Disbarking, that is, removing the outer bark of 
the trunk in February, May, or March, is and may be practised with 
good results on trees in very sheltered positions, and under glass, but 
must always be a somewhat dangerous practice in open orchards, and in 
a variable climate like ours ; while its good effects may in a great meas- 



38 



TRAINING. 



ure be attained by keeping the bark in a healthy state by a wash of 
soft soap. Hinging, which is nothing more than stopping the descend- 
ing sap in a branch, and forcing it to organize blossom-buds, by taking 
oft' a ring of bark, say a fourth or half an inch, near midsummer, is a 
mode always more or less injurious to the health of the branch, and if 
carried to any extent finally destroys the tree. It is gradually falling 
into disuse since root-pruning and other and better modes are becoming 
known. A ligature or bandage, tightly applied to the limb, will have 
temporarily the same effect as ringing, without so much injury to the 
branch. 

Inducing Fruitfulness by other Means. 

The influence of certain soils on the productiveness of fruit-trees is a 
subject of every-day observation, but the particular ingredients of the 
soil which insure this abundant bearing are not so well known. Lime- 
stone soils are almost invariably productive of all sorts of fruit ; and 
certain strong loams in this country seem to be equally well adapted to 
this end. 

In a curious work called the " Rejuvenescence of Plants," &c, by 
Dr. Schultz, of Berlin, the author, who has devoted considerable time 
to the subject, states that common salt and chloride of lime contribute 
greatly to the flowering of most plants, to which, however, they can only 
be applied with safety in small quantities. " Salts of lime," he con- 
tinues, " appear to produce so nearly the same effect as those of potash 
and soda, that it is only necessary to place lime within their reach, if 
there is no deficiency of manure in the shape of general food. Lime will 
in the main promote, in an astonishing degree, the fruit and flowering 
of most plants, because calcareous salts promote evaporation and the con- 
centration of sap." 

Although we cannot coincide with many of Dr. Schultz's views as 
expressed in this work, yet the remarks just quoted agree so entirely 
with facts that have come under our own observation, that we gladly 
place them before the cultivator of fruit-trees. One of the most produc- 
tive fruit-gardens in our knowledge is on a limestone soil, and another, 
more than usually prolific, in a neighborhood not very fruitful, is every 
year treated with a top-dressing of coarse salt, at the rate of two bushels 
to the acre. These facts are surely worth the attention of growers, and 
should be the subject of more extended and careful experiments. 

Rendering trees more fruitful by dwarfing, and by adapting them 
to soils naturally unfruitful by growing them upon other and better 
stocks, we have already placed before the reader under the head of 
Grafting. 



CHAPTER V. 

TRAINING. 

Training fruit-trees is, thanks to our favorable climate, a proceeding 
entirely unnecessary in the greater part of the United States. Our fine 
dry summers, with the great abundance of strong light and sun, are suf- 



/ 



TRAINING. 



ficient to ripen fully the fruits of temperate climates, so that the whole 
art of training, at once the trial and triumph of skill with English fruit- 
gardeners, is quite dispensed with ; and in the place of long lines of 
brick wall and espalier rails, surrounding and dividing the fruit-garden, 
all covered with carefully trained trees, we are proud to show the open 
orchard, and the borders in the fruit-garden filled with thrifty and pro- 
ductive standards. Nothing surprises a British gardener more, knowing 
the cold of our winter, than the first sight of peaches and other fine 
fruits arriving at full perfection in the Middle States with so little 
care ; and he sees at once that three-fourths of the great expense of a 
fruit-garden here is rendered entirely needless. 

Training fruit-trees, in this country, is therefore confined to the 
colder districts north of the 43° of latitude, and to the gardens of ama- 
teurs. There can, however, scarcely be a more beautiful display of the 
art of the horticulturist than a fine row of trained trees, their branches 
arranged with the utmost symmetry and regularity, and covered, in the 
fruit season, with large and richly colored fruit. 

North of the 43° latitude (or north of the Mohawk) the peach does 
not ripen well, and this, as well as soem other rather tender trees, will, 
in such situations, generally yield abundant crops when trained on a 
common upright trellis, or espalier rail, seven or eight feet high.* Still 
farther north, as in Maine or Canada, a wall must be resorted to ; but 
our own observation leads us to believe that, generally, the espalier rail 
will be found not only cheaper and more easily managed in training, 
but really preferable to a wall, as full exposure to light is sufficient with- 
out much additional heat. With regard to walls themselves, in the 
middle portions of the Union a southern aspect is almost always the 
worst, being too hot in midsummer ; a wall running north and south, 
and affording east and west aspects, is much the best. The western as- 
pect is indeed preferable for all tender fruits, as the blossoms are not 
there liable to injury from early frosts. A. north wall is useful for pro- 
ducing a later crop. 

The objects of training are, by a more complete exposure of the 
leaves and branches to the light and sun, to ripen fruits in a naturally 
unfavorable climate ; to render them more fruitful — lessening vigor and 
excessive growth by the lateral or horizontal arrangement of the 
branches ; and lastly, economy of space, as trees when trained on a flat 
surface occupy much less space in the fruit-garden than standards, and 
leave the borders more open for cropping with vegetables. 

Training conical standards. A very easy and simple mode of 
training fruit-trees, which has lately come into great favor with amateurs, 
is the conical standard, or Quenouille (pronounced kenool) of the French. 
It is applied chiefly to pears, which when treated in this way may be 
planted about eight feet apart, and thus a great variety of sorts may be 
grown in a small garden. A great number of the specimen trees in the 
London Horticultural Society's Garden are trained in this manner ; and 
Loudon remarks, that in 1840 the Royal Kitchen Garden of Versailles 
contained two hundred trees trained in the conical manner, with the 

* Cedar or locust posts, set four or eight feet apart, with horizontal bars let 
in, and crossed by light perpendicular strips of pine from six to twelve inches 
apart, will form an excellent and durable trellis for espaliers. See Fig 28. In- 
deed many gardeners here prefer having a light trellis a few inches from the wall 
upon which to train, instead of nailing directly on the wall. 



40 



TRAINING. 



current year's shoots tied down en quenouille. " They had attained the 
height of from six to twelve feet before the branches were bent down ; 
but the effect of this was to cover the shoots with blossom-buds, and to 
produce the most extraordinary crops." 

To produce Quenouille standards, plant a young tree, three or four 
feet high, and, after the first summer's growth, head back the top and 
cut-in the side branches, as represented by the dotted lines on a, Fig. 
21. The next season the tree will shoot out three or four tiers of side 
branches, according to its strength. The lowest should be left about 
eighteen inches from the ground, and, by pinching off superfluous shoots, 
others may be made to grow pretty regularly, so as not to crowd the 
head. At the end of this season head back the leader as in b, to 
strengthen the side shoots. Next season a fresh series of lateral shoots 
will be produced, four or five of which may be kept every year ; and 
the third or fourth year the lower branches may be bent down in mid- 




Quenouille or Conical Training, progressive stages. Conical or Quenouille Training, complete. 



summer, c, and kept in a pendulous position for a year or two, by tying 
them to stakes driven in the ground, or to the main stem. This succes- 
sive growth at the top, and arrangement of the limbs below, must be 
continued till the requisite height — say ten feet — is attained, when, all 
the branches assuming their final form, the tree will resemble Fig. 22. 
A moderate pruning to produce new wood, and the occasional tying in of 
a rambling shoot, will be all that is required. The French quenouille 
training is performed with dwarf stocks, but the trees are more thrifty 
and durable when grafted on their own stocks, and kept within proper 
bounds by root-pruning after Mr. Kivers's method, explained in a 
previous page. 

Pyramids and bushes are trees adapted for small gardens, and not 
standards such as are planted in orchards. Mr. Rivers, whose success in 
training and fruiting dwarf trees has hardly an equal, gives the following 
directions : — " If a young gardener intends to plant, and wishes to train 



TRAINING. 41 

up his trees so that they will become quite perfect in shape, he should 
select plants one year old from the bud or graft, with single upright 
stems ; these will of course have good buds down to the junction of the 
graft with the stock. The first spring a tree of this description should 
be headed down, so as to leave the stem about eighteen inches long. If 
the soil be rich, from five to six and seven shoots will be produced ; one 
of these must be made the leader, and if not inclined to be quite perpen- 
dicular, it must be fastened to a stake. As soon in summer as the 
leading shoot is ten inches long, its end must be pinched off ; and if it 
pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch off all but one to three leaves, 
leaving the topmost for a leader. The side shoots will in most cases 
assume a regular shape ; if not, they may be this first season tied to 
slight stakes, to make them grow in the proper direction. This is best 
done by bringing down and fastening the end of each shoot to a slight 
stake, so that an open pyramid may be formed ; for if it is too close and 
cypress-like, enough air is not admitted to the fruit. They may remain 
unpruned till the end of August, when each shoot must be shortened to 
within eight buds of the stem. This will leave the tree so that no prun- 
ing in winter will be required. The second season the tree will make 
vigorous growth ; the side shoots which were topped last August will 
each put forth three, four, or more shoots. In June, as soon as these have 
made four leaves, they must be pinched off to three leaves, and if these 
spurs put forth shoots, which they often do, every shoot must be pinched 
down to one leaf, all but the leading shoot of each side branch. This 
must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant sap, till the end 
of August. The perpendicular leader must be topped once or twice — in 
short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch off its top, and if it break 
into two or three shoots, pinch them all but the leader, as directed for 
the first season ; in a few years most symmetrical trees may be formed." 

The best modes of training for this country, on walls or espaliers, are 
fan-cordon and horizontal training. The first is the simplest and easiest 
mode of training the Peach, the Apricot, Nectarine, and Cherry ; and 
the latter is best adapted to the Pear. In training to a wall, the branches 
are fastened in their places by shreds of leather and nails ; and as espa- 
liers, by tying them with slips of bass matting to the rails of the trellis. 

Cordon-training has within the past few years become quite a feature 
among French gardeners, and is now being practised with success by 
many amateurs in this country. There are a number of varied modes of 
training en cordon, among which those termed oblique cor -don and espalier 
or lateral cordon are most in use. Oblique cordon training serves to test 
in a small space a large number of varieties, and may in many cases be 
adopted with great satisfaction. Dubreil says : " In its practice choose 
healthy and vigorous young trees of one year's growth, carrying only one 
stem. Plant them sixteen inches apart, and incline them one over th.3 
other at an angle of sixty degrees. Cut off about one-third of the length 
at or just above a front fruit-bud. During the following summer favor 
as much as possible the development of the terminal shoot ; all the others 
must be transformed into fruit branches by the same means as described 
for pyramidal trees. The second pruning has for its object to transform 
the lateral shoots into fruit-spurs ; the new extension of the stem must 
be cut back one-third. If the terminal extension has grown but slightly, 
and shows signs of weakness, the cut must be made lower down on the 
two-years wood, in order to obtain a more vigorous terminal shoot. By 



42 



TEAINING. 



the time of the third pruning, the young stem has generally attained 
two-thirds of its entire length ; it must then be inclined to an angle of 45°." 

The same pruning of side branches and terminal shoot must be per- 
formed as last year, and continued from year to year until the desired 
height for covering the wall or trellis is attained ; afterwards it must be 
yearly cut back about two feet, for the purpose of allowing a vigorous 
shoot to grow from the end, and thus keep up a healthy circulation. 

Espalier or lateral cordon training is adapted to the borders of walks 
in gardens, and is suited more to the Apple worked on the Paradise 
stock than any other variety of tree. Ib is termed double or single 
arm cordon, as the trees have arms trained one or both ways. Fig. 23 
shows at a a young maiden tree pruned for planting, while b shows the 
same with its limbs tied down to a wire, which is upheld by stakes about 
one foot above the ground, and secured firmly at each end of the line. 





Fig. 24 shows the plants after being two or three years trained in 
single cordon — the terminal shoot of each tree being united by inarching 
at the junction with the stem and branch. 

The following account of fan-training and horizontal training is so 
concisely abridged from the practice of the best English gardens, in the 
<£ Suburban Horticulturist," that we cannot do better than to place it 
before the reader. 

Fan-training in the common English manner. A maiden plant (a 
tree but one year from the graft) being planted, " is to be headed down 
to four buds or eyes, placed in such a manner as 
to throw out two shoots on each side, as shown 
in Eig. 25. The following season the two upper- 
most shoots are to be headed down to three eyes, 
placed in such a manner as to throw out one 
leading shoot and one shoot on each side ; the 
two lowermost shoots are to be headed down to 
two eyes, so as to throw out one leading 
shoot and one shoot on the uppermost 
side, as shown in Eig. 26. We have now 
five leading shoots on each side, well 
placed, to form our future tree. Each of 
these shoots must be placed in the exact 
position in which it is to remain ; and as 
it is these shoots which are to form the 
future tree, none of them are to be short- 
ened. The tree should by no means be 
suffered to bear any fruit this year, 
allowed to produce, besides the leading shoot at its extremity, two other 
shoots on the uppermost side, one near to the bottom and one about mid- 



Ean-training, first stage. 




Fan-training, second stage. 

Each shoot must no- 



be 



TRAINING. 



43 




way up the stem ; there must also be one shoot on the undermost side, 
placed about midway between the other two. All the other shoots must 
be pinched oft' in their infant state. The tree will then assume, at 
the end of the year, the appearance shown in Fig. 27. From this time 
it may be allowed to bear 
what crop of fruit the gar- 
dener thinks it able to carry ; 
in determining which he 
ought never to overrate the 
vigor of the tree. All of 
these shoots except the lead- 
ing ones must at the pro- 
per season be shortened, but 
to what length must be left 
entirely to the judgment of 

the gardener, it Of COUrse Fan-training, third stage. 

depending upon the vigor of the tree. In shortening the shoot, care 
should be taken to cut back to a wood-bud that will produce a shoot 
for the following year. Cut close to the bud, so that the wound may 
heal the following season. The following year each shoot at the 
extremities of the leading branches should produce, besides the leading 
shoot, one on the upper and two on the under part, more or less, accord- 
ing to the vigor of the tree ; whilst each of the secondary branches should 
produce, besides the leading shoot, one other placed near to the bottom ; 
for the grand art of pruning, in all systems to which this class of trees is 
subjected, consists in preserving a sufficient quantity of young wood at 
the bottom of the tree ; and on no account must the gardener cut away 
clean any shoots so placed, without well considering if they will be 
wanted, not only for the present but for the future good appearance of 
the tree. The quantity of young wood annually laid in must depend upon 





n 



Fan-training, complete. 

the vigor of the tree. It would be ridiculous to lay the same quantity 
into a weakly tree as into a tree in full vigor. The gardener here must 
use his own judgment. But if any of the leading shoots manifest a dis- 
position to outstrip the others, a portion of young shoots must be laid in, 
and a greater quantity of fruit suffered to ripen on the over-vigorous 
branch. At the same time a smaller quantity of fruit than usual must 



44 



TRAINING. 



be left to ripen on the weaker branch. This will tend to restore the 
equilibrium, better than any other method. Fig. 28 presents us with the 
figure of a tree in a more advanced state, well balanced, and well calcu- 
lated for an equal distribution of the sap all over its surface. [We have 
varied this figure by representing it trained on a trellis, instead of a 
wall.] Whenever any of the lower shoots have advanced so far as to 
incommode the others, they should be cut back to a yearling shoot ; this 
will give them room, and keep the lower part of the tree in order. In 
nailing to a wall, care must be taken not to bruise any part of the shoot ; 
the wounds made by the knife heal quickly, but a bruise often proves 
incurable. Never let a nail gall any part of the tree ; it will endanger 
the life of the branch. In nailing-in the young shoots, dispose them as 
straight and regular as possible ; it will look workman-like. Whatever 
system of training is pursued, the leading branches should be laid-in in 
the exact position they are to remain ; for wherever a large branch is 
brought down to fill the lower part of the wall, the free ascent of the sap 
is obstructed by the extension of the upper, and contraction of the lower 
parts of the branch. It is thus robbed of part of its former vigor, while 
it seldom fails to throw out, immediately behind the parts most bent, 
one or more vigorous shoots." 

Horizontal training consists in preserving an upright leader, with 
lateral shoots trained at regular intervals. These intervals may be from 
a foot to eighteen inches for pears and apples, and about nine inches for 
cherries and plums. " A maiden plant with three shoots having been 
procured, the two side shoots are laid in horizontally, 
and the centre one upright, as in Fig. 29 ; all the buds 
being rubbed off' the latter but three, viz. : one next 
the top for a vertical leader, and one on each side near 
the top, for horizonal branches. In the course of the 
first summer after planting, the shoots may be allowed 
to grow without being stopped. In the autumn of 
Horizontal training, first ^he £ rs t year ^he ^ wo laterals produced are nailed or 
tied in, and also the shoots produced from the extre- 
mities of the lower laterals; the centre shoot being headed down as before, 
as shown in Fig. 30. But in the second summer, when the main shoot 
has attained the length of ten or twelve inches,it may be stopped; which, 
if the plant is in proper vigor, will cause it to throw out two horizontal 
branches, in addition to those 

which were thrown out from { 
those of the preceding year. lU^ 8 **- 
The tree will now be in its -^*=5*4H 
second summer, and will have ^^^^ILa^^u--^ 




Horizontal training, second stage. Horizontal training, third stage. 

four horizontal branches on each side of the upright stem, as in Fig. 
31 ; and, by persevering in this system, four horizontal branches will be 



TRANSPLANTING. 45 

produced in each year till the tree reaches the top of the wall (or 
espalier), when the upright stem must terminate in two horizontal 
branches. In the following autumn the tree will have the appearance 
of Fig. 32." — Suburban Horticulturist, pp. 363 : 372. 




Horizontal training, fourth year. 

Training fruit-trees is nowhere in the United States practised to 
much extent, nor is it considered desirable in the general practice of fruit- 
growing. The additional labor is not met by a balance in superior 
quantity of product, and, while occasionally a few specimens may be pro- 
cured in this manner of great beauty and excellence, the general crop is 
not satisfactory or profitable, either to the amateur or the market-grower. 



CHAPTER VI. 

TRANSPLANTING. 

As nearly all fruit-trees are raised first in nurseries, and then re- 
moved to their final position in the orchard or fruit-garden ; as upon the 
manner of this removal depends not only their slow or rapid growth, 
their feebleness or vigor afterwards, and in many cases even their life, it 
is evident that it is in the highest degree important to understand and 
practise well this transplanting. 

The season best adapted for transplanting fruit-trees is a matter 
open to much difference of opinion among horticulturists ; a difference 
founded mainly on experience, but without taking into account variation 
of climate and soils, two very important circumstances in all operations 
of this kind. 

All physiologists, however, agree that the best season for transplant- 
ing deciduous trees is in autumn, directly after the fall of the leaf. The 
tree is then in a completely dormant state. Transplanted at this early 
season, whatever wounds may have been made in the roots commence 
healing at once, as a deposit directly takes place of granulous matter 
from the wound, and when the spring arrives the tree is already some- 



46 



TRANSPLANTING. 



what established, and ready to commence its growth. Early autumn 
planting is for this reason greatly to be preferred in all mild climates 
and dry soils; and even for very hardy trees, as the apple, in colder lat- 
itudes ; as the fixed position in the ground, which trees planted then get 
by the autumnal and early spring rains, gives them an advantage at the 
next season of growth over newly-moved trees. 

On the other hand, in northern portions of the Union, where the 
winters commence early, and are severe, spring planting is greatly pre- 
ferred. There autumn and winter are not mild enough to allow this 
gradual process of healing and establishing the roots to go on ; for when 
the ground is frozen to the depth of the roots of a tree, all that slow 
growth and connection of nutriment by the roots is necessarily at an 
end. And the more tender sorts of fruit-trees, the Peach and Apricot, 
which are less hardy when newly planted than when their roots are en- 
tire, and well fixed in the soil, are liable to injury in their branches by 
the cold. The proper time, in such a climate, is as early as the ground 
is in a fit condition in the spring. 

Early in autumn, and in spring before the buds expand, may as a 
general rule be considered the best seasons for transplanting. It is 
true that there are instances of excellent success in planting at all sea- 
sons, except midsummer ; and there are many who, from having been 
once or twice successful in transplanting when trees were nearly in leaf, 
avow that to be the best season ; not taking into account that their suc- 
cess was probably entirely owing to a fortunately damp state of the at- 
mosphere at the time, and abundant rains after the experiment was per- 
formed. In the Middle States we are frequently liable to a dry period 
in early summer, directly following the season of removal, and if trans- 
planting is deferred to a late period in spring, many of the trees will 
perish from drought before their roots become established in the soil. 
Spring planting should therefore always be performed as soon as possi- 
ble, that the roots may have the great benefit of the early and abundant 
rains of that season, and get well started before the heat of summer com- 
mences. For the neighborhood of New York, therefore, the best periods 
are from the fall of the leaf to the middle of November, in autumn, and 
from the close of winter to the middle of April, in the spring ; though 
commonly the seasons of removal are frequently extended a month be- 
yond these limits. 

Taking up the trees is an important part of the operation. A trans- 
planter should never forget that it is by the delicate and tender points 
or extremities of the root that trees take up their food ; and that the 
chance of complete success is lessened by every one of these points that 
is bruised or destroyed. If we could remove trees with every fibre en- 
tire, as we do a plant in a pot, they would scarcely show any sign of 
their change of position. In most cases, especially in that of trees 
taken from nurseries, this is, by the operation of removal, nearly impos- 
sible. But although we may not hope to get every root entire, we may, 
with proper care, preserve by far the larger portion of them, and more 
particularly the small and delicate fibres. After being taken up, they 
should be planted directly ; or, if this cannot be done, they should be 
kept from drying by a covering of mats, and, when sent to a distance, by 
being packed in damp moss.* 

* We should notice an important exception to this in the case of trees packed 



c 



TRANSPLANTING. 



47 



Preparing the places. Here is the fatal stumbling-block of all 
novices and ignorant persons in transplanting. An English gardener, 
when he is about to plant fruit-trees, talks about preparing his borders; 
an American says he will dig Ms holes / and we cannot give a more 
forcible illustration of the ideas of two persons as to the wants of a 
fruit-tree, or a better notion of the comparative provision made to sup- 
ply these wants, than by contrasting the two phrases themselves. The 
one looks upon a tree as a living being, whose life is to be rendered 
long, vigorous, and fruitful by a good supply of food, and a soil mellow 
and easily penetrated by the smallest fibre ; the other considers it very 
much in the light of a truncheon or a post, which he thrusts into the 
smallest possible hole, and supplies with the least portion of manure, 
trusting to what he seems to believe the inextinguishable powers of 
nature to make roots and branches under any circumstances. It is 
true that the terms differ somewhat from the nature of the culture and 
the greater preparation necessary in planting fruit-trees in England, but 
this is not by any means sufficient to justify the different modes of per- 
forming the same operation there and here. 

In truth, in this country, where the sun and climate are so favorable, 
where pruning and training are comparatively 1 so little necessary, the 
great requisite to success in the ordinary culture of fruit-trees is the 
proper preparation of the soil before a tree is planted. Whether a trans- 
planted tree shall struggle several years to recover, or grow moderately 
after a short time, or at once start into a very luxuriant and vigorous 
growth, depends entirely upon the amount of care and labor the planter 
is willing to bestow on the soil for his trees. We have seen several 
instances where, side by' side, one man planted his trees in large spaces 
of deeply moved and rich soil, and another in small holes in the com- 
mon mode, which uniformly showed the trees of the first larger after 
five years than those of the last after twelve. 

No fruit-tree should be planted in a hole of less size than three feet 
square, and eighteen inches to two feet deep. To this size and depth 
the soil should be removed and well pulverized, and it should, if neces- 
sary, be properly enriched by the application of well-rotted manure, 
which must be thoroughly mixed with the whole mass of prepared soil 
by repeated turnings with the spade. This preparation will answer, but 
the most skilful cultivators among us make their spaces four or five feet 
in diameter, or three times the size of the roots, and it is incredible how 
much the luxuriance and vigor of growth, even in a poor soil, is pro- 
moted by this. No after-mending of the soil, or top-dressings applied 
to the surface, can, in a climate of dry summers like ours, equal the 
effects of this early and deep loosening and enriching the soil. Its 
effects on the growth and health of the tree are permanent, and the 
little expense and care necessary in this preparation is a source of early 
and constant pleasure to the planter. This preparation may be made 
just before the tree is planted, but in heavy soils it is much better to do 
it several months previously ; and no shallow ploughing of the soil can 
obviate the necessity and advantages of the practice where healthy, 
vigorous orchards or fruit-gardens are desired. 

for shipping across the Atlantic. In this case they should be packed only in dry 
moss ; the moisture of the sea air being sufficient to keep the roots in good con- 
dition, while if packed in damp moss they will be injured by rotting or excessive 
growth. 



48 



TRANSPLANTING. 



The whole art of transplanting, after this, consists in placing the 
roots as they were before, or in the most favorable position for growth. 
Begin by filling the hole with prepared soil, within as many inches of 
the top as will allow the tree to stand exactly as deep as it previously 
stood. With the spade, shape the soil for the roots in the form of a 
little hillock on which to place the roots — and not, as is commonly 
done, in the form of a hollow ; the roots will then extend in their natu- 
ral position, not being forced to turn up at the ends. Next examine 
the roots, and cut off all wounded parts, paring the wound smooth, 
cutting from the under side. Hold the tree upright on its little mound 
in the hole of prepared soil ; extend the roots, and cover them care- 
fully with the remaining pulverized soil. As much of the success of 
transplanting depends on bringing the soil in contact with every fibre, 
so as to leave no hollows to cause the decay of the roots, not only must 
this be secured by patiently filling in all cavities among the roots, but, 
when the trees are not quite small, it is customary to pour in a pail of 
water when the roots are nearly all covered with soil. This carries the 
liquid mould to every hidden part. After the water has settled away, 
fill up the hole, and avoid the common practice of shaking it up and 
down by the stem. In windy situations it will be necessary to place a 
stake by the side of each tree, to hold it upright, until it shall have taken 
firm root in the soil, but it is not needful in ordinary cases. 

Avoid deep planting. More than half the losses in orchard plant- 
ing in America arises from this cause, and the equally common one of 
crowding the earth too tightly about the roots. No tree should be 
placed deeper than it formerly grew, as its roots are stifled from the 
want of air, or starved by the poverty of the soil at the depth where 
they are placed. It is much the better and more natural process in fact 
to plant the tree so that it shall, when the whole is complete, appear 
just as deep as before, but standing on a little mound two or three 
inches higher than the level of the ground about. This, when the 
mound settles, will leave it nearly on the level with the previous sur- 
face. 

Mulching is an excellent practice with transplanted trees, and more 
especially for those which are removed late in the spring. Mulching is 
nothing more than covering the ground about the stems with coarse 
straw, or litter from the barn-yard, which by preventing evaporation 
keeps the soil from becoming dry, and maintains it in that moist and 
equable condition of temperature most favorable to the growth of 
young roots. Very many trees, in a dry season, fail at midsummer, 
after having made a fine start, from the parched and variable condition 
of the earth about the roots. Watering frequently fails to save such 
trees, but mulching when they are planted will entirely obviate the 
necessity of watering in dry seasons, and promote growth under any cir- 
cumstances. Indeed watering upon the surface, as commonly performed, 
is a most injurious practice, as the roots, stimulated at one period of the 
day by water, are only rendered more susceptible to the action of the 
hot sun at another, and the surface of the ground becomes so hard by 
repeated watering that the beneficial access of the air is almost cut off. 
If trees are well watered in the holes, while transplanting is going on, 
they will rarely need it again, and we may say never, if they are well 
mulched directly after planting. 

The best manure to be used in preparing the soil for transplanting 



TEAXSPLANTING. 



49 



trees is a compost formed of two-thirds muck or black peat earthy 
reduced by fermenting it several months in a heap with one-third freslr 
barn-yard manure. Almost every farm will supply this, and it is more 
permanent in its effects, and less drying in its nature, than the com- 
mon manure of the stable. An admirable manure recently applied with 
great success is charcoal — the small broken bits and refuse of the char- 
coal pits — mixed intimately with the soil. Air-slaked lime is an excel- 
lent manure for fruit-trees in soils that are not naturally calcareous. 
Two or three handfuls may be mixed with the soil when preparing each 
space for planting, and a .top-dressing may be applied with advantage 
occasionally afterwards, to increase their productiveness. But wherever 
large orchards or fruit-gardens are to be planted, the muck compost 
heap should be made ready beforehand, as it is the cheapest, most valu- 
able, and durable of all manures for fruit-trees. 

Pruning the heads of transplanted trees, at the season of removal, we' 
think generally an injurious practice. It is certainly needless and hurt- 
ful in the case of small trees, or those of such a size as will allow the- 
roots to be taken up nearly entire ; for as the action of the branches, 
and the roots is precisely reciprocal, and as new roots are rapidly formed 
just in proportion to the healthy action of the leaves, it follows that by 
needlessly cutting off the branches we lessen the vital action of the 
whole tree. At the same time, where trees are transplanted of so large 
a size that some of the roots are lost in removing them, it is necessary 
to cut back or shorten a few of the branches, — as many as will restore 
the balance of the system, — otherwise the perspiration of the leaves may 
be so great as to exhaust the supply of sap faster than the roots can col- 
lect it. A little judgment only is necessary to see at a glance how 
much of the top must be pruned away, before planting the tree, to, 
equalize the loss between the branches and the roots. 

When it is necessary to transplant fruit-trees of large size, the best 
practice is to prepare them previously by digging a trench round the 
whole mass of roots, undermining them, and cutting off all roots project- 
ing beyond this line. The trench should be dug at such a distance from 
the tree as will include all the large and sufficient ball of roots, and it 
should be done early in the spring when it is desirable to remove the 
tree the next year. After all the roots that extend to this circular 
trench are cut off, the earth is replaced, and by the season following 
an abundance of small fibres is sent out by the amputated roots,, 
which, when the whole is removed, will insure the success and speedy 
growth of the tree. This is more completely the case when the tree is-, 
prepared two years before transplanting. A variation of this mode,, 
which has been found quite as successful and less laborious, consists in 
leaving the trench open and covering it with boards only, or boards 
with a top layer of turf. The tree then is somewhat checked in its 
growth, it throws out an abiindance of small fibres into the ball of earth 
containing the roots, and is the next season transplanted with great ease 
and safety. 

The proper size for transplanting varies somewhat with the sort of 
tree and the kind of culture intended. Ii is, however, a maxim equally 
well settled, both among theorists and the best practical men, that healthy 
immediate vigor, and duration are all greatly promoted by transplant- 
ing fruit-trees of small size — from three to six or seven feet. We are; 
fully aware with what impatience the beginner, or a person who knows, 

4 



50 



TRANSPLANTING. 



little of the culture of trees, looks upon trees of this size — one who is 
eager to plant an orchard and stock a garden with large trees, thinking 
to gather a crop the next year. The latter may indeed be done ; but the 
transplanting so affects the tree that its first scanty crop is followed by a 
long season of rest and feeble growth, while the plantation of young trees 
is making wood rapidly, and soon comes into a healthy and long-continued 
state of productiveness — often long indeed before the large trees have 
fairly arrived at that condition. The small tree, transplanted with its 
system of roots and branches entire, suffers little or no check ; the older 
and larger tree, losing part of its roots, requires several years to resume 
its former vigor. The constitution of the small tree is healthy and 
unimpaired ; that of the large is frequently much enfeebled. A stout 
and vigorous habit — what the nurserymen call a good stocky plant — is 
the true criterion of merit in selecting fruit-trees for transplanting. 

Trees intended for orchards, being often more exposed than those in 
gardens, should be somewhat larger — not less than six, or more than 
weight feet is the best size. For gardens, all experienced cultivators 
agree that a smaller size is preferable ; we prefer plants two years old 
from the graft. Most gardeners abroad, when they select trees with 
more than usual care, take what are called maiden plants, — those one 
year old from the graft, — and there can be no doubt that, taking into 
account health, duration, and the ease with which such a tree can be 
made to grow into any form, this is truly the preferable size for removal 
into a fruit-garden. But we are an impatient people, and it is not till 
;after another century of trial and experience in the culture of fruit-trees, 
that cultivators generally in this country will become aware of the truth 
<of this fact. 

The facility with which the different fruit-trees may be transplanted 
differs considerably. Plums are generally removed with most success, 
.and after them nearly in the order as follows : Quinces, Apples, Pears, 
Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, and Cherries ; the latter succeeding with 
some difficulty when of large size. 

Laying in by the heels is a practice adopted as a temporary kind of 
planting when a larger quantity of trees is at hand than can be set out 
immediately. A trench is opened, and the roots are laid in and covered 
with soil, the tops being previously placed in a sloping position, inclin- 
ing to within a few feet of the surface. In this way they are kept fresh 
;and in good order until it is convenient to plant them finally. In 
northern districts, where the autumn is often too severe for planting, 
and the spring is frequently too late to receive trees in time from nur- 
series farther south, it is a common and successful mode to procure trees 
in autumn, and lay them in by the heels until spring, covering over the 
tops of the more tender sorts, if necessary, with coarse litter.* 

In planting an orchard, always avoid placing the trees in the same 
spot, or near, where an old tree stood before. Experience has taught us 

* We have often known trees entirely destroyed by want of a little extra care 
in heading them in. Select first a dry knoll, or position where no water can 
:stand, and, if possible, sheltered from the southern sun. After first digging a 
-.trench one foot or more deep, lay the trees down at an angle of about 45 °. their 
<tops to the south ; then make the soil mellow and fine, and thoroughly inter- 
mingle it with the roots, filling all interstices, and covering them at least eigh- 
teen inches deep. 

'Trees are sometimes received in a frozen condition. They should then be 
placed at once, without unpacking, ia a dark -cellar, and left until gradually 



THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES. 



51 



that the growth of a young tree, in such a position, is weak and feeble ; 
the nourishment suitable to that kind of tree having already been 
exhausted by a previous growth, and the soil being half filled with old 
and decayed roots which are detrimental to the health of the young tree. 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES SOIL AND ASPECT. 

In our favorable climate many fruit-trees will thrive and produce 
some fruit in almost any soil, except dry sand or wet swamps. But 
there is much to be gained in all climates by a judicious selection of 
soil, when this is in our power, or by that improvement which may 
generally be effected in inferior soils, where we are necessarily limited 
to such. As we shall, in treating the culture of each genus of fruit, 
state more in detail the soils especially adapted to its growth, our 
remarks here will be confined to the subject of soils generally for the 
orchard and fruit-garden. 

The soils usually selected for making plantations of fruit-trees may 
be divided into light sandy loams, gravelly loams, strong loams, and 
clayey loams ; the first having a large proportion of sand, and the last a 
large proportion of clay. 

The soil most inviting to the eye is a light sandy loam, and as it is 
also a very common soil, more than half the fruit-gardens in the country 
are composed of this mould. The easy manner in which it is worked, 
owing to its loose and very friable nature, and the rapidity with which, 
from its warmth, crops of all kinds come into bearing, cause it to be 
looked upon with almost universal favor. Notwithstanding this, a 
pretty careful observation for several years has convinced us that a 
light sandy soil is, on the whole, the worst soil for fruit-trees. Under 
the bright skies of July and August, a fruit-tree requires a soil which 
will retain and afford a moderate and continued supply of moisture, 
and here the sandy soil fails. In consequence of this the vigor of the 
tree is checked, and it becomes feeble in its growth, and is compara- 
tively short-lived or unproductive. As a tree in a feeble state is 
always most liable to the attacks of insects, those on a sandy soil are 
the first to fall a prey to numerous maladies.* The open loose tex- 
ture of a sandy soil, j oined to its warmth, affords an easy passage and 
an excellent habitation for all insects that pass part of their lives in the 
ground, preparatory to rising out of it to attack the fruit, foliage, or 
branches of the tree. 

thawed out ; or they may be at once — if the earth will allow — buried, tops and 
roots entire, beneath the ground, and there left for a few days, or until a moist 
cloudy day occurs for opening and exposing them to the light and air. This lat- 
ter course is also a good one for trees that are received in a dry or shrivelled 
state. 

* This remark applies to the middle and southern portions of this country. 
North of the 43° a light sandy soil is perhaps preferable, as warmer and earlier. 



52 



THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES. 



Such are some of the disadvantages of a light sandy soil ; and in 
thoroughly examining many of the fruit-gardens of the Middle States 
the last few seasons, we could not fail to be struck with the fact that, in 
nine cases out of ten, where a variety of fruit was unusually liable to 
disease, to blight, or to the attacks of certain fruit-destroying insects, as 
the curculio, the trees themselves were on sandy soils ; while on the 
other hand, and frequently in the same neighborhood, the same sorts 
were growing luxuriantly and bearing abundant crops where the soil 
was a rather strong loam.* For a few years the growth and productive- 
ness of the trees upon sandy soil is all that can be desired ; but the 
trees are shorter lived, and sooner fall into decay than where the soil is 
stronger. If there is any exception to this rule, it is only in the case 
of the Peach ; and, judging from the superior flavor of this fruit on 
stronger soils, we are inclined to doubt the value of the exception even 
here. 

Gravelly loams are frequently much better adapted for orchards than 
sandy, especially where the loam is of a strong quality, and the gravel is 
not in excess ; and the hardier fruits usually do well on this kind of 
soil. 

Strong loams, by which we mean a loam with only just a sufficient 
portion of sand to make it easily worked, are, on the whole, by far the 
best for fruit-gardens in this country. A strong loam is usually a deep 
soil, and affords, during the whole heat of summer, a proper supply of 
moisture and nourishment to the roots of trees. Fruit-trees do not 
come into a bearing state so soon in a strong as in a sandy loam, because 
the growth of wood is more vigorous, and fruit-buds are not so soon 
formed ; but they bear larger crops, are much less liable to man^ dis- 
eases, and their longevity is much greater. The largest and most pro- 
ductive orchards of the Apple and Pear in this country are upon soils 
of this kind. 

Clayey loams are, when well drained, and when the clay is not in 
excess, good fruit soils — they are usually strong and deep soils, though 
rather heavy and difficult to work. Trees that will nourish on these soils, 
such as the Apple, Pear, Cherry, Plum, and Apricot, usually are very 
free from disease or insects, and bear large crops. In a moist climate, 
like that of England, fruit-trees on a clayey loam would die of canker, 
brought on by the excessive quantity of water contained in the soil, but 
such is not the case under the high and warm temperature of our sum- 
mers. The finest, largest, and most productive Plums and Pears within 
our knowledge, grow in sites on the North River, where the soil is a 
stiff clayey loam, almost approaching a clay. Those fruits that on light 
sandy soils are almost worthless, from their liability to disease and the 
attacks of insects, are here surprisingly luxuriant and fruitful. 

It is, however, well to remark, that some varieties of fruit, perhaps 
from the circumstances of their origin, succeed better on sandy soils 
than any other ; thus the Newtown Pippin will only arrive at perfection 
in a strong loam, while the Summer Queen is finer when grown on a 

* As an instance in point, the owner of one of the most highly cultivated 
gardens in the vicinity of Boston was showing us, in despair, some trees of the 
Seckel Pear, upon which he conld no longer get good crops or fair fruit, and 
lamenting the degeneracy of the sort. The next day we saw in a neighboring 
garden beautiful crops of this Pear growing with the least possible care. The 
garden in the first case was a light sandy loam, in the second, a strong loam. 



THE POSITION OP FRUIT-TREES. 



53 



sandy, soil. But there are exceptions to all rules, and what we have 
already stated, as to the relative quality of soils, will apply pretty gen- 
erally to the whole of this country, and it may be added that calcareous 
soils, of whatever texture, are better than soils of the same quality where 
no limestone is present. 

Trenching is the most complete method of improving a soil too 
sandy, when the subsoil below is of a loamy or clayey nature. Deep 
subsoil ploughing, by bringing up a sufficient quantity of the stratum 
below, will answer the same purpose. When the subsoil of a sandy soil 
is sand or gravel, the surface can only be improved by top-dressings or 
the application of manures. Top-dressing with clay is the most simple 
means of changing the nature of such a soil, and it is surprising how 
moderate a quantity of clay will give a closer texture to light sandy 
soils. In manuring such soils, we may greatly improve their nature as 
well as condition by using composts of peat or bog earth, swamp muck, 
or river mud, instead of common barn-yard or stable manure. The 
former are not only more permanent and better as manures for fruit- 
trees, but they gradually consolidate and improve the whole texture of 
the soil. 

Indeed no fruit-garden, where the soil is not naturally deep and rich, 
is in perfect condition for planting trees, unless the soil has been well 
trenched two spades in depth. This creates a matrix for the roots so 
deep and permanent that they retain their vigor and luxuriance through 
the droughts of summer, and continue for a long time in a state of health 
and productiveness. 

It is difficult to give any precise rules as to aspect. We have seen 
fine fruit-gardens here in all aspects. Perhaps the very best aspect on 
the whole is a gentle slope to the southwest, because in such positions 
the trees when in blossom are somewhat protected from the bad effects of 
a morning sun after spring frosts. But, to remedy this more perfectly, it 
is sometimes the practice to plant on the north sides of hills, and this is an 
effectual way where early frosts are fatal, and where the season is long 
and warm enough to ripen the fruit in any exposure. A fine south slope 
is, south of New York, frequently found too warm for many fruit-trees 
in soils that are light and dry. 

Deep valleys with small streams of water are the worst situations for 
fruit-trees, as the cold air settles down in these valleys in a calm frosty 
night, and buds and blossoms are very frequently destroyed. We know a 
rich and fertile valley of this kind in Connecticut where the Cherry will 
scarcely grow, and a crop of the Apple or the Pear is not obtained once 
in ten years ; while the adjacent hill-tops and high country, a couple or 
three miles distant, yield abundant crops annually. On the other hand, 
the borders of large rivers, as the Hudson, or of some of our large inland 
lakes, are the most favorable situations for fruit-trees, as the climate is 
rendered milder by large bodies of water. In the garden where we 
write, a fourth of a mile from the Hudson, we have frequently seen ice 
formed during the night of the thickness of a dollar, when the blossoms 
of the Apricot were fully expanded, without doing the least harm to that 
tender fruit. This is owing to the slight fog rising from the river in the 
morning, which, softening the rays of the sun, and dissolving gradually 
the frost, prevents the injurious effects of sudden thawing. At the same 
time, a couple of miles from the shores, this fruit will often be quite 
destroyed. In short, the season on the lower half of the Hudson may, 



54 



GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 



from the ameliorating influence of the river, be said to be a month longer 
— a fortnight earlier in spring and later in autumn — than in the same 
latitude a few miles distant ; and crops of the more tender fruits are 
therefore much more certain on the banks of large rivers or lakes than in 
inland districts of the same climate. 

As our native forests become cleared away the climate is changed 
and becomes more harsh ; hence it is found desirable to construct some 
kind of protection from the point of most destructive harsh winds and 
storms. Belts of trees, either evergreen or deciduous, or both mingled, 
and surrounding or placed so as to screen from the northeast, north, and 
northwest, are considered highly advantageous ; and when we consider 
that foliage is an absorbent and ameliorating agent in tempering climate, 
we feel that it is the duty as well as interest of every fruit-grower to 
plant as many such belts as his property and pecuniary means admit. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 

The insects injurious to fruit-trees are numerous, and to combat them 
successfully requires a minute acquaintance with their character and 
habits. While considering the culture of each class of fruit in the suc- 
ceeding pages, we shall point out the habits and suggest means of de- 
stroying the most important of these insects ; but in the mean time 
we wish to call attention to some general practical hints on this sub- 
ject. 

In the first place, we cannot too strongly impress upon the attention 
of the fruit-grower the importance of watching carefully and making an 
early attack upon every species of insect. It is only necessary to look 
for a moment at the astonishing rapidity with which many kinds of 
insects increase, if allowed to get well established in a garden, to become 
fully aware of this. The common caterpillars are the young of moths or 
butterflies, and that careful observer of the habits of insects, Dr. Harris, 
says as each female lays from two to five hundred eggs, a thousand moths 
or butterflies will, on the average, produce three hundred thousand cater- 
pillars ; if one half this number, when arrived at maturity, are females, 
they will give forty-five millions of caterpillars in the second, and six 
thousand seven hundred and fifty millions in the third generation.* To 
take another example : the aphides, or plant-lice, which are frequently 
seen in great numbers on the tender shoots of fruit-trees, have an almost 
incredibly prolific power of increase — the investigations of Reaumur 
having shown that one individual in five generations may become the 
progenitor of nearly six thousand millions of descendants. With such 
surprising powers of propagation, were it not for the havoc caused 
among insects by various species preying upon each other, by birds and 
other animals, and especially by unfavorable seasons, vegetation would 

* For much valuable information on the habits of insects injurious to vegeta- 
tion, see the " Treatise on the Insects of Massachusetts," by Dr. T. W. Harris, 
Cambridge. 



GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 



55 



soon be entirely destroyed by them. As it is, the orchards and gardens 
of careless and slovenly cultivators are often overrun by them, and many 
of the finest crops suffer great injury or total loss from the want of a 
little timely care. 

In all well-managed plantations of fruit, at the first appearance of 
any injurious insect, it will be immediately seized upon and destroyed. 
A few moments in the first stage of insect life — at the first birth of the 
new colony — will do more to rid us for the season of that species than 
whole days of toil after the matter has been so long neglected that the 
enemy has become well established. We know how reluctant all but the 
experienced grower are, to set about eradicating what at first seems a 
thing of such trifling consequence. But such persons should consider 
that whether it is done at first, or a fortnight after, is frequently the 
difference between ten and ten thousand. A very little time regularly 
devoted to the extirpation of noxious insects will keep a large place quite 
free from them. We know a very large garden filled with trees, and 
always remarkably free from insect ravages, which, while those even in 
its vicinity suffer greatly, is thus preserved by half an hour's examination 
of the whole premises two days in the week during the growing season. 
This is made early in the morning, the best time for the purpose, as the 
insects are quiet while the dew is yet upon the leaves, and whole races 
yet only partially developed may be swept off in a single moment. In 
default of other more rapid expedients, the old mode of hand-picking, 
and crushing or burning, is the safest and surest that can be adopted. 
For practical purposes, the numerous insects infesting fruit-trees may 
be divided into four classes : 1st, those which for a time harbor in the 
ground and may be attacked in the soil ; 2d, winged and other species, 
which may be attacked among the branches ; 3d, aphides or plant- 
lice, which infest the young shoots ; 4th, moths, and all night-flying 
insects. 

Insects, the larvce or grubs of which harbor in the ground during a 
certain season, as the curculio or plum-weevil, are all more or less affected 
by the application of common salt as a top-dressing. On a larger scale, 
in farm crops, the ravages of the cut- worm are frequently prevented by 
sowing three bushels of salt to the acre, and we have seen it applied to 
all kinds of fruit-grounds with equal success. Salt seems to be strongly 
disagreeable to nearly all this class of insects, and the grubs perish where 
even a small quantity has for two or three seasons been applied to the 
soil. In a neighborhood where the peach-worm usually destroys half the 
peach-trees, and where whole crops of the plum are equally a victim to 
the plum-weevil, we have seen the former preserved in the healthiest 
condition by an annual application of a small handful of coarse salt 
about the collar of the tree at the surface of the ground ; and the latter 
made to hold abundant crops by a top-dressing applied every spring of 
packing salt, at the rate of a quart to the surface occupied by the roots, 
of every full-grown tree. 

Salt, being a powerful agent, must be applied for this purpose with 
caution and judgment. In small quantities it promotes the verdure and 
luxuriance of fruit-trees, while if applied very frequently, or too plenti- 
fully, it will certainly cause the death of any tree. Two or three years' 
top-dressing in moderate quantity will usually be found sufficient to 
drive away these insects, and then the application need only be repeated 
once in two or three seasons. Any coarse refuse salt will answer the 



56 



GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 



purpose ; and- packing salt is preferable to that of finer quality, as it 
dissolves slowly by the action of the atmosphere.* 

In the winged state most small insects may either be driven away by 
powerful odors, or killed by strong decoctions of tobacco, or a wash of 
diluted whale-oil or other strong soap. Attention has but recently been 
called to the repugnance of all insects to strong odors, and there is but 
little doubt that before a long time it will lead to the discovery of the 
means of preventing the attacks of most insects, by means of strong 
smelling liquids or odorous substances. The moths that attack furs, as 
every one knows, are driven away by pepper-corns or tobacco, and should 
future experiments prove that at certain seasons, when our trees are 
most likely to be attacked by insects, we may expel them by hanging 
bottles of rags filled with strong smelling liquids in our trees, it will 
certainty be a very simple and easy way of ridding ourselves of them. 
The brown scale, a troublesome enemy of the orange-tree, it is stated in 
the Gardener's Chronicle, has been destroyed by hanging plants of the 
common chamomile among its branches. The odor of the coal-tar of gas- 
works is exceedingly offensive to some insects injurious to fruits, and it 
has been found to drive away the wire- worm and other grubs that attack 
the roots of plants. The vapor of oil of turpentine is fatal to wasps, and 
that of tobacco-smoke to the green fly. Little as yet is certainly known 
respecting the exact power of the various smells in deterring insects from 
attacking trees. What we do know, however, gives us reason to believe 
that much may be hoped from experiments made with a variety of power- 
ful-smelling substances. 

Tobacco-water and diluted whale-oil soap are the two most efficient 
remedies for all the small insects which feed upon the young shoots and 
leaves of plants. Tobacco-water is made by boiling tobacco leaves, or the 
.refuse stems and stalks of the tobacco-shops. A large pot is crowded 
iull of them, and then filled up with water, which is boiled till a strong 
^decoction is made. This is applied to the young shoots and leaves with 
,a syringe, or, when the trees are growing in nursery-rows, with a common 
white- wash brush, dipping the latter in the liquid and shaking it sharply 
.over the extremities or the infested part of each tree. This or the whale- 
oil soap-suds, or a mixture of both, will kill every species of plant-lice and 
jiearly all other small insects to which young trees are subject. 

The wash of whale-oil soap is made by mixing two pounds, of this 
soap, which is one of the cheapest and strongest kinds, with fifteen gal- 
lons of water. This mixture is applied to the leaves and stems of plants 
with a syringe, or in any other convenient mode, and there are few of 
the smaller insects that are not destroyed or driven away by it. The 
merit of this mixture belongs to Mr. David Haggerston, of Boston, who 
first applied it with great success to the rose-slug, and received the pre- 
mium of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for its discovery. 
When this soap cannot be obtained, a good substitute may be made by 
turning into soap the lees of common oil-casks, by the application of ' 
potash and water in the usual way. 

3foths and other insects which jly at night are destroyed in large 
numbers by the following mode, first discovered by Yictor Adouin, of 
France, A flat saucer or vessel is set on the ground, in which is placed 

* After repeated tests, it is doubtful whether the use of salt is as destructive 
to insect life as here stated. The use of salt as manure is undoubtedly a good 
stimulant to vegetable life and vigor. 



GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 



57 



a light, partially covered with a common bell-glass besmeared with. oil. 
All the small moths are directly attracted by the light, fly towards it, 
and in their attempts to get at the light, are either caught by the glutin- 
ous sides of the bell-glass, or fall into the basin of oil beneath, and 
in either case soon perish. M. Adouin applied this to the destruction 
of the py ralis, a moth that is very troublesome in the French vineyards ; 
with two hundred of these lights in a vineyard of four acres, and in a 
single night, 30,000 moths were killed and found dead on or about 
the vessels. By continuing his process through the season, it was esti- 
mated that he had destroyed female moths sufficient to have pro- 
duced a progeny of over a million of caterpillars. In our orchards 
myriads of insects may be destroyed by lighting small bonfires of shav- 
ings or any refuse brush ; and in districts where the apples are much 
worm-eaten, if repeated two or three nights at the proper season, this, is 
a very efficient and cheap mode of getting rid of the moth which causes 
so much mischief. Dr. Harris, knowing how important it is to destroy 
the caterpillar in the moth state, has recommended flambeaux, made of 
tow wound round a stake and dipped in tar, to be stuck in the fruit-gar- 
den at night and lighted. Thousands of moths will find a speedy death, 
even in the short time which these flambeaux are burning. The melon- 
bug may be extirpated by myriads in the same way. 

A simple and most effectual mode of ridding the fruit-garden of 
insects of every description, which we recommend as a general extirpator 
suited to all situations, is the following : — Take a number of common 
bottles, the wider mouthed the better, and fill them about half full of 
,a mixture of water, molasses, and vinegar. Suspend these among the 
branches of trees and in various parts of the garden. In a fortnight 
they will be found full of dead insects of every description not too large 
to enter bottles — wasps, flies, beetles, slugs, grubs, and a great variety 
of others. The bottles must now be emptied and the liquid renewed. 
A zealous amateur of our acquaintance caught last season in this way 
more than three bushels of insects of various kinds ; and, what is more 
satisfactory, preserved his garden almost entirely against their attacks in 
any shape. 

The assistance of birds in destroying insects should be duly estimated 
by the fruit-grower. The quantity of eggs and insects in various states 
devoured annually by birds, when they are encouraged in gardens, is 
truly surprising. It is true that one or two species of these, as the ring- 
tail, annoy us by preying upon the earlier cherries, but even taking this 
into account, we are inclined to believe that we can much better spare a 
reasonable share of a few fruits than dispense with the good services of 
birds in ridding us of an excess of insects. 

The most serviceable birds are the common sparrows, the wren, the 
red-breast, and in short most of the birds of this class. All these birds 
should be encouraged to build nests and inhabit the fruit-garden, and 
this may most effectually be done by not allowing a gun to be fired within 
its boundaries. The introduction of hedges or live fences greatly pro- 
motes the domestication of birds, as they afford an admirable shelter for 
their nests. Our own gardens are usually much more free from insects 
than those a mile or two distant, and we attribute this in part to our prac- 
tice of encouraging birds, and to the thorn and arbor vitas hedges grow- 
ing here, and which are greatly resorted to by those of the feathered tribe 
which are the greatest enemies of the insect race. 



58 



THE APPLE. 



Among animals, the toad and the hat are great insect destroyers. 
The common bat lives almost entirely upon them, and in its evening 
sallies devours a great number of moths, beetles, weevils, etc. ; and the 
toad quietly makes away with numberless smaller insects. 



CHAPTER IX. 

THE APPLE. 

Pyrus Malus, L. Rosacea, of botanists. 
Pommier, of the French ; Apfelbaum, German ; Apfel, Dutch ; Melo pomo, Ital- 
ian ; and Manzana, Spanish. 

The Apple is the world-renowned fruit of temperate climates. From 
the most remote periods it has been the subject of praise among writers 
and poets, and the old mythologies all endow its fruit with wonderful vir- 
tues. The allegorical tree of knowledge bore apples, and the celebrated 
golden fruit of the orchards of Hesperus, guarded by the sleepless dragon 
which it was one of the triumphs of Hercules to slay, were also apples, 
according to the old legends. Among the heathen gods of the north, 
there were apples fabled to possess the power of conferring immortality, 
which were carefully watched over by the goddess Iduna, and kept for 
the especial dessert of the gods who felt themselves growing old ! As 
the mistletoe grew chiefly on the apple and the oak, the former tree was 
looked upon with great respect and reverence by the ancient Druids of 
Britain ; and even to this day, in some parts of England, the antique 
custom of saluting the apple-trees in the orchards, in the hope of obtain- 
ing a good crop the next year, still lingers among the farmers of portions 
of Devonshire and Herefordshire. This old ceremony consists of salut- 
ing the tree with a portion of the contents of a wassail-bowl of cider, 
with a toast in it, by pouring a little of the cider about the roots, and 
even hanging a bit of the toast on the branches of the most barren, the 
farmer and his men dancing in a circle round the tree, and singing rude 
songs like the following : 

" Here's to thee, old apple-tree. 
Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow ; 
And whence thou mayst bear apples enow, 
Hats full ! caps full — 
Bushels and sacks full ! 

Huzza ! " 

The species of crab from which all our sorts of Apples have originated, 
is wild in most parts of Europe. There are, indeed, two or three kinds 
of wild crab belonging to this country ; as the Pyrus coronaria, or sweet - 
scented crab, with fruit about an inch in diameter, grows in many parts 
of the United States ; and the wild crab of Oregon, JP. rivularis, bear- 
ing a reddish-yellow fruit, about the size of a cherry, which the Chenook 
Indians use as an article of food ; yet none of our cultivated varieties of 
Apple have been raised from these native crabs, but from seeds of the 
species brought here, by the colonists, from Europe. 



THE APPLE. 



59 



The Apple-tree is, however, most perfectly naturalized in America, 
and, in the northern and middle portions of the United States, succeeds 
as well, or, as we believe, better than in any part of the world. The 
most celebrated apples of Germany and the north of Europe are not 
superior to many of the varieties originated here ; and the American or 
Newtown Pippin is now pretty generally admitted to be the finest ap- 
ple in the world. No better proof of the perfect adaptation of our soil 
and climate to this tree can be desired, than the seemingly spontaneous 
production of such varieties as this, the Baldwin, the Spitzenberg, or the 
Swaar — all fruits of delicious flavor, and great beauty of appearance. 

The Apple is usually a very hardy and rather slow-growing fruit-tree, 
with a low-spreading rather irregular head, and bears an abundance of 
white blossoms, tinged with red. In a wild state it is very long-lived, 
but the finest garden sorts usually live about fifty or eighty years ; 
though, by proper care, they may be kept healthy and productive much 
longer. Although the apple generally forms a tree of medium growth, 
there are many specimens in this country of enormous size. Among 
others, we recollect two in the grounds of Mr. Hall, of Raynham, Rhode 
Island, which, ten years ago, were 130 years old; the trunk of one of 
these trees then measured, at one foot from the ground, thirteen feet two 
inches, and the other twelve feet two inches. The trees bore that season 
about thirty or forty bushels; but, in the year 1780, they together bore 
one hundred and one bushels of apples. In Duxbury, Plymouth County , 
Mass., is a tree which in its girth measures twelve feet five inches, and 
which has yielded in a single season 121^ bushels. 

In Lehigh County, Pa., there is an apple-tree which measures 17^- feet 
in circumference, one foot above the ground. The tree is fifty-four feet 
high, and the branches extend thirty-six feet each way from the trunk. 

USES OF THE APPLE. 

]STo fruit is more universally liked or generally used than the apple. 
It is exceedingly wholesome, and, medicinally, is considered cooling and 
laxative, and useful in all inflammatory diseases. The finest sorts are 
much esteemed for the dessert, and the little care required in its culture 
renders it the most abundant of all fruits in temperate climates. As the 
earliest sorts ripen about the last of June, and the latest can be preserved 
until that season, it may be considered as a fruit in perfection the whole 
year. Besides its merits for the dessert, the value of the apple is still 
greater for the kitchen ; and in sauces, pies, tarts, preserves, and jellies, 
and roasted and boiled, this fruit is the constant and invaluable resource 
of the kitchen. 

In seasons of scarcity, the small and usually considered refuse apples 
may be stewed, and then rubbed through a cullender, separating the 
seeds and skins from the pulp, forming a delicious sauce. 

Apple-butter, made by stewing pared and sliced sweet apples in new 
cider until the whole is soft and pulpy, is a common and excellent arti- 
cle of food in many farmers' families, and is frequently made by the bar- 
rel. In France, nearly the same preparation is formed by simmering 
apples in new wine until the whole becomes a sort of marmalade, which 
is called liaisine. The juice of the apple unferniented is, in some parts 
of the country, boiled down till it becomes molasses. When fermented 
it forms cider/ and if this is carefully made from the best cider apples 



60 



THE APPLE. 



it is nearly equal to wine ; in fact, many hundreds of barrels of the cider 
of New Jersey have been manufactured, in a single year, into an imita- 
tion champagne, which is scarcely distinguished by many from that made 
from the grape. 

Apples are also made into jelly, by grinding and pressing in the ordi- 
nary way for cider, then passed, in a thin and nearly continuous current, 
over an intensely heated clarifying or evaporating pan, such as is ordi- 
narily used in the manufacture of molasses from the sorgho sugar-cane. 
About eight gallons of the apple-juice, or cider, will make one gallon of 
a very delicious jelly. 

Dried apples are also a considerable article of commerce. Farmers 
usually pare and quarter them by hand, and dry them in the sun ; but 
those who pursue it as a matter of trade pare them by machinery, and 
dry them slowly in ovens. They are then packed in bags or barrels, and 
used either at home, in sea stores, or are exported. 

In perfumery, the pulp of this fruit, mixed intimately with lard, forms 
pomatum. The wood is employed for lasts, and for other purposes, by 
turners ; and, being fine-grained and compact, is sometimes stained black 
and used for ebony by cabinet-makers. 

The quality of an apple is always judged of by the use to which it 
is to be applied. A table or dessert apple of the finest quality should 
be of medium size, regular form, and fine color ; and the flesh should be 
fine-grained, crisp, or tender, and of a sprightly or rich flavor and aroma. 
Very large-sized, or coarse apples are only admired by persons who have 
little knowledge of the true criterion of excellence. Apples for kitchen 
use should have the property of cooking evenly into a tender, pulpy con- 
sistence, and are generally acid in flavor ; and, although there are many 
good cooking apples unfit for the table, many sorts, as the Fall Pippin 
and the Greening, are excellent for both purposes. To this we may add, 
that for the common apple-sauce made by farmers, a high-flavored sweet 
apple, which boils somewhat firm, is preferred, as this is generally made 
with cider. The very common use made of this cheap preserve at the 
North and West, and the recent practice of fattening hogs, horses, and 
other animals upon sweet apples, accounts for the much greater number 
of varieties of sweet apples held in esteem here than in any other 
country. In fact, so excellent has the saccharine matter of the apple 
been found for this purpose, that whole orchards of sweet apples are 
frequently planted here for the purpose of fattening swine and cattle, 
which are allowed to run at large in them. 

Cider apples are varieties frequently useless for any other purpose. 
The best for this purpose are rather tough, piquant, and astringent ; their 
juice has a high specific quality, and they are usually great bearers, as 
the Harrison, the Red Streak, and the Virginia Crab. 

PROPAGATION. 

The Apple for propagation is usually raised from seeds obtained 
from the pomace of the cider-mills, and a preference is always given 
to that from thrifty young orchards. These are sown in autumn, 
in broad drills, in good mellow soil, and they remain in the seed-beds — 
attention being paid to keeping the soil loose, and free from weeds, from 
one to three years, according to the richness of the soil. When the 
seedlings are a little more than a fourth of an inch in diameter, they 



THE APPLE. 



61 



should be taken up in the spring or autumn, their tap-roots shortened, 
and then planted in nursery rows, one foot apart, and three to four feet 
between the rows. If the plants are thrifty and the soil good, they may 
be budded the following autumn, within one or two inches of the ground, 
and this is the most speedy mode of obtaining strong, straight, thrifty 
plants. Grafting is generally performed when the stocks are about half 
an inch thick ; and for several modes of performing it on the Apple, see 
the remarks on grafting in a previous page. "When young trees are 
feeble in the nursery, it is usual to head them back two-thirds the 
length of the graft, when they are three or four feet high, to make them 
throw up a strong, vigorous shoot. 

Apple-stocks for dwarfs are raised by layers, as pointed out in the 
article on Layers. 

Apple-trees for transplanting to orchards should be at least two 
years budded, and six or seven feet high, and they should have a proper 
balance of head or side branches. 

SOIL AND SITUATION. 

The Apple will grow on a great variety of soils, but it seldom thrives 
on very dry sands, or soils saturated with moisture. Its favorite soil, in 
all countries, is a strong loam of a calcareous or limestone nature. A 
deep, strong, gravelly, marly, or clayey loam, or a strong sandy loam on 
a gravelly subsoil, produces the greatest crops and the highest-flavored 
fruit, as well as the utmost longevity of the trees. Such a soil is moist 
rather than dry — the most favorable condition for this fruit. Too damp 
soils may often be rendered fit for the Apple by thorough draining, and 
too dry ones by deep subsoil ploughing, or trenching, where the subsoil 
is of a heavier texture. And many apple orchards in New England are 
very flourishing and productive on soils so stony and rock-covered 
(though naturally fertile) as to be unfit for any other crop.* 

As regards site, apple orchards flourish best in southern and middle 
portions of the country on north slopes, and often even on the steep 
north sides of hills, where the climate is hot and dry. Farther north a 
southern or southeastern aspect is preferable, to ripen the crop and the 
wood more perfectly 

We may here remark that almost every district of the country has one 
or more varieties which, having had its origin there, seems also peculiarly 
adapted to the soil and climate of that locality. Thus the Newtown 
Pippin and the Spitzenberg are the great apples of New York ; the 
Baldwin and the Roxbury Russet, of Massachusetts ; the Bellflower and 
the Rambo, of Pennsylvania and New Jersey ; and the Peck's Pleasant 

* Blowing- sands, says Mr. Coxe, when bottomed on a dry substratum, and 
aided by marl or meadow mud, will be found capable of producing- very fine 
Apple-trees. Good cultivation and a system of high manuring will always re- 
munerate the proprietor of an orchard, except it be planted on a quicksand or a 
cold clay ; in such soils, no management can prevent an early decay. One of the 
most thrifty orchards I possess, was planted on a blowing sand, on which I carted 
three thousand loads of mud on ten acres, at an expense of about twenty-five 
dollars per acre, exclusive of much other manure ; on this land I have raised 
good wheat and clover. Of five rows of the Winesap Apple planted upon it 
eight years ago, on the summit of a sandy knoll, not one has died out of near an 
hundred trees — all abundant bearers of large and fair apples. — Vieio of Fruit 
Trees, p. 31. 



62 



THE APPLE. 



and the Seek-no-further, of Connecticut ; and though these apples are 
cultivated with greater or less success in other parts of the country, yet 
nowhere is their flavor and productiveness so perfect as in the best soils 
of their native districts — excepting in such other districts where a soil 
containing the same elements and a corresponding climate are also to be 
found. 

PREPARING, PLANTING, AND CULTIVATION OF ORCHARDS. 

With the exception of a few early and very choice sorts in the fruit- 
garden, the orchard is the place for this tree, and indeed, when we con- 
sider the great value and usefulness of apples to the farmer, it is easy to 
see that no farm is complete without a large and well-selected apple 
orchard. 

The distance at which the trees should be planted in an orchard, de- 
pends upon the mode in which they are to be treated. When it is de- 
sired finally to cover and devote the whole ground to the trees, thirty feet 
apart is the proper interval ; but where the farmer wishes to keep the 
land between the trees in grain and grass, fifty feet is not too great a 
distance in strong soils. Forty feet apart, however, is the usual distance 
at which the trees are planted in orchards. 

Before transplanting, the ground should be well prepared for the trees 
by ploughing deeply and subsoiling the whole field one year or more pre- 
vious to planting. Poor soils require manure ; and turning under green 
crops, such as clover, peas, etc., serves to lighten and make porous, open, 
and enrich the soil. Where the subsoil is a heavy clay, it is best to 
thoroughly underdrain the whole by means of tile drains, at distances of 
two or three rods, and at the same time the surface drains should always 
be kept open, to prevent any water standing about the roots of the trees. 

Vigorous, healthy young trees should be selected from the nurseries. 
As there is a great difference in the natural growth, shape, and size of the 
various sorts of apple-trees, those of the same kind should be planted in 
the rows together or near each other ; this will not only facilitate cul- 
ture and gathering the fruit, but will add to the neatness and orderly 
appearance of the orchard. 

It is an indispensable requisite in all young orchards to keep the 
ground mellow and loose by cultivation; at least for the first few years, 
until the trees are well established. Indeed, of two adjoining orchards, 
one planted and kept in grass, and the other ploughed for the first five 
years, there will be an incredible difference in favor of the latter. Not 
only will these trees show rich, dark, luxuriant foliage, and clean smooth 
stems, while those neglected will have a starved and sickly look, but the 
size of the trees in the cultivated orchard will be treble that of the 
others at the end of this time, and a tree in one will be ready to bear an 
abundant crop before the other has commenced yielding a peck of good 
fruit. Fallow crops are the best for orchards — potatoes, beets, carrots, 
bush beans, and the like ; while grains, such as rye, wheat, oats, etc., are 
very injurious ; but whatever crops may be grown, it should constantly be 
borne in mind that the roots of the tree require the sole occupancy of 
the ground, so far as they extend, and therefore that an area of more than 
the diameter of the head of the tree should be kept clean of crops, weeds, 
and grass. 

When the least symptom of failure or decay in a bearing orchard is 



THE APPLE. 



63 



perceived, the ground should have a good top-dressing of manure, and of 
marl, or mild lime, in alternate years. It is folly to suppose that so strong- 
growing a tree as the apple, when planted thickly in an orchard, will not, 
after a few heavy crops of fruit, exhaust the soil of much of its proper 
food. If we desire our trees to continue in a healthy bearing state, we 
should therefore manure them as regularly as any other crop, and they 
will amply repay the expense. There is scarcely a farm where the waste 
of barn-yard manure, the urine, etc., if properly economized by mixing 
this animal excrement with the muck-heap, would not be amply suffi- 
cient to keep the orchards in the highest condition. And how many 
moss-covered barren orchards, formerly very productive, do we not every 
day see, which only require a plentiful new supply of food in a substan- 
tial top-dressing, thorough scraping of the stems, and washing with 
diluted soft soap, to bring them again into the finest state of vigor and 
productiveness. 

The bearing year of the Apple, in common culture, only takes place 
every alternate year, owing to the excessive crops which it usually pro- 
duces, by which they exhaust most of the organizable matter laid up by 
the tree, which then requires another season to recover and collect a 
sufficient supply again to form fruit-buds. When half the fruit is thin- 
ned out in a young state, leaving only a moderate crop, the apple, like 
other fruit-trees, will bear every year, as it will also if the soil is kept in 
high condition. The bearing year of an apple-tree, or a whole orchard, 
may be changed by picking off the fruit when the trees first show good 
crops, allowing it to remain only in the alternate seasons which we wish 
to make the bearing year. 

PRUNING. 

The Apple in orchards requires very little pruning if the trees, while 
the orchard is young, are carefully inspected every year early in March, 
and all crossing branches taken out while they are small. When the 
heads are once properly adjusted and well balanced, the less the prun- 
ing-saw and knife are used the better, and the cutting out of dead limbs, 
and removal of such as may interfere with others, or too greatly crowd 
up the head of the tree, is all that an orchard will usually require. 
But wherever a limb is pruned away the surface of the wound should be 
neatly smoothed, and if it exceeds an inch in diameter, it should be covered 
with the liquid shellac previously noticed. 

INSECTS. 

There are several insects that in some parts of the country are very 
destructive or injurious to this tree ; a knowledge of the habits of which 
is therefore very important to the orchardist. These are chiefly the 
borer, the caterpillar, and the canker-worm. 

The Apple-borer is, as we usually see it in the trunks of the Apple, 
Quince, and thorn trees, a fleshy white grub, which enters the tree at the 
collar, just at the surface of the ground, where the bark is tender, and 
either girdles the tree or perforates it through every part of the stem, 
finally causing its death. This grub is the larva of a brown and white 
striped beetle, half an inch long (Saperda biviitata), and it remains in 
this grub state two or three years, coming out of the tree in a butterfly 



64 



THE APPLE. 



form early in June — flying in the night only, from tree to tree, after its 
food, and finally depositing its eggs, during this and the next month, in 
the collar of the tree. 

The most effectual mode of destroying the borer is by picking it out 
with the point of a knife, or, when it cannot thus be reached, killing it 
by thrusting a flexible wire as far as possible into its hole. Dr. Harris 
recommends placing a bit of camphor in the mouth of the aperture and 
plugging the hole with soft wood. . But it is always better to prevent 
the deposit of the egg, by placing about the trunk, early in the spring, a 
small mound of ashes or lime ; or by drawing away the soil an inch or 
two deep at the base of the tree and wrapping with coarse hardware 
paper, tying it, and then replacing the earth ; and where orchards have 
already become greatly infested with this insect, the beetles may be de- 
stroyed by thousands in June, by building small bonfires of shavings in 
various parts of the orchard. The attacks of the borer on nursery trees 
may in a great measure be prevented by washing the stems in May, quite 
down into the ground, with a solution of two pounds of potash in eight 
quarts of water. 

The Caterpillar is a great pestilence in the Apple orchard. The 
species which is most troublesome to our fruit-trees ( Clisiocampa ameri- 
cana) is bred by a sort of lackey moth, different from that most trouble- 
some in Europe, bat its habits as a caterpillar are quite as annoying to 
the orchardist. The moth of our common caterpillar is a reddish brown 
insect, whose expanded wings measure about an inch and a half. These 
moths appear in great abundance in midsummer, flying only at night, and 
often buzzing about the candles of our houses. In laying their eggs 
they choose principally the Apple or Cherry, and they deposit thousands 
of small eggs about the forks and extremities of the young branches. 
The next season, about the middle of May, these eggs begin to hatch, and 
the young caterpillars in myriads come forth, weaving their nests or 
tents in the fork of the branches. If they are allowed by the careless 
cultivator to go on and multiply, as they soon do incredibly fast, they 
will in a few seasons, sometimes in a single year, increase to such an ex- 
tent as almost to cover the branches. In this caterpillar state they live 
six or seven weeks, feeding most ferociously upon the leaves, and often 
stripping whole trees of their foliage. Their effect upon the tree at this 
period of the season, when the leaves are most important to the health 
of the tree and the growth of the fruit, is most deplorable. The crop is 
stunted, the health of the tree enfeebled, and, if they are allowed to re- 
main unmolested for several seasons, they will often destroy its life, or 
render it exceedingly decrepid and feeble. 

To destroy the caterpillar various modes are adopted. One of the 
most effectual is to touch the nest with a sponge, attached to the end 
of a pole, and dipped in strong spirits of ammonia or naphtha from coal- 
oil refinings ; the sponge should be turned slowly round in the nests, 
and every insect coming in contact will be instantly killed. This should 
be done early in the season. Or they may be brought down and 
destroyed with a round brush fixed to the end of a pole, and worked 
about in the nests. On small trees they may be stripped off with the 
hand, and crushed under the foot ; and by this plain and simple mode, 
begun in time, with the aid of a ladder, they may in a large orchard be 
most effectually kept under by a few moments' daily labor of a single 
man. As they do not leave their nests until nine in the morning, the 



THE APPLE. 



65 



extirpator of caterpillars should always be abroad and busy before that 
time, and while they are all lying quietly in the nests. And let him 
never forget that he may do more in an hour, when he commences early 
in the season, than he will in a whole day at a later period, when they 
are thoroughly scattered among the trees. If they are allowed to remain 
unmolested, they spin their cocoons about the middle of June, and in a 
fortnight's time comes forth from them a fresh brood of moths, which, 
if they are not put an end to by bonfires, will again lay the eggs of an 
infinite number of caterpillars for the next spring. 

The Canker-worm (Anisopteryx pometaria of Harris) is in some 
parts of the country one of the worst enemies of the Apple, destroying 
also its foliage with great rapidity. It is not yet common here, but in 
some parts of New England it has become a serious enemy. The male 
is a moth, with pale ash-colored wings, with a black dot, a little more 
than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, dark ash-colored 
above, and gray beneath. 

The canker-worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the 
spring, chiefly in March, as soon as the ground is free from frost ; 
though a few also find their way up in the autumn. The females, having 
no wings, climb slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged 
males hover about to pair with them. Very soon after this, if we ex- 
amine the trees we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some 
sixty or a hundred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in 
the forks of branches and among the young twigs. About the twentieth 
of May these eggs are hatched, and the canker-worms, dusky brown, or 
ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, and commence 
preying upon the foliage. When they are abundant they make rapid 
progress, and in places where the colony is firmly established, they will 
sometimes strip an orchard in a few days, making it look as if a fire had 
passed over it. After feeding about four weeks, they descend into the 
ground three or four inches, where they remain in a chrysalis form, to 
emerge again the next season. As the female is not provided with 
wings, they do not spread very rapidly from one place to another. 

The attacks upon the canker-worm should be chiefly made upon the* 
female in her way from the ground up the trunk of the tree. 

The common mode of protecting Apple-trees is to surround the 
trunk with a belt or bandage of canvas, four or five inches wide, which 
is then thickly smeared with tar. In order to prevent the tar from 
soon becoming dry and hard, a little coarse train-oil must be well mixed 
with it ; and it should be watched and renewed as often as it appears 
necessary. This tarred belt catches and detains all the females on their 
upward journey, and prevents them from ascending the tree to lay their 
eggs. And if kept in order it will very effectually deter and destroy 
them. When the canker-worm is abundant it is necessary to apply the 
tarred bandage in October, and let it remain till the last of May, but 
usually it will be sufficient to use it in the spring. It is probable that 
a mixture of coal-tar and common tar would be the best application, 
as it is more offensive, and will not so easily dry and become useless by 
exposure to the air and sun. Some persons apply the tar directly to the 
stems of the tree, but this has a very injurious effect upon the trunk. 
Old India rubber, melted in an iron vessel over a very hot fire, forms a 
very adhesive fluid which is not affected by exposure to the weather, 
and is considered, by those who have made use of it, the best substance 

5 



OG 



THE APPLE. 



for smearing the bandages, as being a more effectual barrier, and sel- 
dom or never requiring renewal. 

Mr. Jonathan Dennis, Jun., of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, has 
invented and patented a circular leaden trough, which surrounds the 
trunk of the tree, and is filled with oil, and stops effectually the ascent 
of the canker-worm. There appear, however, to be two objections to 
this trough, as it is frequently used ; one, the escape of the oil, if not 
carefully used, which injures the tree ; and the other, the injurious 
effect of nailing the troughs to the bark or trunk. They should be sup- 
ported by wedges of wood driven in between the trough and the trunk, 
and the spaces completely filled up with liquid clay, put on with a brush. 
The insects must be taken out and the oil renewed from time to time. 
For districts where the canker-worm greatly abounds, this leaden trough 
is probably the most permanent and effectual remedy yet employed. 

Circular strips of zinc or tin, about four inches wide, passing around 
the trunk of the tree, the lower end standing out in a flaring manner, 
resembling a bowl bottom upward, proves an effectual preventive remedy, 
as the insects cannot pass the lower rim. 

Experiments made by the Hon. John Lowell, and Professor Peck, of 
Massachusetts, lead to a belief that if the ground under trees which suffer 
from this insect is dug and well pulverized to the depth of five inches, in 
October, and a good top-dressing of lime applied as far as the branches 
extend, the canker-worm will there be almost entirely destroyed. The 
elm, and linden-trees in many places, sutler equally with the Apple from 
the attacks of the canker-worm. 

The bark-louse, a dull white, oval, scale-like insect, about a tenth of an 
inch long (a species of coccus), which sometimes appears in great numbers 
on the stems of young Apple and Pear trees, and stunts their growth, 
may be destroyed by a wash of soft soap or the potash solution. The 
best time to apply these is in the month of June, when the insects are 
young, or when the tree is devoid of foliage. 

The woolly Aphis (aphis lanigera), or American blight* is a dreadful 
enemy of the Apple. It makes its appearance in the form of a minute 
white down in the crotches and crevices of the branches, which is com- 
posed of a great number of very minute woolly lice, that if allowed will 
increase with fearful rapidity, and produce a sickly and diseased state of 
the whole tree. Fortunately, this insect is easily destroyed. " This is 
effected by washing the parts with diluted sulphuric acid, which is formed 
by mixing three-fourths of an ounce by measure of the sulphuric acid of 
the shops with seven and a half ounces of water. It should be rubbed 
into the parts affected by means of a piece of rag tied to a stick, the 
operator taking care not to let it touch his clothes. After the bark of a 
tree has been washed with this mixture, the first shower will redissolve 
it, and convey it into the most minute crevice, so as effectually to destroy 
all insects that may have escaped." — (Loudorfs Magazine, ix., p. 336.) 
It is the more common practice to destroy it by the use of whale-oil, soap 
or lime wash. 

The Ap>ple-worm or Codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella of Euro- 
pean writers) is the insect introduced with the Apple-tree from Europe 

* It is not a little singular that this insect, which is not indigenous to this 
country, and is never seen here except where introduced with imported trees, 
should be called in England the American blight. It is the most inveterate enemy 
©f the Apple in the north of France and Germany. 



THE APPLE. 



07 



which appears in the early worm-eaten Apples and Pears in the form of 
a reddish white grub, and causes the fruit to fall prematurely from the 
trees. The perfect insect is a small moth, the fore-wings gray, with a 
large round brown spot on the hinder margin. These moths appear in 
the greatest numbers in the warm evenings of the first of June, and lay 
their eggs in the eye or blossom-end of the young fruit, especially of the 
early kinds of Apples and Pears. In a short time these eggs hatch, and 
the grub burrows its way till it reaches the core ; the fruit then ripens 
prematurely, and drops to the ground. Here the worm leaves the fruit 
and creeps into the crevices of the bark and hollow of the tree, and spins 
its cocoon, which usually remains there till the ensuing spring, when the 
young moth again emerges from it. The readiest way of destroying 
them, when it can be done conveniently, is to allow swine and poultry 
to run at large in the orchards when the premature fruit is falling ; or 
otherwise the fruit may be picked up daily and placed where the worms 
will be killed. It is said that if an old cloth is placed in the crotch of 
the tree about the time the fruit begins to drop, the Apple-worm will 
make it a retiring-place, and thousands may be caught and killed from 
time to time. As the cocoons are deposited chiefly under the old loose 
bark, the thorough cultivator will take care, by keeping the trunks of his 
trees smooth, to afford them little harbor ; and by scraping and wash- 
ing the trunks early in the spring, to destroy such as may have already 
taken up their quarters there. 

When the fruit of orchards is much liable to the attacks of this 
insect, we cannot too much insist on the efficacy of small bonfires lighted 
in the evening, by which myriads of this and all other moths may be 
destroyed before they have time to deposit their eggs and cause worm- 
eaten fruit. 

A simple preventive remedy, or method of trapping the insect when 
in the grub form, has been introduced by Dr. -J. P. Trimble, of New 
Jersey, and consists in twisting a band or rope of hay, long enough to 
pass three or four times around the body of the tree, and putting it 
thereon, " securing its ends so as to prevent its becoming loose ; as soon ' 
as the fruit shows signs of the worms being at work, or from the middle 
to the last of June. They should be examined every two weeks, as long 
as the warm weather lasts, the earlier broods of worms becoming moths 
and producing a second crop. If the orchard is pastured, the bands must 
of course be put out of the reach of animals. Sometimes it may be neces- 
sary to place them around the limbs ; in that case the scales of rough 
bark on the body of the tree below them should be scraped off." 

The Blight, which occasionally kills suddenly the ends of the limbs 
of the apple and the quince, is caused by an' insect (JBostrichus bicauda- 
tus) which affects the small twigs, by penetrating the wood at the axil 
of a leaf, and causing it to wither. It is designated the Twig blight. 
Little or no injury results, but it is always well to cut away the injured 
1 twig just below the wound. 

The Apple-bark Beetle ( Tomicus mali), described by Fitch, is a small, 
smooth, black or chestnut-red beetle ; the larvae feed under the bark and 
then enter the wood, sometimes killing the young tree. 

GATHERING AND KEEPING THE FRUIT. 

In order to secure soundness and preservation, it is indispensably 



68 



THE APPLE. 



necessary that the fruit should be gathered by hand. For winter fruit 
the gathering is delayed as long as possible, avoiding severe frosts; and 
the most successful practice with our extensive orchardists is to place the 
good fruit directly, in a careful manner, in new, tight flour-barrels as 
soon as gathered from the tree. These barrels should be gently shaken 
while filling, and the head closely pressed in ; they are then placed in a 
cool, shady exposure, under a shed open to the air, or on the north side 
of a building, protected by covering of boards over the top, where they 
remain for a fortnight, or until the cold becomes too severe, when they 
are carefully transferred to a cool, dry cellar, in which air can be admit- 
ted occasionally in brisk weather. 

Another method, by some regarded as superior, and tending to keep 
the fruit longer and better, is to gather carefully, in a dry day, as late as 
possible in the fall, and place the fruit on a floor, or in open bins, from 
one foot to sixteen inches in depth. After about a week examine, and 
if the dampness, commonly called sweat, has passed off, prepare a good 
clean barrel, and as each fruit is placed in the barrel, see that it is made 
perfectly dry by wiping it with a soft cloth. As soon as the barrel is 
filled, head it up securely and place it in a cool, dry cellar. 

A cellar for this purpose should be dug in dry, gravelly, or sandy 
soil, with, if possible, a slope to the north ; or, at any rate, with open- 
ings on the north side for the admission of air very rarely in weather 
not excessively cold. Here the barrels should be placed in tiers on their 
sides, and the cellar should be kept as dark as possible. In such a cellar, 
one of the largest apple-growers in Dutchess County is able to keep the 
Greening Apple, which, in the fruit-room, usually decays in January, 
until the 1st of April, in the freshest and finest condition. Some per- 
sons place a layer of clean rye-straw between every layer of apples, when 
packing them in the barrels. 

Apples are frequently kept by farmers in pits or ridges in the ground, 
covered with straw and a layer of earth, in the same manner as potatoes ; 
but it is an inferior method, and the fruit very speedily decays when 
opened to the air. The English apple-growers lay their fruit in heaps, 
in cool, dry cellars, and cover them with straw. 

Various plans and methods have been designed for the keeping of 
fruit, few, if any of which are found practically adapted to the general 
wants of a family. Among those most prominent is the Roberts Fruit 
House, which is constructed by forming a room inside of an ice-house, 
having the ice around the sides and overhead ; and with an arrangement : 
for drainage below, by means of a pipe beneath the floor, and a condens- < 
ing-tube inside the chamber or fruit-room. 

The Nyce Fruit House is constructed with upright walls, sheeted on 
the inside and outside with sheet-iron, nailed to upright studding, and 
having the inside space closely packed with sawdust or chatf. Above 
the fruit-room is a floor of galvanized iron, on which ice, five to six feet i 
in depth, is packed, and from it a tube or pipe is led off, for the purpose i 
of conveying the water as the ice melts. Below the floor of the fruit- i 
room, which is also of galvanized iron, shavings three feet thick are first I 
laid, and then coated with tar and pitch, to prevent any rise of mois- ! 
ture from below. The temperature is kept at all seasons at just above i 
the freezing-point, and the moisture from the fruit engendered in the \ 
room is absorbed by the use of " bittern " from salt-works. This absorp- | 
tion of moisture by means of chloride of calcium, or the waste bittern of \ 



THE APPLE. 



60 



salt-works, is the principal feature of novelty in this house. But while 
upon a large scale these fruit-houses are found of value, their adoption 
involves too much of expense in their first construction, and too great 
care, to meet the wants of the general fruit-grower. When a fruit- 
house or room is to be constructed, aside from the cellar, under the barn 
or dwelling, select a location where complete drainage can be had. Ex- 
cavate so as that the lower fruit-room will be about two-thirds of its 
height under ground ; lay the outside wall, and then, leaving a space of 
four inches, lay another inside cement wail. Construct windows so as 
to give free circulation, and yet keep the room dark by having blinds 
on the outer side, and sash opening on the inner wall. For winter, 
double sash will be required. For the upper room, the same principle 
of forming a double wall, leaving a space of at least four inches, is to be 
continued, and the arrangement of shelves or drawers through the cen- 
tre, keeping a passage open all around, may be made to meet the wants 
for which the room is to be used. 

When apples are exported, each fruit in the barrel should be wrapped 
in clean soft paper, and the barrels should be placed in a dry, airy place 
between decks. 

CIDER. 

To make the finest cider, Apples should be chosen which are espe- 
cially suited to this purpose. The fruit should be gathered about the 
first of November, and coarse cloths or straw should be laid under the 
tree, to secure them against bruising when they are shaken from the tree. 
If the weather is fine the fruit is allowed to lie in heaps in the open air, 
or in airy sheds or lofts for some time, till it is thoroughly ripened. All 
immature and rotten fruit should then be rejected, and the remainder 
ground in the mill as nearly as possible to a uniform mass. This pulp 
should now remain in the vat from 24 to 48 hours, or even longer if the 
weather is cool, in order to heighten the color and increase the saccharine 
principle. It is then put into the press (without wetting the straw), from 
whence the liquor is strained, through hair-cloth or sieves, into perfectly 
clean, sweet, sound casks. The casks, with the bung out, are then placed 
in a cool cellar, or in a sheltered place in the open air. Here the fermen- 
tation commences, and as the pomace and froth work out of the bung- 
hole, the casks must be filled up every day with some of the same press- 
ing, kept in a cask for this purpose. In two or three weeks this rising will 
cease, when the first fermentation is over, and the bung should at first be 
put in loosely — then in a day or two driven in tight — leaving a small vent- 
hole near it, which may also be stopped in a few days after. If the casks 
are in a cool airy cellar the fermentation will cease in a day or two, and 
this state may be known by the liquor becoming clear and bright, by the 
cessation of the discharge of fixed air, and by the thick crust which has 
collected on the surface. The clear cider should now be drawn off and 
placed in a clean cask. If the cider, which must be carefully watched in 
this state, to prevent the fermentation going too far, remains quiet, it may 
be allowed to stand till spring, and the addition at first of about a gill of 
finely powdered charcoal to a barrel will secure this end ; but if a scum 
collects on the surface, and the fermentation seems inclined to proceed 
further, it must be immediately racked again. The vent-spile may now 
be driven tight, but examined occasionally. In the beginning of March 



70 



THE APPLE. 



a final racking should take place, when, should the cider not be perfectly 
fine, about three-fourths of an ounce of isinglass should be dissolved in 
the cider and poured in each barrel, which will render it perfectly clear. 
It may be bottled now, or any period before the blossoming of the Apple 
or afterwards, late in May. When bottling, fill the bottles within an 
inch of the bottom of the cork, and allow the bottles to stand an hour 
before the corks are driven. They should then be sealed and kept in a 
cool cellar, with clean dry sand up to theii necks, or laid on their sides 
in boxes or bins, with the same between each layer. 

VAKIETIES. 

The varieties of the Apple at the present time are very numerous. 
The garden of the Horticultural Society of London, which contains the 
most complete collection of fruit in the world, enumerates now, 1845, 
about 900 varieties, and nearly 1500 have been tested there. Of these 
the larger proportion are of course inferior ; but it is c nly by comparison 
in such an experimental garden that the value of the different varieties 
for a certain climate can be fully ascertained. 

The European Apples generally are, in this climate, inferior to our 
first-rate native sorts, though many of them are of high merit also with 
us. There is much confusion in regard to names of Apples, and the 
variation of fruits from soil, location, or other causes, makes it difficult 
to identify the kinds, and until they are brought together and fruited on 
the same ground the certainty of their nomenclature will not be estab- 
lished. New varieties of Apples are constantly springing up in this 
country from the seed, in favorable soils ; and these, when of superior 
quality, may, as a general rule, be considered much more valuable for 
orchard culture than foreign sorts, on account of their greater produc- 
tiveness and longevity. Indeed every State has some fine Apples pecu- 
liar to it, and it is therefore impossible in the present state of pomology 
in this country to give a complete list of the finest Apples of the United 
States. To do this will require time, and an extended and careful exa- 
mination of their relative merits collected in one garden. The following 
descriptions comprise all the finest American and foreign varieties yet 
known in our gardens. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

The distinctive characters of fruits have, during the past quarter of a 
century, become so much intermingled and hybridized that, after carefully 
studying them, and comparing them with the orders of classification 
adopted by authors, we have come to the conclusion that no definite 
order can safely be made to embrace them. Forms, colors, growths, and 
periods of ripening are so much interwoven and distributed as to defy 
ail arbitrary rules of classification, and hence we have without hesitation 
abandoned it entirely, substituting in our work the simple order of the 
alphabet as confined to names, believing such course will prove the most 
available and useful. 

TERMS USED IX DESCRIBING APPLES. 

In identifying fruits, not only certain forms and features of the fruit 
itself are desirable, to have a definite description under plain and intelli- 



THE APPLE. 



71 



gible terras, but often the form of the growth of the tree, as well as the 
color of its young wood, are essential to a clear knowledge for decision. 
The form and general appearance of a fruit may be changed by soil or 
climate, but the general habit of growth and color of the young wood is 
always the same, and in the ensuing pages this latter point has been 
kept in view and recorded, so far as knowledge could be obtained, 
respecting valuable varieties. 

The terms used we have sought to make simple and uniform, and 
within the comprehension of all, rather than scientific. In describing 
trees, the character designed to be represented is that of the orchard, 
or trees in a healthy bearing condition, and the growth is said to be 
strong and vigorous, as the Rhode Island Greening, or Baldwin; vigor- 
ous and slender, as the Jonathan or Winesap ; stout and short-jointed, as 
Jersey Sweet or Primate ; medium and vigorous, as Fameuse, or Maiden's 
Blush. And for the general form of the tree, the word upright spread- 
ing is used to designate such as Baldwin ; spreading, as the Rhode 
Island Greening ; round-headed, as in the Early Harvest ; upright, as 
with Benoni. In describing fruits, the word base m6ans that part of the 
fruit in which the stem is planted ; and apex, the blossom end, or crown, 
as it is sometimes termed. Forms are so much interwoven, as it were, 
one with another, that we have selected but four as the primary bases on 
which all others are built, and are subsidiary. 




Oblate. Roundish. 




Conical. Oblong. 

These primary forms are roundish, oblate, conical, and oblong. The 
terms round, roundish, or globular, are sometimes used in connection, 
rather as qualifying expressions than as distinctive ; for while the word 
roundish, which indicates the height and diameter as nearly equal, ap- 



72 



THE APPLE. 



plies to many fruits, there is no perfectly round or globular apple 
known. 

Oblate indicates the height as much less than diameter. Conical, is 
when the fruit is roundish, having the apex end contracted. Oblong, is 
when the fruit is longer than broad, and having the apex and base of 
nearly the same breadth. Connected and subsidiary terms, such as 
roundish, conical, or conic, are when the Apple unites the two primary 
forms of roundish and conical ; or elongated conical, or conic, when the 
length is considerably beyond the breadth. Truncate conic, is when the 
fruit is flattened at the apex. Hibbed, or obscurely ribbed, when the 
surface has rising lines and channels from apex to base. Oblique, is 
when the fruit presents the appearance as of being one-sided, or when 
the axis is inclined to one side. Oblate, not symmetric, or sides unequal, 
when one side is less than the other. Corrugated, having depressed 
lines, furrows, or wrinkles. Acute, when narrowing to a sharp point. 
Obtuse, round or blunt. Abrupt, when the depression breaks off sud- 
denly. 

In designating the quality of fruits, the terms of the American 
Pomological Society have been adopted; but it must be remembered 
that these terms apply strictly and only to the actual quality of the fruit 
as a dessert sort. 

Some varieties classed as best, and which are strictly of the highest 
quality as fruit, are, nevertheless, unprofitable as varieties to grow, 
except by the amateur, while many to which the term very good, or very 
good to best, is applied, are known to be highly valuable and profitable 
for market, as well as excellent for the dessert. 



APPLES. 
Abbott. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, obscurely ribbed, greenish- 
yellow, shaded and striped with red, few light and brown dots. Stalk 
long, cavity broad, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, uneven. 
Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. Core medium. Very good. 
December to March. 

Abbott's Sweet. 
Origin, New Hampshire. 

Frnit rather above medium, roundish, conical, yellow, covered with 
stripes and blotches of red, and many white dots. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, and pleasant. Very sweet. Good to very good. December to 
March. 

Abbott's Five-Sided Spice. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, pale yellow, splashed and striped 
with two shades of red, light-gray dots. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, 
mild subacid. Good. Core small. October and November. 



THE APPLE. 



73 



Abeam. 

Origin unknown. Grown extensively in Eastern Virginia and North 
Carolina. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow shaded, and splashed with red. 
Many light dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. " Good." December 
to March. 

Acklam's Russet. 
Aclemy Russet. 
Origin, Acklam, England. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, pale yellowish green, some 
gray russet and yellowish-gray specks. Flesh whitish, firm, crisp, sub- 
acid. " Good." November to February. 

Adams. 

Originated with James Adams, Union, Penn. Tree quite strong, 
vigorous, spreading. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Very pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded and 
splashed with red and russet netting. Stalk short. Cavity large, deep. 
Calyx generally open. Segment long, renexed. Basin large, abrupt. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic. Very good. January 
to April. 

Adams Pearmain. 

Norfolk Pippin. Matchless. 

Origin unknown. Tree a free, healthy grower. Young shoots. 
Good bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, inclining to oblong, pale yel- 
low, shaded, mottled and splashed with red, with many light dots. 
Flesh yellow, crisp, firm, juicy, rich, brisk, subacid, slightly aromatic. 
Very good. December to February. 

Agate D'Enckhuysen. 

Origin, Enckhuysen, Holland. Tree upright. Young shoots slender, 
dark reddish. 

Fruit small or medium, conical, clear yellowish green, and with 
many small dots. Calyx large, open, or nearly so. Segments large. 
Basin deep. Stalk short, stout. Cavity acute, deep. Flesh white, very 
fine grained, rather firm, juicy, sugary, perfumed. January to March. 
(Verg.) 

Agathe. 
Pomme Double Agathe. 

Origin, Limbourg, Holland. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit 
medium or large, conical oblate, deep yellow in the shade, bright red- 
cheek in sun. Many conspicuous gray dots. Flesh yellowish-white, 



7± 



THE APPLE. 



sometimes slightly rose-colored, tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant. Core 
large, open. October to February. (An. Pom.) 

Agnes's. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit rather below medium, oblate, 
somewhat oblique. Skin yellowish, striped, and shaded with red, and 
sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk short and small, inserted in a 
large cavity. Calyx closed, in a medium basin. Flesh tender, with a 
spicy, pleasant, subacid flavor. " Good." September, October. 

Ailes. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa., of vigorous growth, and productive. Fruit 
large, oblate, yellowish, shaded and striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity 
narrow. Calyx in a round moderate basin. Flesh yellow, fine, crisp, 
juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Good. Highly esteemed for cooking, 
not in eating till spring, and will keep till midsummer. 

Alant. 
Pomme d'Aunee. 

Probably of German origin. Tree slender, short jointed. Young 
shoots reddish-brown. 

Fruit medium, truncated conic, greenish-yellow, with indistinct dots. 
Calyx small. Basin deep. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Flesh yellow, 
tender, juicy, with a cinnamon aroma. Winter. (Yerg.) 

Alexander. 

Emperor Alexander. Kussian Emperor. Aporta. 

Victoria, incorrectly. 

A very large, showy Kussian variety. Tree vigorous, spreading, 
productive. Fruit very large, regularly formed, conical. Skin greenish- 
yellow, faintly streaked with red on the shaded side, but orange, bril- 
liantly streaked, and marked with bright red in the sun. Calyx large, 
set in a deep basin. Stalk rather slender, three-fourths of an inch long, 
planted in a deep cavity. Flesh yellowish-white, crisp, tender, and 
juicy, with a rather pleasant flavor. Good. October to December. 

Alfriston. 

Lord Gwydr's Newtown Pippin. Oldaker's New 

Shepherd's Pippin. Baltimore, incorrectly. 

A third-rate Apple, valued in England for cooking. Fruit large, 
roundish, a little ribbed, and rather broadest at the base, pale greenish- 
yellow. Flesh yellowish-white, crisp, tender, with a tolerable, some- 
what acid flavor. Good. October to January. 

Allemand. 

Pepin d'Or Allemand. 

Of Hanoverian origin. Tree a slender grower. Fruit small, coni- 
cal truncated, pale yellow, with pearl-color spots. Flesh yellow, fine, 
tender, sugary vinous. Winter. (Yirg.) 



THE APPLE. 



75 



Allen's Choice. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Fruit medium, oblate, sides unequal, yel- 
low, mostly shaded, and striped with red. Flesh white, stained with 
red, coarse, crisp, juicy, aromatic. " Good." January. 

Allen's Pippin. 

Origin, Chatham, N. C. Tree upright, productive. Fruit medium, 
oblate, greenish-yellow. Flesh whitish, tender, mild, subacid. Good. 
October to December. 

All-Hallows. 

Origin from seed by Richard H. Graves, Ireland. Fruit medium, 
roundish, handsome. Flesh tender, juicy, very pleasant. October and 
November. A new variety, not yet fully tested in this country. 

All-Summer. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree slow growth, spreading, an annual 
bearer, and very productive. Fruit small, oblate, greenish waxy yellow, 
slight tiuge of red in sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, tender, pleasant. Almost " very good." J uly and August. 

Allum. 

Hallura. Eockingham Red. 

Much grown in northern N. Carolina ; valuable chiefly because of 
its productiveness and for its keeping properties. Fruit medium, oblate, 
irregular, deep red. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a brisk 
acid flavor. Good. January to April. 

Alsace. 

Origin, Alsace Township, Pa. Fruit medium, conical, whitish-yel- 
low, blush in sun. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant. "Good." January 
to March. (Pa. Hort.) 

Amelia. 

Of European origin. Fruit medium, roundish, conical, pale yellow, 
shaded, and obscurely splashed with two shades of crimson. Flesh 
whitish, firm, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. January and Febru- 
ary. 

American Beauty. 
Sterling Beauty. Beauty of America. 

Origin, Sterling, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive, an annual bearer. 
Wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, form roundish, slightly inclining to conic, obscurely 
ribbed. Color a yellow ground mostly covered with red, which is quite 
dark in the sun, thickly sprinkled with small light and brown dots. Stalk 
rather short, somewhat slender. Cavity medium, with russet, the rays of 
which sometimes extend out over a portion of the fruit. Calyx small, 



70 



THE APPLE. 



closed. Segments medium, slightly recurved. Basin medium, uneven. 
Flesh yellowish, rather compact, tender, juicy, rich mild, subacid, aro- 
matic. Core small. Yery good. December to April. 

American Golden Pippin. 

Golden Pippin. New York Greening. 

Ribbed Pippin. Newtown Greening. 

Golding. Golden Apple. 

This old Apple is one of our finest American fruits, and seems not 
to be generally known. It has been cultivated more than fifty years, 
and is considered one of the most profitable for orchard culture and mar- 
keting; it is also a superior Apple for family use. Growth strong, 
similar to R. I. Greening, but less drooping, making a round, spreading 
head ; does not bear young, but very productive when a little advanced, 
and a popular fruit where known. Wood dark reddish, downy, with pro- 
minent flattened buds. 

Fruit medium to large; form roundish oblate, inclining to conic, 
obscurely ribbed ; color yellow, sometimes a brownish blush in sun, thinly 




American Golden Pippin. 

sprinkled with gray dots, often slightly netted with thin russet. Stalk 
short, moderately stout. Cavity large, deep. Calyx closed. Segments 
pointed, slightly recurved. Basin broad, open, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
yellowish, breaking juicy, rather coarse, rich, aromatic, subacid. Core 
rather large. Yery good. November to February. 

American Golden Russet. 

Golden Russet. Bullock's Pippin. 
Sheep Nose. Little Pearmain. 

The American Golden Russet is one of the most delicious and tender 



THE APPLE. 



77 



Apples, its flesh resembling more in texture that of a buttery Pear than 
that of an ordinary Apple. It is widely cultivated at the West and 
in New England as the Golden Russet, and though neither handsome nor 
large, is still a universal favorite, from its great productiveness and 
admirable flavor. The uncouth name of Coxe, Sheep-nose, is nearly 
obsolete, except in New Jersey, and we therefore adopt the present one, 
to which it is well entitled. The tree is thrifty, with upright shoots, dull 
reddish grayish brown. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish-ovate, dull yellow, sprinkled with 
a very thin russet. Stalk rather long and slender. Calyx closed, and 
set in a rather narrow basin. Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a 
mild, rich, spicy flavor. Best. October to January. 




American Golden Russet. 



American Nonpareil. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, round, and regular. Fruit medium, 
oblong conic, yellow, streaked with lively red. Flesh white, crisp, juicy. 
August. (Coxe.) 

American Pippin. 
Stone. Grindstone. 

Tree thrifty, spreading, with crooked shoots. Valuable only for its 
late keeping and for cider. 

Fruit of medium size and regular form, oblate, dull red in patches 
and stripes, on a dull green ground. Flesh white, firm, juicy, with a 
somewhat brisk, acid flavor. Good. Keeps till June. 

American Plate. 
Origin unknown. Tree of slow growth, hardy, very productive. 



78 



THE APPLE. 



.Fruit small, roundish, oblate, greenish, with a brown tinge. Flesh 
crisp, juicy, pleasant. December and January. (Ron.) 

American Summer Pearmain. 
Early Summer Pearmain. 

A rich, highly-flavored fruit, much esteemed where it is known. It 
appears to be quite different from the Summer Pearmain (of the English), 
and is probably a seedling raised from it. It ripens gradually from the 
tenth of August to the last of September. Tree moderately vigorous, 
with slender branches, round-headed. Young shoots dull reddish-brown. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong, widest at the crown, and tapering slight- 
ly to the eye. Skin red, spotted with yellow in the shade, but streaked 




American Summer Pearmain. 

with livelier red and yellow on the sunny side. Stalk three-fourths of 
an inch long, and pretty deeply inserted. Eye deeply sunk. Calyx 
closed. Segments short, erect. Basin abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
yellow, remarkably tender, with a rich and pleasant flavor, and often 
bursts in falling from the tree. Quality best. Core medium. 

Ananas. 

Bother Ananas. Bromelia Ananas. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, streaked with bright red in the sun, 
brown spots in shade. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep, open. Calyx 



THE APPLE. 



70 



irregular, open. Basin deep. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, per- 
fumed. Excellent. October. (Al. Pom.) 

Ananas de Liege. 
Calville Ananas de Liege. Lutticher Ananas Calville. 

Originated in Belgium. Tree moderately vigorous, with long, jointed, 
dark-reddish shoots. 

Fruit large, conical, truncated, greenish, with patches of brown or 
brownish russet. Calyx large. Basin deep, abrupt. Stalk short. Cavity 
large and deep. Flesh white, half-fine, firm, a little dry, subacid. Cook- 
ing. January, February. (Yerg.) 

Angle. 

Medium, roundish, yellow, nearly covered with stripes and splashes 
of light and dark red, with white dots. Flesh yellow, tender, sweet and 
good, fair and handsome. Good. First of September. 

Anglo-American. 

Raised by W. H. Read, Canada "West. Tree vigorous and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, marbled, striped and splashed with 
bright red. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a cavity of moderate 
depth. Calyx closed. Segments long, partly recurved. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. Yery good. August, Sep- 
tember. 

Archiduc Antoine. 
Tree upright, vigorous. Young shoots reddish. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow green, dotted with inconspicuous 
small brown dots. Calyx half open. Basin small. Stalk rather long. 
Cavity deep. Flesh whitish yellow, fine, tender, juicy, subacid. Early 
winter. (Yerg.) 

Aromatic Carolina. 

Origin, Pomaria, South Carolina. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, sides unequal, light yellow, slightly 
streaked with pale red. Flesh moderately firm, crisp, pleasant, mild, 
subacid, aromatic. Yery good. August and September. "William 
Sumner says this is exceedingly tender and melting, and in season all 
July. 

Aromatic Russet. 

An English Apple, of vigorous, upright, rather slender growth, hardy 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, truncate conic, greenish, with a thin gray 
russet, and a tinge of dull red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, firm, 
brisk, subacid, aromatic. November, February. (Lind.) 

Ashland. 

Origin, Clermont Co., O. Tree upright, moderate grower, a good and 
annual bearer. 



80 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, approaching conic, truncate, yellowish, striped and 
shaded with carmine, and considerably sprinkled with large light dots. 
Stalk small and short, inserted in a large open cavity surrounded by 
greenish russet. Calyx open, set in a round, abrupt basin. Flesh yel- 
low, tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. Very 
good. January to April. 

Ashmead's Kernel. 

A variety from Gloucestershire, England. Tree hardy and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, roundish, oblate, greenish yellow, with tinge of brown- 
ish orange in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. 
November to May. (Lind.) 

Ashmore. 
Red Ashmore. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young shoots 
dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, form roundish oblate, inclining to conical, generally 
regular ; color whitish yellow, washed or shaded with rich bright red, 
obscurely splashed, moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Skin 
glossy, smooth. Stalk medium ; cavity broad, deep, slightly russeted. 
Calyx small, finely closed. Segments erect. Basin deep, open, slightly 
uneven. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core small. Very- 
good. October, November. 

Striped Ashmore is claimed by some as a distinct variety, differing 
only in its coloring. 

ASTERUS. 
D'Asterus. S trifling d'Hiver. 

An English variety, valuable for cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish, green, with some dull red streaks. Flesh firm, 
rich, subacid or acid. January to April. (Ron.) 

Augustine. 

Large, roundish, conic, yellow, striped with red, sweet and dry. 
August. 

Augustus Pearmain. 

An English variety. Fruit small to medium, roundish conical, 
yellow, with streaks of red, deepest in the sun. Calyx small, closed. 
Stalk short, and having a knobby attachment. Flesh tender, juicy, vinous, 
aromatic. November, December. (Hogg.) 

Aunt Anna. 

Aunt Anna's Seedling. 

Introduced by J ohn Reeder, South Charleston, Ohio. Fruit medium, 
oblate, yellow, finely striped with red. Flesh yellow, tender, rather dry. 
(O. P. S. Rep.) 



THE APPLE. 



81 



Aunt's Apple. 

Origin unknown. Tree small, delicate, very productive. Fruit 
large, oblong, yellow, mostly covered and streaked with a lively red. 
Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, not rich. November. (Coxe.) 

Aunt Hannah. 

Origin, Essex Co., Mass. Tree of slow growth. Fruit medium, 
oblate, nearly globular. Skin golden yellowish, sprinkled with russet. 
Stem short, inserted in a cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx closed. 
Basin very shallow. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, with a rich peculiar 
flavor, slightly musky. Good. December to February. 

Aunt Susan's Favorite. 

Originated from seed, by Mrs. Susan Tippet, in Missouri, about 
twenty-five years since. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous, round open head, 
good and regular bearer. Fruit large, roundish, flattened, light yellow, 
shaded and striped with shades of deep and light red. Stalk short. 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. 
Good. August. (M. S. H. Soc.) 

Austin Sweet. 

Origin, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree irregular spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, sprinkled 
with a few brown dots and patches of russet. Stalk short and small ; 
cavity, wide open, deep, russeted. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. 
Basin abrupt, deep, uneven. Flesh white, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. 
Very good. Core medium. September to December. 

Autumn Golden Pippin. 

An old English variety. Tree vigorous. Fruit small, lemon-yel- 
low, little russeted. Flesh rich, and delicious flavor. (Ron.) 

Autumn Pearmain. 
Winter Pearmain. 

A slow-growing tree, but attains a large size. Branches slender, 
spreading. Fruit of medium size, roundish, narrowing gradually toward 
the eye. Color brownish-yellow, mixed with green on the shaded side, 
but next the sun reddish, blended with yellow, streaked with deeper red, 
and sprinkled with numerous small brown specks. Stalk short, obliquely 
planted under a fleshy lip. Calyx small, set in a broad shallow basin, 
which is sometimes scarcely at all sunk, and obscurely plaited. Flesh 
pale yellow, crisp, firm, a little dry, but rich and high flavored. Core 
rather small. Quality very good. October to March. 

Autumn Romanite. 

Originated on the farm of Jacob Nicely, Cumberland Co., Pa. Fruit 
medium, round, somewhat flattened, beautiful red. Flesh yellow, plea- 
sant. September. (A. Pom. S. Rep.) 

6 



82 



THE APPLE. 



Autumn Rose. 

Roseau d'Automne. 

An old English variety. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, 
red on bright rich yellow, russet at the stem. Flesh yellow, rich, 
juicy, tender, high flavored. September. (Coxe.) 

Autumnal Swaar. 

Fall Swaar of West. 

Origin unknown. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Fruit large, 
roundish, conic, orange-yellow, netted with russet, and sprinkled with star- 
shaped dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad, deep, slightly russeted. 
Calyx small and closed. Basin deep, abrupt, and corrugated. Flesh yel- 
low, juicy, tender, with a pleasant, rich, mild, slightly aromatic sub- 
acid flavor. Core small. Very good. September. 

Autumn Sweet Bough. 

Late Bough. Sweet Bellflower. 

Fall Bough. Philadelphia Sweet. 

White Sugar ? 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, round-headed, very pro- 
ductive. One of the very best dessert sweet Apples of its season. 
Fruit medium, conical, angular, smooth, pale yellow, sprinkled with a 
few brown dots. Stalk of medium length, rather slender, inserted in a 
deep narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Segments long. Basin deep, corru- 
gated. Flesh white, very tender, with a sweet, refreshing, vinous flavor. 
Very good. Last of August to first of October. 

Autumnal Sweet Swaar. 

Sweet Swaar. Sweet Golden Pippin. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit 
medium, oblate, inclining to conic, deep yellow, with occasional blush 
in sun. Stalk rather long, slender. Cavity broad and even. Calyx 
closed. Basin round, open, corrugated. Flesh yellow, tender, mode- 
rately juicy, rich and sweet. Core medium. Very good. September, 
October. 

Autumn Seek-no-farther. 
Dr. Watson. 

Origin unknown. A variety considerably grown in Indiana, where 
it is much esteemed. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. 
Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal. Color greenish-white, 
shaded, and splashed in the sun with dull crimson. Stalk of medium 
length. Cavity broad, uneven. Calyx open. Basin large, rather deep. 
Flesh whitish-yellow, rather firm, juicy, rich, subacid. Core medium. 
Veiy good. September, October. 



THE APPLE. 



83 



AVERILL. 
Wolf's Den. 

Origin, Pomfret, Conn. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit rather 
large, irregularly conic, angular, greenish yellow, striped and shaded 
with red. Stem short and stout, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in a very shallow slightly furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, 
tender, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. February to 
June. 

Baccolinus. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit small, 
roundish to roundish oblong, whitish, shaded and splashed with light and 
dark red. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, vinous. Core small. Good. 
J anuary to April. 

Bachelor's Blush. 

Origin unknown. An annual moderate bearer. Fruit rather large, 
form oblate depressed, often obscurely ribbed, color yellowish with blush 
in sun, sprinkled with a few light and gray dots. Stalk very short. 
Cavity large, deep. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin medium, un- 
even. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Core small. 
Very good. August and September. 

Bachelor's Glory. 

An English variety. Fruit large, roundish, irregularly ribbed, golden 
yellow with crimson stripes. Calyx closed. Segments flat. Stalk medium. 
Cavity deep, funnel-shaped. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant. Oc- 
tober, November. (Hogg.) 

Backhouse's Lord Nelson. 
Origin, York, England. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellowish with dull green shade. Flesh 
tender. Good. December to January. (Ron.) 

Baddow Pippin. 

Ribston Pippin, Spring. 

An English dessert Apple, valued for its keeping properties. Fruit 
medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellowish green, with dull red in the 
sun. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, firm, crisp, rich 
vinous. Good. April to May. 

Bailey's Golden. 

Origin, Kennebec Co., Maine. Tree productive. Fruit large, oblong, 
flattened at base and crown, yellowish, slightly russeted, with a warm 
cheek. Stalk short, surrounded by russet in a broad deep cavity. Calyx 
large and open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, with a pleasant subacid 
flavor. Good. January to March. 



84 



THE APPLE. 



Bailey's Spice. 

Origin, Plattsburg, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous and productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish conical, light yellow, sometimes a faint blush. 
Stalk rather long, slender. Cavity rather deep. Calyx closed. Basm 
abrupt, corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, lively subacid, slightly 
aromatic. Core large. Nearly very good. September and October. 

Bailey's Sweet. 
Edgerly's Sweet. Howard's Sweet. Paterson's Sweet. 

Origin unknown, introduced by J. Edgerly of Perry, Wyoming Co., 
N. Y. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive. 

This variety is regarded as profitable for all purposes, although per- 
haps a little too tender skin for shipping long distances. Fruit large, 
form roundish conical, often approaching oblong, obscurely ribbed, color 
yellowish, mostly shaded and obscurely striped with red, and thickly 
sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short and rather small, inserted m a 
narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a narrow irregular basin. 
Flesh white, tender, not very juicy, almost melting, with a honeyed sweet 
flavor. Core rather large. Very good. November to March. 

Baker. 
Scott. 

Origin, Ridgefield, Ct. Tree vigorous, spreading, abundant bearer, 
young wood reddish brown, with prominent round buds. In its native 
locality this Apple is highly esteemed both for market and cooking pur- 
poses. . „ . , _ 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, mostly 
shaded and splashed with shades of crimson. Stalk short, moderately 
stout. Cavity regular, medium. Calyx closed. Segments slightly recurved. 
Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, often 
tinged with crimson near the skin, pleasant subacid. Very good. Core 
small. October to February. 

Baker's Sweet. 
Winter Golden Sweet. Long Stem Sweet. Late Golden Sweet. 

An old fruit of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and much cultivated 
there. Tree moderately vigorous, slender, somewhat resembling Jonathan. 
Wood clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, of a golden yellow color, with some patches 
of russet. Stalk long, inserted in a large smooth cavity. Calyx closed. 
Bather large basin. Flesh yellow, rich, exceedingly saccharine and plea- 
sant. Good to very good. November, December. 

Balm. 

Origin, Vermont. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, oblate conical, yellowish, mostly 
covered with red. Stalk slender. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately 
juicy, mild, pleasant. Good. October. 



THE APPLE. 



85 



Baldwin. 

Woodpecker. Pecker. Steele's Bed "Winter. 

Felch ? Red Baldwin. Butters. 

The Baldwin stands at the head of all New England Apples, and is 
unquestionably a first-rate fruit in all respects. It is a native of Massa- 
chusetts, and is more largely cultivated for the Boston market than any 
other sort. It bears most abundantly with us, and we have had the 
satisfaction of raising larger, more beautiful, and highly flavored speci- 
mens here than we ever saw in its native region. The Baldwin in flavor 
and general characteristics evidently belongs to the same family as our 
Esopus Spitzenberg, and deserves its extensive popularity. 

Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Young shoots dull 
reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish, and narrowing a little to the eye. Color yellow 
in the shade, but nearly covered and striped with crimson, red, and. 
orange in the sun, dotted with a few russet dots, and with radiating 
streaks of russet about the stalk. Calyx closed, and set in a rather narrow 
plaited basin. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender 
for so large a fruit, planted in an even, moderately deep cavity. Flesh 




Baldwin. 



yellowish white, crisp, with that agreeable mingling of the saccharine and 
acid which constitutes a rich, high flavor. Yery good. The tree is a 
vigorous upright grower, and bears most abundantly. Bipe from No- 
vember to March, but with us is in perfection in January.* 

* The Baldwin, like nearly all other varieties of winter fruits, originated in the 
Northern and Eastern States ; when grown in Southern latitudes they become 



86 



THE APPLE. 



Baldwin Sweet. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, yellow, striped and shaded with red. 
Flesh yellow, rather compact, sweet and good. Productive. October, 
J anuary. 

Baltimoke. 

Cable's Gilliflower. Baltimore Pippin. Royal Pippin 

Origin unknown. Tree healthy, hardy, moderately vigorous, making a 
round head that when loaded with fruit appears almost drooping. Young 
shoots slender, dull reddish brown. A profitable variety for market or 
table use. 



Baltimore. 



Fruit medium. Form roundish, conical, regular. Color pale yellow, 
shaded with light red, striped and splashed with dark red, almost pur- 
plish, having a grayish appearance of bloom, large light dots, with a 
dark centre. Stalk short. Cavity medium size, rather thinly russeted. 
Calyx small, closed. Segments drawn to a point. Basin shallow, nearly 
smooth. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core medium. 
Yery good. December to April. 

An apple received from Maryland as Baltimore proves identical with 
Fallawater. 

Baltimore Greening. 

Origin unknown. Specimens received from John Edgerton, Coal 
Creek, Iowa. 

Fruit large, globular flattened, greenish yellow, with a brownish 

autumn or early winter sorts, and lose more or less of their sprightliness and good 
qualities as table fruits. On the other hand, the summer-ripening varieties, origi- 
nating North, are greatly improved when grown at the South. 



THE APPLE. 



87 



blush cheek in sun, some slight stripes of russet, and a few small raised 
gray dots. Stem short. Cavity broad, open, and deep. Calyx closed, or 
nearly so. Basin open, deep, slightly furrowed at base. Flesh yellow- 
ish, rather coarse, tender, mild, subacid. Yery good. Core medium. 
December. (Elliott's Notes.) 

Baltzby 

From Virginia. Tree spreading, productive. Fruit large, oblate, 
yellowish white, with a faint blush ; dots scattered, small, white. Flesh 
white, firm, somewhat tough, juicy, almost sweet. Good. October. 



Bar. 

A large, fair apple, slightly tinged with red next the sun. Flesh 
white, juicy, sweet, and agreeable. Good. An early fall fruit, and 
keeps well through the winter. 

Barbour. 

Originated with J. Barbour, Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit medium 
roundish, oblate, inclining to conical, mottled, and striped with red of 
different hues on a grayish ground, with numerous gray specks. Flesh 
yellowish, white, tender, juicy, flavor pleasant. Quality very good. (Pa. 
Rep.) 

Barcelona Pearmain. 

Speckled Golden Reinette. Speckled Pearmain 

Polinia Pearmain Reinette Rousse. 

Reinette Rouge. Reinette des Carmes. 

Glace Rouge. ' Cassel Reinette. 
KLeine Casseler Reinette. 

A foreign variety of uncertain origin, which from its good qualities 
there, has evidently been widely grown under many names. Tree hardy 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, pale yellow, mostly covered with 
red, and many star-like russet specks. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, 
rich, aromatic, subacid. November to March. 



Barchard's Seedling. 

An English variety, valuable for kitchen use. Fruit medium, round- 
ish oblate, yellow striped with red. Flesh white, sugary. October. 
(L. H. S.) 

Barnham's Sweet 

Origin, Connecticut. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, rough, 
russet. Flesh yellowish, rather dry, rich, sweet. Good for baking. 
November, December. 

Barnhilt. 

American, small, conical, yellow, striped with red. Flesh white, 
tough, dry. October, November. 



88 



THE APPLE. 



Bark Apple 

Originated with the Messrs. Ronalds, England, and there regarded val- 
uable for culinary use. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, 
blush in sun, some russet. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy acid. November to 
February. (Hogg.) 

Barre. 
Colville Barre. 

Origin unknown. Introduced from Angers in 1848. Fruit large, 
roundish conical, yellow, with spots or patches of greenish. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, juicy, acid. December. (An. Tom.) 

Barrett. 

Origin, Kensington, Conn. Fruit medium to large, conic, yellow, 
striped and splashed with carmine. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, with 
a very pleasant vinous aromatic flavor, almost sweet. Good. Janu- 
ary to March. 

Bars. 

Origin, Rhode Island. Fruit rather large, round, pale yellow, mar- 
bled, and nearly covered with red and a few russet spots. Stalk 
long, slender. Cavity small. Calyx closed. Segment slightly recurv- 
ed. Basin medium, furrowed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, sub- 
acid. Core small. Yery good. September. 

Bartlett. 

Origin unknown. Fruit large, roundish, ribbed, striped and splashed 
with bright red on yellow. Flesh whitish, mild subacid. Good. (Count. 
Gent.) 

Barton. 

Originated with Michael Aikman, in the township of Barton, C. W. 
Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, light yellow, with light red cheek. 
Stalk short. Cavity even. Calyx small, regular. Basin medium. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core small. Very 
good. September October. A new variety promising of value for des- 
sert. (Tat. Mss.) 

Barton's Incomparable. 

An English variety, regarded abroad as of the highest excellence for 
the desser t. Tree healthy and productive. Fruit below medium, round- 
ish conical, five ribbed, yellowish green, with patches and specks of 
russet, orange in sun. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sprightly, vi- 
nous. October to February. (Hogg.) 

Bauman's Reinette. 
Reinette Bauman. 

Of Flemish origin, introduced and named by Yan Mons. Fruit me- 
dium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with numerous distinct brown 
dots. Flesh yellowish white, fine, firm, sugary, perfumed. January. 
(L.H. S.) 



THE APPLE. 



89 



Baxter's Pearmain. 

From Norfolk, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit 
large, roundish, elongated conical, pale green, with shades and streaks 
of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, brisk, sprightly subacid. Val- 
uable for all purposes. November to March. (Hogg.) 

Beachemwell Seedling. 

Motteux's Seedling. 

From Norfolk, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit 
below medium, roundish, yellowish, with faint stripes and splashes of 
red, brown patches. Calyx and stalk prominent. Flesh yellowish white, 
tender, brisk, subacid. December to March. (Ron.) 

Beadell. 
Hanover Seedling. 

Originated on the farm of Edward Beadell, "Westchester Co., N. Y. 
Tree strong, vigorous, spreading, good bearer. Fruit resembles the Mc- 
Lellan in form, color, size, and similar in flavor. Good to very good. 
Ripe in October. 

Bean Sweet. 

Originally sent out by Judge Buel. Fruit medium, oblong rounded, 
nearly white. Flesh crisp, juicy. October to March. Baking. (Elliott.) 

Bear Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, sha- 
ded and splashed with red. Flesh mo derately tender, juicy, pleasant, 
sweet. Good for cooking. November. 

Beau. 

Distributed by Judge Buel. Fruit large, roundish, oblate, yellowish 
green, with blush in sun, and white dots. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, acid. 
August to October. Culinary. (Ken.) 

Beauty of Kent. 

A showy English sort for culinary uses. The tree grows very strong 
and upright, moderately productive. 

Fruit very large, roundish, but flat at the base, and narrowing dis- 
tinctly to the eye, where it is slightly ribbed, smooth, greenish-yellow, 
marked with large, broken stripes of purplish red. Stalk short, slender, 
deeply planted in a round, russeted, corrugated cavity. Calyx small, set 
in a narrow basin. Flesh juicy, crisp, tender, with a simple subacid 
flavor. Good. October and November. 

Beauty of the West. 

Western Beauty. Ohio Beauty. 

Musgrove's Cooper. 

Origin unknown. First sent out and noticed by Judge Buel some 



90 



THE APPLE. 



thirty or more years since, and yet but little known. The tree is a 
strong, vigorous grower, forming a large spreading head, moderately 
productive. Young wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, conical, greenish yellow, nearly covered 
with pale dull red, striped with a darker shade, and dotted with large 
yellow specks. Stalk short. Calyx large, half open. Flesh greenish- 
white, not firm, tender, mild, subacid. Good. November to February. 

Bedfordshire Foundling. 
Cambridge Pippin. 

A large green English Apple, excellent for kitchen use. Fruit large, 
roundish, obscurely ribbed, deep green, paler at maturity. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, acid flavor. Good. October to 
February. 

Beefsteak. 
Garden Apple of some, incorrectly. 

Origin, farm of Joel Davis, Amesbury, Mass. Habits similar to 
Baldwin, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conical. Sides sometimes une- 
qual. Skin whitish-yellow, shaded and splashed with light and dark 
red over two-thirds its surface, large areole dots. Stalk medium and 
slender, often with bracts. Cavity rather large, slightly russeted. Calyx 
closed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin medium, nearly smooth. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender, j uicy, mild, subacid. Core medium. Very 
good. October, November. 

Beeler's Russet. 

Origin unknown. Fruit medium to small, round, truncated, rus- 
seted. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Novem- 
ber, December. (Warder.) 

Belden or Bed Cheek 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, moderately productive. 
Fruit large, roundish, conic, greenish-yellow, with patches of russet, 
sometimes a little bronzed cheek. Flesh yellow, crisp, subacid, pleas- 
ant. Good. October, February. 

Belden Sweet. 

Grown in Connecticut, very prolific. Fruit medium, or below, 
roundish conic, light yellow, with a warm cheek. Stalk medium, in an 
acute, deep cavity. Calyx closed, in a small basin. Flesh white, ten- 
der, juicy, saccharine, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor. Core large. 
Good. December to March. 

Belle Bonde. 
Billy Bond. Belly Bounder. 

This variety is somewhat grown in Central New York, and claimed 
as having originated in France, in 1790, and brought there by one John 



THE APPLE. 



91 



Deidens. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, or above, 
roundish conical, pale-yellow, striped and splashed with red, and with 
large light dots. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, tender, brisk, subacid. 
Good for cooking. January and February. 

Belle Bonne. 

Winter Belle boon. Winter Belle and Bonne. Eolland. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, greenish-yellow, with a few reddish 
streaks in the sun. Flesh firm, juicy. October to January. Culinary. 
(Hogg.) 

An old variety, first described by Parkinson, in 1629, and which 
is probably identical with the Belle et Bonne above described. 

Belle d'Angers. 

Origin in doubt. Fruit large, roundish conical, pale-yellow, splashed 
and shaded with dull red. Flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, brisk, subacid, 
aromatic. Core medium. Very good. October. 

Belledge. 
Belledge Pippin. 

Origin, Derbyshire, England. A dessert and culinary apple. Fruit 
below medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, tinged with pale brown 
in sun, many embedded gray dots. Flesh firm, crisp, pleasant, aromatic, 
acid. October, December. (Lind.) 

Belle et Bonne. 
Tenon Hills. 

A large, fine apple, having a great reputation in the vicinity of 
Hartford, Conn., a vigorous grower and productive. Shoots dull red- 
dish brown. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, golden yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with small dots. Stalk short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, sur- 
rounded by thin russet. Calyx closed. Basin moderate and uneven. 
Flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, with a pleasant, rather rich, subacid 
flavor. Good. A profitable variety for market. October to March. 

Belle Guideline. 
Belle Grisdeline. 

An old variety, originated at Norwich, England. Tree healthy, 
vigorous. Good bearer. Fruit medium, round, regular, yellow, mar- 
bled, and washed with lively red, gray russet in sun. Flesh white, 
crisp, brisk, subacid. November to March. (Hogg.) 

Bellflower Pippin. 

Originated with Joseph Curtis, Edgar Co., 111. Tree resembles Yel- 
low Bellflower, but more slender in its branches. 



92 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, or above, oblate, orange-yellow, sometimes shaded 
with crimson in the sun, thinly sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh yel- 
lowish, crisp, tender, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Core small. Very 
good. December, January. 

Belmont 

Gate. White Apple. 

Mamma Beam. Waxen of some. 

Golden Pippin of some. Kelley White. 

Origin, near Strasburgh, Lancaster Co., Pa., in the garden of Mrs. 
Beam, at her gate, hence the names " Gate Apple," and " Mamma 
Beam." It was taken to Ohio by Jacob Neisley, Sen., and became 




Belmont. 



very popular in Belmont Co., and we retain this name as being the 
most universal one. Tree vigorous, healthy, and very productive. 
Wood smooth, light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium to large, globular, a little flattened and narrower 
towards the eye, sometimes oblong. Color light, waxen-yellow, often 
with a bright vermilion cheek. Stalk short. Cavity generally large. 
Calyx usually closed. Basin rather deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, sometimes almost melting, of a mild agreeable 
flavor. Very good. November to February. 

Belpee Keeper. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, pale greenish- white, some shades of 
crimson in sun. Flesh greenish, crisp, tender, pleasant, subacid. 
Good. January to March. 



THE APPLE. 



93 



Belvoir Pippin. 

Of English origin. Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow with 
crimson in sun, russet at the stalk. Flesh pale yellow, firm, crisp, 
rich brisk acid. November, December. (Lind.) 

Belzer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow striped with red. Flesh white, 
fine, sub-acid. Good. Middle August. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Ben Davis. 

New York Pippin. Baltimore Red. 
Victoria Pippin. do. Pippin. 

Victoria Red. do. Red Streak. 

Red Pippin. Carolina Red Streak. 

Kentucky Pippin. Funkhouser. 

The origin of this apple is unknown. J. S. Downer of Kentucky 
writes that old trees are there found from which suckers are taken in 
way of propagating. The tree is very hardy, a free grower, with very 




Ben. Davis. 



dark reddish brown, slightly grayish young wood, forming an erect 
round head, bearing early and abundantly. In quality it is not first- 
rate, but from its early productiveness, habit of blooming late in Spring 
after late frosts, good size, fair even fruit, keeping and carrying well, it 
is very popular in all the Southwest and West. 

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish, truncated conical, often 
sides unequal. Color yellowish, almost entirely overspread, splashed, 
and striped with two shades of red, and dotted sparsely with areole 
dots. Stalk medium, rather slender. Cavity narrow, deep, russeted. 



94 



THE APPLE. 



Calyx partially open. Basin wide, abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, subacid. Core medium to 
large. Good to very good. December to March. 

Bexxet. 

Origin, Herefordshire, England, where it is valued for cider. Fruit 
medium, elongated, oblong, conical, dingy russet gray, orange, and 
muddy red. (Lind.) 

Bexoni. 

This excellent early apple is a native of Dedham, Mass. The tree 
is of vigorous, upright, spreading habit ; hardy and productive ; light 
reddish brown. It is a valuable variety for market or table use. 




Benoui, 

Fruit rather below medium size. Form roundish oblate conical. 
Color pale yellow, shaded, striped, and marbled with dark crimson, and 
thinly sprinkled with bright dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity deep rus- 
seted. Calyx closed. Segments persistent, sometimes a little recurved. 
Basin abrupt, quite deep, somewhat uneven. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, 
pleasant, subacid. Core small. Yery good. August. 

Bextley's Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Supposed Virginia. Tree moderately vigorous, 
hardy, good bearer and keeper, valuable in the Southwest in rich soils. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at ends, sometimes slightly oblique, 
and sometimes sides unequal, pale yellowish green, shaded with pale 
red and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk long, 
slender, curved. Cavity smooth, deep. Calyx large, closed, or partially 
open. Segments medium length, erect, sometimes a little recurved. 
Basin large, deep, corrugated. Flesh fine, whitish, compact, sweet, some- 
what honeyed flavor. Core small. Yery good. January to May. 



THE APPLE. 



95 



Benwell's Pearmain. 

An English variety. Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull green, 
with stripe of red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, aromatic. 
December, January. (Hogg.) 




Bentley's Sweet. 



Bere Court Pippin. 

Origin, Berkshire, England. Fruit medium round, slightly oblate, 
yellowish with stripes of red in sun. Flesh crisp, juicy, brisk, acid. 
September and October. (Hogg.) 

Bergner. 

Originated with G-. Bergner, near Hermann, Mo. Tree a rapid 
grower, with strong branches, somewhat drooping ; hardy and an abund- 
ant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Color a rich yellow ground, mostly 
covered, striped and splashed with shades of maroon red, with some 
yellow gray or russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity open, regular, deep. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, deep, slightly plaited at base. Core 
small. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, quince-like. Yery 
good. February to April. 

Bess, Pool. 
Best Pool. 

Origin, Warwickshire, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. 



96 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit above medium, roundish, conical, regular, yellow, washed and 
striped with clear red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, subacid. The 
stem almost always has a fleshy protuberance on one side. November 
to March. (Hogg.) 

Best Bache. 
Bache's Kernel. 

Origin, Herefordshire, England, where it is grown mostly for cider- 
making. Fruit medium, oblong, yellow, shaded and streaked with pale 
red. (Hogg.) 

Betsey. 

An English variety, there regarded as a valuable dessert Apple. Fruit 
small, roundish oblate, conical; pale yellow with brownish russet in 
sun. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy, rich, and sugary. November 
to January. (Hogg.) 

Betsy's Fancy. 

Origin unknown. A free grower, rather spreading, good bearer. 

Fruit scarcely medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded with dull red. 
Stem short, inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow 
and uneven. Flesh compact, tender, pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. 
Good to very good. December to March. 




Bethlemite. 



Bethlemite. 

The origin of this fine apple is unknown. It was first brought to 
notice from the town of Bethlehem, in Ohio, and is undoubtedly a seed- 
ling of the Newtown Spitzenberg, which it much resembles. Tree au 



THE APPLE. 97 



upright, strong, stocky, short-jointed grower, with young shoots, dull 
reddish brown, quite downy. A productive bearer, the fruit keeping 
and carrying well ; very valuable for all purposes. 

Fruit, medium, oblate, inclining to conical, regular. Color pale yel- 
low, striped, shaded and splashed with shades of light and dark red nearly 
over the whole surface, thin grayish tinge, and pretty thickly sprinkled 
with light and brown dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity large, 
considerably russeted. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments large 
and generally erect. Basin large, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, com- 
pact, crisp, juicy, rich, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Yery 
good. December to March. 

Better than Good. 

Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, but rather slender, very productive. 
Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow, with a few brown dots. Stalk short, 
inserted in a broad cavity. Calyx closed. Basin large and open. Flesh 
yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good 
to very good. November to January. 

Sevan's Favorite. 

Origin, Salem, New Jersey, where it is a favorite. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, yellow, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh white, firm, crisp, subacid. Good. August.. 

Bigg's Nonsuch. 

Origin, Middlesex, England. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit me- 
dium, round, broadest at base, yellow, striped with bright crimson. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy. Culinary use. October to December.. 
(Hogg.) 

Billy Barker. 

Originated on the farm of Wm. Barker, Wake Co., N. C. Tree up- 
right grower and good bearer. Fruit large, green, oval, elongated. Flesh: 
yellowish, juicy, tender, brisk, vinous. August. (Gar. Mon.) 

Billy's Pippin. 

Fruit large, round ovate, smooth, shaded and indistinctly striped; 
with rich red on yellow. Flesh subacid. Yery good. (Coun. Gent.) 

Birmingham. 

Of moderate growth, productive. Fruit medium, obliquely oblate,, 
yellow, sprinkled with a few whitish dots. Stalk long, slender, in a broad, 
deep cavity. Calyx closed, in a large corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish,, 
tender, rather acid, good for cooking. September. 




Birmingham Pippin. 
Gramas Pippin. Stone Pippin. 

Brummage Pippin. Grummage Pippin, 

Tree of small growth, with short, stout shoots, productive. Fruit 
tall, roundish flattened, dingy yellow, with gray russet, especially 

7 



THE APPLE. 



russeted at base. Flesh greenish, crisp, juicy, brisk, pleasant. January 
to June. (Lind.) 

Bischoff's Eeinette. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, lemon yellow, with marblings of 
russet. Flesh whitish-yellow, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic. Novem- 
ber to March. (Hogg.) 

Bishop's Bourne. 

Received from C. C. Hamilton, Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. Fruit me- 
dium, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded, and obscurely splashed 
and striped on the sunny side, few gray and light dots. Stalk medium, 
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx partially closed. Segments 
long, erect. Basin abrupt, deep, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
juicy, mild, subacid, slightly aromatic. Yery good. Core small. No- 
vember, December. 

Black Coal. 

Welcome. Baltimore Red. Baltimore Red Streak. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit rather large, 
roundish, deep red, almost black, with a slight bloom, and many white dots. 
Flesh white, slightly tinged with red, crisp, agreeable, moderately juicy. 
Good. Core medium. November to February. 

Black Oxford. 

Originated in Maine, where it is by many highly esteemed, especially 
as a good keeper and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, nearly covered 
with shades of red, numerous light-colored dots. Flesh whitish, com- 
pact, not very juicy, mild subacid. Good. March to May. 

Black Jack. 

Received from W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Fruit medium, oblate, slight- 
ly conic, yellowish, mostly overspread with dark rich red, few light 
gray dots. Flesh whitish-yellow, rather dry, rich, sweet; Good for 
baking. January, February. 

Black Warrior. 

Origin, Alabama. Fruit medium or small, roundish, inclim* ng to 
conic, regular, greenish, with a few brown dots. Flesh whitish, moderate- 
ly juicy, rather firm, subacid, good. Core small. November, December. 

Blackstone Yalley Sweet. 

Originated in Massachusetts. Tree productive. Fruit medium, oblate, 
often depressed, inclining to conic, greenish-yellow, some nettings of 
russet, gray and green dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, sweet, and rich. 
Good for cooking. August. Core small. 



THE APPLE. 



99 



Black Annette. 

An old variety, considerably grown in some parts of the Eastern States. 
Tree a good bearer. Fruit medium, small, roun dish, dark red. Flesh white, 
tender, negative in character, pleasant. Good. November, December. 

Black Apple. 
Small Black. Jersey Black. Black American. 

An old variety, described and put out by Coxe, and now found in many 
sections. The trees are healthy, moderate growers, forming medium-sized, 
spreading round heads, with drooping limbs. It is a pleasant table fruit, 
although not of high or rich flavor. 

Fruit medium. Form roundish oblate, deep red, with a bloom. Flesh 
white, sometimes slightly stained with pinkish red. Good. November 
to February. 

Black Gilliflower. 

Medium size, oblong conical. Skin very dark, dull red. Flesh white, 
dry, mild, subacid. Good. November to February. Yery productive, 
and some call it a profitable market fruit. 

Bland's Jubilee. 

Originated in Norwich, England. Fruit large, round, slightly conical, 
obscurely ribbed, clear yellow, with many large russet dots or patches, 
and russet at the calyx. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, 
perfumed. October to January. (Hogg.) 

Blake. 

Originated in Westbrook, Cumberland Co., Maine. Fruit medium 
to large, roundish, greenish yellow, quite yellow at maturity. Flesh 
firm, fine, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. October to January. (Me. Rep.) 

Blakely. 

Origin, Pawlet, Vermont, on the farm of Mr. Blakely. Vigorous, up 
right growth, regular bearer. 

Fruit large, regularly oblate, slightly conic, yellow, with a sunny cheek 
thinly sprinkled with reddish dots. Stalk small and short, inserted in £ 
broad cavity of moderate depth. Calyx nearly closed. Basin small and 
shallow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. 
Good. January, March. 

Bleckensderfer. 

Originated at Zoar, Ohio. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, 
yellow, shaded and splashed with two shades of red or crimson. Flesh 
white, rather firm, tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly good. November 
to February. 

Bledsoe Pippin. 

Baised by John Bledsoe, of Carroll Co., Kentucky. Growth moderate, 
rather spreading, productive, a promising winter Apple for the South. 



100 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit very large, regular, roundish, flattened at the base, taper- 
ing to the apex, greenish yellow, very obscurely striped. Stalk short. 
Cavity deep, slightly russeted. Calyx partly closed, in a somewhat fur- 
rowed basin. Flesh white, fine texture, crisp, juicy, with a mild, pleasant 
subacid flavor. Good. December to April. (Ky. Hort. Soc.) 

Blenheim Pippin. 

Blenheim. Blenheim Orange. Woodstock Pippin. 

Northwick Pippin. Kempster's Pippin. 

An old variety, originated at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, England. 
Tree a strong and vigorous grower, a regular and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, conical, yellowish, becoming deep orange, 
stained on the sunny side with dull and dark red stripes. Stalk short and 
stout, in a deep cavity. Calyx large, open, in a deep broad basin. Flesh 
yellow, breaking, very sweet, pleasant. Good. October, December. 

Blinkbonny. 

Blinkbonny Seedling. 

Raised by Cleghorn, Montreal, Canada. Tree vigorous, upright 

spreading, very productive. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, 
pale whitish yellow. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
rather firm, pleasant, subacid. Core small. Good. September. 

Blockley. 
Blockley Pippin. 

Origin, near Philadelphia. Growth upright, moderate, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish oblate. Color fine yellow, sometimes 
with a faint blush, thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, rather 
stout, inserted in a deep russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a 
broad, deep, corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, compact, rich, sprightly, 
mild subacid. Good. November to January. 

Blondin. 

Originated with Reuben Ragan, Indiana. Fruit very large, oblate, 
unequal, greenish yellow, splashed and striped with red, dots large gray. 
Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy. October, November. (Warder.) 

Blooming Orange. 

Under this name W. G. Waring, of Centre Co., Pa., has introduced 
an Apple said to have been brought from Herefordshire, England. 
We have been unable, from the few specimens examined, to identify 
it with any known sort. Tree vigorous, with strong, smooth shoots, 
resembling the Rhode Island Greening in color, but of upright growth. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, strip- 
ed, splashed, and shaded with dull red, with large whitish and gray 
dots. Flesh white, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core 
medium. November and December. This may yet prove to be some 
known kind but as we have not fruited it ourself, cannot decide. 



THE APPLE. 



101 



Blue Mountain. 
Trout Apple or Forelle. Blauberger. 
Introduced by W. G. Waring. Tree hardy, moderate grower, form- 
ing a small round head. Young shoots, slender, dark brown. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, whitish, with broken splashes and 
stripes of light red, dotted with few gray dots. Stalk rather short. 
Calyx small and closed. Basin medium, corrugated. Flesh white, 
crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Core large. Good to very good. Novem- 
ber to February. 

Blue Mountain Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, with a 
shade of brown. Flesh fine-grained, solid, sweet. Yery good. (Count. 
Gent.) 

Blue Pearmain. 

Fruit of the largest size, roundish, regularly formed, very slightly 
conical. Color stripes of dark purplish-red, over a dull ground, and 
appearing bluish from the white bloom. Flesh yellowish, mild, rather 
rich, aromatic, and very good. The tree grows strongly, and bears mode- 
rate crops. October to February. 

Bluff Sweet. 
From the banks of the White River. 

Fruit medium to small, round, regular, smooth, green. Flesh green- 
ish white, sweet. Good. July. (Warder.) 

Boas. 
Kelter. 

A Pennsylvania Apple, introduced by Rev. Mr. Boas, of Berks 
Co. Tree a strong grower and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded and 
indistinctly splashed and striped with crimson over most of its surface. 
Stalk short and stout. Cavity medium. Calyx closed or partly open. 
Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish yellow, fine-grained, juicy, 
pleasant, brisk subacid. Core small. Yery good. January to March. 

Boalsburg. 

A seedling of Centre Co., Pa. Large, oblong, inclining to conical, 
delicately mottled, and striped with red on a yellow ground. Stem 
short, thick, inserted in a deep acuminate russeted cavity. Basin 
deep, moderately wide. Flesh yellow, juicy, sprightly. Good. February. 

BOHANNAN. 
Buchanan. 

A Southern fruit introduced by Lewis Sanders, of Kentucky. Tree 
upright spreading, young shoots, light reddish brown. Good regular 
bearer. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, approaching conic, fine yellow, 
with a bright crimson cheek in the sun. Stalk slender, inserted in a round, 



102 



THE APPLE. 



uneven, slightly russeted cavity. Calyx closed in a narrow abrupt basin. 
Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a fine spicy subacid flavor. Core 
large. Good culinary. September, August. 

Bonum. 
Magnum Bonum. 

Raised by Squire Kinney, Davidson Co., N". C. Tree upright spread- 
ing, hardy and vigorous, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots, 
smooth reddish gray. 




Bonum. 



Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with deep crimson, and 
indistinct stripes and splashes of dark red, rather thinly sprinkled with 
pretty large light dots, a portion of them having a dark centre. Stalk 
long and slender. Cavity medium to large, often with a little green 
russet. Calyx closed. Segments rather long and sometimes recurved. 
Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, often stained next the 
skin, firm, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid. Core small. Yery good. 
November to December. 



Boeden's Early. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conical, yellow, striped, and splashed 
with two shades of red. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild subacid. 
Core large. Good. A desirable cooking apple. 

Borovitsky. 

A Russian Apple of medium size, roundish, angular. Skin pale 
whitish yellow, faintly striped. Flesh white, firm, subacid. August. 

There may be a distinct variety under this name, but, so far as re- 
ceived by me, it has proved to be identical with Duchess of Oldenburg. 



THE APPLE. 103 



BORSDORFFER. 

Bursdorff. King George the Third. 

Queen's. Reinette Bdtarde. 

Edler Winter Borsdorff er. Bursdorffer. 

Garret Pippin. King. 

Le Grand Bohemian Borsdorffer. Reinette de Misnie. 

A small celebrated German Apple. 

Fruit roundish oval, narrowing at the eye. Skin pale yellow, with 
a full red cheek, sprinkled with a little russet. Flesh yellowish white, 
very firm and crisp, with a rich, brisk, perfumed flavor. November to 
February. 



Borsdorf Ognon. 
Reinette Plate. Zweibel Apfel. 

Of German origin. Tree with short, stocky, yellowish-brown shoots, 
regular roundish head. 

Fruit small, greenish yellow, with large, distinct gray spots. Flesh 
white, firm, subacid, perfumed, rich flavor. Winter. (Verg.) 

Bonne Virginie. 

A Belgian variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base, glossy greenish yellow, 
with red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, sugary, slightly acid, agreeably 
perfumed. October. (Alb. Pom.) 

Bossom. 

Originated at Petworth, England. 

Fruit large, conical, pale greenish yellow, very much russeted, and 
with bright red on sunny side. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, sugary, 
subacid. Valuable as a cooking-apple. November to March. (Lind.) 



BOTIGNE. 

De Boutigne. 

Of Belgic origin. Tree vigorous, upright, with large reddish-brown 
shoots, downy at the end. 

Fruit rather large, oblong conical, yellow, washed over with car- 
mine red, and marbled with spots of gray and black. Flesh yellowish, 
firm, very juicy, sugary. Core long, irregular. November to March. 
(Alb. Pom.) 

Bottle Greening. 

This variety was found near the Vermont and New York State line, 
and takes its name from a hollow in the original tree, where workmen 
were accustomed to keeping their bottle. It was introduced to notice 
and disseminated by Eben Wight, of Dorchester, Mass. Tree a fine 
grower, vigorous, spreading. Young wood reddish yellow. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, greenish-yellow, shaded with 
dull crimson in the sun, a slight bloom, and thinly sprinkled with 
light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad. Calyx closed. Basin 
small, corrugated. Flesh white, subacid, almost melting. Core small. 
Very good. January, February. 



B0URASSA. 



A foreign variety, succeeds well at the North, apt to shrivel, and 
does not keep well. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, yellowish, rich orange rus- 
set on the sunny side. Flesh white, sometimes stained, tender, with a 
pleasant aromatic flavor. Good. November, December. 

Bowyer's Busset. 

An English variety. Valuable for desert there in September. Tree 
healthy and productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish, russeted. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, crisp, brisk, aromatic. September. (Lind.) 

Bowker. 

Tree vigorous, rather spreading, good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish flattened, slightly conic, pale yellow, tinged 
with crimson, sparsely covered with brown, and gray dots. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild, subacid. Good. October. 

Bowling's Sweet. 

From Spottsylvania Co., "Va. A very vigorous grower and very 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Color dull red, on a yellow ground. 
Flesh rich, juicy, sweet, and entirely free from acid. Good. October 
to January. 

BOXFORD. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Skin whitish, striped with red. Flesh com- 
pact, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. September, October. 

Braddick's Nonpareil. 
Originated at Surrey, England. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, or flattened at base, yellowish, with 
brownish red in the sun, and russet near the calyx. Flesh yellowish, 
rich, sugary, aromatic. October, December. (Lrnd.) 

Bradley's Autumn. 

Originated in orchard of Mr. Bradley, Blymouth, Mich. Tree 
thrifty, with a spreading top, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, somewhat ribbed, whitish-yellow, shaded 
where exposed to the sun with fine crimson, and pretty thickly sprinkled 
with brown dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity uneven, acute. 
Calyx closed. Segments erect. Basin rather abrupt, furrowed. Flesh 
white, moderately juicy, brisk, subacid. Core large. Good. Excel- 
lent for cooking. October to January. 

Brand ywine. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, a little ob- 



THE APPLE. 



105 



lique, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with red over half to 
two-thirds its surface, many large, light dots. Stalk short and small. 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin large. Flesh yel- 
lowish, crisp, juicy, tender, mild, somewhat rich, subacid, slightly aro- 
matic. Core small. Good to very good. November to February. 

Brabant Bellflower. 
Brabant Belle-fleur. Iron Apple. 

The Brabant Belle-fleur is a variety from Holland. The habit of the 
tree is spreading, and it requires to be grafted high to make a good head. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, slightly ribbed. Skin pale yellow, 
much striped with red. Calyx large, set in a pretty wide, irregular 
basin. Flesh firm, juicy, with a rich, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good. 
Yaluable for cooking. October to January. 

Breedon Pippin. 

A. variety from Berkshire, England. Tree hardy, slender, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, dull yellow, tinged with orange, be- 
coming red in the sun, with traces of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, 
with a vinous brisk flavor. October, November. (Lind.) 

Brennaman. 

Raised by Mr. Brennaman, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, up- 
right, productive. Young wood short-jointed, reddish-brown, some- 
what downy. 

Fruit rather above medium size, roundish oblate, yellowish, nearly 
covered with red stripes, and splashed. Stem short, in a large cavity. 
Calyx closed in a deep basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a pleas- 
ant, subacid flavor. Good. Excellent for cooking. August, Sep- 
tember. 

Brewer. 

From Massachusetts, a good grower, an annual bearer. 
Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, with a slight blush. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, pleasant, mild, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Brewer's Pippin. 

An English variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish, brownish yellow, with red stripes. Flesh 
white, crisp, tender, subacid. Cooking. November. (L. H. S.) 

Brickley Seedling. 
Of English origin. Tree hardy, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, greenish yellow, red when exposed to 
the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, sugary. January to April. (Lind.) 

Brigg's Auburn. 

Origin, Auburn, Me. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive ; 
fruit large, oblate, somewhat ribbed, whitish yellow, blush in sun, with 
a few light and gray dots. Flesh white, firm, pleasant, mild, subacid. 
Core medium. Good. September, October. 



106 



THE APPLE. 



Bridgewater Pippin. 
An old English culinary sort. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, ribbed, deep yellow, with 
blush of red in sun and near the stalk. Flesh yellowish, brisk, pleasant. 
October, December. (Hogg.) 

Brill's Seedling. 

A chance seedling of Francis Brill, Newark, N. J. Tree a rapid up- 
right grower, with light-colored shoots. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, much ribbed, yellow, moderately sprin- 
kled with gray dots. Skin oily. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. 
Basin large, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid. 
Core very large and open. Good to very good. November. An apple 
of good promise as a profitable market sort, being large and showy. 

Brimer. 
Yoder. 

Of Pennsylvania origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, sides sometimes unequal an 
slightly ribbed, whitish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, and thinly 
sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh whitish, crisp, rather tender, juicy, pleas- 
ant, subacid. Good to very good. Core small. February, March. 

Brinckley White Sweet. 

Unknown origin. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale whitish green, dull red on the sun- 
ny side, few gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet, honeyed 
flavor. Very good. October. 

Bringewood Pippin. 

Originated with Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., Herefordshire, Eng- 
land. Tree hardy, but a slender grower. 

Fruit small, roundish, rich yellow, dotted and marked with russet. 

Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, sugary, aromatic, dry. October to 
March. (Lind.) 

Bristol Pearmain. 
Origin, Hampshire, England. 

Fruit small, oblong, ribbed, dull yellowish green, stripes of crimson 
and patches of gray russet. Flesh yellow, firm, not juicy or of much 
value. October to February. (Hogg.) 

Bristol. 

An old variety, much grown in Connecticut many years since. A 
pleasant but not rich fruit. Tree hardy, rather slender, drooping when 
in fruit. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to conic, dark rich crim- 
son red. Flesh very white, often stained under the skin, tender, juicy. 
Good to very good. Core rather large. January to March. 



THE APPLE. 



107 



Bkittle Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. This 
valuable apple is little known ; in beauty and quality it may be classed 
as among the best, and deserves more attention. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, approaching conical. Color pale yel- 
low, shaded, splashed and marbled over nearly the entire surface, with 
shades of light and dark crimson red, many small gray and white dots. 
Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity regular, broad, moderately deep. 
Calyx closed. Segments small, often recurved. Basin small corrugated. 
Mesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy with a peculiar honeyed sweet, and 
slightly aromatic. Core rather large. Yery good. October and No- 
vember. 

Broad-End. 

Winter Broading. Kentish Broading. Broading. 

An old English culinary apple, in use from November to Christmas. 
Tree strong, vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, red in sun, with patches 
of russet. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, subacid. (Hogg.) 

Broad-Eye Pippin. 
Another old English sort for culinary use. 

Eruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, tinged with red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, juicy. January. (Hogg.) 




Broadwell. 



Broadwell. 
Broadwell Sweet. 

Originated with Jacob Broadwell, near Cincinnati, O. An ex- 
tremely valuable sweet apple, either for the table or cooking. Tree 
vigorous, quite hardy, very spreading, irregular, productive. Young 
Shoots dull reddish brown, downy. 



108 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic. Color clear bright yellow, 
brownish blush in the sun exposure, with carmine spots. Dots few, green- 
ish, suffused beneath. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad, russeted. Calyx 
closed, with short segments. Basin abrupt, regular. Flesh whitish, firm, 
juicy, rich, sweet. Core small. Very good. November to February. 

Brookes. 

An old Norman Apple. Tree a free but slender grower, abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit small, conical, golden orange, with bright red next the sun, some 
russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, sweet, aromatic. October to Feb- 
ruary. (Ron.) 

Bronson Sweet. 

Origin unknown. This variety was many years since carried by a 
Dr. Bronson from Connecticut to Ohio, without name, and there re- 
ceived its present title. Tree a moderate grower, making a round head. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes oblate conic, yellowish, mostly 
overspread, striped, and splashed with red. Flesh white, compact, 
moderately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. October, November. 

Brown. 

A Pennsylvania Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly ribbed, yellow, striped, splashed and 
shaded with light and dark crimson over two-thirds the surface. Flesh 
yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Very good. Core 
small. October, November. 

Brown Kenting. 
An English dessert apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly ribbed, yellowish, with rus- 
set marblings and brown russet in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, 
brisk, aromatic. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Brown's Summer Beauty. 

Origin, Slough, England. Tree vigorous, good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull greenish yellow, with a red 
cheek. Flesh delicate, rich, juicy. A fine table apple. September. 
(Bon.) 

Brownlee's Busset. 
Brownlee's Seedling Kusset. Keinette G-rise Brownlee's. 

An English variety. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened greenish, with brownish red next the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good for 
cooking or the dessert. From January to May. (Hogg.) 

Brownite. 
Brown's Winter. 

Origin, supposed Delaware. Tree a regular grower, with spreading 
branches. 



THE APPLE. 



109 



Fruit below medium, roundish oblong, conical. Flesh tender, crisp, 
sprightly. Mid- winter. (Coxe.) 

Broughton. 
A valuable English dessert Apple. 

Fruit small, conical, regular, greenish yellow, covered with lively 
red, becoming deep red in sun, and with many russet dots. Flesh green- 
ish yellow, tender, brisk, rich flavor. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Buchanan's Pippin. 
Buchanan's Seedling. 

Baised by Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, O. Tree vigorous, round- 
headed, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate. Color yellow, splashed 
and striped with light and dark crimson, in the sun dark crimson ma- 
roon, many light conspicuous dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity 
medium to large, russeted. Calyx partially closed. Segments medium 
erect, or partially recurved. Basin rather abrupt, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant, slight]y aromatic, 
subacid. Core close and small. Yery good. J anuary to April. 

Buckingham. 

Queen. Equinetely. Sol. Carter. 

Fall Queen. Byer's. Winter Queen. 

Winter Queen. Ox-Eye of some in Ky. Ne Plus Ultra. 

Kentucky Queen. Bachelor. King-. 

Lexington Queen. Merit. Byer's Red. 

Frankfort Queen. Blackburn. Red Gloria Mundi of some. 

Ladies' Favorite of Tenn. Henshaw. Red Horse of some. 

The origin of this Apple appears all unknown. It has been long grown 
in Virginia, Kentucky, and other Southwestern States, and is there a 
profitable and popular variety, valuable either for market or table use. 
It matures often in November, but will keep into February. Tree 
hardy, healthy, moderately vigorous and productive, forming a round- 
headed spreading tree of medium size. Young shoots rather slender, 
dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium to large. Form oblate, inclining to conic. Color green- 
ish yellow, mostly covered, shaded, striped, and splashed with two shades 
of crimson or purplish red, many light brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity 
broad, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments to a point. Basin 
rather large, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, 
breaking, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly, subacid. Core small. Yery 
good to best. November to February. 

Bucks County Pippin. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright, spreading. Young shoot 
pretty stout, short-jointed, reddish brown, downy, with prominent downy 
buds. 

Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, oblique, greenish yel- 
low, sometimes with a dull blush in the sun, brown dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity large, irregular. Calyx closed or partially open. Basin abrupt, 



110 



THE APPLE. 



slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, tender, brisk, subacid. 
Very good. November to March. 




Buckingham. 



Buck Meadow. 
Origin, Norwich, Conn., productive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, lightly conic, yellow, marbled and 
streaked with red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, with a rather rich, 
pleasant, vinous flavor. Good. November to March. 

Buel's Favorite. 
Spotted Pippin. Gray Pippin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh white, firm. No- 
vember. Hardly good. 

Buel's Sweet. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellow, shaded with rich deep red in 
sun, brown dots. Flesh white, compact, not tender, moderately juicy, 
not quite good. Winter. 

Buffington's Early. 

Origin said to be on the Brandywine, Pa. Tree of good upright 
growth, bears moderately. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, yellowish white, sometimes a faint 
blush. Stalk short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin 
shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh tender, juicy, with a sprightly sub- 
acid flavor. Good. Middle of August. 



THE APPLE. 



Ill 



Buff. 
Granny Buff. 

Origin, Haywood Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. 

Fruit large to very large. Form roundish oblate, irregular. Sides un- 
equal. Color whitish yellow, overspread with broad, broken splashes and 
stripes of dark crimson. Stalk short, rather slender. Cavity large, deep, 
much russeted. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments medium 
length, separated and partially recurved. Basin deep, abrupt, slightly cor- 
rugated. Flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, subacid. Core medium. 
Good. December and January. 

Bull's Golden Reinette. 

An English variety. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, 
highly colored with crimson red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
sweet. December, January. (Hogg.) 

Bullett. 

Bartlett. Priestly of some. 

An old variety, origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblong truncated, 
bright red and yellow. Flesh light yellow, subacid. Good. Valuable 
only as a long keeper. January to June. 

Bullett. 

Green Abram. North Carolina Greening. 

An old variety of Southern origin, formerly much grown in Virginia, 
Kentucky, and North Carolina, but now superseded by better sorts. Tree 
hardy, a slow, rather slender grower, of a drooping habit, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, greenish, mostly overspread with 
stripes and shades of red and grayish russet. Flesh white, firm, mode- 
rately juicy, peculiar subacid. Good. Core small, compact. January to 
June. Valuable only for its long keeping quality. 

Burrell's Bed. 

An English Apple of robust growth and productive. Fruit above 
medium, conical, red, approaching scarlet. Flesh juicy, agreeable acid. 
November to January. (Bon.) 

Burr's Seedling. 

Origin, Marlborough, England. Fruit medium roundish, slightly 
conical, yellow, blush red in the sun, patches and dots of russet. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Burr's Winter Sweet. 

Baised by Elisha Burr, Hingham, Mass., a good grower, comes early 
into bearing, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, yellow, marbled and striped 
with light and dark red. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx 
closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, fine grained, tender, juicy, 



112 



THE APPLE. 



with a sugary aromatic flavor. Very good. Core small. November to 
March. 

Burst Open. 

Origin unknown. [Fruit medium, oblate, much ribbed, pale whitish 
yellow, splashed and striped with light and dark crimson, few gray and 
light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. 
Core medium. November. 

Burroughs Greening. 

Origin, farm of Stephen M. Burroughs, Vergennes, Vt. Good grower, 
tree spreading, and regular bearer. Medium, nearly globular, inclining 
to conic. Skin greenish, yellow. Stem long, slender. Calyx closed. Basin 
furrowed. Flesh solid, juicy, crisp, with a pleasant spicy subacid flavor. 
Good. January and February. 

Bush's Beauty. 

Origin on the farm of Henry Bush, near Sandusky, O. Tree spread- 
ing, a yearly abundant bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at 
base. Surface irregular, creamy white, striped and splashed with vermil- 
ion pink, a little russet toward the stalk. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
acid. Good. September, October. Valuable for market. 

Bush. 

Origin, farm of Christian Dale, near Boalsburg, Centre Co., Pa. 
Rather above medium, oblate inclining to conical, light yellow, faint 
blush in the sun, brown dots. Flesh white, rather firm, mild subacid. 
Nearly very good. Core small. September. 

Bushwhacker. 

A variety found wild near Nyack, N. J. Fruit large, roundish con- 
ical, yellow. Good. February to May. 

Butter. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit 
above medium, roundish, yellow, fair. Stalk short. Cavity deep and round. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin large and open. Flesh whitish, very sweet and 
rich, valuable for cooking, and esteemed for making apple-butter. Sep- 
tember and October. 

Another Butter apple is described in Elliott as follows : — " Fruit below 
medium, regular roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few 
yellow russet dots, russet near and in cavity of stem. Stem long, slen- 
der. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx half closed. Basin abrupt, ribbed. Core 
medium. Seeds roundish ovate. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sweet. 
Very good. November to February." 

Another Butter is thus described by Warder, with Fulkerson's as a 
synonym : — " Fruit small, very regular, oblate. Surface very smooth and 
so covered with mixed red as rarely to show the yellow ground color ; upon 
this are laid darker stripes of deep red. Dots minute and inconspicuous. 
Basin medium, regular, folded. Eye rather large, closed. Cavity acute. 
Stem of medium thickness, rather long. Core wide ; large, plump pointed 



THE APPLE. 



113 



seed. Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy, with a sweet rich and 
aromatic flavor. October to J anuary." 

There are, besides these, three or four different varieties under the 
name of Butter, which appears to be a favorite name with some to apply 
to any good sweet apple for sauce or cooking. 

Byam's Sweet. 
Of unknown origin. An eastern variety. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, with a shade of 
red in the sun, gray dots. Flesh whitish, rather tender, juicy, lively, 
sweet pleasant flavor. Core small. Very good. October. ^ 

Byson Wood Russet. 
Byson Wood. 
An English Apple, there esteemed for dessert. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, greenish yellow, covered with gray rus- 
set. Flesh greenish, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, sugary, aromatic. Decem- 
ber to February. (Hogg.) 

Cabashea. 
20-Ounce Pippin. King-. 

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous grower, poor bearer, and unprofit- 
able. Young shoots very dark reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, conical, yellow striped and splash- 
ed with dull red. Flesh whitish, coarse, subacid. Poor. December to 
February. 

Cabbage-Head. 

Probable origin, New Jersey. Tree a vigorous grower and good bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate conical, golden yellow, with a few gray dots. 
Flesh yellow, a little coarse, crisp, juicy, brisk, subacid. Good. Core 
medium. December. 

Cache. 

A native of Pulaski Co., 111. Tree healthy and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with a shade of brownish 
crimson in the sun, gray dots. Flesh white, close-grained, not very juicy, 
mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. November. 

Cake Apple. 
Connecticut Cake. 

Origin, Connecticut. Medium, oblate, much depressed, yellowish, with 
a blush. Flesh juicy, tender, pleasant, subacid, almost sweet. Good, 
sometimes very good. A great keeper, and in some localities considered 
valuable on account of its productiveness, fair even size, and keeping 
quality. January to March. 

Caleb Sweet. 

Of Pennsylvania origin. Tree vigorous and very productive. 

8 



114 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellow, with a tinge of brown in sun. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, rich, sweet. Core small. Good. September. 

Calville Blanche a Cote's. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive, with long jointed 
branches of reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, conical, flattened at base, lemon yellow, with red in 
sun. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, acid. December to May. (Yerg.) 

Calville Malingre. 
Pomme de Malingre, and many other synonyms. 
An old variety. Origin in doubt. 

Fruit very large, elongated, ribbed, yellow, deep red next the sun, 
with stripes of darker red. Flesh white, delicate, juicy, agreeable, acid. 
A culinary apple. From July to April. (Hogg.) 

Calville Rouge de Micoud. 

This is an old French Apple, said to blossom and get three crops of 
fruit in a season. 

The fruit is large to small in size, mostly covered with red, with a yel- 
lowish-white sweet flesh. (Lind.) 

Calef's Sweet. 
Magoun Apple. 

Origin, Kingston, N. H. 

Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellow, with gray dots and crimson 
specks. Flesh white, very rich and sweet. November to January. 
(Maine Report.) 

Camack's Sweet. 
Camack's Winter Sweet. Grape Vine. 

Origin, Macon Co., 1ST. C. Tree a slow grower, with small wiry 
branches, irregular spreading, an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes conical, light yellow gren, red 
in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk, pleasant, saccharine. 
Good. Core small. February. 

Campbell. 

This new variety is an accidental seedling in the grounds of George W. 
Campbell, Delaware, O. He describes the tree as a vigorous strong grow- 
er, open spreading habit, shoots stout, blunt, leaves large and abundant, a 
good regular bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, oblate, a little oblique, pea green, with bro- 
ken dull red stripes in the sun or toward the stalk end, and with more or 
less of russet from the stalk cavity; scattering rough distinct dots. 
Stalk short. Cavity deep, open, narrow, russeted. Calyx closed with 
broken segments. Basin very deep, slightly furrowed. Flesh greenish 
white, crisp, breaking, half tender, mild, juicy, subacid, pleasant. Good 
to very good. Core small. Slightly hollow in centre. Seeds dark 
blackish, pointed. December to February. 



THE APPLE. 



115 



Cambusnethan Pippin. 

"Winter Red Streak. Watch Apple. 

A Scotch variety, medium, roundish, light yellow, striped and shaded 
with crimson and dark red. .Flesh yellowish, juicy, subacid. Good to 
very good. September, December. 

Campfield. 
Newark Sweeting. Sweet Maiden's Blush. 

A capital New Jersey cider apple, ranking next to the Harrison. It 
forms a fine large tree, with straight, spreading limbs, and is very pro- 
ductive. Fine for baking and stock feeding. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, rather flattened. Skin smooth, 
washed and striped with red, over a greenish-yellow ground. Flesh white, 
rather dry, firm, rich and sweet. Good. April, May. 

Can. 

A very old Apple, originated in Schenectady, N. Y. Tree a good bearer. 
Fruit above medium, oblong, yellow, shaded with crimson. Flesh 
whitish, not juicy, pleasant. Good. November. 



Cann. 

Winter Sweet Bough. Winter Bough. Sweet Cann. 

Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, conic, greenish yellow, with a dull crimson 
cheek, slightly sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh white, compact, not 
very juicy, rich, sweet, and pleasant. Core large. December to 
March. A good cooking and market apple. 



Canada Reinette. 

Canadian Reinette. De Bretagne. 

Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre. Portugal. 

Pomme du Caen. Januarea. 

Reinette du Canada Blanche. Wahr Reinette. 

Reinette Grosse du Canada. Praire Rambour Reinette. 

Reinette du Canada a Cortes. 

It is easy to see that the Canada Heinette is a popular and highly 
esteemed variety in Europe, by the great number of synonyms under 
which it is known. It is doubtful, notwithstanding its name, whether 
it is truly of Canadian origin, as Merlet, a French writer, describes the 
same fruit in the 17th century, and some authors think it was first 
brought to this continent from Normandy, and carried back under its 
new name. At any rate, it is a very large and handsome fruit, a good 
bearer, and of excellent quality in all respects. Wherever grown in 
this country it sustains its foreign reputation, the tree being of vigor- 
ous habit, spreading, open, and productive. Young shoots clear red- 
dish-brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit of the largest size, oblate conical, flattened ; rather irregular, 
with projecting ribs ; broad at the base, narrowing towards the eye, four 
inches in diameter, and three deep. Skin greenish-yellow, slightly 
washed with brown on the sunny side, sprinkled with dots and russet 



patches. Stalk short, inserted in a wide hollow. Calyx short and 
large, set in a rather deep, irregular basin. Flesh nearly white, rather 
firm, juicy, with a rich, lively, subacid flavor. Very good to best. 
Ripe in December, and, if picked early in autumn, it will keep till 
April. 

The Canada Reinette Grise is very much like the above, and may 
prove identical. 




Canada Eeinette. 



Cane Ckeek Sweet. 
Origin, Burke Co., on Cane Creek, N. C. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale greenish-yellow, shade of brown. Flesh 
white, rather firm, mild, sweet. Core medium. Good. July, August. 

Cannon Pearmain. 

Tree vigorous, spreading, and productive ; much grown in North Caro- 
lina, and some portions of the "West. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic. Color yellow, striped, and marbled 
with red and dark crimson, with large grayish dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity small, russeted. Calyx large, open. Basin large, round, deep, 
and open, corrugated. Flesh yellow, firm, with a rich, brisk, subacid 
flavor. Very good. December to March. 

Canterbury Reinette. 
Eeinette de Cantorbery. 
Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, conical, greenish-yellow. Stalk long. 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, sharp, acid. 
January to March. (Alb. Pom.) 



THE APPLE. 



117 



Capital. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Fruit small, globular, truncate, deep red on greenish yellow. Flesh yel- 
low, breaking, juicy, subacid. Good. December to January. (Warder.) 

Capron's Pleasant. 

Fruit medium, or above, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a 
brownish tinge. Stalk rather stout, inserted in an open cavity, slightly 
russeted. Calyx large, closed, in a medium basin. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, tender, mild, subacid, and very agreeable. Good. Core small. 
September to October. 

Caraway Russet. 

From England. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, pale brown russet, with an orange 
tinge in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. February. (Hogg.) 

Garbage. 

Medium, roundish conic, yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with- 
out much flavor. September, October. 

Cardinal Bed. 

Of European origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic ; sides unequal ; very dark red, 
almost blackish next the stalk ; some light gray dots. Flesh white, rather 
firm, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. January, February. 

Carey's Seedling. 

Ohio origin. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, slight blush in sun. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, tender, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Carlisle Codlin. 

A dwarf variety of the old English Codlin. Tree hardy, and abun- 
dant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, ovate, flattened at base, pale yellow with a few 
russety specks. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy. A good cooking 
apple from August to September. (Hogg.) 

Carmel Sweet. 
Speckled Sweet. 

A native of Carmel, Putnam Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright, 
spreading. Yery productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, smooth. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush, many fine red 
dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, sweet, and rich. Yery good. Octo- 
ber, November. 

Carnahan's Favorite. 
Origin, with Mr. Carnahan, Cincinnati, O. Tree vigorous, produc- 



118 



THE APPLE. 



tive. Fruit large, roundish conic. Color yellowish, striped and shaded 
with red, and much sprinkled with green or russet dots. Flesh fine- 
grained, juicy, with a very pleasant vinous flavor. Good. December 
to March. 

Carnation. 

Fruit medium size, a delicious subacid apple, fully first-rate, dark- 
red, splashed with russet. Flesh white, brittle, and very juicy. Both 
the calyx and stem are sunk in deep depressions. 10th of August. 
(White's Gard.) 

Caroline. 

Said to have originated near Tremont, 0. Tree a strong upright 
grower and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale lemon yellow, brown- 
ish blush in the sun. Calyx large. Stalk slender. Flesh white, ten- 
der, mild, subacid. Core rather large. Very good. September. 

Caroline. 
Carolina Baldwin. 

Origin, premises of A. G. Baldwin, Hanover, N. J. Tree vigorous 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mostly shaded with maroon, ob- 
scurely striped, and splashed with light and dark red, and thickly cov- 
ered with light dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild, subacid, 
rather rich. Very good. Core medium. December to March. 

Caroline. 

From Norfolk, England. 

Fruit above middle size, roundish, rich yellow, streaked with red. 
Flesh firm, brisk juice, high flavor. Cooking. November to February. 
(Lind.) 

Caroline Auguste. 

Of Belgic origin. Tree vigorous, with upright reddish brown shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale green with spots of brown. Flesh white, 
tinged with rose on the sunny side, fine acid, with a pine-apple perfume. 
September. (Verg.) 

Carolina Bed June. 

Knight's Red June. Blush June. Wilson's June. 

Red June. Georgia June. 

Origin somewhat uncertain, supposed to be Carolina. Tree very 
vigorous, upright, an early and abundant bearer, much esteemed at the 
South and Southwest as their best early Apple, ripe a few days after 
Early Harvest, not equal to it in flavor, but more profitable as an orchard 
fruit. 

Fruit medium or below, oval, irregular, inclining to conic. Skin 
smooth, nearly the whole surface shaded with deep red, and almost of a 
purplish hue on the sunny side, and covered with a light bloom. Stalk 



THE APPLE. 119 

variable in length, inserted in a small narrow cavity. Calyx closed. 
Segments long, reflexed. Basin narrow, plaited. Flesh very white, 
tender, j nicy, with a brisk subacid flavor. Core rather large. Very 
good.* 




Carolina Red June. 



Carolina Sweet. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, a little flattened, yellow, slightly 
shaded in the sun. Flesh yellow, dry, sweet. Poor. August. 

Carolina Watson. 

Of Southern origin. 

Fruit large, oblate conical, greenish, shaded, splashed and striped 
with dull red, large light dots, with dark centres. Flesh white, coarse, 
mild, subacid. Good. August. 

Carpenter. 

Originated from a seed of the Belmont, with Charles Carpenter, 
Kelley Island. Tree a moderate grower, forming a medium-sized round, 
spreading head. 

Fruit medium roundish oblate, yellow, oily surface, shaded with a 
brownish crimson in sun, and occasional marblings of russet. Flesh 
yellowish, rather firm, rather rich, pleasant subacid. Good, or almost 
very good. Core small. Productive. Good keeper. January to March. 

* Carolina Striped June— (Carolina June). This is generally confounded 
with the above, and is scarcely distinguishable except that, as it ripens, it be- 
comes striped. One is doubtless a seedling from the other. 



120 



THE APPLE. 



Carpentin Reinette. 
Kleine Graue Eeinette. Der Carpentin. 

A German Apple. Tree a free grower and good bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish oblong, yellowish green, striped and washed 
with red, dark red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, 
vinous, aromatic. December to April. (Hogg.) 

Carter. 
Royal Pippin. 

Origin, farm of Nath. Carter, Leominster, Mass. A vigorous grower 
and productive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellow, slightly shaded, striped, 
and marbled with red. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in a large basin. Flesh tender, rather coarse, juicy, pleasant, 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October to January. 

Carter's Blue. 
Lady Fitzpatrick. 

This variety originated at Mount Meigs, near Montgomery, Ala. 
Tree a fine upright grower, an early bearer. Young shoots reddish brown, 
very close grained. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish, washed and striped with dull 
red and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish white, crisp, sugary, rich, aromatic. Very good. September 
to November. 



Carver. 

Origin, Norristown, Pa. Tree productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, lemon yellow. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, vinous, subacid. Good. August. 

There is also a Carver Apple from Montgomery Co., which is red, and 
a winter fruit. 

Cary's Summer. 
Of unknown origin. Probably an old. variety. 

Fruit large, round, flattened, rich yellow, splashed with crimson. 
Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core medium. June 
to September. (Warder.) 

Case. 

An Apple somewhat grown in Connecticut. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light and dark red, striped and 
splashed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, crisp, aromatic, pleasant, sub- 
acid. Good. November. 

Cash Sweet. 

Medium size, oblate, conic. Skin whitish, with a blush. Flesh 
white, sweet, and rather dry. September. 



THE APPLE. 



121 



Castle Major. 
An English cooking Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with white specks. 
Flesh firm, juicy, brisk, acid. January to April. (Lind.) 

Catface. 

From Kentucky. 

Fruit large, conical, truncated, greenish yellow, with streaks of red. 
Flesh white, tender, brisk, subacid. Good. February, March. 



Cathead Sweet. 
Tree hardy, good bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, greenish yellow, slight blush. Flesh 
white, tender, sweet, not rich. Good. October. 



Catline. 
Gregson Apple. 

Origin, Maryland. Tree of slow growth, very productive, much 
esteemed in the lower part of Delaware. Below medium size, oblate, 
yellow, bright red cheek, with stripes. Flesh tender, rich, juicy, and 
sweet. Good. October to December. 

There is also a White Catline, which is smaller in size, oblate, green- 
ish white, and maturing in September and October. It is juicy, tender, 
pleasant. Good. 

Cat she ad. 

Bound Catshead. Cathead Greening. 

A very large Apple, cultivated for drying in some parts of the coun- 
try, but of little other value except as a cooking apple. 

Fruit of the largest size, round, quite smooth, pale green. Flesh 
tender, with a subacid juice. Good. October and November. 



Cato. 

Origin, probably Maryland. 

Fruit small, oblate, white shaded, and splashed with bright red, 
deep in sun, few light dots. Flesh white, often stained next the 
skin, tender, sprightly, subacid. Good. January to March. 

Catooga. 

CorTbin. Cattoogaja. Cuttugaja. 

A Southern variety. 

Fruit large, roundish, sides unequal, yellow, with brown dots. 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Cooking fruit. 
November. 



Caywood. 

Origin, Ulster Co., 1ST. Y. Only valued as a keeper. 
Fruit medium, oblate. Skin bright yellow, with a tinge of red on 
the sunny side. Stalk rather long, in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx 



small, closed. Basin broad and wrinkled. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, 
pleasant, but not juicy or rich. Good. December, May. 



Cedar Falls. 
A native of Forsyth Co., N. C. 

Fruit medium to large, a little oblate in form, deep yellow, nearly 
covered with purplish red; patch of russet around the stalk. Flesh 
yellow, firm, aromatic, subacid. November to February. (White.) 

Celestia. 

Originated with L. S. Mote, Miami Co., O. A new variety of good 
promise as an amateur sort. 

Fruit large, form roundish, conical, slightly ribbed. Color pale yel- 
low, moderately sprinkled with gray or brown dots, and sometimes 
large dots of red. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity deep, uneven. 
Calyx closed. Segments long, slender, partially recurved. Basin rather 
small, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, very pleasant, 
rich, mild, subacid. Core rather large. Yery good. October. 

Cellini. 

An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, with streaks and mot- 
tlings of dark crimson. Stalk short. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx 
large, open. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, and 
pleasant. Yery good. September, October. 

Challenge. 

Raised by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. A thrifty grower, and 
exceedingly productive. Wood grayish brown. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, deep yellow, sprinkled with brown- 
ish dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx 
closed. Basin deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. 
Yery good. October to June. 

Champaigne Reinette. 
Reinette de Champagne. Soskrieger. 
Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with more or less 
of russet. Flesh yellowish, mild, subacid, vinous. Yery good. De- 
cember to January. (Yerg.) 

Chandler. 
Late Chandler. 

Of Connecticut origin, where it is a favorite. Tree moderately vig- 
orous, great bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, and one-sided or angular in its 
form, obscurely ribbed on its sides, thickly streaked and overspread with 
dull red with a few streaks of bright red, on a greenish yellow ground, 
the red sprinkled with light gray dots. Core and seeds small. Flesh green- 
ish white, tender juicy, with a moderately rich, subacid flavor. Good. 
November to February. 



THE APPLE. 



123 



Chaney. 

A Pennsylvania Apple, valuable mainly as a long keeper. Tree a 
straggling grower, vigorous and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yel- 
low, shaded in the sun with crimson, and sprinkled with light gray dots. 
Flesh whitish, firm, moderately juicy, with a sprightly subacid flavor. 
Good to very good. Core small. December to March. 

Chapman's Orange. 
Fruit small, deep orange, juicy, rich, subacid. October. 

Charley's Winter. 
Raised by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburgh, Ya. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow, often 
shaded with crimson in the sun. Flesh yellow, compact, juicy, crisp, 
brisk subacid. Good. January, February. 

Chase's Seedling. 

Origin, Maine. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, splashed and marbled over 
nearly the entire surface with red. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
juicy, mild subacid. Good. September. 

Chattahoochie. 

A Southern variety from the banks of the Chattahoochie River, Ga. 
Tree vigorous, upright, productive. 

Fruit medium or below in size, roundish oblate, oblique, slightly 
conic, greenish yellow, faint brownish blush in sun. Stalk very short. 
Cavity large, open, deep, somewhat russeted. Calyx partially open, 
with short segments, broad, divided, sometimes closed, sometimes erect. 
Basin deep, broad, abrupt, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, 
breaking, crisp, partially tender, subacid, pleasant. Good. Season, 
December to April. 

Cheese. 

Origin, Lewisburgh, Pa. Tree strong, vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive annually. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, greenish, mostly overspread and 
striped with red, small grayish dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, ten- 
der, subacid. Good. November to February. 

Cheeseborough Russet. 
Pumpkin Sweet of some. Kingsbury Eusset. 
Forever Pippin. Cheeseboro. 
Howard Russet. York Russet. 

Sweet Russet. 

An old fruit of little value, large, conical, green russet. Flesh 
coarse, dry, mild, subacid, almost sweet. Poor. October, November. 

Cheltenham. 
Calf Pasture. 

The Cheltenham is a handsome and popular market variety that origi- 



124 



THE APPLE. 



nated at Cheltenham Township, Montgomery Co., Pa., in a field where 
calves were pastured, and hence the synonym by which it is locally known. 
It is a moderate grower, but very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, striped and marbled with red on a yellow 
ground. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Calyx small, closed. Basin 
deep. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. Septem- 
ber. 

Chenango Strawberry. 

Frank. Sherwood's Favorite. Jackson Apple. 

Buckley. Strawberry. Smyrna. 

Originated in the town of Lebanon, Madison Co., N. Y. It is an 
apple pleasant to the taste and much esteemed as a table fruit wher- 
ever grown. Tree is vigorous, spreading. Young wood light reddish 
brown, downy. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic or oblong truncated conic, indistinctly 




Chenango Strawberry. 



ribbed. Color whitish, shaded, splashed and mottled with light and 
dark crimson over most of the surface, light dots. Stalk rather short 
small. Cavity acute, somewhat uneven. Calyx closed, or partially 
open. Segments erect. Basin rather large, abrupt, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, peculiar mild, subacid. Core rather large. 
Very good. September and October. 

Cheney. 

Originated on the old Cheney farm, South Manchester, Conn. Tree 
upright, spreading, an early and regular bearer. 



THE APPLE. 



125 



Fruit medium, oblate, yellow shaded with rich crimson over the 
whole surface. Mesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, subacid, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. September and October. 

Chestatee. 

A Southern fruit of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, upright, spread- 
ing. Wood smooth, reddish gray, with very small reddish buds. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow with a slight 
blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. 
November. 

Chester. 
Chester Eed Streak. 
Origin, Chester Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, sometimes with a sunny 
cheek and sprinkled with carmine dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
pleasant, subacid, aromatic. Good. November to December. 

Chester Pearmain. 

An English dessert Apple. Tree hardy, free grower, attaining a con- 
siderable size, good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, conical, pale yellow, striped with crimson in 
the sun, some russet. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy. Second- 
rate. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Chester Spitzenberg. 

A Pennsylvania Apple. Tree a good grower and productive. Young 
wood dark dull reddish brown, very stout. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblate, yellowish, splashed and 
striped nearly over the whole surface with light and dark red. Flesh 
yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic. 
Good. February to April. 

Che st oa. 
Eabbit 1 s Head. 

A Southern variety. 

Fruit large, elongated conical, irregular at apex end, deep rich 
yellow, striped, splashed and shaded with red, and with many minute 
dark specks. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, rather rich, vinous, aromatic. 
Yery good. November to March. 

Chief Good. 
Summum Bonura. 
From Kentucky, near Louisville. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, flattened at base, light yellow, 
streaked and mottled with red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, aro- 
matic. September, October. (Elliott.) 

Christiana. 

Origin, on the premises of John P. Brinckle, near Wilmington, Del. 
Fruit medium, oblate, splashes and stripes of rich crimson red over a 



yellow ground. Flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, sprightly, mild, 
subacid. Good to very good. November. 



Christie's Pippin. 

Origin, Kingston-on-Thames, England. Tree of slender growth, good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, lemon yellow, with faint red stripes, russety 
dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, agreeable, mild subacid. December to 
February. A dessert apple of the first quality. (Ron.) 

Christ's Gold Reinette. 
Christ's Deutsche Goldreinette. 
Of German origin. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, golden yellow, red cheek in sun, and 
much cinnamon-colored russet. Flesh fine, juicy, aromatic, vinous. 
November to May. (Hogg.) 

Chronical. 
Cotton Apple. 

This variety originated on the farm of John Cotton, Putnam Co., 
Ind. It is a thrifty grower, with a rather upright spreading habit, very 
hardy, and a moderate annual bearer. It is valued much for properties 
enabling it to be kept in good condition for two years without extra care. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, with 
splashes and stripes of dull red, few light dots with dark centres. Flesh 
yellowish white, compact, firm, mild subacid. Core small, close. Good. 

Churchill Greening. 

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, somewhat conic, ribbed, yellowish green, shaded 
with dull red, and thickly sprinkled with green dots. Flesh yellow, ten- 
der, granular, with a brisk, vinous, almost saccharine flavor. Good. 
December to February. 

Church's Late Sweet. 
A Southern Apple of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, rich yellow, with occa- 
sionally a shade of crimson in the sun. Flesh yellowish, compact, rather 
rich, mild subacid, almost sweet. * Good. February to May. 

Citron des Carmes. 

A French Apple. Fruit small, oblong, light dull brown, dry. Poor. 
December. (Ron.) 

Citronen Reinette. 
Eeinette de Citron. 

An Apple of German origin, there regarded as of value for the dessert. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, bright yellow, with blush in the 
sun. Flesh very white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk, sugary, vinous. De- 
cember to June. (Hogg.) 



THE APPLE. 



127 



Clapper Flat. 
Flat Apple. 

Origin, town of Bethlehem, Albany Co., N. Y. Tree productive. 

Fruit above medium, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow, mostly 
covered, shaded and splashed with deep red. Flesh yellowish, moderately 
juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. Highly valued for cooking. 
September, October. 

Clara Pippin. 
Origin, Cranford, England. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate, orange, with brownish red in the sun. 
Flesh deep orange, firm, rich, brisk, sugary. December to May. (Hogg.) 

Clarke. 

A new variety originated with J. N. Clarke, Naples, N. Y., who 
states it a strong grower, with an open top, and annually productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish inclining to conic, slightly angu- 
lar, pale whitish yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark 
crimson, few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity narrow, rather 
deep. Calyx small, closed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin small, 
a little corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sprightly, vinous, subacid. 
Very good. October, November. 

Clarke's Delaware. 

Originated with John C. Clarke, Maryland. Tree very productive. 

Fruit nearly medium size, roundish, inclining to oblong, oblique, 
smooth, yellow, shaded in the sun with orange red, many gray dots. Flesh 
whitish, moderately tender, juicy,' mild subacid. Almost very good. 
December to March. 

Clarke Pearmain. 

Yellow Pearmain. Columbian Russet. 

Gloucester Pearmain. Golden Pearmain. 

From North Carolina, an old variety. Tree of slow growth, very 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, greenish yellow, 
shaded, striped and marbled with red and russet dots. Stalk very short. 
Cavity small, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh 
yellow, rather firm, crisp, rich, subacid. Yery good. Core small. De- 
cember. 

Clarkson. 

Originated on the premises of David Clarkson, Plymouth, Wayne 
Co., Mich. Tree a good grower and bearer. 

Fruit above medium, oblate conic, clear white, shaded with crimson 
in the sun, with light and brown dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, ten- 
der, juicy, sharp subacid, slightly aromatic. Core rather large. Good. 
Valuable for cooking and drying only. 



Claygate Pearmain. 



An English Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, nearly covered 
with brownish red. Flesh yellow, tender, rich, aromatic. Good. No- 
vember to March. 

Clayton. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Fruit large, conical, flattened, regular, greenish yellow, covered, 
striped, and splashed with dull red. Flesh yellow, breaking, subacid. 
Good. Kitchen and market. January to March. (Warder.) 

Clepington. 

An English dessert Apple. Fruit small, round oblate, yellow. Sep- 
tember. 

Cley Pippin. 

Also an English dessert Apple, there counted as of first-rate quality. 
Fruit small, roundish, yellow. October to March. (H. S. C.) 

Cluster. 

Tree productive. 

Fruit small, yellow, oblate, sweet. November. 
Another Cluster Apple is small, roundish conical, or oblong conical, 
greenish white. Flesh white. Poor. December, February. 

Cluster Golden Pippin. 
Cluster Pippin. Twin Cluster Pippin. Thickset. 

An old variety. A hardy tree, slender grower, good bearer, produ- 
cing its fruit in clusters, and often with two fruits united or grown to- 
gether. 

Fruit small, round, flattened, yellow, with orange in the sun, and 
patches of gray russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, subacid perfumed. 
November to March. (Hogg.) 

Cluster Pearmain. 
Introduced by P. Pagan, of Indiana. 

Fruit full medium size, round, flattened, regular, inclined, yellowish 
green, mixed and striped light red, dots large, gray and yellow, white 
bloom. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, granular, subacid, aromatic. 
Good to very good. An autumn fruit, acceptable as a substitute for 
Pambo. (Warder.) 

Clyde Beauty. 
Mackie's Clyde Beauty. 
Paised by Mr. Mackie, Clyde, Wayne Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, 
upright, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, conic, angular, greenish, oily, sprinkled and 
mottled with dull red and bright red in the sun. Stalk short, slender, 
inserted in an acute cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small corrugated basin. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. October to January. 



THE APPLE. 



129 



COBHAM. 

From Kent, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, dull yellowish green, faint 
red in the sun, some light russet. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, saccharine, 
aromatic. November, December. (Lind.) 

Cobourg Pippin. 

An Apple originated in Warwickshire, England. 
Fruit small, oblate conical, pea green, with large russet dots. 
Flesh firm, rich, acid. March. (Ron.) 

Coccagee. 
Cocko Gee. 

An Irish Apple, mostly valued for cider. 

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, pale yellow. Flesh yellowish, 
acid. October, December. (Hogg.) 

Cockle Pippin. 

Nutmeg Cockle. Nutmeg Pippin. 

White Cockle. Brown Cockle. 

A variety from Sussex, England. Tree healthy, hardy. Shoots 
moderately stout, chestnut colored. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, green, with brown 
russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, aromatic. Good. January to 
April. 

Cocklin's Favorite. 
Grandfather. 

Introduced by Jacob Cocklin, York, Pa. Tree a good upright grower, 
productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, whitish, thinly shaded with 
light crimson in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk 
medium, very slender. Cavity large, deep, sometimes thinly russeted. 
Calyx closed. Segments medium, erect, sometimes slightly recurved. 
Basin abrupt, deep, rather uneven. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, mild,, 
pleasant subacid. Yery good. Core small. November. 

Cockpit. 

Origin, North of England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, truncated, yellow. Flesh tender,, 
brisk, a pleasant apple for table or kitchen. November, December. 
(Ron.) 

Coe's Golden Drop. 

An English Apple, the origin of which is in doubt. Tree hardy, free 
upright grower, and productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, fine yellow, with a shade of crimson 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. November, February. 

9 



130 



THE APPLE. 



Cogswell. 
Cog-swell Pearmaia. 

This excellent Apple originated in the town of Griswold, near Nor- 
wich, Ct., on a farm which came into the possession of William Cogs- 
well about the year 1798. The original tree was then about forty or 
fifty years old. The fruit was first exhibited in 1816 or '18, before the 
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 

It is an extremely valuable variety wherever grown, either for table 
or market purposes, a good keeper, and bears carriage to market long 
distances without apparent injury. Tree a vigorous, upright, spreading 
grower, an abundant bearer of very regular, even-sized fruit. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown, somewhat downy. 




Cogswell. 

Fruit size above medium. Form roundish oblate, regular. Color 
rich yellow, nearly covered with red, marked and streaked with bright 
red, pretty thickly sprinkled with areole dots. Stalk short, rather slender. 
Cavity large, thinly russeted. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin small, 
shallow. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, juicy, scarcely subacid, 
rich aromatic. Core small. Very good to best. December to March. 



Cole. 



Scarlet Perfume. 



Duling ? 



A variety from England, of second quality, but a&rnired for its beauty 
of appearance. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic, ribbed. Color deep crimson 
on a yellowish ground, or sometimes entirely red, with a little russet. 
Stalk medium, woolly, planted in a cavity broad and deep. Calyx large, 
in a broad basin. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, yellowish, somewhat 
rich and agreeable. Nearly very good. September and October. 



THE APPLE. 



131 



Columbian. 
Received from Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly inclining to conical, yellowish, shaded, 
splashed and striped with light and dark crimson, few light gray dots. 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, slightly aromatic. 
Very good. Core small. October, November. 

Colvert. 
Prussian. 

An old variety, of uncertain origin, valued mainly for cooking. 
Tree a strong grower, and an enormous bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, striped and 
shaded with dull red in sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk sub- 
acid. Good. October, November. 

Conant's Red. 
Much cultivated in Southern Ohio. 

Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, sometimes nearly round, yellow, 
obscurely mixed with red, on which are streaks of russet, dots fawn- 
colored. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid to sweet, aromatic. 
September, December. (Warder.) 

Condit Sweet. 

A New Jersey Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish, whitish yellow, tinge of brown in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. September. 

Congress. 
J ackson Apple. Tyler Apple. 

A Massachusetts variety, cultivated in the New England States for 
half a century or more. Tree very vigorous, spreading, abundant bearer. 
Fruit valuable mainly for cooking or market. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellowish, 
splashed, striped, and marbled with red. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, 
tender, brisk subacid. Good. Core large. November, December. 

Connecticut Summer Sweet. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow and red striped. Flesh yellowish, 
sweet, tough. August. (Elliott.) 

Connett's Sweet. 

Tree strong, upright grower, early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, yellow, mostly covered with dark 
red. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, sweet. Very good. December 
to March. (Elliott.) 

CONTIN REINETTE. 

From Ross-shire, Scotland. Tree hardy, a slender grower, and sure 
bearer. 



132 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish, dull yellow, red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, 
firm, pleasant, acid. October, November. (Hogg.) 

Conway. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, with a 
bronzed cheek in the sun, few brown gray dots and traces of russet. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, vinous, slightly aromatic. Yery good. 
December to April. 

Cook's Red Winter. 

Fruit medium to large, produced by Jacob Cook, Edisto, S. C. Tree 
vigorous and regular bearer. October to April. (Summer Notes.) 

Cooledge's Favorite. 

Said to have originated in Cambridge, Mass. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, deep yellow, splashed and marbled 
with red, becoming brilliant in the sun, russet at the stem, and with whitish 
specks over the whole. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep, broad. Calyx 
in a shallow plaited basin. Flesh fine-grained, tender, and juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Yery good. September, October. (J. of H.) 

Cooper. 

Beauty Red. Lady "Washington. 

Origin unknown ; supposed to be an old Eastern variety, as yet 
unrecognized. Thrives Avell at the West, and much esteemed there by 
niauy. Growth vigorous, upright, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, sides unequal. Color greenish yellow, 
with a few stripes and splashes of bright red, thickly sprinkled with 
brown dots. Flesh tender, juicy, vinous, with a pleasant but not high 
flavor. Good. October to December. 

Cooper's Early White. 

Grown in Illinois and other Western States, where it is regarded by 
many as productive and profitable. 

Fruit medium, roundish, little flattened, pale yellow with faint 
blush, tinge of green at the stem. Flesh white, crisp, sprightly. Sep- 
tember and October. (Elliott.) 

Cooper's Market. 
Cooper's Redling. Rigley. Redling ? 

Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, with long slender branches, very 
productive and a late keeper. Yaluable for market in New J ersey. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellowish, shaded with red and striped 
with crimson. Stalk short. Cavity deep, narrow. Calyx closed. Basin 
small. Flesh white, tender, with a brisk subacid flavor. Good. De- 
cember to May. 

Cooper's Russeting. 
Originated in Gloucester Co., N. J. Tree irregular in form, healthy 
grower, abundant bearer. 



THE APPLE. 



133 



Fruit small, oblong, conical, pale yellow mixed with russet. Flesh 
rich, sweet, dry. Valuable for cooking or for cider. October to 
December. 

Corlie's Sweet. 

Origin on the farm of A. Corlies, Shrewsbury, New Jersey. Tree 
vigorous, round-headed, great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, whitish yellow, light blush in sun. 
Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, pleasant sweet, fine for cooking. 
Hardly good. September, November. 

Cornell's Fancy. 
Cornell's Favorite. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong, conical. Color waxen yellow, shaded and 
splashed with crimson. Stalk of medium length. Cavity rather large. 
Calyx closed, abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, with 
a pleasant subacid flavor. Core medium or large. Yery good. 

Cornfield. 
A Southern variety from J. S. Downer. 

Fruifc medium, roundish oblate, truncate regular, yellow, covered 
with mixed deep red, striped. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, rather 
dry, subacid. Good. December. (Warder.) 

Cornish Aromatic. 

An English Apple. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, angular. Color rich red, much 
marked with russet yellow dots, on a pale russet ground. Flesh yellow, 
with a rich, aromatic, subacid flavor. Good. October to December. 

Cornish Gilliflower. 

Cornish July-flower. Pomme Kegelans. Red Gilliflower ? 

Calville d'Angleterre. Cornwallisser. Nelken Apfel. 

An old English Apple. Tree a poor grower and shy bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, conical, narrowing much to the eye 
where it is ribbed, dull green, or dark yellowish green, with a sunny side 
of brownish red, intermixed with a few streaks of richer red. Flesh yel- 
lowish, firm, with a rich, high flavor, and a slight aromatic perfume. 
Good. November to April. 

Cornish Spice. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit small, oblate, pale yellow, slight shade in sun. Flesh yellow- 
ish, crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good. November. 

Corse's Favorite. 
A Canadian Apple, valuable for stewing. 

Fruit medium, oblate, depressed, yellowish green. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, brisk, subacid. Good. September. 



134 



THE APPLE. 



Cos, or Caas. 

A native of Kingston, N. Y., where it is productive and highly 
esteemed. 

Fruit large, one-sided or angular, roundish, broad, and flattened at 
the stalk, narrowing a good deal to the eye, Skin smooth, pale green- 
ish yellow in the shade, but red in the sun, with splashes and specks of 
bright red, and a few yellow dots. Flesh white, tender, with a mild, 
agreeable flavor. Good to very good. December to March. 

Costard. 
Coulthard. Prussian Pippin. 

An old English culinary Apple mentioned by Lawson in 1597, and 
was in the fruiters' bills in the time of Edward the First, 1292, under 
name of Pomme Costard. Tree hardy, strong, vigorous, with downy 
shoots, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, prominently ribbed, dull yellowish 
green, embedded all over with gray specks. Flesh greenish white, ten- 
der, juicy, brisk, subacid. October to December. (Hogg.) 

COTSVILLE SPITZENBERG. 

A variety received from Nelson & Son, Mercer Co., Pa., by whom it 
was obtained as a seedling of the Barubo, from Ohio. It looks much 
like the Baltimore, on p. 86, and may prove identical. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, whitish, covered over with 
deep crimson in the sun, lighter in the shade, a little russet, and pretty 
thickly sprinkled with light dots. Flesh whitish, sometimes a little 
stained, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core 
small. Very good. December to February. 

Coral Blush. 

From Boss-shire, Scotland. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, dull red in the sun. Flesh 
yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk. A good culinary sort. December. (Lind.) 

Court Pendu de Tournay. 

Reinette d'Orleans. 

Originated in Holland. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit small to medium, roundish, conical. Flesh creamy white, ten- 
der, fine, aromatic. (An. Pom.) 

Court Pendu Plat. 

Court-pendu. Court-pendn Musque. 
Conrt-pendu plat rougeatre. Rouge Musque. 

Capendu. Coriandre Rose. 

G-amon's Apple. Pomme de Berlin. 

Court-pendu Extra. Wollaton Pippin. 

Rond Gros. Russian. 

Rose. Princess Noble Zoete. 

A popular French variety. 

Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, and quite flat. Skin rich, 
deep crimson on the sunny side, with a little pale greenish yellow in the 



THE APPLE. 



135 



shade. Stalk short, inserted in a very deep cavity. Calyx large, set in 
a wide shallow basin. Flesh yellow, crisp, with a rich brisk acid flavor. 
Good. The tree bears young and plentifully. November to February. 

Court Pendu Rose. 
Court Pendu Eosat. 
Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish, flattened, yellow, marked with gray dots, and 
shaded with bright red around the stem. Flesh white, fine, juicy, 
vinous, acid, perfumed. (An. Pom.) 

Court of Wick. 

Court of Wick Pippin. Golden Drop. Philip's Reinette. 

Court de Wick. Wood's Huntingdon. Knightwick Pippin. 

Rival Golden Pippin. Barlow. Week's Pippin. 

Fry's Pippin. Transparent Pippin. Yellow. 

A highly-flavored English dessert Apple of the Golden Pippin class, 
which does not succeed well with us. 

Fruit below the middle size, regularly formed, roundish oblate, some- 
what flattened, greenish yellow in the shade, but becoming a warm 
orange, with a little red in the sun. Flesh yellow, crisp, and juicy, with 
a high poignant flavor. Yery good. October to February. 

Cowarne Ped. 
Origin, Herefordshire, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, narrowing to the crown, pale yellow, bright 
red where exposed to the sun, sometimes deep purplish crimson. Valu- 
able for cider. (Hogg.) 

Cowarne's Queening. 
Northern Greening. 

Tree upright, compact, an abundant bearer. 

Fruit very large, roundish, conical, golden yellow, red in the sun. 
Flesh white, tender. Fine for cooking or drying. November to Jan- 
uary. (Pon.) 

Cox's Orange Pippin. 

An English variety much esteemed for dessert. Tree is well adapted 
for dwarfing on the paradise stock, and a free bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed and slightly mot- 
tled nearly over the whole surface with crimson. Flesh yellowish, rather 
firm, juicy, brisk, rich, subacid. Core small. Yery Good. September, 
October. 

Cox's Pomona. 

A variety from England, valuable as a culinary apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, greenish yellow, shade of crim- 
son in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core 
small. October. 

Cracking. 

Origin, farm of Henry Barger, Harrison Co., O. Tree spreading, 
vigorous, and productive. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. 



136 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit fair, large, roundish, slightly flattened, inclining to conic, ob- 
scurely ribbed, pale yellow, with a slight tinge of red, thinly sprinkled 
with large dots. Stalk medium, in a rather deep slightly russeted cav- 
ity. Calyx closed in a corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, 
tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. Valuable for cooking. 
October, November. 

Cram or Kram. 
An old fruit nearly out of use and not worth cultivating. 

Cranberry. 

From Georgia. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color yellow, brightly striped with 
carmine on the unexposed side, and of deeper red on the side next the sun. 
Many gray russet dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish. Good. 

Cranberry Pippin. 

This strikingly beautiful Apple was found growing on a farm near 
Hudson, N. Y. It is only second-rate in point of flavor — but it is an 
excellent cooking and market apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular. Skin very smooth, light 
yellow, with a bright scarlet cheek. Flesh white, moderately juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good. November to February. 

Cranberry Eusset. 

Introduced to notice by J. Austin Scott, Toledo, O. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, compressed. Surface rough, russeted, 
blushed carmine, uneven. Flesh breaking, tender, not very juicy, acid. 
Good. Said to be superior for cooking. November, December. (War- 
der.) 

Crawford. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate inclining to conic, yellowish, with a 
tinge of crimson in the sun, few grayish dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, rather rich, slightly aromatic, subacid. Very good. November to 
March. 

Crawford's Keeper. 

Originated in Lawrence Co., O. Tree strong grower and a great 
bearer. Young shoots slender, clear, smooth, light reddish brown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish truncated conical, oblique. Color 
light yellow, mostly overspread with a rich red, large light gray specks. 
Stem very short. Cavity large, deep, acute, slightly russeted. Calyx 
closed or nearly so. Segments divided. Basin very deep, broad, 
abrupt, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, breaking moderately 
juicy, mild, sweet, subacid. Good to very good. January to March. 

Cray Pippin. 

Raised in Kent, England, where it is said to be a valuable dessert 
Apple. 

Fruit below medium, conical, pale yellow, tinge of red in the 



THE APPLE. 



137 



sun. Flesh yellow, crisp, sweet, and highly flavored. October. 
(Hogg.) 

Crayton. 

Fruit medium to large, fine flavor. November to April. (Sum- 
ner's MS.) 

Cream. 

Origin, Queens Co., L. I., N. Y. Tree a vigorous grower, forming a 
compact head, an early bearer, and by some thought valuable for dessert 
or culinary purposes. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellowish, thickly sprin- 
kled with brown and gray dots. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, 
juicy, pleasant, sweet and rich. September and October. 

Creed's Marigold. 

Raised from seed of the Scarlet Nonpareil, in Kent, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep rich yellow, orange,, in the sun, covered 
and striped with shades of rich red. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sugary, 
richly flavored. October, November. (Hogg.) 

Crede's Quittenreinette. 
Credo's Gutten Reinette. 
A German variety of medium size, roundish, lemon yellow with star- 
like russety dots. Flesh white, very fine and juicy, sugary, vinous, 
quince flavor. December to March. (Hogg.) 

Creek. 

A native of Hellam township, York, Pa., where it is highly prized 
on account of its quality and extraordinary productiveness. Tree vig- 
orous, upright, slightly spreading. 

Fruit medium., oblate, slightly conical, greenish yellow, obscurely 
striped and splashed with light and dark red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
mild, pleasant, subacid. Core small. Yery good. December to March. 

Creeper. 
Common in Berkshire, England. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, somewhat conical, dark green, nearly 
overspread with red, striped in the sun with darker shades. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, sweet, slight aroma. September. (Hogg.) 

Crego Red Streak. 

From Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree very productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, with stripes and shades of 
red. Flesh white, sharp subacid. Hardly good. September. 

Crimson Queening. 

Scarlet Queening-. Red Queening-. 

Summer Queening. Herefordshire Queening. 

A second-rate English variety. 

Fruit medium size, conical, mostly covered with deep crimson. Flesh 



138 



THE APPLE. 



white, with a red tinge under the skin, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. 
December to March. (Hogg.) 

Crispin. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblong truncated, greenish, shaded and striped 
with shades of red. Flesh whitish, dry, compact, subacid. Not quite 
good. December to May. 

Crittenden. 

A new variety, seedling from Kentucky, introduced to notice by J. C. 
Teas, of Indiana. Tree a sure and proline bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, dull red on yellow. Flesh juicy, very 
sweet. Good. Keeps until May or June. 

Crofton Pippin. 

An Apple from Ireland. Tree blossoms late, and bearing its fruit at 
ends of the branches gives it a drooping appearance. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish oblate, greenish, mostly over- 
spread with red. Flesh firm, rich, juicy. December, January. (Ron.) 

Crook's Seedling. 

From the county of Way, Indiana, where it is esteemed as a market 
sort. Tree forms an open round head, a great bearer. 

Fruit full medium size, red striped on yellow ground. Good. October. 

Cropsey's Favorite. 

Originated with D. W. Cropsey, Plainfield, Will Co., 111. 

Fruit full medium, roundish, yellow, mixed and splashed with car- 
mine. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid. December. 
(Warder.) 

Crotcher. 

Supposed to be a native of Dorchester Co., Md. Tree moderate, 
rather upright grower, producing large crops of very even-sized fruit. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, slightly truncated. Color waxen 
white, with a slight blush, and thinly sprinkled with light and green 
dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, large, partially russeted. Calyx 
closed. Basin rather large, abrupt, a little uneven. Flesh whitish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid. Very good. August. 

Crow Egg. 

An old variety of not very good quality, oblong oval, long stem, 
greenish yellow, tender, sweet, large core. October, November. 

There is also another Crow Egg in Kentucky, of conical form, yel- 
low, striped with dull red. Stem short. Flesh yellow, compact, sub- 
acid. Good. December, January. 

Crow ISTest. 

Originated at Kelley's Island, O., in the orchard of Chas. Carpenter. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 



THE APPLE. 



139 



Fruit full medium, round, truncated, greenish yellow, thinly covered 
with russet. Flesh green, tender, breaking, subacid, only good for cook- 
ing. November to January. (Warder.) 

CULLASAGA. 

Raised by Miss Ann Bryson, Macon Co., N. C. Good grower, and 
a standard winter fruit for the South. Yery productive. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish, inclining to conic, sides sometimes 
unequal. Skin yellowish, mostly shaded and striped with dark crimson, 
and sprinkled with whitish dots. Stalk small and short, inserted in a 
deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx open, set in a shallow corru- 
gated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, mild sub- 
acid. Good. November to April. 

Cull awhee . 

A Southern seedling, with slender wood. Tree resembling the Buff. 

Fruit medium, or above, oblate, slightly inclining to conic, pale yel- 
low, nearly overspread, shaded and splashed with two shades of red, 
light crimson and dark dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. 
Good. December to March. 

Culp. 

Origin, Jefferson Co., O. Introduced by George Culp. Tree very 
vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic, waxen yellow, shaded with blush 
or dull crimson. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, agreeable, subacid. Good. 
December to March. 

Cumberland Seedling, 

Supposed to have originated in Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree a fine 
grower and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, sides unequal, pale yellow, 
mostly splashed and shaded with dark crimson, few large light dots. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. 
October, December. 

Cumberland Spice. 

From Cumberland Co., N. J. Tree thrifty, upright, spreading, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit rather above medium, roundish conic, pale yellow, rarely with 
a blush, sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and 
pleasant subacid; apt to shrivel. Good. Core large and hollow. 
December to February. 

Curry's Bed "Winter. 

Origin unknown. Came from Eastern North Carolina. Tree vigor- 
ous and very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong. Color yellow ground nearly covered with pale 
red and russet dots. Stalk rather short, slender set in a small cavity. 
Calyx large and open. Basin large. Flesh white, and solid, and keeps 
well into January. (So. Cult.) 



HO 



THE APPLE. 



Curtis Greening. 
Origin uncertain, found in Illinois. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong, truncated, axis inclined, yellow, 
bronzy. Flesh yellow, breaking, subacid. Good. January to Febru- 
ary. (Warder.) 

Curtis Sweet. 

Introduced to notice by Joseph Curtis, St. Alban's, Yt. Tree vigor- 
ous, upright, productive, and hardy. 

Fruit large, roundish, conical, ribbed, pale yellow, sprinkled, marbled, 
and splashed with crimson, and thickly covered with crimson dots. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, very tender, with a very pleasant sweet flavor. Core 
large. Good. August to October. 

Custard. 

Originated in the grounds of L. B. Langworthy, Greece, Monroe Co., 
N. Y. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, to small, roundish, or roundish oblate, mclining to 
conic, greenish yellow, faintly marbled and splashed with dull red, deep- 
er in the sun. Flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, very mild, almost sweet, 
agreeable, good for the amateur. Core small. Yery good. November, 
December. 

Cut Pippin. 

West's Spitzenberg. Haymaker. 
Honemaker Pippin. Hoinraacher Apfei. 

From Western Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium to large, greenish. Flesh greenish, juicy, subacid. 
Good. December to April. (Elliott.) 

Dahlongea. 

Of Southern origin, but precise locality unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, light greenish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with crimson, a slight bloom, and thickly sprin- 
kled with light dots. Flesh whitish, moderately tender, juicy, subacid. 
Good. February to March. 

Dahlton. 

Daklton Pippin. 

Origin unknown. So far as we know, only grown in Massachusetts. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, slight blush in the sun, 
greenish dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Dame Jeaxxette. 
Joannetten's Reinette. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, with a bronzed 
cheek in sun. Stalk slender. Calyx large. Flesh white, veined with 
yellow, mild subacid, perfumed. December. (Yerg.) 



THE APPLE. 



141 



Dana. 

Origin, near Cincinnati, O. Tree large, productive. 

Fruit small, flat rich, yellow partially covered with mixed red, 
distinctly striped with carmine, white bloom. Flesh yellow, fine- 
grained, subacid. August. (Warder.) 

Dana Greening. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, greenish yellow, few gray dots. Flesh 
whitish, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Dana's Striped Sweet. 

From Ohio. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, yellowish 
shaded, and striped with red. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, mild, pleas- 
ant sweet. Good. December to March. 

Daniel. 

From Henry Co., Ind. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, partially striped and 
splashed with dull crimson. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, 
pleasant subacid. Good. August and September. 

Daniel's Apple. 
An old variety. Origin unknown, of no value. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with dull crimson. Flesh 
white, coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. Core large and hollow. October. 

Dan Peaemain. 

Originated in Indiana. 

Fruit medium to small, round, flattened, yellow, covered, mixed, and 
striped with bright red. Flesh yellow, breaking, tender, mild subacid, 
rich. Too small for profit. December to March. (Warder.) 

Danvers Winter Sweet. 
Epse's Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts, in the town of Danvers, from which this variety 
takes its name, it has been for a long time one of the best market 
apples, but we think it inferior to the Ladies' Sweeting. It is an 
abundant bearer, and a very rapid tree in its growth. Young shoots 
dark grayish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong. Skin smooth, dull yellow, 
with an orange blush. Stalk slender, inclining to one side. Calyx set 
in a smooth, narrow basin. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, and rich. Yery 
good. It bakes well, and is fit for use the whole winter, and often till 
April. 

Dapper. 

From Georgia. 

Fruit small, roundish, truncate, yellow, with crimson specks. (Pa. 
Rep.) 



142 



THE APPLE. 



Darlington. 
Darlington Russet. 
Native of Northern Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish, smooth russet. Mesh white. Hardly very 
good. January to June. (Elliott.) 

Darling Pippin. 
An old English sort, described in 1665. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, lemon yellow, small pearly specks. Flesh 
yellowish, firm, juicy pleasant subacid. November to January. (Lind.) 

Dartmouth Sweet. 
An old Massachusetts variety. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh yel- 
lowish, moderately juicy, tender, sweet. Good. October. 

Davis. 

Origin, Plymouth, Wayne Co., Mich., on the farm of Jehiel Davis. 
Tree vigorous, upright, bears annually. 

Fruit small, roundish, flattened at base and crown, yellowish, shaded, 
and obscurely striped with crimson, russeted at the crown, and sprinkled 
with gray dots. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, juicy, crisp, 
sprightly, subacid. Good. April, May. 

Davis's Sweet. 

Origin said to be Monroe Co., O. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes rather conical, regular. 
Color yellow, shaded with mixed red, splashed crimson, numerous large 
gray or fawn-color dots. Skin not smooth, thick. Stem long, slender. 
Cavity acute, regular. Calyx medium, closed. Basin small, abrupt, 
russeted. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, rather sweet. Core medium. 
Quality good. April to July. (A. Pom. S.) 

Dawson's Cluster. 

From Clark Co., O. 

Fruit medium, oblong, truncate, pale yellow, blushed lightly with 
brown. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Novem- 
ber. (Warder.) 

Day. 
Royal Pippin. 

A native of Kentucky. 

Fruit large, round, somewhat conic, yellow striped, splashed, and 
mottled with bright red. Flesh white, firm, breaking, subacid. Poor. 
January. Kitchen use. 

Dayton. 
Haley. 

From Maine. / 
Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, marbled and striped 
with red. Flesh juicy, tender, subacid. Good. Core large. December. 



THE APPLE. 



143 



Defiance. 

Originated with H. N. Gillett, Ohio, from seed of Pryor's Red. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellow, nearly overspread, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with rich red. Flesh white, tender, not juicy, rich 
peculiar aroma. Good. August, September. 

Delaware. 
Trumpington. 

Of unknown origin, supposed American, although heretofore found 
described only in Ronalds. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate, golden yellow, blotched with deep red. 
Flesh firm, rich, high-flavored. October to December. 

Delight. 

From Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, O. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, some russet, and a red cheek 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good. 
December to March. (Elliott.) 

Democrat. 
Varick. 

An Apple consideraly grown in Tompkins Co., N. Y., the origin of 
which cannot be correctly traced. The trees are great bearers, fruit 
keeping well, and always meeting a ready sale in market. Tree an up- 
right, good grower, annually productive. Young shoots reddish brown. 





Democrat. 



Fruit — size medium, or above ; form roundish conical, obscurely rib- 
bed. Color pale whitish yellow, shaded, partially striped, and splashed 
nearly over the whole surface with light and dark crimson, and pretty 



thickly sprinkled with small light dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity- 
large, deep, acute. Calyx small, closed. Segments small and short to a 
point. Basin medium, rather deep, corrugated. Flesh white, sometimes 
a little stained next the skin, very tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. 
Very good. Core large. December to March. 

Democrat. 

Warder describes an Apple under this name obtained of George 
Powers, Perrysburgh, O., as follows : 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, blushed scarlet. Dots minute. 
Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. 
October, December. 

Derry Nonsuch. 
Dinsmore. Londonderry. 
Origin unknown, from Keene, N. H., and held in estimation there. 
Tree thrifty and productive, a late keeper. 

Fruit above medium, oblong or conic, yellow, sprinkled, shaded, and 
splashed with crimson. Stalk short, in a moderate cavity. Calyx large, 
closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, slightly 
aromatic, agreeably subacid. Good. January to April. 

Detroit Black. 
Crimson Pippin. Grand Sachem. 

Black Detroit. Washington Pearmain. 

A showy, large, dark, blood-red fruit, but rather coarse, and scarcely 
worth cultivation. 

Fruit very large, roundish, distinctly ribbed, and irregular in its out- 
line. Skin smooth, deep, dingy red over the whole surface. Flesh 
white, rather dry, and without much flavor. Good. September. 

Detroit Red. 
Detroit. Black Apple of some. Large Black. 

This fruit, commonly known in Western New York and Michigan 
as the Detroit, is supposed to have been brought to the neighborhood 
of Detroit by early French settlers, and thence disseminated. 

Fruit of medium or rather large size, roundish, somewhat conical, 
bright crimson at first, but becoming dark blackish purple at maturity, 
somewhat dotted and marbled with specks of fawn color on the sunny 
side. Flesh white (sometimes stained with red to the core in exposed 
specimens), crisp, juicy, of agreeable, sprightly subacid flavor. Good. 
October to February. 

Devonshire Bucklaxd. 
Dredge's White Lily. White Lily. Lily Buckland. 

An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, waxen yellow. Flesh yel- 
low, crisp, juicy, brisk, sweet. October to February. (Hogg.) 

Devonshire Golden Ball. 
An English Apple, described by Ronalds as follows : 
Fruit large, globular, straw-colored, with flesh of unstriped carmine. 



THE APPLE. 



145 



A beautiful sauce apple, with an agreeable acid. January and Feb- 
ruary. Tree grows well and bears freely. 

Devonshire Quarrenden. 
Red Quarrenden. Sack Apple. 

An English fruit, scarcely of medium size, roundish, flattened, and 
slightly narrowed at the eye. Skin rich deep crimson, with lighter 
crimson, sprinkled with numerous green dots. Flesh nearly white, 
crisp, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. Ripe during all 
August and September. 

Devonshire Queen. 
Ronalds describes this as a favorite apple in the West of England. 
Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, straw-colored, with bright red 
stripes. Flesh juicy, high flavored, for table or sauce. 

Devonshire Red Streak. 

Another old West of England fruit, which, when grown in the States, 
becomes increased in size. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish with many stripes of red, 
few brown dots. Flesh yellow, tender, brisk, subacid. Good. Core 
large, hollow. November, December. 

Devonshire Wilding. 
A cider Apple much valued in North Devon, England. Tree a strong 
grower and free bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green. Flesh firm, sharp, acid. 

Diel's Reinette. 
Reinette Diel. Diel Kernobst. 

This variety was raised by Yan Mons. Tree strong, healthy, vigor- 
ous grower, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, orange yellow at maturity, 
with crimson and russety dots and spots. Flesh white, firm, crisp, juicy 
rich, spicy. December to March. 

Dickson's Emperor. 

From Scotland. 

Fruit large, slightly ribbed, yellow, with dashes of carmine, dull red; 
in sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicy. Good. November, January.. 
(Elliott.) 

Dickskill. 

This Apple was first found among the Dutch, on the west end of Long 
Island. It is valued where known for being an early and regular bearer, 
but is not an attractive market fruit. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, mostly covered, shaded and 
splashed with dull red. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, tender, mild, almost 
sweet, subacid. Good. November, December. 

DlETZER ROTHE MANDEL REINETTE. 

A German dessert Apple, which should bear the test of American 

10 



146 



THE APPLE. 



palates before being highly praised. Tree a fine grower and productive. 
Hogg thus describes it : — 

Fruit medium, roundish, clear yellow, with light red, slightly broken 
into stripes in the sun. Flesh fine, yellowish, firm, juicy, rich, aroma- 
tic, subacid. December. 

Dillingham. 

Raised by D. C. Richmond, of Sandusky, O. Tree moderately vigo- 
rous, productive, and particularly excellent for baking. Wood light 
reddish brown. Buds prominent, downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, with green 
and red dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed in a medium basin. 
Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, sweet. Good. November to February. 

Disharoon. 

Origin, Habersham County, Georgia, growth upright and vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish white, covered with gray 
dots. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant subacid flavor. 
Good. November to December. 

Dobb's Kernel Golden Pippin. 

From Gloucester, England, and only estimated over the old Golden 
Pippin because of more free growth, and more productive. 

Fruit small, oblate, rich, golden yellow. Flesh firm, crisp, sharp sub- 
acid. March to April. (Ron.) 

Doctor. 

Red Doctor. De Witt. 

A Pennsylvania Apple ; the tree is rather an indifferent grower and 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and washed with 
two or three shades of red, with a few darker spots. Flesh tender, 
juicy, breaking, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good. October, January. 

Doctor Helsham's Pippin. 
From Norfolk Co., England. Tree slender, productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, slight red in sun. 
Flesh white, sweet, slightly aromatic. August, September. (Lind.) 

Doctor Fulcher. 

Origin, Todd Co., Ky. Tree thrifty, an early abundant bearer. Shoots 
slender. 

Fruit medium, globular, truncated, yellow marbled, and splashed 
with carmine. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid. De- 
cember, January. (Warder.) 

Dodge's Crimson. 
Cumberland Black. 

Originated with J. W. Dodge, Pomona, Tenn. Tree a free grower, 
making a round or spreading head, with slender limbs, which droop 



THE APPLE. 



147 



with the weight of the fruit. Young shoots very dark brown ; an an- 
nual and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, deep rich red, almost purplish, few 
small light dots. Flesh white, sometimes stained a little next the skin, 
firm-grained, tender, juicy, sprightly, vinous. Good to very good. 
December, January. 

Domine. 

English Rambo of some. Wells. Cheat. 

Hogan. Striped R. I. Greening. Cling Tight. 

English Red Streak. English Beauty of Pa. 

This Apple, extensively planted in the orchards on the Hudson and 
west, so much resembles the Rambo externally, that the two are often 
confounded together, and the outline of the latter fruit (see Rambo) 
may be taken as nearly a fac-simile of this. The Domine is, however, 
of a livelier color, and the flavor and season of the two fruits are very 
distinct, — the Rambo being rather a high-flavored early winter or au- 
tumn apple, while the Domine is a sprightly, juicy, long-keeping winter 
fruit. 

Fruit of medium size, flat. Skin lively greenish yellow in the shade, 
with stripes and splashes of bright red in the sun, and pretty large rus- 
set specks. Stalk long and slender, planted in a wide cavity and inclin- 
ing to one side. Calyx small, in a broad basin, moderately sunk. Flesh 
white, exceedingly tender and juicy, with a sprightly pleasant, though 




Domine. 

not high flavor. Young wood of a smooth, lively light brown, and the 
, trees are very hardy, and the most rapid growers and prodigious early 
( bearers that we know — the branches being literally weighed down by the 

rope-like clusters of fruit. 



148 



THE APPLE. 



The Domine does not appear to be described by any foreign author. 
Coxe says that he received it from England, but the apple he describes 
and figures does not appear to be ours, and we have never met with it in 
any collection here. It is highly probable that this is a native fruit. 
It is excellent from December till April. 

Donnelan's Seedling. 

Of American origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes. Flesh 
yellowish, dry, subacid. September. (Elliott.) 

Doux d'Argent. 
Doux d'Angers. D'Eve. Ostogate. 

Supposed French origin. Tree vigorous, productive, with straight, 
downy young shoots. 

Fruit medium, oblate, conical, waxen yellow, bright red in the sun. 
Flesh white, firin, crisp, not very juicy, partially sweet. December, Jan- 
uary. 

Dowell's Pippin. 
An old Berkshire, England, dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, green, with russet and brownish red 
in the sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. October. 

Downing's Paragon. 

Raised by A. G. Downing, near Canton, 111. Growth upright, not 
very strong. Bears regularly and well. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, truncated. Skin light yellow, with 
a sunny cheek. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sweet, rich, aromatic. 
Good to very good. September to December. 

Downton Pippin. 

Elton Pippin. Downton Golden Pippin. 

Knight's Golden Pippin. St. Mary's Pippin. 

A rather early variety of the English Golden Pippin, raised by Mr. 
Knight, of Downton Castle. 

Fruit a little larger than the Golden Pippin, about two and a quar- 
ter inches in diameter, roundish, flat at the ends. Skin smooth, yellow. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, with a brisk, rich tart flavor. Very good. Oc- 
tober and November. 

Dow's Winter Pippin. 

Origin, on the grounds of Y. P. Dow, Greenbush, near Albany, N. Y. 
Tree productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, green inclining to yellow, slightly shaded in the 
sun with crimson, few brown dots. Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, brisk 
subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. November. 

Drap d'Or. 

Fennouillet Jaune. Vrai Drap d'Or. Embroidered Pippin. 

Bay Apple. Pomme de Caractere. Bonne de Mai. 

Tree straggling, unproductive, moderately vigorous. 

This is distinct from the Drap d'Or of Lindley, and of Noisette, and 



THE APPLE. 



149 



most French authors, which is quite a small apple ; but it is the Vrai 
Drap d? Or of the old Duhamel, pi. xii. Fig. 4. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, yellow or dead gold 
color, with distinct small brown dots or specks. Flesh crisp, juicy, 
mild subacid. Good. August to October. 

There are two or three apples under this name — one is similar in 
size to the above, but the tree is of stronger growth, dropping its fruit 
before mature, which is rather coarse, spongy. Flesh quite inferior. 

Another variety, the Drap d'Or of Knoop, is small, bright yellow, 
firm and crisp. 

Dredge's Fair Maid of Wishford. 

A variety from near Salisbury, England. Tree a free grower, and 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with patches of brown russet, and 
streaks of red in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, brisk, juicy, sugary. 
December to March. (Hogg.) 

Dredge's Fame. 
Tree hardy, vigorous grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dingy yellow, patches of thin russet, pale 
red in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, brisk, sugary, aro- 
matic. December to March. (Hogg.) 

Dredge's Golden Pippin. 

Bonalds describes this as a little larger than the original, flattish 
in shape, clear yellow, firm, and sweet. February to March. 

Duchesse de Brabant. 
Keinette Duchesse de Brabant. 
Tree very vigorous. 

Fruit large, variable in form, yellow, spotted with reddish gray dots, 
crimson cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, 
acid. September to December. (An. Pom.) 

Duchess of Oldenburgh. 
Smith's Beauty of Newark. New Brunswick. 

This handsome Russian Apple proves one of the most hardy and 
profitable varieties in cultivation, and especially in our northwestern 
sections. The tree is vigorous, forming a roundish, upright, spreading 
head, requiring little or no pruning, and producing abundantly a fruit 
of fair, even, and regular size, that, although not of the first quality, 
always commands a ready sale, as it is valuable for market and cooking, 
and passably good for dessert. Young shoots smooth, reddish. 

Fruit medium size, regularly formed, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, 
finely washed and streaked with red on a golden or yellow ground. Calyx 



150 THE APPLE. 

pretty large and nearly closed, set in a wide, even hollow. There is a 
faint blue bloom on this fruit. The flesh is juicy, sprightly subacid. 
Ripens early in September. 




Duchess of Oldenburgh. 



DUCKETT. 

A Southern fruit. 

Fruit rather large, oblate, light waxen yellow, often with a crimson 
cheek. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, aromatic. Good. Very 
good at the South, where it is ripe October to November. 

Duffield Pippin. 

Probably an old variety, claimed as a seedling of the Pev. George 
Duffield's ancestors. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with shade of light 
crimson in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, pleasant, subacid. 
Good. November. 

Du Haldek. 

Probably a Holland variety. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, golden yellow, with gray white dots. 
Flesh white, fine, semi-tender, sugary acid. November to May. (An. 
Pom.) 

Duke of Beaufort's Pippin. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish, with faint streaks in 
the sun of pale red. Flesh greenish white, crisp, and subacid. Novem- 
ber, December. (Lind.) 

Duke of Devonshire. 



An English dessert Apple. 



THE APPLE. 



151 



Fruit of medium size, roundish, lemon yellow, with a dull red 
cheek. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, sugary, fine aroma. Feb- 
ruary to May. (Hogg.) 

Dulce Doman. 
Sweet Home. 

Introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree of upright 
growth, moderately vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow with a shade of red in the 
sun. Flesh firm, yellowish, moderately juicy, mild honeyed sweet. 
Good to very good. Baking and stewing. November, February. 

Dumelow's Seedling. 

"Wellington. Dumelow's Crab. 

English, rather large, roundish, yellow, with a blush. Flesh yellow, 
crisp, brisk, acid. Good. November to March. 

Dumpling. 

Crooked Limb Pippin. French Pippin of Indiana. Watrous Dumpling-. 
Fruit large, roundish oblong, light yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh 
white, indifferent. October, December. (Elliott.) 

Duncan. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, ribbed, yellow, with rich 
deep red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, j uicy, pleasantly acid. 
November to January. (Hogg.) 

Dusten. 

Of unknown origin, but grown in Weare, N. H. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, few gray dots. Flesh white, 
tender, j uicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November. 

Dutch Codlin. 
Chalmer's Large. 

A. very large kitchen Apple, valued only for cooking, from August 
to September. 

Fruit of the largest size, irregularly roundish, or rather oblong, 
strongly marked by ribs extending from the base to the eye. Skin 
pale yellow, becoming orange yellow on the sunny side. Flesh white, 
subacid, and moderately juicy. Good. 

Dutch Mignonne. 

Reinette Doree. Pomme de Laak. Grosser Casselar Reinette. 

Paternoster Apfel. Settin Pippin. Copmanthorpe Crab. 

A popular Apple from Holland. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, 
spreading, young wood dark brown, downy, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic. Skin rather rough, 
yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with shades of light and dark 



152 



THE APPLE. 



rich red, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk 
medium, slender. Cavity large, often russeted. Calyx partially open. 
Segments erect. Basin large, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a 
little coarse, tender, juicy, slightly subacid. Core small. Good to 
very good. December to March. 

The foregoing is not the Dutch Mignonne which was described in 
the first edition of this book. That variety differs in being a more 
vigorous grower, forming a very large spreading tree, and bearing its 
fruit singly and very evenly distributed over the whole of the branches. 
We are uncertain of its true name. Young wood very stout, dark red- 
dish brown. 

Fruit large, often very large, roundish oblate. Skin dull orange, half 
covered or more with rich, dull red, dotted and mottled with large yel- 
low russet specks. Calyx very large. Segments divided and reflexed. 
Basin very broad, large, and deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
a little coarse, breaking, tender, rich, aromatic. Very good. November 
to February. 



This valuable new Apple originated on the farm of Charles Duzen- 
bury, Phillipstown, Putnam Co., N. Y. The tree is a vigorous grower, 
forming a handsome spreading head, producing abundantly a medium- 
sized, regular, uniform fruit, which keeps and retains its flavor until May. 
Young wood, dark brownish red. 

Fruit medium ; form roundish conical, truncated ; color greenish 
yellow, shaded and rather obscurely splashed with dull red over nearly 
two-thirds its surface, and sprinkled with a few gray and light dots. 
Stalk rather short. Cavity rather large and deep. Calyx closed. Seg- 
ments medium, erect to a point. Basin rather abrupt, slightly corru- 
gated. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, tender, moderately juicy, very mild, 
and pleasant subacid, almost sweet. Core small. Very good. February 
to May. 



A popular dessert Apple, very sprightly, tender, and excellent. Tree 
a moderate grower. Young wood grayish brown. It is supposed to be 
of French origin, and to have been brought to Rhode Island more than 
a hundred years ago. It was renamed Dyer by the Massachusetts 
Horticultural Society, who supposed it to be a seedling of Mr. Dyer, of 
Rhode Island, but the old and familiar name of JPomme Hoy ale should 
be preferred. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, pretty regularly formed. Skin 
smooth, pale greenish yellow, with a faint blush and a few dark specks 
on one side. Stalk about half an inch long, set in a smooth, round 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin plaited, moderately deep. Core round, 
hollow. Flesh white, very tender and juicy; flavor very mild and 



Duzenbury. 



Dyer, or Pomme Royale. 



Golden Spice. 
White Spice. 



Pinneo's Favorite. 
Woodstock. 
Tompkins. 
Coe's Spice. 
Bullripe. 



Smithfield Spice. 
Mygatt's Bergamot. 
Beard Burden. 



THE APPLE. 153 

agreeable, aromatic, slightly subacid. Very good to best. September 
October. 




Dyer, or Pomme Eoyale. 



Early Chandler. 

Fruit medium or small, roundish. Color mostly shaded and striped 
with fine red on yellow ground. Stalk short, in a regular cavity. 
Calyx closed, in a large basin. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a plea- 
sant subacid flavor. Fine for cooking, too acid for eating. Good. 
August. 

Early Harvest. 

Prince's Harvest, or Early French Reinette, of Coxe. 
July Pippin. Tart Bough. 

Yellow Harvest. Early French Reinette. 

Large White Juneating. Sinclair's Yellow. 

An American Apple ; and taking into account its beauty, its excel- 
lent qualities for the dessert and for cooking, and its productiveness, we 
think it the finest early apple yet known. It begins to ripen about the 
first of July, and continues in use all that month. The smallest col- 
lection of apples should comprise this and the Red Astrachan. Tree 
moderately vigorous, upright, spreading. Young shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit medium size. Form roundish, often roundish oblate, isediaffl- 
SEs&r- Skin very smooth, with a few faint white dots, bright straw-color 
when fully ripe. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, rather 
slender, inserted in a hollow of moderate depth. Calyx set in a shal- 



154 



THE APPLE. 



low basin. Flesh very white, tender, and juicy, crisp, with a rich, 
sprightly subacid flavor. Yery good to best. Core small. 




Early Harvest. 



Early Joe. 

Origin, orchard of Heman Chapin, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree of slow 
growth, productive, requires high culture for fair fruit. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, very slightly conic, smooth, yellowish, 




Early Joe. 



shaded and striped with red, and thickly sprinkled with greenish spots. 
Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cavity surrounded by russet. 
Calyx closed. Basin moderate. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, with a 



THE APPLE. 



155 



very agreeable vinous flavor. Best. Ripe middle of August to middle 
of September. 

There is a Luce's Early Joe which is distinct from this, being larger, 
and not as good quality. 

Early Julien. 

This Apple is of Scotch origin, the tree healthy and hardy, and a 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly flattened, pale yellow, deepen- 
ing in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, brisk subacid, pleasant. 
August. (Lind.) 

Early Long Stem. 
Early Spice. 

Origin unknown. Specimens received from Henry Avery, Burling- 
ton, Iowa. 

Fruit small, oblong conical, slightly ribbed. Skin greenish yellow. 
Stem long, slender, in a large cavity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. 
Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, slightly aro- 
matic, subacid. Good. August. 

Early Marrow. 

A large Scotch Apple, roundish conical, ribbed. Skin yellowish • 
white, with a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh tender, and bakes well ; 
productive. Good. September and October. 

Early Nonpareil. 

Stagg's Nonpareil. New Nonpareil. Hick's Fancy. 

Summer Nonpareil. Lacy's Nonpareil. 

Originated about 1780, in Norfolk, England. Tree a free upright 
grower, hardy, early, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull yellow with gray russet, and 
russet dots. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, brisk, rich, aromatic. 
October, November. (Lind.) 

Early Nonpareil. 

A variety grown in Illinois, the origin of which we cannot learn. It 
is barely possible that this may prove identical with the foregoing. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, strongly ribbed, whitish, 
thinly shaded, striped and splashed with red gray dots. Flesh white, 
sometimes stained next the skin, very tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. 
Good. Core large. September. 

Early Pennock. 

Shakers' Yellow. Indian Queen. 

August Apple. New Jersey Red Streak. 

Warren Pennock. Harmony. 

A very productive aDd favorite variety with many at the West. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, ribbed, light yellow, splashed, mottled, 
and shaded with light red. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, subacid. 
Good. Core large. Last of August and September. 



156 



THE APPLE. 



Tree hardy, an early and abundant bearer. The fruit, however, is 
only showy, and salable in market where a better quality of fruit is un- 
known. 

Early Queening. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, striped and mingled with 
red. Flesh whitish, slightly subacid. August. Tree rather spreading, 
with light brown shoots. 

Early Red Margaret. 

Margaret, or Striped Juneating. Striped June. 
Early Red Juneating. Striped Juneating. 

Red Juneating. Eve Apple of the Irish. 

Hargaretha Apfel of the Germans. 

An excellent early Apple, ripening about the middle of July, or 
directly after the Early Harvest. The tree while young is rather slen- 
der, with reddish brown upright woolly shoots. It is a moderate bearer. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish ovate, tapering towards the eye. 
Skin greenish yellow, pretty well covered by stripes of dark red. Flesh 
white, subacid, and, when freshly gathered from the tree, of a rich, agree- 
able flavor. Good. 

Early Red Streak. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, mostly covered with red, mar- 
bled and splashed. Flesh white, tender, j uicy, crisp, subacid. August, 
September. 

There are a number of distinct apples under the name of Early Red, 
or Early Red Streak, and we have been unable to decide perfectly as 
to which the name truly belongs. None of them, however, are more 
than moderately good. One, under name of Philadelphia Queen, is also 
similar to Early Red, and may be the same. The origin is variously 
claimed, but all unknown. 

Fall Stripe may also prove identical with one of the above. 

Early Red Sweet. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish, sweet. Not desirable. 

Early Ripe. 

Supposed Pennsylvania origin, but unknown. Tree a free grower, 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, sprinkled with a few 
gray dots. Stalk long, in a slightly russeted cavity. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. August. 

There is also another apple under name of Early Ilipe, which is 
small, oblate. Stalk short. Flesh brisk subacid. 

Early Spice. 

An English culinary Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow. 
Flesh white, marrowy, poor. August. (Hogg.) 

There is also an Early Spice originated in Chatham, N. C, which is 



THE APPLE. 



157 



small, round, yellow. Flesh yellow, dry, high flavored. Tree produc- 
tive. Young shoots slender. 

Early Strawberry. 
American Red Juneating. Red Juneating-. 

A beautiful variety, which is said to have originated in the neigh- 
borhood of New York, and appears in the markets there from July till 
September. It is quite distinct from the Early Red Margaret, which 
has no fragrance, and a short stem. 

Fruit roundish, narrowing towards the eye. Skin smooth and fair, 




Early Strawberry. 



finely striped and stained with bright and dark red, on a yellowish white 
ground. Stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender and uneven, in- 
serted in a deep cavity. Calyx rather small, in a shallow, narrow basin. 
Flesh white, slightly tinged with red next the skin, tender, subacid, 
and very sprightly and brisk in flavor, with an agreeable aroma. Yery 
good. 

Early Sweet. 

Originated with W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Tree upright, productive. 
Fruit medium or below, roundish, whitish yellow. Flesh white, ten- 
der, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. August. 

Early Tart. 

Supposed seedling of Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, light shade of 



158 



THE APPLE. 



crimson in sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good for cooking. August. 

Early Tart Harvest. 
Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, obscurely ribbed, waxen white, 
sometimes greenish, rarely a blush in sun. Stalk medium. Calyx 
closed. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Yery good. 
Core medium. Ripe about two weeks later than Early Harvest. 

Early Wax. 
Wax Apple. 

An English variety. 
Fruit below medium, oblong, roundish, somewhat ribbed, waxen 
yellow. Flesh yellowish white, tender, soft, sweet. August. (Hogg.) 

Early Yellow Reinette. 

Reinette Jaune Hatif. 

Fruit medium, conical, yellow and red. Flesh rich and juicy. 
August. 

Easter Pippin. 

Young's Long- Keeping. Ironstone Pippin. 
Claremont Pippin. French Crab. Forsyth (not of Coxe). 

Remarkable for keeping sound and firm two years. It is an English 
variety. 

Fruit of medium size. Skin deep green, with a pale brown blush. 
Flesh very firm, and though not juicy, of a good subacid flavor. 

East Grinstead. 

Ronalds describes this as a Sussex Apple of great excellence for 
table or kitchen. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull greenish yellow, with splashes 
of dull faint red. Flesh white, juicy, acid. March to May. 

Eaton. 

Origin unknown, found a grafted tree in the garden of J. B. Eaton, 
Buffalo, N. Y., and described in the Am. Pom. Soc. Reprints, 1854. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, dull green, striped with dull red, deeper 
when exposed to the sun. Stalk rather slender. Calyx large. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good to very good. November, Decem- 
ber. 

Edel Konig. 

Roi-Tres-Noble. 
A German culinary Apple of first-rate quality. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, truncated, ribbed, yellowish green, 



THE APPLE. 



159 



deep purplish crimson in sun. Flesh white, tinged with pink, tender, 
juicy, sugary, raspberry flavor. October, November. (Hogg.) 

Edgar's. 

An English Apple, which Ronalds describes as of medium size, 
roundish, yellow laced with bright red striping. A beautiful fruit, ex- 
cellent for the dessert or kitchen. November, December. 

Edward's. 

Origin, Chatham Co., N. C. 

Fruit nearly medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, lightly striped 
with delicate red. Flesh rich, juicy, firm. One of best keepers. 
(Con. Gent.) 

Eggermont. 

Eg-germont's Calville. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Skin glossy, lemon yellow, slight lines of 
russet. Flesh white, firm, juicy, marrowy, sugary, vinous. November. 
(Hogg.) 

Egg Top. 

Eve. Sheep Nose. Round Top. Wine of some. 

Fruit medium, elongated, oblong, conic oval, mostly overspread, and 
splashed and striped with shades of red. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
juicy, subacid. Scarcely good. November, December. 

Egyptian Belle. 
From J. M. Smith, of Greenville, 111. 

Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellowish white, striped, stained, and 
splashed with light and deep carmine. Flesh juicy, white, fine-grained, 
subacid. August. (Gar. Mon.) 

Egyptian Russet. 
Bagby Russet. 

From Southern Illinois, origin unknown. This Apple is much es- 
teemed where known for its rich, high flavor, and as a good keeper. 
Some think it the best of all the russets. The tree forms an upright, 
symmetrical, round head, with grayish reddish brown, somewhat downy 
young shoots. Productive. 

Fruit medium. Form roundish, approaching conical, slightly ribbed. 
Color golden yellow, netted and patched with russet over half or two- 
thirds of its surface, often with a cheek of crimson or fawn in the sun, 
and moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity 
medium or rather broad. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments 
short. Basin medium. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, slightly 
aromatic, pleasant subacid. Very good. December to March. 

Eldon Pippin. 

Fruit small, round, somewhat oblate, ribbed near the calyx, yellow 



160 



THE APPLE. 



shaded or covered with crimson next the sun. Flesh yellowish, very 
juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic. December to April. (Hogg.) 

Elford Pippin. 

Hogg describes this as a dessert Apple of first quality. Tree a healthy 
vigorous grower and good bearer. 

Fruit roundish, ribbed near the calyx, yellowish green, with mark- 
ings of russet in the shade, red, and striped with darker red next the 
sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, brisk, sugary, vinous. October, December. 

Elicke's Winter Sweet. 

Origin, Lebanon Co., Pa. An upright grower and a good bearer. 

Fruit above medium, obliquely depressed, yellow, striped and mot- 
tled with crimson. Flesh yellowish, a little coarse, tender, not very 
juicy, but very sweet, and excellent for apple butter. Good. De- 
cember to January. 

Ellijay. 

From Clarksville, Ga. 

Fruit large, oblique, roundish conic, pale yellow, often a blush 
red cheek in sun. Flesh white, rather tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly 
good. Core large and hollow. Most valued for cooking. November, 
December. 

Ellis. 

From Connecticut. Small, roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek. 
Flesh firm, juicy, pleasant, a long keeper. Good. April, May. 

Ellsworth. 
Miller's Seedling. 

Originated in Columbia Co., N. Y., on the farm of John C. Miller. 

Tree pretty vigorous growth, erect, young wood, much like Swaar in 
color, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, fine yellow, sometimes a shade of crimson 
in the sun. Nettings of russet and gray dots. Stalk long, slender. 
Cavity rather large, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments small, short, 
erect. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, firm, tender, 
juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. Very good or best. Core small. Jan- 
uary to March. 

Emperor. 

Described by Verry Aldrich in the Prairie Farmer as follows : — 
Fruit medium, roundish, one-sided, orange striped and shaded with 
red on the sun side, covered with white specks. Stalk short and 
slender. Cavity deep. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, plea- 
sant, almost sweet. 

Ene's Winter Sweet. 
A Southern Apple, introduced by J. S. Downer, Elkton, Ky. 



161 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, blushed in sun, russeted. 
Flesh yellow, fine-grained, sweet. Good. December. 




Ellsworth. 



Enfield Pearmain. 
A moderate grower and a fair bearer. 

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, deep red, sprinkled with mi- 
nute dots. Stalk long and slender, in a large cavity, surrounded by thin 
russet. Calyx partially closed, in a broad, shallow basin. Flesh tender,, 
fine-grained, juicy, with a pleasant, mild, rich flavor, resembling Seek- 
no-Further. Good. December to February. 

English Beauty. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, yellow, mostly over- 
spread, striped, shaded and splashed with crimson, and sprinkled with 
light and brown dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sprightly mild 
subacid. Almost very good. December to March. 

English Crab. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow with dark red. Flesh deep yellow, mild 
subacid. Good. January. 

English Gilliflower. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, approaching conic, slightly ribbed^ 

11 



162 



THE APPLE. 



light yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded with crimson and thickly- 
sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk very short. Cavity russeted. Calyx 
nearly closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid. Almost very good. November, December. 

English Granat Reinette. 
Pomme Granate. 

Hogg describes this as a first-rate German dessert Apple. Tree a 
medium grower and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, two-thirds over- 
washed and striped with crimson. Flesh yellowish white, very fine, 
firm, crisp, juicy, very rich vinous, aromatic. December to March. 

English Reinette. 

Reinette d'Angleterre. 

This is distinct from Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre, or from English 
Golden Pippin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conical, slightly ribbed, yellow 
shaded, marbled, and indistinctly splashed on the sunny side with light 
crimson. Stalk rather long. Calyx open. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, 
with a rather rich brisk subacid. Yery good. December, January. 




English. Russet. 



English Russet. 

Poughkeepsie Russet. Po'keepsie Russet. 

The English Russet is a valuable, long-keeping variety, extensively 
cultivated, and well known by this name, but which we have not been 
able to identify with any English sort. It is not fit for use until Feb- 



THE APPLE. 



163 



ruary, and may be kept till July, which, together with its great produc- 
tiveness and good flavor, renders it a very valuable market fruit. 

The trees grow very straight, and form upright heads, and the wood 
is smooth and of a reddish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly conical, and very regularly 
formed. Skin pale greenish yellow, about two-thirds covered with russet, 
which is thickest near the stalk. Calyx small, closed, and set in an 
even, round basin, of moderate depth. Stalk rather small, projecting 
even with the base, and pretty deeply inserted in a narrow, smooth 
cavity. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, with a pleasant, mild, slightly 
subacid flavor. Good. January to May. 

The English Russet described by Warder is entirely distinct, being, 
as he describes, large, globular, flattened, somewhat one-sided. Surface 
uneven, green. In season from December to January. 

English Sweet. 

Kamsdell's Sweet. Eamsdell's Sweeting 1 . Hurlbut Sweet ? 

Ramsdell's Red Pumpkin Sweet. Red Pumpkin Sweet. Avery Sweet. 
Randall's Red Winter. 

This old variety is esteemed where grown for the large crops which it 
bears, and as a showy sweet apple for market, and profitable for stock 
feeding, as well as superior for cooking. 

The tree is very vigorous, grows remarkably straight and upright, 
comes early into bearing, and yields every year enormously. Young 
shoots clear reddish brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit rather above medium size, oblong, regularly shaped, and taper- 
ing slightly towards the eye, dark red, dotted with fawn-colored specks, 
and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, very tender and 
mellow, unusually sweet and rich. Good to very good. In weight the 
apple is light. October to February. 

Epsy. 

From Vermont. A handsome productive fruit, small, elongated 
conic, deep red, almost crimson. Flesh whitish, brisk subacid. Scarcely 
good. December, January. 

Eptings Premium. 

Large, greenish, with red stripes. Flesh juicy and excellent. 
(Sumner's MS.) 

Eptings Red Winter. 

Large, beautiful red, resembling Carolina Red June. Flesh yellow, 
with rich pine-apple flavor. Keeps well to Christmas. (Sumner's 
MS.) 

Erie Sweet. 

From Erie, Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, mild, pleasant sweet. Good. September, October. 



164 



THE APPLE. 



Essex Pippin. 

An English variety. 

Emit small, roundish oblate, yellowish green, tinge of red in the 
sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, brisk, sugary. October to February. 
(Hogg.) 

Esopus Spitzenburgh. 

.ZEsopus Spitzenberg. JEsopus Spitzenburg. 

True Spitzenburgh. 

The Esopus Spitzenburgh is a handsome, truly delicious Apple, and 
is generally considered by all good judges equal to the Newtown Pippin, 
and unsurpassed as a dessert fruit by any other variety. It originated 
at Esopus, a famous apple district, originally settled by the Low Dutch, 
on the Hudson. But throughout the whole of New York it is considered 
the first of apples. The tree has rather slender shoots, and when in 
bearing has long and hanging limbs. 




Esopus Spitzenburgh. 



Fruit large, oblong, tapering roundly to the eye. Skin smooth, 
nearly covered with rich, lively red, dotted with distinct yellowish rus- 
set dots. On the shaded side is a yellowish ground with streaks and 
broken stripes of red. Stalk rather long — three-fourths of an inch — 
and slender, projecting beyond the base, and inserted in a wide cavity. 
Calyx small, and closed, set in a shallow basin, which is slightly fur- 
rowed. Flesh yellow, rather firm, crisp, juicy, with a delicious rich, 
brisk flavor. Best. Seeds in a hollow core. December to February. 



THE APPLE. 



165 



ESTEN. 

Origin, Hhode Island. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly ribbed, smooth, yellow, sometimes 
with a blush. Dots large, green and light. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, 
slightly aromatic, mild subacid. Good. November. 

Etoile. 

Calville Etoille. Reinette Etoile. 

Origin supposed Holland. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, rich red, with gray shade, and many 
gray dots. Flesh white, veined with red, tender, sugary, slightly acid. 
November to February. (Alb. Pom.) 

Eustis. 
Ben Apple. 

Origin, South Reading, Mass. Moderate grower, a good bearer. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, striped and 
shaded with fine red, and sprinkled with greenish dots. Stalk medium, 
inserted in a deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx partially open. 
Basin narrow, rather deep. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, mild subacid. 
Very good. November to J anuary. 

Evening Party. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, roundish, upright spread- 
ing, with slender branches. Young shoots dark grayish brown, many 
small dots. 

The fruit hangs well to the tree, and the foliage remains until 
quite late. 




Evening Party. 



Fruit small or medium, oblate, sides often unequal, yellow, chiefly 
shaded, splashed, and striped with red, becoming dark red in the sun, 



166 



THE APPLE. 



pretty thickly studded with light dots, especially near the calyx. Stalk 
short, inserted in a round, deep, acute cavity, sometimes russeted. 
Calyx closed. Basin rather large and even. Flesh juicy, whitish, ten- 
der, crisp, with a brisk saccharine, somewhat vinous, aromatic flavor, an 
excellent dessert fruit. Yery good. December and January. 

Ewalt. 
Bullock's Pippin of some. 

Origin, Bedford Co., Pa. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, obscurely ribbed, bright 
yellow, shades of crimson in the sun. Stalk short, stout. Cavity 
deep, irregular. Basin abrupt, deep, furrowed. Flesh white, tender^ 
brisk subacid. Good to very good. November to March. 

Eyer's Greening. 

Lindley describes this fruit as of middle size, somewhat round, pale 
green, tinged with brown in the sun. Flesh green, sweetish subacid. 
Culinary. November to March. 

Excel. 

Origin, Sharon, Conn. A strong grower and a good bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate conic, yellowish, marbled, splashed, and shaded 
with red, some nettings and patches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, 
brisk, subacid. Core large. Good to very good. December to February. 

Exquisite. 

Origin, orchard of A. G. Downing, Canton, 111. Growth moderate, 
upright, and very productive. 

Fruit below medium, oblate. Skin yellow, striped and marked with 
red. Stem short and small, surrounded by russet, in a deep, broad 
cavity. Calyx small, partially closed, set in a shallow basin. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, with a very rich, vinous flavor, almost saccha- 
rine. Good to very good. A delightful apple for the table. Septem- 
ber to November. 

FailMe-Never. 
Neverfail. 

A Scottish Apple for cooking purposes. Tree hardy and productive. 
Fruit above medium, oblate, ribbed, red, becoming deep red in the 
sun. Flesh white, sugary. Good. November, March. (Lind.) 

Fairbanks. 

Origin, "Winthrop, Maine. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, light yellow, striped with red, and 
patched with russet. Stem long. Cavity broad and shallow. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor. Good. September to Oc- 
tober. (Me. P. S. K.) 



THE APPLE 167 

Fairfield Summer Queen. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, obscurely ribbed, pale yellow, 
striped, srjlashed, and shaded with two shades of red. Stalk long, 
slender. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin uneven. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, tender, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic. Yery Good. Core 
small. September. 

Fair Maid. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, striped with carmine, subacid. 
Inferior. 

Fair Maid of Taunton. 

An English Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, straw color, with faint red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet. November to February. 
(Hogg.) 

Fair's Nonpareil. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with tinge of red in the sun. Flesh 
firm, crisp, juicy, vinous. November to February. (Hogg.) 



Fallawater. 

Falwalder. Pirn's Beauty of the West. Winter Blush 

Fornwalder. Pound. Green Mountain Pippin. 

Tulpehocken. Mountain Pippin. Molly Whopper. 

Pfarrer Walter. Fall de Walldes. Falder. 

Baltimore, erroneously. Brubacker. Fallawalder. 
Fallawalder. 

A favorite Apple of Pennsylvania, of which State it is a native. 
Tree a strong grower and very productive. 

Fruit very large, globular, inclining to conic. Skin yellowish green, 
shaded with dull red, and sprinkled with large gray dots. Stalk very 
short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a slightly 
plaited basin. Flesh greenish white, juicy, crisp, rather tender, pleas- 
ant, subacid flavor. Good. November, February. 



Fall Butter. 

There are dozens of this name. "Warder describes one from Indiana 

as : 

Fruit large, globular, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish white, 
juicy, sweet. December, January. 

Fall Greening. 

The original tree of this variety was found on the grounds of S. M. 
Van Wyck, Claverack, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree a moderately vigorous 
grower, round-headed, almost pendent, very productive, valuable. 



168 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Flesh greenish 
white, tender, pleasant, subacid. Good to very good. December to 
February. Tree a good grower and bearer, and sells well in market. 

There is another Fall Greening, which is more oblate in form. 
Similar color. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid. Sep- 
tember to November. The tree a poor grower. 

Fall Harvey. 

A fine large fall fruit from Essex Co., Mass., highly esteemed in that 
neighborhood. "We do not think it comparable to the Fall Pippin. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened, obscurely ribbed or irregu- 
lar about the stalk, which is rather slender, an inch long, set in a wide, 
deep cavity. Calyx closed, small, in a rather shallow corrugated basin. 
Skin pale straw yellow, with a few scattered dots. Flesh white, juicy, 
crisp, with a rich, good flavor. Good to very good. October and 
November. 

Fall Jenneting. 
Summer Jenneting-. 
Tree vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, almost ribbed, pale greenish yel- 
low, with a blush. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
September and October. 

Fall Limbeetwig. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, pale yellow, shaded and 
splashed with red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
November. 

Fall Orange. 

Orange. Holden. Hogpen. White Graft of Wis. 

Holden Pippin. Jones' Pippin. Red Cheek. Long Island. 

Origin, Holden, Mass. A very strong, erect grower, good bearer, 
and hardy. Young shoots smooth, dark brownish red. 

Fruit fair, large, roundish, pale yellow, sometimes with a dull red 
cheek and sprinkled with brownish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a 
deep, narrow cavity, very slightly surrounded by russet. Calyx large, 
partially closed, basin rather deep, narrow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
subacid. Too acid for a dessert, good for cooking. October, November. 

Fall Pearmain. 

Tree thrifty, moderate bearer. From Connecticut. 

Fruit fair and handsome, medium, roundish conic, slightly angular. 
Skin yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with crimson, and sprinkled 
with gray and green dots. Stalk medium, in a deep, slightly russeted 
cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin rather deep, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, rather rich flavor. Good to very 
good. September, October. 



THE APPLE. 



169 



Fall Pippin. 

York Pippin. Episcopal. Philadelphia Pippin. 

Pound Pippin. Golden Pippin, erroneously. Pound Royal of some. 

Cathead, incorrectly. 

The Fall Pippin is, we think, decidedly an American variety. It is 
very probably a seedling raised in this country from the White Span." 




Fall Pippin. 



ish JReinette, or the Holland pippin, both of which it so much resem- 
bles, and from which it, in fact, differs most strongly in the season of 
maturity. The Fall Pippin is a noble fruit, arid is considered the first 
of autumn apples in the Middle States, where its beauty, large size, and 
its delicious flavor for the table or for cooking, render it very popular. 

The tree is a very vigorous, strong grower, upright spreading. 
Young shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit very large, roundish, generally a little flattened, pretty regular, 
sometimes with obscure ribs at the eye. Stalk rather long, three-fourths 
of an inch, projecting considerably beyond the fruit (which distinguishes 
it from the Holland Pippin), set in a rather small, shallow, round cavity. 
Calyx open, not very large, rather deeply sunk in a round, narrow basin. 
Skin smooth, yellowish green, becoming a fine yellow, with often a 
tinge of brownish blush on one side, and with a few scattered dots. 
Flesh white, very tender and mellow, with a rich, aromatic flavor. 
Very good to best. October to December. 

Fall Spitzenburgh. 



From Vermont. Tree a fair grower and good bearer. 



170 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish conic, red striped. Flesh tender, juicy, 
pleasant subacid. Good. October, November. 

Fall Seek-no-Further. 
Winter Seek-no-Further. 

Origin unknown. Tree much the habit of the Rhode Island Green- 
ing, thrifty and productive. 

Fruit very large, oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with red, striped 
with darker red, and covered with numerous grayish dots. Flesh whit- 
ish, tender, moderately juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. 
October and November. 

There is another apple under name of Fall Seek-no-Further which 
we have received from Iowa, of medium size, roundish, greenish, with 
slight blush in the sun. Flesh white, tender, mild, subacid. Very 
good and keeps till March. 

Fall Wine. 

Sweet "Wine. Sharpe's Spice. Musk Spice. 

Ohio Wine. Uncle Sam's best. Hower or House. 

Origin unknown, probably an old Eastern fruit called " Wine " or 
" Sweet Wine," but not now much cultivated on account of the fruit being 
defective. Ia the rich Western soils it thrives admirably, producing 
fine fruit, yet in a few localities they complain of its being knurly. Tree 
healthy, but of rather slender growth, bearing moderate crops annually. 




Fall Wine. 



Fruit above medium. Stem rather long, slender, in a broad, deep 
cavity, surrounded by clear waxen yellow. Calyx partially ^ closed 
in a broad, deep, corrugated basin. Skin striped and shaded with red, 



THE APPLE. 



171 



on a light ground, with numerous russet dots. Flesh yellowish, juicy, 
tender, with a rich, aromatic, very mild, subacid flavor, almost sweet. 
"Very good to best. September, November. 

Tall Wine sap. 

A Western variety, the origin of which is unknown. 

Tree a free clean grower, moderately spreading, somewhat drooping 
as the tree acquires age, productive and an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes slightly conical, yellowish green, 
with considerable blush in the sun. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, 
juicy, subacid. Good. October, December. 

Fama Gusta. 

An old English sort. Tree vigorous, straggling in habit. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conical, deep yellow, faint 
red in sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet. Good for cooking. No- 
vember, December, 

Fameuse. 

Pomme de Neige. Sanguineus. Snow Chimney. Snow. 

A very celebrated Canada fruit (probably an old French variety), which 
has its name from the snow-white color of its flesh, or, as some say, from 
the village from whence it was first taken to England. It is an excellent, 




Fameuse. 



productive, autumn apple, and is especially valuable in northern 
latitudes. 

Tree moderately vigorous, round-headed, hardy. Young shoots red- 
dish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, somewhat flattened. Skin with a 



172 



THE APPLE. 



ground of pale greenish yellow, mixed with faint streaks of pale red on 
the shady side, but marked with blotches and short stripes of darker red, 
and becoming a fine deep red in the sun. Stalk quite slender, half an 
inch long, planted in a narrow funnel-shaped cavity. Calyx small, and 
set in a shallow, rather narrow basin. Flesh remarkably white, very 
tender, juicy, and with a slight perfume. Very good, almost best. Ripe 
in October and November. A regular bearer and a handsome dessert 
fruit. 

There is a variety under name of Striped Favt&ase, claimed to be 
distinct, the fruit being more striped and less highly colored. 

Family. 
McLoud's Family. 

A native of Georgia. Tree a fine regular grower and productive. 
Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, striped, and splashed 




Family. 



with dull red over half or more of its surface, thickly sprinkled with 
large light dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity pretty large, slightly 
russeted. Calyx closed. Segments medium, partially recurved. Basin 
medium, a little wrinkled. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, 
subacid. Very good. August, September. 

Fancher. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large to very large, globular, regular. Surface smooth, yellow, 
blushed. Flesh white, fine-grained breaking, juicy, very sweet. Good 
to very good. Baking. September, October. (Warder.) 



THE APPLE. 



173 



Fanny. 

Originated near Strasburgh, Lancaster Co., Pa., on the farm formerly- 
owned by Jacob Beam. Tree vigorous, spreading, very productive. 
Young wood dark grayish purple, two shades darker than Red Astrachan, 
and grayish. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, deep rich crimson red, 




Fanny. 



moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short, small. Cavity 
large, deep. Calyx closed. Segments short. Flesh white, a little 
stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Yery good. Core 
small. August. A new Apple of great promise as a market sort. 

Faeleigh Pippin. 
Farley Pippin. 

Originated at Farleigh in Kent, England. Tree strong, vigorous, 
upright, hardy, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, ribbed, yellowish, brownish red in 
the sun. Flesh greenish, firm, rich, and sugary. J anuary to April. 
(Lind.) 

Farley's Bed. 

A native of Oldham, Ky. Tree a moderate grower, hardy and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit roundish, inclining to conic. Skin yellowish, shaded and 
striped with deep crimson, and specked with light dots. Flesh whitish, 
very firm, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Good. January, 
April. 



174 



THE APPLE. 



Father. 

A seedling originated about 1795 by General Amos Hall, in "West 
Bloomfield, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree a thrifty, upright grower, forming 
a handsome head, a good and constant bearer. 

Fruit medium, nearly oblate, more or less ribbed, greenish yellow. 
Flesh whitish, very tender and iuicy, subacid. Good. November, De- 
cember. 

Faust 

Faust's Winter. Foust. 
Origin, North Carolina. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, sometimes faintly shaded with red 
in the sun, and thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short, stout. 
Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish yellow, moderately juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good, almost very good. November, December. 

Favorite. 

From Kentucky. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, striped and splashed with red. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, mi Id subacid. Good. November, January. (Elliott.) 

Fay's Russet. 

Origin, Bennington, Vt., on the farm of Mr. Fay. Tree moderate 
grower and very productive. 

Fruit rather below medium size, oblate conic. Color light yellow s 
mostly covered with russet, having a crimson cheek obscurely striped. 
Stalk short and small, inserted in a moderate acute cavity. Calyx par- 
tially closed. Segments long, in a shallow somewhat furrowed basin. 
Flesh white, tender, sprightly, pleasantly subacid. Very good. April, 
June. Core small. 

Fearns Pippin. 
Clifton Nonsuch. Ferris Pippin. Florence Pippin. 

An English variety, not as desirable here as there. Tree upright, 
vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, becoming red in 
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich, and pleasant. No- 
vember, March. (Lind.) 

Federal Pearmain. 

An old English sort, once prized for the dessert. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish, with red and streaks of 
red in the sun, patches and dots of russet. Flesh fine, delicate, very 
juicy, rich sugary, vinous. December to March. (Hogg.) 

Fell's Winter Sweet. 

A variety received from F. K. Phoenix, of Illinois. Origin unknown. 
Tree a great bearer. 



THE APPLE. 



175 



Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with cheek of brown 
crimson in the sun. Flesh white, mild, rich, sweet. Good. Valua- 
ble for cooking and keeping only. 

Fenley. : 
Finley. Findley. Horse, erroneously. 

This Apple originated in Kentucky, and was first brought into 
notice by the gentleman after whose name it has been called. It is 
grown to considerable extent South and West, and counted valuable, 
especially for kitchen use. Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. 
Young wood dark reddish, grayish, downy. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow or yellowish, sprinkled 
with a few brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity broad, russeted. Calyx 
closed. Basin pretty large. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good to very good. September. 

Fenouillet Gris. 

Fruit small, roundish. Skin light russet on yellow ground. Flesh 
firm, with a saccharine, perfumed flavor. Good. December to February. 

Fenouillet Jaune. 

Embroidered Pippin. Drap d'Or. Pomme de Caractere. 

A French fruit, which has not proved of much value here. 
Fruit small, roundish, yellow gray russet network. Flesh white, 
firm, aromatic flavor. Good. October to March. 

Fenouillet Rouge. 

Bardin. Court-pendu Gris. 

Fruit small, roundish. Skin rough, grayish, with dark brownish 
red. Flesh firm, sugary. Good. October, January. 

Ferdinand. 

A seedling of Pomaria, S. C. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit large, oblate, deep orange yellow, moderately sprinkled with 
large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx large, closed. Flesh yellow, 
moderately juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good to very good. November 
to March. 

Ferris. 

Rhode Island Seek no Further. Westchester Seek no Further. 

An old variety of unknown origin, brought into Westchester Co., 
N. Y., about sixty years ago, where it is quite extensively grown and 
considered a profitable market apple. The tree makes an upright, round, 
rather open head, a great bearer every other year, and moderate bearer 
in alternate years. 

Fruit large, oblate, inclining to conic, whitish green, shaded, splashed, 
and striped over most of the surface with shades of crimson. Flesh 



176 



THE APPLE. 



white, tender, juicy, refreshing, vinous, mild subacid. Very good. 
November, December. 

Ferris. 

Origin, Wilmington, Del., where its value is mainly for its keeping 
qualities and productiveness. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, whitish, shaded 
and indistinctly splashed with dark red. Flesh greenish white, rather 
firm, juicy, subacid, good. March, April. 

Fett. 
Fat Apple. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish oblate, red shaded and striped 
with crimson. Stem slender. Cavity almost closed, or appearing as if 
full. Flesh white, sometimes stained under the skin, crisp, subacid. 
Good. January. 

Field. 

Originated in York Co., Pa. Tree an upright grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, whitish shaded, splashed, and striped with 
crimson. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, half spicy 
quince-like flavor. Good. November, January. 

Fink. 
Fink's Seedling. 

Origin, farm of Joseph Fink, Somerset, O. Tree a strong, vigorous, 
upright grower and a profuse bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate, whitish yellow, with a crimson cheek in the sun. 
Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, moderately pleasant, aromatic, sub- 
acid. Good to very good. A long keeper, often the fruit of two years' 
growth being shown at the same time. 

First and Last. 
An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, narrowing toward each end, yellow with 
crimson in the sun, and brown russet. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, 
brisk, spicy aroma. September to May. (Hogg.) 

Fishkill Beauty. 

Origin, Fishkill, N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, blush in 
the sun. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. Apt to decay on the tree. 

Fish's Seedling. 

Origin, Keene, New Hampshire. Tree vigorous and productive, 
highly esteemed in its locality 



THE APPLE. 



177 



Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, deep red on the sunny side, indistinct- 
ly striped with darker red and yellow, and sprinkled with yellow dots. 
Flesh greenish white, tender, melting, vinous, saccharine flavor. Good. 
October, November. 

Fiske. 

Origin unknown. Tree productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded, and faintly splashed 
with shades of crimson. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, sub- 
acid. Good to very good. December to March. 

Flake's Fall. 

Originated with the late Col. Flake, of Mercer, Pa., where it is 
esteemed a valuable and profitable apple, either for market or the table. 
Tree a moderate grower, rather upright, a good bearer. 




Flake's Fall. 



Fruit large, form oblate, slightly conic. Color yellowish, over- 
spread, shaded, striped, and splashed with light and dark crimson, 
becoming very dark in the sun, thickly sprinkled with light and russet 
dots, some with dark centre. Stalk very short, and rather stout. 
Cavity large, deep, russeted, the splashes and nettings extending out- 
side. Calyx open, or partially closed. Segments large, to a point, and 
rather separated. Basin medium, uneven. Flesh white, tender, 
moderately juicy, mild subacid, peculiarly aromatic. Core small. Very 
good. October, November. 

Flandeks Pippin. 
From Berkshire, England. 

12 



178 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, dull red in the sun. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Cooking. October, Novem- 
ber. (Hogg.) 

Flandeks Reinette. 
Reinette de Flandre. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with grayish red in the sun and 
near the stalk. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sugary. December to 
January. (Alb. Pom.) 

Flat Pippin. 
Needles. 

Origin, Ohio. 

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, greenish white, tinge of red in the sun. 
Flesh whitish, juicy, subacid. Good. November, December. 

Flat Sweet. 

An old Eastern fruit, and much valued where known. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, yellow, sometimes with sunny 
cheek, and slight russet. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, 
saccharine flavor. Good. Valued for baking. October to March. 

Flat Sweet. 

From Illinois. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded 
with light and dark crimson over all, few large light dots. Stalk short. 
Flesh white, stained next the skin, firm, juicy, mild subacid, scarcely 
sweet. Good. September. 

Fleet's Nonpareil. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow or whitish. Flesh 
white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. September. 

Fleiner. 

Of German origin. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. "Wood dull 
reddish brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, whitish yellow, shaded with crimson 
in sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk sharp subacid. Good. Oc- 
tober, November. 

Flora. 

A Southern Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and mottled 
with crimson. Flesh whitish, mild subacid. Hardly good. August. 



THE APPLE. 



179 



Flory. 

Flory's Bellflower. Sheep Shire. 

Origin, Montgomery Co., Ohio. A new variety, highly regarded in 
the vicinity of its origin. Tree upright grower, abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich yellow, with small patches of 
russet and minute raised russet dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, moder- 
ately juicy, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Flower of Kent. 

A large and handsome English Apple, chiefly valued for baking and 
kitchen use. 

Fruit quite large, roundish conic, tawny yellow, washed with dull 
red, with occasionally a few stripes of brighter red. Flesh greenish 
yellow, abounding with a lively subacid juice. Good cooking. Octo- 
ber to J anuary. 

Flushing Spitzenburgh. 

This variety has been confounded with the Esopus Spitzenburgh, 
but is really quite distinct. The tree makes strong reddish brown 
shoots, different from the slender yellowish ones of that sort. 

The fruit is roundish conical. Stalk set in a narrow cavity projecting 
beyond the fruit. Skin nearly covered with red, on a greenish yellow 
ground, dotted with large fawn spots, and coated with a slight bloom. 
Calyx small, in an even basin. Flesh white, juicy, crisp, nearly sweet, 
and of pleasant flavor, but without the brisk richness or yellow color 
of the Esopus Spitzenburgh. Good. October to February. 

Focht. 

A seedling of Lebanon Co., Pa. Tree forms a low open head, 
productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, sometimes with a 
blush. Flesh white, tender, juicy, good, subacid. October, December. 
Excellent for culinary purposes. 

Foote's Nonpareil. 

i 

Origin, farm of Jonathan Foote, Lee, Mass. Tree thrifty, vigorous, 
spreading, an annual bearer. 

Fruit small, oblong conic truncated, yellow shaded and indistinctly 
splashed with crimson. Flesh firm, juicy, pleasant aromatic subacid. 
1 I Yery good. Core large. November. 

1 i FORANGE. 

Origin, Fairfield Co., Ohio. Tree good grower, round head, good 
bearer. 

Fruit large, pale yellow. Flesh white, fine-grained, rich sweet. 
Good. September. 

Ford Apple. 

Origin, farm of David Ford, Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y. 



180 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical. Color rich yellow. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, solid, moderately tender, with a high, rich, rather acid 
flavor. Good. October, January. 

Forest. 
Red Codlin. 

This variety we received from J. S. Foster, New Hartford, N". Y., 
who does not claim it as original, but that it is probably a foreigner. 
We have not been able to identify it with any known sort. Tree of up- 
right growth, very hardy, and an annual bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblong conical, often ribbed, yellow, 
mostly overspread, shaded, splashed, and striped with faint reddish 
crimson, and many large light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity deep, 
irregular. Calyx small, closed. Basin small, abrupt, furrowed. Flesh 
yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, pleasant, slightly aromatic, subacid, 
almost sweet. Core small. Very good. December to March. 

Forest Styre. 

Styre. Stire. 

A cider fruit, from Gloucestershire, England. Tree upright, willow- 
like in growth. Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale yellow, blush in sun. 
Flesh firm, brisk acid. (Lind.) 

Forge. 

Origin, Sussex Co., England. Tree strong, stocky, short-jointed, 
forming a spreading open head, productive. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, whitish 
yellow, overspread, shaded, splashed, striped, and mottled with red. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant, subacid. Very good. 
October, December. 

Forman's Crew. 

An old dessert Apple, originated in Glamorganshire, England. Tree 
healthy, upright. Young wood reddish chestnut, downy. 

Fruit below medium, oblate conic, yellowish green, brownish in sun. 
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich subacid. November, February. (Lind.) 

Fort Miami. 

Origin near Fort Miami, Ohio. Tree thrifty, healthy, productive, 
but not an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, truncated, pale yellow with 
a brownish tinge, considerably russeted in the sun. Stalk rather short. 
Cavity medium, acute, deep. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, corr agate d. 
Flesh yellowish, fine, crisp, juicy, rather rich subacid, aromatic. Very 
good. March to May. 

Foster Sweet. 



Origin unknown. Introduced by J. W. Foster, Dorchester, Mass. 



THE APPLE. 



181 



Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, obscurely ribbed, whit- 
ish yellow, shaded with dark red and stripes and splashes in the sun, few 
light dots. Stalk short. Cavity small. Calyx closed. Basin rather 
deep. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good 
to very good. Core medium. September. 

FOULDON PEARMAIN. 
Horrex's Pearmain. 
Origin, Norfolk, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh 
yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, sharp subacid. November to March. 
(Lind.) 

Foundling. 
Shirley. Groton. 

Origin, Groton, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic. Color 
yellowish green, striped and shaded with deep rich red. Stalk short, 
slender, in a large, somewhat furrowed cavity. Calyx closed. Basin 
small, furrowed. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, rich 
vinous aroma. Very good. August, September. 

Fourth of July. 

Siberian August. Tetofsky, erroneously. McAdow's June. 

Stewart's Nonpareil ? August Apple. 

A German Apple, introduced by C. F. Jaeger, of Columbus, Ohio. 



Fourth of July. 

Valuable mainly for its hardiness and early maturity as a cooking or 
market variety. Tree a strong upright grower, forming a fine head. 
Young shoots long dark reddish brown. 



182 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate conical, slightly ribbed, 
•whitish yellow, covered with a thin whitish bloom, and striped and 
splashed with bright red, large light dots. Stalk rather short and 
slender, often with bracts. Cavity medium, regular. Calyx closed. 
Segments rather long, generally recurved. Basin small, slightly uneven. 
Flesh white, juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid. Good. Core small. July. 
In fruit this closely resembles the Tetofsky, but the color of the wood, 
habit of growth, and foliage of old trees render its distinctiveness plain. 

Fox- Whelp. 
An old English cider Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed at crown, yellow and red mixed, 
and streaked. Flesh firm. October, November. (Lind.) 

Fraise. 

Of French origin. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 
Fruit small, roundish conical, yellow, mostly overspread, and washed 
with bright red. Flesh fine-grained, tender, subacid. (Soc. V. M.) 

Framboise. 

Framboos. Calville Rouge d'Automne, incorrectly. 

Of German origin. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, truncated, somewhat 
ribbed, greenish yellow, spotted and striped with shades of bright and 
deep red, much red in sun. Flesh white, fine, tender, mellow, juicy, 
sugary. September. (An. Pom.) 

Franchot. 

Originated in Otsego Co., N. Y. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded and splashed with 
red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, pleasant, aromatic. Good. October 
to January. 

Franklin's Golden" Pippin. 
Sudlow's Fall Pippin. 

Dr. Hogg says : This is an American Apple, and was introduced 
into England by J ohn Sudlow. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly conic, very regular in shape, 
rather broadest at the base, deep yellow, freckled with numerous dark 
spots. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, juicy, rich subacid. Good to very 
good. The tree grows freely, and forms an upright head. October. 

Under the name of Franklin Golden Pippin we have received an 
apple from Illinois, and now somewhat grown there, which is quite dis- 
tinct from the above. It was introduced West from Pennsylvania, 
under name of Golden Pippin, but in its new locality has had attached, 
by whom we know not, the prefix of Franklin. There are so many 
Golden Pippins that it is difficult to decide which shall be entitled to 
priority of name. 



THE APPLE. 



183 



Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, pale lemon yellow, 
moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk short, slender. 
Cavity deep. Calyx firmly closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh yellow- 
ish, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Very good. November, 
December. 

Freeman. 

Origin, New Jersey. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, ovate truncated conical, mottled and splashed with 
red. Flesh white, often stained next the skin, tender, slightly subacid, 
nearly sweet. Good to very good. Valued mainly as a late keeper. 

Freeze and Thaw. 
Of Pennsylvania origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, light yellow, with shades and 
splashes of red. Flesh whitish, rather firm, subacid. Poor. Novem- 
ber to February. 

Fremont Pippin. 

Originated on the farm of James Armitage, Soleberry, Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, ribbed, lemon yellow, slightly shaded 
with crimson in the sun. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Calyx small, closed. 
Basin small. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Very good. 
Core medium. January, February. 

French. 

An old New England variety, origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conical, yellow, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh yellow, crisp, rich acid. Good. November. 

French Bellflower. 

Bellefleur de France. Double Bellefleur. 

Dobbel Bellefleur. 

A French Apple, described in the Annals of Pomology as : — 
Fruit very large, roundish, slightly conical, yellowish, with carmine 

red cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, half tender, melting, 

sweet, subacid. 

French Crab. 

Ronalds describes this as follows : Tree very hardy, somewhat 
pendent in its growth, and bears well. A long keeper. 

Fruit above medium, globular, green, becoming yellow at maturity. 
Flesh firm, pleasant, brisk. 

French Nonpareil. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, moderately productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sides unequal, greenish yellow, 
shaded, splashed, and marbled with red. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October, 
November. 



184 



THE APPLE. 



French Pippin. 

Of unknown origin. Tree hardy and vigorous, with dark reddish 
brown shoots. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a faint dull 
cheek, thinly sprinkled with large brown dots, and traces of russet. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, pleasant, subacid. Good. Core small. October, 
J anuary. 

Quite distinct from Newark or French Pippin, which has slender 
branches. There are several apples under name of French Pippin, and 
it is difficult to decide which has priority to the name, except as con- 
nected with the oldest description. 

French Reinette. 

Eeinette Franche. Reinette Blanche. Weisse Reinette. 

Reinette Blanche, dite Prime. Franz Rennette. Franz csische Edelreinette. 
Reinette de Normandy. 

An old French Apple described by various authors, valued mainly 
as a long keeper. Coxe says the tree is handsome, of vigorous growth 
and an abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, truncated, yellow, with some 
russet, and red in sun. Flesh firm, yellowish white, rich and sprightly 
subacid. 

French Russet. 
French Pippin. 

This old Apple is described in Ronalds as a sauce or cooking fruit of 
medium size, globular, yellowish, with faint red in the sun, considerably 
russeted. Flesh white, tender, subacid. November, January. 

French's Sweet. 

Origin, farm of B. V. French, Braintree, Mass. Tree very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with a shade of brown 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, moderately juicy, compact, rich, 
sweet. Valued for cooking. October, November. 

Friar. 

An English cider Apple, described by Hogg as of good size, some- 
what conical, greenish, with dull red in the sun. Tree vigorous and 
productive. 

Frisland Reinette. 
Reinette de Frisland. 

Of German origin, described in the Album of Pomology. Tree 
vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, bright yellow, brownish red in 
the sun, reddish gray near the stalk. Flesh white, firm, agreeable, sub- 
acid. December to January. 



THE APPLE. 



185 



FrONCLIN. 

Originated in Lancaster Co., Pa., where the original tree is supposed 
to be over one hundred years old. It is a rapid grower, bearing pro- 
fusely even when young, but the fruit is rather too acid to please many 
tastes. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, whitish, shaded and splashed with rich 
red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sharp subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, November. 

Front Door. 
From Michigan, origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, yellow, striped and splashed with 
red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. September. 

FuLLERTON SWEET. 

Origin unknown, found in the orchard of William Fullerton, Orange 
Co., N. Y. It much resembles the Autumn Sweet Bough. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, with a few 
brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, honeyed sweet. Yery good. 
Core small. October, November. 

Fulton. 

A Western fruit, originated in the orchard or nursery of A. G. 
Downing, Canton, Fulton Co., 111., a vigorous grower, hardy, regular in 
form, an annual and productive bearer. Young shoots slender, clear light 
reddish brown. 

Size about medium, oblate, light yellow, sprinkled with green or 
gray dots, having a blush on the sunny side. Stalk three-fourths of an 
inch, rather slender, inserted in a broad deep cavity. Calyx large, open. 
Segments small, recurved, in a pretty large basin. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good to very good. Core 
small. November to February. 

Fulton Strawberry. 

Origin same as the Fulton. Tree vigorous, stout, spreading grower, 
hardy, does not come early into bearing. Young wood grayish brown, 
slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, mostly overspread, striped, splashed, 
and mottled with shades of red. Flesh whitish, tinged with pink, juicy, 
pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. September. 

Fulwood. 
Green Fulwood. 

Lindley and Hogg both describe this culinary Apple as large, round- 
ish, ribbed, green, with broken stripes of dull red in sun. Flesh greenish 
white, firm, crisp, brisk acid. November to March. 

There is also a White Fulwood described which is probably identical 
with the above. 



186 



THE APPLE. 



Gabriel. 
Ladies' Blush. 
Tree of rather slender growth, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish green, shaded and splashed 
with crimson, and sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, inserted in 
a cavity of moderate depth. Calyx partially closed, set in a moderate 
uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich subacid. Core small. 
Good to very good. October and November. 

Gaesdonker Gold Reinette. 
A German dessert Apple. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, golden yellow, reddish cheek in sun, 
and some russet. Calyx partially closed, with long, pointed segments. 
Flesh yellowish, fine, firm, juicy, rich aromatic subacid. December to 
March. (Hogg.) 

Ganges. 

Fruit pretty large, oblong, green, with red in the sun. Flesh yel- 
lowish, subacid. Cooking. (Lind.) 

Garden. 

Originated with Hezekiah Ellis, in Spottsylvania Co., Ya. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with two 
shades of red nearly over the whole surface, moderately sprinkled with 
light and gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity medium, thinly russet- 
ed. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, partially recurved. Basin 
abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, 
crisp, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. November, December. 

Warder, in his American Pomologj', page 435, describes a Garden 
Apple, and gives at the same time Garden Royal as a synonym, which 
latter must be erroneous, as there is a distinct fruit under that name. 
Warder's description is as follows : 

Fruit pretty large, roundish flat, regular. Surface smooth, yellow- 
ish green, slightly shaded red, scattered stripes carmine, dots minute 
black. Basin wide, regular, small, closed. Cavity deep, acute, regu- 
lar, green. Stem short to medium, sometimes knobby. Core wide, 
closed or open, regular, clasping the eye. Flesh pale yellow or whitish, 
tender, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic, saccharine, agreeable. 
August to October. 

Garden. 
Comstock's Garden. 
Origin uncertain. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium size, roundish oblate. Skin whitish, nearly covered 
with narrow stripes of light and dark red, and thickly sprinkled with 
conspicuous light dots. Stalk short and slender. Calyx nearly closed. 
Basin medium, slightly furrowed. Flesh white tinged with red, not 
very tender, but valuable as a cooking fruit. September, October. 

Garden Royal. 



Originated on the farm of 



Bowker, Sudbury, Mass. Tree of 



187 



THE APPLE. 



moderate, very upright growth, forming a beautiful roundish, regular, 
even head, very productive. Young shoots dark dull reddish brown, 
slightly grayish or imperfect downy. 




Garden Eoyal. 



Fruit medium or below. Form roundish oblate, very slightly conic. 
Color greenish yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with rich red, a lit- 
tle dull or grayish toward the stalk. Sprinkled with light and gray dots. 
Stalk medium, slender. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx open or partially 
closed. Segments sometimes a little recurved. Basin shallow, slightly 
uneven. Flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid, aromatic. 
Best. Core small. Last of August, September. 

Garden Stripe. 

Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, and drooping. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, broadly striped, 
splashed and shaded with shades of deep red. Flesh tender, juicy, sub- 
acid. Good. September. 

Garden Sweet. 

A New England Apple. Tree hardy, thrifty, and productive. 
Young shoots strong, light reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic. Color yellow, shaded and 
splashed with crimson nearly over the whole surface, many light and gray 
dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity acute. Calyx closed. Seg- 
ments partially recurved. Basin large, abrupt, corrugated. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Very good. Core medium. 
September and October. A valuable variety for cooking or stock feed- 
ing, continuing a long time in use. 



188 



THE APPLE. 



Gardner Sweet. 

Gardner Sweeting. 

Kenrick says : Tree grows slow, but is very productive. 
Fruit above medium, roundish, pale color, covered with small specks, 
bright blush next the sun. Flesh firm, sweet. December to March. 

Gardner's Sweet Pearmain. 
An old Long Island Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sides unequal, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, thickly 
sprinkled with light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, and 
pleasant. Good. Core small. September. 

Garrettson's Early. 
Somerset Harvest. 

Originated on the farm of Jno. Garrettson, Somerset, N. J. Tree 
vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Young wood brown, slightly 
downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish, thickly covered with light 
specks. Stalk short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed, in a small, 
abrupt, furrowed basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. 
Good, valuable for cooking. September. 

Garter. 

A cider fruit of England. Fruit medium, oblong, pale yellow and 

red. 

Gault's Bellflower. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh white, coarse. October, 
December. (Elliott.) 

Gaumont. 

Supposed French origin. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong oblate, ribbed, golden yellow with 
a few light gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Basin very deep. 
Flesh yellow, compact, juicy, rich subacid. October, November. 

General Haskell. 

Origin said to be Graves Co. , Ky. Tree a good grower and productive. 
Fruit medium, red, esteemed for its fine appearance and being a 
long keeper. 

Genesee Chief. 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, vigorous grower. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, uneven or ribbed, whitish, almost 
waxen, shaded with crimson in the sun, few faint dots. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. September. Cooking. 



THE APPLE. 



189 



Geneva Pippin. 

Winter Pippin of Geneva. 

An Apple bearing the above local name was found growing in the 
garden of Mrs. Crittendon, Geneva, and is deserving of notice. The 
appearance of the tree and fruit is strikingly like that of the Fall Pip- 
pin, but is a late keeper, continuing in perfection until May. Young 
wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 




Geneva Pippin. 



Fruit large, roundish oblate, fine yellow, with rarely a bronzed 
cheek, sparsely covered with gray dots. Stalk short and small, inserted 
in a narrow cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Basin open. Flesh 
yellow, tender, juicy, vinous. Yery good or best. January to May. 

Gentle's Large Red. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, sides unequal, yellow, shad- 
ed, splashed, and striped with dull red, many light and brown dots. 
Stalk long and slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
mild, pleasant subacid. November. Good. 

George. 

Origin, Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree healthy, spreading, an abun- 
dant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with considerable russet 
specks and markings. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, firm, juicy, 
mild acid. Good. July. 



190 



THE APPLE. 



Gestreifter Sommer Zimmetapfel. 
La Canelle. 

An excellent little German dessert Apple described by Hogg. 
Tree a good grower and bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, with crimson stripes in 
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, very aromatic, cinna- 
mony. August and September. (Hogg.) 

Gewiss Good. 
Gewiss Guth. Indeed Good. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, often conic, light yellow, slightly 
shaded with carmine. Stalk short, inserted in a deep, narrow, slightly 
russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, slightly corru- 
gated. Flesh juicy, tender, crisp, with a somewhat spicy, subacid fla- 
vor. Good. December, February. 

Giant. 

A Pennsylvania variety. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, dull red, striped. Flesh greenish 
white, tender. Poor. 

Giles. 

Elliott describes this as from Wallingford, Conn. 
Fruit medium, conical, dark red. Flesh tender, juicy. Very good. 
October, November. 




Gilpin. 



THE APPLE. 



191 



Gilpin. 

Carthouse. Small Romanite. Gray Romanite. 

Roman Knight. Romanite of the West. Little Romanite. 

A handsome cider fruit, from Virginia, which is also a good table 
fruit from February to May. A very hardy, vigorous, and fruitful tree. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong. Skin very smooth and hand- 
some, richly streaked with deep red and yellow. Stalk short, deeply in- 
serted. Calyx in a round, rather deep basin. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy 
and rich, becoming tender and sprightly in the spring. Good. 

Gipson's Kentucky. 
Gipson's Kentucky Seedling. 

Originated on the farm of A. Gipson, Calhoun Co., Ky. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, sides unequal, greenish, with dark 
red in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid. January 
to April. 

Gladney's Red. 
Originated in Mississippi. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, shaded, mottled, and obscurely 
striped with light red nearly over the whole surface, and covered with a 
thin bloom. Stalk long and slender. Calyx closed, with long reflexed 
segments. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, slightly aro- 
matic, subacid. Core small. Good. January, February. 

Glanz Reinette. 
Tyroler Glanz-reinette. 
A beautiful waxen-like Apple of German origin. 
Tree a strong grower, forming a round head, very productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, waxy lemon yellow, blush of red in 
the sun. Stalk long. Cavity russeted. Basin furrowed. Flesh snow- 
white, fine, juicy, rich, sugary, vinous. December. (Hogg.) 

Gleason Sweet. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded and splashed with 
crimson over most of the surface. Flesh white, tender, juicy, scarcely 
sweet. Good. Core small. November. 

Glendale. 

Warder says : " Believed to have originated near Glendale, Hamil- 
ton Co., Ohio." Tree vigorous, thrifty, spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat conical, yellow, striped and clouded 
with bright red, dots small, russet. Flesh yellowish, mild, subacid, 
almost saccharine. Good. September, October. 

Gloria Mundi. 

Monstrous Pippin. Belle Josephine. Baltimore of some. 

Glazenwood Gloria Mundi. Baltimore Pippin. New York Gloria Mundi. 
American Mammoth. Mississippi ? Ox Apple. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. Not productive or profitable. 



192 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit very large, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish, yellow. Flesh 
coarse, tender, with a pleasant acid flavor. Good. October to January. 

Glory of England. 

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, yellow, with streaks and dots of crimson, 
whitish specks and some russet. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, soft, 
juicy, sprightly acid. Cooking. (Hogg.) 

Glory of the West. 

Tree a strong vigorous grower and great bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, yellow, red in the sun, minute russet 
dots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, brisk, slightly perfumed, acid. 
October, December. (Hogg.) 

Gloucester White. 

Origin, Gloucester Co., Ya. Tree vigorous and very productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, fine yellow. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
crisp, pleasant, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Goble Russet. 

Sweeb Seek-no-Further. 

Origin unknown. Elliott describes the fruit as medium to large, 
oblong flattened, yellow russet, marbled with red. Flesh whitish yel- 
low, dry, sweet. October to December. 

Gogar Pippin. 
Stone Pippin. 

A variety from Edinburgh, Scotland. 

Fruit medium, roundish, obscurely ribbed, greenish, with brownish 
red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, juicy, brisk acid. January, Feb- 
ruary. 

Golay. . 
Originated near "Vevay, Indiana. 

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, truncated, yellow, mixed, 
striped with purplish red, dots minute, gray, scattered, indented. Flesh 
yellowish white, breaking tender, juicy, rich subacid. Good to best. 
January to May. (Warder.) 

Golden. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow. Flesh yellowish, 
acid. July. (Elliott.) 

Golden Ball. 

Origin, Conn. Tree a vigorous grower, but only a moderate bearer. 
Fruit large, roundish, somewhat ribbed, golden yellow, with a few 
dots. Flesh crisp, tender, subacid. Good. December, March. 



THE APPLE. 



193 



Golden Burr. 
Burr Knot. 

Ronalds describes this as a variety easily grown from cuttings, be- 
cause of the knots or joints on the shoots. 

A large apple, roundish, yellow, with flush of faint red in the sun. 
Useful for kitchen. November, December. 

Golden Goss. 

Received from Western New York. Tree vigorous, upright, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, golden yellow, 
faintly shaded in the sun with red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, mild sub- 
acid. Good to very good. November, December. 

Golden Harvey. 
Brandy Apple. 

An excellent, high-flavored little dessert Apple from England, of slen- 
der growth. 

Fruit small, irregularly round. Skin rather rough, dull russet over 
a yellow ground, with a russety red cheek. Flesh yellow, of fine tex- 
ture, with a spicy, rich, subacid flavor. The fruit is apt to shrivel. 
December to April. 

Golden Knob. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, golden yellow, some russet and tinge 
of red in sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, sweet. Decem- 
ber to March. 

Golden Lustre. 
A culinary Apple from England. 

Fruit medium, conical, yellow, with patches and stripes of bright red 
in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, firm, subacid. November to April. 

Golden Monday. 
Monstow's Pepping. 

Hogg describes this as from the Berkshire orchards, as a dessert Ap- 
ple of first-rate quality. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, golden yellow, with crimson dots 
in the sun. Nettings and lines of thin brown russet. Flesh yellowish 
white, crisp, sugary, brisk, perfumed. October, December. 

Golden Noble. 

An old English variety, valuable for cooking. Lindley describes it 
as pretty large, roundish conical, bright yellow with a few small reddish 
spots and patches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, pleasant, subacid* 
November, December. 

13 



194 



THE APPLE. 



Golden Nonpareil. 

Fruit small, roundish, golden yellow, with russet and blush red in 
the sun. Flesh crisp, sharp acid. October, December. 

Golden Pearmain. 
Dutch Pearmain. Ruckman's Pearrnain. Red Russet of some. 

An old English Apple. Tree upright, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, orange in sun. Patches 
and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. Very 
good. November. 

Ronalds describes an entirely different Apple under this came, as 
follows : 

Fruit small, oblong roundish conical, yellow, with some slight rus- 
set and a good deal of red striping. Flesh firm, rich, and high-flavored. 
December, January. 

Golden Pippin. 

Golden Pippin. London Golden Pippin. 

Old Golden Pippin. Waiter's Golden Pippin. 

Balg-one Pippin. Bayfordbury Golden Pippin. 

Milton Golden Pippin. Pepin d'Or. 

Russet Golden Pippin. Pomme d'Or. 

Herefordshire Golden Pippin. Koening's Pippelin. 

Reinette d'Angleterre. 

The Golden Pippin of the English is the queen of all dessert Apples, 
in the estimation of the English connoisseurs, as it unites the qualities 
of small size, fine form, and color, with high flavor and durability. It 
is a very old variety, being mentioned by Evelyn in 1660, but it still 
thrives well in many parts of England. 

Fruit small, round, and regularly formed, gold color, dotted with 
gray russety dots, with also obscure white specks imbedded under the 
skin. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather acid, but with a rich, brisk, high 
flavor. Yery good. A great bearer, but requires a strong, deep, sandy 
loam. November to March. Does not succeed well here. 

There are many varieties of the English Golden Pippin, differing but 
little in general appearance and size, and very Little in flavor, from the 
old sort, but of rather more thrifty growth; the best of these are 
Hughes', and Kirke's new Cluster Golden Pippins. 

Golden Pippin. 
Pittstown Pippin. 

This is an old Apple, grown many years ago in Adams, Mass., from 
whence it was brought to Pittstown, and has been recently christened 
after that place. The tree is an upright vigorous grower, with large 
strong branches. Shoots dull brownish red, slightly downy. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, sometimes conic, and sides un- 
equal, greenish yellow with a blush in sun exposure. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Core rather large. Good for cooking. 
September and October. 



THE APPLE. 



195 



Golden Pippin. 

Pound Royal of some. York Pippin. 

Butter Pippin. Large Golden Pippin. 

Mammoth. 

This Apple is considerably grown in the New England States and 
Western New York, and is one of the largest of its class, specimens 
sometimes weighing 20 ounces. Tree very vigorous and very productive 
on deep rich soils ; on light soils it is often a shy bearer, the fruit much 
smaller. 

Fruit very large, roundish, ribbed, greenish yellow, becoming quite 
yellow at full maturity, slight blush of brown crimson in sun-exposed 
specimens. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Core 
small. Good to very good. November, December. 

There is another Golden Pippin sometimes known as Porter in Mich- 
igan, which is of medium size, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, mild 
subacid. Ripe in September and October. 

There are also several other Apples under this popular name, many 
of which doubtless will be found identical with named sorts. 



Golden Red. 
From Long Island. Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and mottled nearly over the whole surface. Flesh yellowish, crisp, moder- 
ately juicy, pleasant subacid. Core small. December, January. Fruit 
liable to rot on the tree, not profitable. 

Golden Reinette. 

Reinette, Golden. Wyker Pippin. 

Aurore. Elizabet. 

Kirke's Golden Reinette. Wygers. 

Yellow German Reinette. Megginch Favorite. 

Reinette d'Aix. Dundee. 

English Pippin. Reinette Giden. 

Court pendu Dore. Princesse Noble, of the French. 

The Golden Reinette is a very popular dessert fruit in England and 
on the Continent, combining beauty and high flavor. 

Fruit below medium size, very regularly formed, roundish, a little 
flattened. Skin smooth, golden yellow, washed and striped with fine 
soft red on the sunny side, mingled with scattered russet dots. Flesh 
yellow, crisp, with a rich, brisk subacid. Good. October to January. 

Golden Reinette of Yanderlaans. 

Reinette doree de Van der Laans. 

Originated with Yan der Laans of Rynland, in Holland. Tree strong, 
stout branches. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with, indistinct grayish 
brown spots. Calyx large, half open. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Flesh 
greenish white, frne, firm, perfumed, subacid. October to December. 
(Yerg.) 



196 



THE APPLE. 



The German Golden Keinette may possibly prove identical with the 
above. 

Golden Russet. 
English Golden Eusset. English Golden. Russet Golden. 

This is an old English Apple described by Ronalds and Lindley as Gol- 
den Russet, and as that is its commonly accepted name in this country we 
have followed it. It is one of the popular Apples, succeeding in nearly 
all sections, and especially in rich Western soils. The tree is thrifty, 
vigorous, spreading, rather irregular, forming a bushy head. Young 
shoots slender, dull reddish brown, slightly downy, with numerous small 
white dots. An early bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, or roundish oblate. Skin rough. 
Color yellow, mostly covered with dull russet, and having a bronzed 
cheek in the sun. Stalk short, small. Cavity medium, or rather deep. 
Calyx closed. Segments rather long, often a little recurved. Basin 
broad, rather large, slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish yellow, fine- 
grained, rather compact, sprightly, mild subacid. Good to very good. 
December to March. 

Golden Russet, or Massachusetts. 

Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. Young shoots clear reddish 
brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic. Skin golden russet, with a 
sunny cheek. Stalk small and short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx 
nearly closed. Segments small, recurved. Basin deep, round, and 
open. Flesh yellowish white, tender, rich, mild, sweet subacid. Yery 
good. January, April. 

There are many Golden Russets about the country, and it is difficult 
to identify them. This is from Massachusetts, and distinct from those 
grown in New York, and West. 

Golden Seedling. 
Supposed origin, Missouri. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow blush in the sun. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, sharp subacid. February to May. 

Golden Streak. 
A cider Apple from Somersetshire, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear yellow, with stripes of red. 
Flesh yellow, brisk, pleasant acid. (Hogg.) 

Golden Sweet. 
Orange Sweeting. Early Golden Sweet. 

A celebrated Connecticut fruit. Tree very vigorous, spreading, 
forming a tree of moderate size, hardy and very productive. Young 
shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit above the medium size, roundish, scarcely flattened, fair, anc 
well formed ; when fully ripe, pale yellow or straw color. Stalk aboul 



THE APPLE. 



197 



an inch long, slender at its junction with the fruit. Calyx closed, and 
set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh tender, sweet, rich, and excel- 
lent. Good to very good. August and September. A valuable sort 
for cooking, market, or stock feeding. 




Golden Sweet. 



Golden Wilding. 

Origin, near Fayetteville, N. C. Tree thrifty, upright, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, a little oblique, golden yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity 
deep, russeted. Calyx open. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. 
Core small. Good. November to March. 

Golden Worcester. 

A small dessert Apple described by Ronalds as perfectly round, rich 
golden, slightly tinged with red. Flesh firm, yellow. January. 

Gold Reinette von Bordeaux. 
Bordeauer Gold Reinette. 

Hogg describes this as a valuable and beautiful sort. We do not 
know of its having fruited in this country. 

Fruit very large, obtuse pearmain shaped, greenish, becoming rich 
yellow and washed with bright red in the sun, traces of russet, and gray 
russet dots. Stalk short, fleshy. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish white, 
fine, tender, juicy, rich aromatic. December to March. 



198 



THE APPLE. 



Goodyear. 

Goodyear's Seedling. 

Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree a fine grower, and productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish, fine red. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. Good. 
December to April. 

Gooseberry. 

An English cooking Apple. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, sometimes slight tinge 
of red in sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to 
very good for cooking. Core large. December, February. 

Gooseberry Pippin. 
A handsome little English dessert Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with splashes and marblings of red. 
Flesh fine-grained, tender, juicy, brisk, sweet subacid. November to 
February. 

Gould's Sweet. 

Origin unknown. First brought to notice from Mercer Co., Pa. 
Tree of rather slow spreading growth, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, deep orange in the 
sun, brown dots. Flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, mild, rich, 
sweet. Core rather small. A good cooking fruit. December to 
March. 

Governor. 

American. Large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking. 
October, January. (Elliott.) 

Governor Charter. 
Governor Charter's Seedling-. 

A variety described in the Prairie Farmer as a valuable market 
Apple. Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, obscurely ribbed, light yellow, with 
blush in the sun. Flesh white, firm, juicy, pleasant, scarcely acid, 
slightly aromatic. Core small. October. 

Gracey. 

Origin, Greenville, 111. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, light green, with greenish 
white specks. Flesh greenish white, coarse, mild subacid. August. 
(Gar. Mon.) 

i Grange. 

Origin, Herefordshire, England. Tree hardy and productive. 
Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, 
brisk. October, November. (Eon.) 



THE APPLE. 



199 



Grange's Pearmain. 
Grange's Pippin. 

An English culinary Apple. Tree hardy, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, yellow, with broken stripes of red. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, brisk pleasant acid. November, 
February. (Hogg.) 

Graniwinkle. 

Originated in one of the eastern counties of New Jersey. Tree vig- 
orous, upright, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, yellowish, shaded with 
light red, and striped and splashed with a deeper shade. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, juicy, moderately tender, rich pleasant honeyed sweet. 
Core small. Very good. Valuable for stock, cider, or for cooking. 
October to December. 

Granite Beauty. 
Aunt Dorcas. Grandmother's Apple. Clothes-yard Apple. 

Origin, on the farm of Z. Breed, Weare, N. H. Tree hardy, vigor- 
ous, upright, spreading. An annual bearer. Young wood light reddish 
brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, largest at the centre, and 
narrowing toward stalk and calyx, uneven surface, or obscurely ribbed. 
Skin somewhat oily. Color pale yellow, mostly overspread, striped, 
splashed, and mottled with two shades of red, brown dots. Stalk short, 
slender. Cavity uneven, or ribbed, acute. Calyx closed. Segments 
short, erect. Basin medium, corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, 
mild pleasant subacid. Core large, open. Good to very good. Decem- 
ber to February. 

Granny Earle. 

Fruit small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender. Very good. November, January. (Hov. 
Mag.) 

Gravenstein. 
Grave Slije. 

A superb-looking German Apple, which originated at Gravenstein in 
Holstein, and is thought one of the finest apples of the North of Eu- 
rope. It fully sustains its reputation here, and is, unquestionably, a 
fruit of first-rate quality. Tree very vigorous, spreading, forming a 
large, broad head. Very productive. An early bearer. Young wood 
reddish brown. 

Fruit large, rather flattened, and a little one-sided or angular, broad- 
est at the base. Stalk quite short and strong, deeply set. Calyx large, 
closed, in a wide, deep, rather irregular basin. Segments long, irregu- 
lar, recurved. Skin greenish yellow at first, but becoming bright yel- 
low, and beautifully dashed and pencilled, and marbled with light and 



200 THE APPLE. 

deep red and orange. Flesh tender and crisp, with a high-flavored, 
somewhat aromatic taste. Very good. September and October. A 
valuable apple for market or cooking, succeeding admirably wherever 
grown. 




Gravenstein. 



Great Unknown. 

Origin unknown. Found in the orchard of S. McDowell, Ma- 
con, Ga. 

Fruit large, regular, oblate roundish, inclining to conic, yellow sha- 
ded and marbled with carmine. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid. Very good. December. (White.) 




Green Cheese. 



THE APPLE. 



201 



Green Cheese. 

Green Crank. Yellow Crank. Southern Greening. 

Southern Golden Pippin. Winter Greening. Carolina Greening. 

Green Skin. Winter Cheese. Turner's Cheese. 

Greening. 

An old variety, grown largely in Kentucky and other Southwestern 
States. It has been extensively propagated by suckers, but the exact 
place of the original tree is unknown. Although not best in quality, it 
has so many good properties adapting it to the South and Southwest, 
that it is widely disseminated under the various synonyms given above. 

Tree moderately vigorous, upright, and has the habit of blooming 
late, which gives it a special value. A good bearer and long keeper. 
Young shoots slender, grayish brown. , 

Fruit medium, oblate, occasionally oblique, pale greenish yellow, 
moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity 
large, deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments slightly recurved. 
Basin broad, deep, uneven. Flesh yellowish white, tender, crisp, juicy, 
rich, sprightly subacid. Core small, compact. Yery good. Novem- 
ber to March. 

Green's Choice. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped with red. Flesh 
tender, juicy, very mild subacid, or almost sweet. Good. Ripe last of 
August and first of September. 

Green Domine. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, washed or obscurely striped 
with dull red. Flesh whitish, firm, with a pleasant, peculiar flavor. 
Good. December, February. 

Green Mountain Pippin. 

From Georgia, and much grown there as a market fruit. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, flattened at base and 
crown, greenish yellow. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, tender, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. November, February. 

Green Newtown Pippin. 

Hunt's Fine Green Pippin. Newtown Pippin. American Newtown Pippin. 
Brooke's Pippin ? Green Winter Pippin. Petersburgh Pippin. 

Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin ? 

The Newtown Pippin stands at the head of all Apples, and is, when 
in perfection, acknowledged to be unrivalled in all the qualities which 
constitute a high-flavored dessert apple, to which it combines the quality 
of long keeping without the least shrivelling, retaining its high flavor to 
the last. It commands the highest price in Covent Garden Market, Lon- 
don. This variety is a native of Newtown, Long Island, and it requires 
a pretty strong, deep, warm soil to attain its full perfection, and in the 
orchard it should be well manured every two or three years. The tree 



202 



THE APPLE. 



is of rather slender and slow growth, and even while young is always 
remarkable for its rough bark. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little irregular in its outline, caused 
by two or three obscure ribs on the sides — and broadest at the base, next 
the stalk ; about three inches in diameter, and two and a half deep. Color 
dull green, becoming olive green when ripe, with a faint, dull brownish 
blush on one side, dotted with small gray specks, and with delicate rus- 
set rays around the stalk. Calyx quite small and closed, set in a narrow 
and shallow basin. Stalk half an inch long, rather slender, deeply sunk 
in a wide, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, crisp, 
with a fine aroma, and an exceedingly high and delicious flavor. Best. 
"When the fruit is not grown on healthy trees, it is liable to be spotted 




Green Newtown Pippin. 



with black spots. This is one of the finest keeping apples, and is in eat- 
ing from December to May, but is in the finest perfection in March. 
This is entirely distinct from Yellow Newtown Pippin. 

Green Beinette. 

Reinette Verte. Groene Franse Renette. 

Groene Renet. Grune Reinette. 

Tree vigorous and healthy, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base, ribbed at apex, yellowish 
green with a tinge of red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, aroma- 
tic. December to May. (Hogg.) 

Green Seek-no-Further. 
White Seek-no-Further. Flushing Seek-no-Further. Seek-no-Further of Coxe. 
Origin in the garden of the late Wm. Prince, Flushing, L. I. 



THE APPLE. 



203 



Tree while young very slow in its growth, but makes a compact, well- 
formed head in the orchard. 

Fruit apt to be knotty and unfair. Rather large, roundish conical, 
yellowish green, sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk short, 
in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed, in a rather deep basin. Flesh 
white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Very good. Octo- 
ber, January. 

Green - Tiffin. 
Mage's Johnny. 

From Lancashire, England. Tree a fair grower and bearer. 

Fruit medium, round conical, yellowish green with a few russet and 
red dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, acid. September, December. 
(Hogg.) 

Green Sweet. 
Honey Greening. 

Tree vigorous, upright spreading, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conic. Skin green, some- 
times becoming a little yellow at maturity, covered with greenish or 
light russet dots. Stalk of medium length. Cavity rather deep, cover- 
ed with russet. Basin shallow and abrupt, somewhat furrowed. Flesh 
whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. December to March. 

Green Sweet of Indiana. 

This Apple is somewhat grown in Indiana, and we have not met with 
it elsewhere. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with brown 
dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet and pleasant. Good. Sep- 
tember. 

Greenup's Pippin. 
Greenus's Pippin. 

This English Apple is described by Hogg as popular and highly 
esteemed, the tree being hardy and an abundant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, with on one side a prominent rib, 
pale straw color, bright red next the sun. Flesh pale yellowish white, 
tender, juicy, sweet, brisk. October to December. 

Green Woodcock. 

Origin, Sussex, England ; described by Hogg as follows : 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate yellowish, mottled and striped with 
red in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk. October, December. 

Greist's Fine Winter. 

From York, Pa. Tree a strong grower, regular, moderate bearer. 

Fruit rather large oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, splashed and 
shaded in sun with light red. Flesh yellow, compact, crisp, juicy, brisk 
subacid. Good. December, February. 



204 



THE APPLE. 



Grey Canada Reinette. 
Canada Eeinette Gris. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, oblate, yellow, covered with yellow russet, and moder- 
ately sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, brisk subacid. No- 
vember, December. 



Grey French Eeinette. 

Eeinette Grise. Reinette Franche Grauwe. 

Reinette Grise Frangaise. 

There are a number of varieties of Reinette Grise, or Gray Reinette. 
The one here, however, is considered by Lindley as distinct, and among 
the most valuable of its class. It is of French origin. Tree a mod- 
erate grower and good bearer. Young wood of a chestnut color. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, broadest at base, covered with 
brownish gray russet. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, rich subacid. 
November, December. 



Greyhouse. 
Hoopes. Hopsey. 

Origin, supposed New Jersey. Has been long grown and highly 
valued for cider-making. Tree strong, erect grower, and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, nearly globular, dull red, with faint stripes. 
Flesh firm and dry, poor in quality. A long keeper. 

Grey Leading ton. 
Leadington's Grauer Pippin. Grey Leadington Pippin. 

A favorite Scottish Apple. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, greenish yellow, with cinna- 
mon russet and red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, tender, very juicy, 
aromatic. October, December. (Lind.) 

Grey Reinette. 

Reinette Grise Extra. Reinette Grise. Belle Fille. 

Reinette Grise d'Hiver. Prager. 

An old French Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, with brownish red in sun. 
Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. November, February. (Hogg.) 



Griffith. 
Sweet Maiden's Blush. 

Raised by Caleb Mendenhall, West Milton, near Dayton, O. Tree 
hardy, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear pale yellow, with light blush 
red cheek in the sun. Stalk short. Cavity rather large. Basin small. 
Flesh fine-grained, tender, juicy, a little tart. September. (L. S. 
Mote's MSS.) 



THE APPLE. 



205 



Grimes' Golden Pippin. 
Grimes Golden. 

This valuable Apple originated many years since, on the farm of 
Thomas Grimes, Brooke Co., Ya. In its native locality it is highly 
prized for the peculiar hardihood of the tree, withstanding uninjured the 
most severe winters, and never breaking in its limbs. Also for its uni- 
form regular annual productiveness. 




Grimes' Golden Pippin. 



Tree vigorous, hardy, upright spreading, very productive, branches 
with peculiar knobs at the base of each, connecting it with the main 
limbs. Young wood dark dull red brown, grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical. Skin uneven. 
Color rich golden yellow, sprinkled moderately with small gray and 
light dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity rather deep, some- 
times slightly russeted. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin abrupt, 
uneven. Flesh yellow, compact, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, sprightly, 
spicy subacid, peculiar aroma. Core rather small. Very good to best. 
December to March. 

Gros Faros. 
Faros. 

Fruit medium, oblate, roundish, yellow, with considerable red in the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, juicy, sweet subacid. December, January. 

N Grosh. 

Originated in Snufftown, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree upright, with 
stout brown shoots ; an annual bearer. 



206 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit very large, oblate, oblique, greenish white, striped with light 
and dark red. Flesh white, loose, soft texture, juicy, acid. September. 
Good. Cooking. (Gar. Mon.) 

Grouzier. 

Received from New Jersey. Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, partially striped and 
splashed with light red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. 
Good. November, December. 

Grooveland Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, a little oblique, sides 
unequal, yellow, a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, 
juicy, mild, pleasant, sweet. Good. December to March. 

Gruver's Early. 

Originated on the farm of Mayer, Springfield, Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish, whitish yellow, with stripes and splashes 
of red. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. August. 

Guernsey Pippin. 

Fruit small, roundish, brown russet on yellow, bronzed in the sun. 
Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, brisk sweet. December, January. 

Gullett. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with dull stripes. Flesh 
juicy. February. 

Gully. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. 

Fruit small, white blush in the sun. Flesh white, juicy. August. 

Habersham's Pearmain. 
Tree of upright growth. 

Fruit medium, ovate form, bright crimson. Stalk short, slender. 
Calyx medium. Flesh white, rather dry, firm, subacid. September. 
(White.) 

Hagloe Crab. 
This is a celebrated old English cider fruit. 

Fruit small, ill-shaped, something between an apple and a crab, 
more long than broad, wide at the base and narrow at the crown, which 
is a little sunk, and the eye flat, pale yellow, a little marbled in different 
directions, with a russet gray, and having a few red specks or streaks on 
the sunny side. 



THE APPLE. 



207 



Hague Pippin. 

Originated in 1816, by Samuel Hague, Centreville, Ind. Tree 
hardy, vigorous grower, and productive. Young shoots strong, light 
reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, pale yellow, mostly covered, 
shaded, splashed and striped with red, thickly sprinkled with light dots. 
Stalk short. Flesh rather coarse, yellowish, crisp, moderately juicy, 
mild subacid. Core large. Good. January, February. 

Haw. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. A vigorous grower and profuse bearer. 

Fruit large, globular, inclining to oblong, yellow, striped, marbled, 
and mottled with red. Flesh white, juicy, tender, rich sweet. Good. 
November, March. 



Hall. 

Hall. 

Hall's Seedling-. Hall's Red. Jenny Seedling-. 

Origin, on the grounds of Mr. Hall, Franklin Co., N". C. Tree of 
moderate growth, hardy, upright, with long, slender, reddish brown, 
grayish branches, and remarkably firm wood. The tree never attains a 
very large size ; is very productive, and is considered in North Carolina 
the best long-keeping dessert apple they cultivate. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly conic. Skin smooth, thick, mostly 
shaded with crimson, and covered with various colored dots. Stalk of 
medium length, slender, curved, inserted in a round, deep, open cavity. 
Calyx closed, generally in a small uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, fine- 
grained, juicy, with a very rich, vinous, saccharine, aromatic flavor. 
Very good. December to April. 

Hall Dook. 



An English Apple described by Ronalds as desirable for cooking. 



208 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit large, oblate, greenish, with few red stripes. Flesh white, 
coarse, subacid. December, January. 

Hall's Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed 
with red, many light dots. Flesh sometimes a little stained, not very 
juicy, rich, sweet. Good. September. 

Hambledon Deux Ans. 
Origin, Hampshire, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly overspread and in- 
distinctly splashed with red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good. November. 

Hamilton. 
Wonder ? 

Origin unknown. Came from the South. 

Fruit large, roundish, irregular, somewhat ribbed, red on yellow, 
splashed with purple. Dots large, yellow. Calyx large, open. Flesh yel- 
low, breaking, rather juicy, subacid. Good. September, October. 
(Am. Hort. An.) 

Hammond. 

Fruit medium to large, green. Flesh juicy. November, and keeps 
to March (Sumner, MS.) 

Hampton Bellflower. 

A seedling from the BeMower, grown by W. C. Hampton, Mt. Vic- 
tory, Ohio. 

Fruit large, light yellow ground, speckled and splashed with carmine, 
red in the sun, few russet gray dots and marblings. Stalk medium. 
Calyx partially open. Segments recurved and with fine points. Basin 
open, slightly uneven at base. Flesh white, tender, breaking, rather 
coarse, mild pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. November and 
December. 

Hampton's Fall Sweet. 
Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Flesh tender, 
sweet, rather dry. Good. October. 

Hampton's Honey Sweet. 
Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, elongated truncate conic, yellow, faintly striped 
with red. Flesh white, tender, sweet. Good. December to April. 



THE APPLE. 



209 



Hampton's Late Sweet. 
Sweet Jersey. 

Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Tree vigorous, with slender branch- 
es, hardy and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish, splashed, striped, and shaded 
with red. Flesh white, stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good to very good. October. 

Hampton's Russet. 
Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit medium to small, roundish conical, yellowish, thinly covered 
with light russet, splashes and stripes of red. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, lively subacid. Good. November, January. 

Hancock. 

Originated in Chester Co., Pa. Tree a strong upright grower, not 
an early bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, yellowish green, shaded and rather indistinctly 
splashed with light red. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately juicy, 
coarse, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good. December to March. 

Hannah. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, pale yellow, with stripes and 
splashes of dull red. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, subacid. Hardly 
good. Cooking only. October, November. 

Hanwell Souring. 
Origin, Oxfordshire, England. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, greenish yellow, faint blush in the sun. 
Flesh white, crisp, fine, brisk acid. Good. Cooking. December to 
April. 

Hare. 
Watermelon. 

We received this desirable Apple from New Jersey, but have been 
unable to learn its history. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Wood 
grayish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, greenish, sprinkled with 
a few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, very tender, juicy, mild pleasant sweet. Very good. Core 
rather large. October, November. 

Harbord's Pippin. 
Colored Harbord's Pippin. 
Origin, Norfolk, England. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, pale yellowish green, partially russeted. 
Flesh white, soft, juicy, brisk,, acid. November to March. (Hogg.) 

14 



210 



THE APPLE. 



Hargreave's Green Sweet. 
An English variety, somewhat valued there. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ridged at apex, yellow, with faint streaks of 
red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. September, 
October. 

Harnish. 

From Pennsylvania, said to have originated in Lancaster Co. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, mostly shaded with dark red, and 
sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh compact, tender, not juicy, almost 
sweet, pleasant. Good. September to October. 

Harris. 
Ben Harris. 

Originated with Marston Harris, Rockingham Co., N. C. Tree vigo- 
rous, erect, productive, popular in its native locality. Young wood 
grayish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, bright straw color, occasionally with a 
pink blush. Stalk very short and stout. Cavity deep. Basin large 
and deep. Flesh white, coarse, pleasant subacid, continues a long time, 
valuable for market and culinary purposes. Good. September to No- 
vember. 

Harrison. 

New Jersey is the most celebrated cider-making district in America, 
and this Apple, which originated in Essex County of that State, has 
long enjoyed the highest reputation as a cider fruit. Ten bushels of the 
Apples make a barrel of cider. The tree grows thriftily and bears very 
large crops. 

Fruit medium size, ovate or roundish oblong. Skin yellow, with 
roughish, distinct black specks. Stalk one inch or more long. Flesh 
yellow, rather dry and tough, but with a rich flavor, producing a high- 
colored cider, of great body. The fruit is very free from rot, falls easily 
from the tree about the first of November, and keeps well. 

Harry Sweet. 

Originated in Mercer Co., Pa. Tree of slow, upright growth. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Sides sometimes un- 
equal. Skin thick, greenish yellow, dull blush in the sun, and nettings 
of russet. Flesh whitish, crisp, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild 
sweet. Good. December to April. 

Hartford Sweet. 

Spencer Sweeting. Keney's Sweet. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Spencer, near Hartford, and introduced by Dr. 
E. W. Bull. Tree moderately vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly flattened. Skin smooth and 



THE APPLE. 



211 



fair, almost covered and striped with fine red over a yellowish green 
ground, and sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk nearly three-quarters 
of an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather shallow, round cavity. 
Calyx broad, closed, with few segments, set in a slightly uneven basin 
which is but little sunk. Flesh yellowish, very juicy, tender, rich sac- 
charine. Good. December to May or June. A valuable market 
apple. 

Harvest Bed Streak. 

Early Red Streak. Striped Harvest. 

An old variety, origin unknown. Tree a free grower, upright, spread- 
ing, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, striped and splashed with two shades 
of red. Flesh white, coarse, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Valuable for 
cooking. August and September. 

Harvey. 
Doctor Harvey. 
One of the oldest of English Apples. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, greenish yellow, with russet tracings. 
Flesh whitish, firm, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. October to 
January. (Lind.) 

Harvey's Pippin. 

Dredge's Beauty of Wilts. 

Of English origin. Hogg says : — " Tree a free grower and excellent 
bearer." 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, washed with fine red, and marked 
with crimson dots. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, rich. December to Feb- 
ruary. 

Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance. 

This Apple is described by Hogg as very handsome and of first-rate 
quality. 

Fruit very large, conical, distinctly five-ribbed, yellow, with many 
minute russety dots, and some patches of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, 
crisp, juicy, sugary, vinous. Core very small. October to January. 

Haskell Sweet. 
Sassafras Sweet. 

Origin, farm of Deacon Haskell, Ipswich, Mass. Tree vigorous, up- 
right, spreading and productive. Young wood light grayish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, oblate. Color greenish yellow, sometimes 
with a blush. Stalk short, inserted in a rather broad, deep cavity. 
Calyx closed. Basin broad and large, of medium depth. Flesh yellow- 
ish, tender, juicy, very sweet, rich, aromatic. Yery good to best. Sep- 
tember, October. 



212 



THE APPLE. 



Haute Bonte. 
Reinette grise haute bonte. Blandilalie. 
An old French dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed, yellow, with faint tinge of red in 
the sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Decem- 
ber to February. 




Haskell Sweet. 



Hawley. 

Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, and bears annually. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic. Skin fine yellow, somewhat 
waxen or oily, and considerably dotted. Stalk short, inserted in a 
rather deep cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed, in a moderate, some- 
what furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, rich, mild 
subacid. Ripe September. 

A fruit of very good quality, but as it soon decays, its value is thereby 
much depreciated. 

Hawthoknden. 
White Hawthornden. 

A celebrated Scotch Apple, which originated at Hawthornden, the 
birthplace of the poet Drummond. It resembles, somewhat, our 
Maiden's Blush, but is inferior to that fruit in flavor. An excellent 
bearer, a handsome fruit, and good for cooking or drying, and exceed- 
ingly profitable for market. 

Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, and, when in bearing, somewhat 
pendiuous. Young shoots very short-jointed, dull reddish brown. Buds 
prominent. 



THE APPLE. 



213 



Fruit rather above the medium size, pretty regularly formed, round- 
ish, rather flattened. Skin very smooth, pale light yellow, nearly 
white in the shade, with a fine blush where exposed to the sun. Flesh 
white, juicy, of a simple, pleasant flavor. Good. September. 

There is a JVeiu, or winter Hawthornden, the wood of which is 
brownish red, tree more robust, the fruit larger, and a longer keeper 
than the above. 

Hay Boys. 

Fruit large, oblate, pale yellow. Flesh yellow, breaking, sweet. 
Good to very good. August. (Warder.) 

Hector. 
A seedling of Chester Co., Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish, conical, striped and mottled with red on a 
yellow ground. Flesh yellowish, breaking, subacid, pleasant. Good. 
December to March. 

Helen's Favorite. 

From Troy, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dark red shades. Flesh white, streaked 
with red, tender, juicy. January, February. (Elliott.) 

Hemphill. 

From Person Co., N. C. An erect, vigorous grower, and bears 
profusely. 

Fruit oblate, slightly conic, whitish yellow, very much shaded with 
red, and thickly sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh yellowish white, 
compact, mild subacid. Good. November, May. 

Henry Apple. 

A strong, vigorous grower, and productive, from "Vermont. 

Fruit large, oblong conic, yellow, with a slightly bronzed cheek, and 
many small, grayish dots. Flesh yellow, tender, not very juicy, pleas- 
ant. Good. October, January. 

Henwood. 

Originated in Indiana. Tree in growth and appearance much re- 
sembling Yellow Belleflower. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, clear smooth yellow, with rarely a blush 
in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small. Basin corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, sharp subacid. Very good. 
January to April. 

Hepler. 

Raised by Mr. Hepler, of Reading, Pa. 



214 THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish. Color light yellow, shaded with dull red. 
Flesh white, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to April. 



Herefordshire Pearmain. 

Royal Pearmain, of some. Parmin Royal. Old Pearmain. 
Royale d'Angleterre. Parmin. 



An old and popular English Apple, about which, as connected with 
other Pearmains, there is much confusion. The variety we have re- 
ceived, and grown for many years, is of a strong, vigorous, spreading 
growth. Young shoots dull grayish brown, slightly downy, moderately 
strong. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and marbled with dark red, and thickly sprinkled with conspicuous 
light areole dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium, slight russet. Calyx 
partially open. Basin rather abrupt, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellow- 
ish, crisp, juicy, rich, slightly aromatic, subacid. Yery good. Novem- 
ber to February. 

Herman. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Herman, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous 
and spreading, quite proline. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, red striped on green ground. Flesh 
greenish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. November to February. 

There is also another Hermann, which originated at Hermann, Mo., 
from seed of Rawles Janet. Tree a fine grower, upright, and very 
productive. 

Fruit medium, conical, bright red, with gray dots. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. December to May. 



Hess. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, form variable, sometimes roundish, often conical, 
red, in stripes of different hues. Flesh greenish white, tender. Good. 
December, February. 

Hetterich. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree an irregular grower. 
Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow. Flesh whitish, 
tender, acid. Good. November, January. 

Hewe's Yirginia Crab. 

Hughe's Virginia Crab. 

The Yirginia Crab makes a very high-flavored dry cider, which, by 
connoisseurs, is thought unsurpassed in flavor by any other, and retains 
its soundness a long time. It is a prodigious bearer, and the tree is 
very hardy, though of small size. 



THE APPLE. 



215 



Fruit quite small, about an inch and a half in diameter, nearly round. 
Skin dull red, dotted with white specks, and obscurely streaked with 
greenish yellow. Stalk long and slender. Flesh fibrous, with an acid, 
rough, and astringent flavor, and, when ground, runs clear and limpid 
from the press, and ferments very slowly. The Virginia Crab is often 
mixed with rich pulpy apples, to which it imparts a good deal of its fine 
quality. 

The Roane's White Crab is a sub-variety of the foregoing, about the 
same size, with a yellow skin. It makes a rich, strong, bright liquor, 
and keeps throughout the summer, in a well-bunged cask, perfectly 
sweet. 

Hewitt's Sweet. 

Large, oblate, yellow, splashed with red. Flesh whitish, sweet, ten- 
der and pleasant. Good. October, November. Productive. 

Hick's. 
Buckram. 

Originated with Isaac Hicks, North Hempstead, L. I. Tree an up- 
right, strong grower, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots stout, 
very short-j ointed, dark brown, fine downy. Buds broad, flat, prominent, 
especially at ends. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, color pale greenish yellow, some- 
what striped and splashed with crimson, thinly sprinkled with light and 
gray dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity deep, slightly russeted. Calyx 
closed. Segments short, often a little recurved. Basin rather large and 
uneven. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, rich, sweet, slightly 
aromatic. Core rather large. Very good. August. A new Apple, of 
good promise. 

Hiester. 

He aster. Heister. Baer. 

Stehly. Miller. 

Originated in Beading, Berks Co., Pa. Tree large, vigorous, spread- 
ing, productive. Young shoots very dark blackish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly 
splashed and mottled with two shades of red, few light gray dots. Flesh 
white, crisp, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. November to 
March. 

Higby Sweet. 

Lady Cheek Sweet. Ladies' Blush. 

Originated in Trumbull Co., O. This is one of the most delicate of 
sweet Apples, valuable either for the table or market. Tree a thrifty, 
upright grower, an early and good bearer. Young shoots very short- 
jointed, moderately stout, dark rich reddish brown, with very few light 
specks. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, sometimes oblique. Color 



216 



THE APPLE. 



light waxen yellow, shaded with fine clear rich red in the sun, thinly- 
sprinkled with gray and light dots. Stalk short. Cavity acute, rather 
deep, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx closed. Segments short, erect. 
Basin narrow, deep, uneven. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, sweet, 
excellent. Core small. Yery good to best. November to January. 




Higby Sweet. 



HlGHLANDEE. 

Origin, Sudbury, Vermont. Tree a good grower, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, approaching conic, greenish, mottled, and 
striped with red. Flesh white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant vinous 
flavor. Good. September, October. 

Hightop. 
Supposed origin, "Wayne Co., Ind. 

Fruit medium to large, flat, roundish, regular. Surface smooth, 
mixed dull red, striped carmine, dots scattered, minute. Flesh pale 
yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. December, Janu- 
ary. (Warder.) 

Hightop Sweet. 

Summer Sweet. Sweet June. 

Origin, Plymouth, Mass. An old variety, highly prized at the West. 
Growth upright, vigorous. Tree hardy, very productive, light reddish 
brown shoots. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, regular. Skin very smooth. Color 
light yellow, partially covered with green dots. Stalk medium, inserted 
in a deep narrow cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx small, 



217 



THE APPLE. 



closed. Basin shallow, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, very sweet, 
not very juicy, but pleasant and rich. Yery good. August. 




Hightop Sweet. 



Hill's Favorite. 

Origin, Leominster, Mass. A thrifty grower, and very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, mostly shaded 
and striped with red, covered with thin bloom and numerous whitish 
dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium, uneven. Calyx closed. Basin small, 
shallow. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, pleasant, slightly 
subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. Middle of September, and in 
use for a month. 

Hill's Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. Tree a strong, upright grower, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, mostly covered with 
two shades of red, many light dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, deep. 
Calyx closed. Basin large, uneven. Flesh yellowish white, tender, 
moderately juicy, rich, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. Core 
small. January to April. 

Hilton. 

Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Fruit large, roundish, yellowish green. Flesh tender, juicy, subacid, 
excellent for culinary purposes. Good. September to October. 

HlNNERSLEY. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. 

Fruit rather small, roundish oblong conical, greenish, thickly sprink- 



218 THE APPLE. 

led with light and brown dots. Flesh greenish white, fine-grained, 
rather tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. December to 
March. 

Hoary Morning. 

Dainty Apple. Downy. Sam. Rawlings. 

An English frnit for culinary purposes, large, oblate conic, yellow, 
splashed and striped with red, and covered with a bloom. Flesh white, 
firm, brisk subacid. Good. October, December. 

Hobbs' Sweet. 

Originated on the farm of Samuel Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. Tree hardy, 
vigorous, with a round head, productive, valuable for cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Flesh tender, sweet. 
October, November. (Hobb's MS.) 

Hockett's Sweet. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree a good bearer, and the fruit profitable 
for stock feeding. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 
with deep red. Flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, crisp, rather 
rich, sweet. Good. December to March. 

Hodge's Limber Twig. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit small, roundish, whitish, thinly shaded, splashed, and striped in 
the sun. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, sprightly subacid. Yery 
good. October, December. 

Hog Island Sweet. 
Canada Sweet. Sweet Pippin. English Sweet, erroneously. 

Origin, Hog Island, adjoining Long Island. Tree vigorous and pro- 
ductive. Wood dark brown, slightly downy, short-jointed, valuable for 
family use and stock feeding. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate, yellow, striped with red, with a bright 
crimson cheek. Stalk rather short, slender, inserted in a deep, abrupt 
cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad basin of moderate depth. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, crisp, tender, slightly aromatic, with a very sweet, rich, 
excellent flavor. Good to very good. September, October. 

Holbert's Victoria. 

An English Apple, described by Hogg as small, ovate, yellow, with 
pale gray russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, vinous, aromatic. De- 
cember to May. 

HOLCOMB. 



Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed with 



THE APPLE. 



219 



red in the sun. Flesh whitish, fine, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, 
almost sweet. Good. December to March. 

HOLLADY. 

Baised by John Hollady, Spottsylvania Co., Ya. A very thrifty, up- 
right grower, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Color yellow, with a faint blush, and sprinkled 
with gray dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, tender, aromatic. Good. 
November to March. 

Holland bury. 

Hollingbury. Hawberry Pippin. Horsley Pippin. 

Beau Rouge. Bonne Rouge. Howburry Pippin. 

Kirke's Scarlet Admirable. 

An old English culinary Apple. Tree strong, vigorous grower. 
Fruit very large, roundish, flattened, ribbed, yellow, much red in the 
sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. October, December. 

Holland Pippin. 
Reinette d'Hollande. Summer Pippin. Pie Apple. 

This and the Fall Pippin are frequently confounded together. They 
are indeed of the same origin. One of the strongest points of differ- 
ence lies in their time of ripening. 

The Holland Pippin begins to fall from the tree and is fit for pies 
about the middle of August, and from that time to the first of Novem- 
ber is one of the very best kitchen apples. 

Fruit very large, roundish, a little more square in outline than the 
Fall Pippin, and not so much flattened, though a good deal like it, a 
little narrowed next the eye. Stalk half an inch long, thick, deeply 
sunk. Calyx small, closed, moderately sunk in a slight plaited basin. 
Skin greenish yellow or pale green, becoming pale yellow when fully 
ripe, washed on one side with a little dull red or pale brown, with a few 
scattered, large, greenish dots. Good. 

Holland Sweet. 

Fruit medium, conic, green, with stripes of dull red. Flesh firm, 
sweet, and valuable for long keeping and culinary uses. Good. Jan- 
uary to May. 

Hollow Core. 

There are two varieties under this name. One grown in New Jer- 
sey, of medium size, roundish oblong, yellow, with shade of light red. 
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core very 
large and hollow. December, January. 

The other, described by Hogg, is medium size, conical, ribbed, green- 
ish, with pale red next the sun. Flesh white, tender, brisk, pleasant. 
Core very large, with open cells. September. 



220 



THE APPLE. 



Hollow Crown. 
Hartford. Tyler. Kelsey. 

An old New England Apple, commonly grown there, origin un- 
known. Tree a strong, upright grower. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, splashed, striped, and 
marbled with red, thinly sprinkled with light dots. Flesh yellowish, 
somewhat coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Good. 
November, December. Valuable for cooking or market. 

Hollow Crown Pippin. 
Hollow-Eyed Pippin. 
An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with a blush cheek in the 
sun. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. October, November. 

Holly. 

Hardskin. Northern Hardskin. 

Persimmon . Simmon . 

Origin, Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, healthy, and 
an early bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, red, on a yellow ground, 
somewhat striped. Calyx closed. Flesh deep yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, 
aromatic. Good. November to March. 

Holmes. 

This is an old variety, first described in Thatcher's Treatise on Or- 
charding, and yet considerably grown in Massachusetts. The tree is 
vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale yellow, with bright 
blush in the sun, and many large russet specks. Stalk short, slender. 
Cavity shallow. Calyx large, partially open. Basin ribbed. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, fine, juicy, sweet subacid. December, January. 

Holmes's Sweet. 

Origin, Niagara Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, waxy yellow, red cheek in the 
sun. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin shallow. 
Flesh yellow, tender, rather juicy, spicy, sweet subacid. Very good. 
November and February. 

Holsten Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to . large, round, greenish yellow, bronzy. Flesh 
whitish yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, very sweet, aromatic, rich. 
December, February. (Warder.) 



THE APPLE. 



221 



Honey Geeening. 

Poppy Greening. Honey Sweet, incorrectly. 

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous, of rather a straggling, spreading 
habit, very productive. Young shoots light clear reddish yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, a slight 
blush in the sun, few light and gray clots. Stalk rather long, slender. 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, very tender, moderately juicy, with a honeyed sweet. Yery 
good. Core small. November, February. 

Honey Sweet. 

Origin unknown. There are a number of sorts under name of 
Honey Sweet, it being a popular application for every good sweet 
apple. The one we now describe, however, we have found more gener- 
ally grown than any other, and therefore our application of the name 
to it. 

Tree very upright, vigorous. Young shoots light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, 
bronzed, crimson in the sun, with a few green and gray dots. Stalk 
rather long. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. 
Flesh white, moderately juicy, rather compact, honeyed sweet. Good. 
Yaluable for baking or stock. August. 

Hood. 
Hood's Seedling-. 

A nice and handsome little fruit, oblong conical in form, yellow, 
mottled, marbled, and splashed with two shades of red. Flesh whitish, 
firm, pleasant, sweet. November, December. 

Hooker. 

Origin, Windsor, Conn. Growth upright, vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, conic, slightly oblique, greenish yellow, shaded with 
dull crimson, striped with red, and sprinkled with large russet dots. 
Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November to 
J anuary. 

Hoover. 
Wattaugah. 

Originated in South Carolina. It is pretty extensively disseminated 
and much favored where grown. The trees are quite distinct, having 
large foliage and retaining it until quite late into winter. It forms a 
beautiful upright spreading tree. Young shoots clear reddish brown, 
slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes roundish oblate, slightly oblique, 
yellowish, mostly overspread, splashed, and striped with two shades of 
red, some conspicuous light dots, and patches of russet. Stalk rather 
long. Cavity large, thinly russeted. Calyx open. Basin slightly fur- 



222 THE APPLE. 

rowed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, tender, juicy, rich subacid. Core 
small. Very good. November to February. 




Hoover. 



Hopkins. 

Supposed origin, Maryland. Tree vigorous, spreading, not an early 
bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, sometimes with unequal 
sides, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and mottled with light and dark red. 
Stalk rather short. Calyx small. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good to very good. October, November. 

Hopper. 

From South Carolina. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, sides unequal, greenish yellow, with 
a brown orange cheek in the sun, and a little russet about the stem. 
Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. 

HoRMEAD PEARMAIN. 
Arundel Peamiain. Hormead Pippin. 

An English variety, yet but little grown in this country. 

Fruit medium, roundish, or nearly roundish conical, pale yellow, 
moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity 
russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh 
white, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Novem- 
ber, December. 



THE APPLE. 



223 



Horn. 
Leech's Red Winter. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, with stout diverging branches. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, sides unequal, whitish yellow, 
shaded and obscurely striped with light red, many small light dots. 
Flesh yellowish white, half tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Good. December to March. 

Horse Apple. 

Haas. Yellow Hoss. 

Summer Horse. Trippe's Horse. 

Origin supposed to be North Carolina. Tree vigorous, an annual, 
early and abundant bearer, valuable for drying and culinary purposes. 
Young wood light reddish brown. 




Horse. 



Fruit large, roundish, yellow, sometimes tinged with red, and small 
patches of russet. Flesh yellow, rather firm and coarse, tender, pleasant 
subacid. Good. Last of July and first of August. 

There is said to be another Horse Apple, ripening a month or more 
later ; we have not examined it. 

Horsham Russet. 

Origin, Norwich, England. Tree hardy and productive. 
Fruit small, roundish, warm yellowish gray russet, bronzed in sun. 
Flesh white, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. November, December. 



224 



THE APPLE. 



HOSKREIGER. 
Heidelocher. 

Fruit large, oblate, yellowish green, with streaks of red in the sun. 
Flesh white, tender, brisk subacid. November, March. (Hogg.) 

Housum's Red. 
Originated in Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, yellow, shaded and obscurely 
splashed with red, light dots. Flesh white, rather compact, crisp, mod- 
erately tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Very good. 
Core small. December, February. 

Howard's Edgemont. 
Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, partially splashed and 
striped with red, light gray dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, 
sprightly subacid. Good. November, December. 

Hubbard. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit rather large, roundish oblong conic, yellow, with a few brown 
dots. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. October. 

Hubbard's Pearmain. 
Hubbard's Eusset Pearmain . Golden Vining. 

This little English fruit is described by Lindley as one of the richest 
of dessert Apples. Tree healthy, with slender young wood of a pale 
grayish brown color. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, regular, yellow, sometimes covered 
with pale brown russet, mottled red, bronzed in the sun. Flesh yellow, 
firm, very rich, sugary, aromatic. November to March. 

Hubbard's Sugar. 

Origin, Guilford Co., N. C. Tree upright, moderately vigorous. 
Young shoots, light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, striped with red. Flesh 
rich, juicy, and fine. September. 

Hubbard ston Nonsuch. 
John May. Old Town Pippin. Hubbardston. 

A fine, large, early winter fruit, which originated in the town of 
Hubbardston, Mass. The tree is a vigorous grower, forming a handsome 
branching head, and bears very large crops. Young shoots dull grayish 
brown, slightly downy. It is worthy of extensive orchard culture. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, much narrower near the eye. Skin 
smooth, striped with splashes, and irregular broken stripes of pale and 
bright red, which nearly cover a yellowish ground. The calyx open, 
and the stalk short, in a russeted hollow. Flesh yellow, juicy, and ten- 



225 



THE APPLE. 



der, with an agreeable mingling of sweetness and acidity in its flavor. 
Very good to best. October to January. 




Hubbardston Nonsuch. 



HUBBARDTON PlPPIN. 

Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, spreading, irregular, strong grower, 
and productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown. 

Fruit large or very large, variable in form, globular, inclining to 
conic, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded and striped with red. Stalk 
short, inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small, cor- 
rugated. Flesh tender, yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid, 
slightly aromatic. Core large and open. Very good. November to 
March. 

Hughes. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, said to be 
an abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a blush, and numerous 
gray dots. Flesh fine, tender, juicy, agreeable, saccharine without being 
sweet. Good. March, April. 

Hughes' Golden Pippin. 

An English Apple, described by Ronalds as an excellent table sort. 
Tree hardy, with long slender shoots, productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with some russet 
patches and dots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, rich, brisk, spicy aro- 
matic. December, January. 

15 



226 



THE APPLE. 



Hull Blossom. 

Origin ■unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, pale yellow, much shaded, 
splashed and striped with red, many light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, 
juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. October. 



Hull Sweet. 



Of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, mostly overspread with shades of 
light and dark red, few large light dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. October. 

HuNGE. 
Hunger 

Origin uncertain, popular, and long cultivated in North Carolina. 
Tree vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, green, with a blush. Flesh soft, subacid, 
pleasant, valuable for drying and culinary uses. Good. September 
October. 

Hunt. 

Supposed origin, Eastern Indiana. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mixed, striped, bright red, 
numerous yellow dots. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aro- 
matic. December, January. (Warder.) 

HUNTHOUSE. 

A Yorkshire English Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, tinged with red in 
the sun, and crimson dots and faint streaks. Flesh white, firm, coarse, 
.acid. December. (Hogg.) 

Hunt's Connecticut. 
Guttry. Baldwin, erroneously. 

An old variety. Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, round oblate, yellow, marbled and shaded with dull 
red, gray specks. Stalk short. Cavity often russeted. Calyx large. 
Basin quite shallow. Flesh yellowish, rather dry, breaking, subacid. 
-Good. November to March. 



Hunt's Deux Ans. 

An English dessert Apple, which has the character of keeping two 
years. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, russeted, with gray and 
large brown russet dots in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, 
aromatic. 



THE APPLE. 



227 



Hunt's Duke of Gloucester. 

i 

Hunt's Nonpareil ? 

This variety is claimed by Hogg as distinct from Hunt's Nonpareil, 
which is a synonym given it by Lindley. We have not examined them. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish, almost covered with thin 
russet, reddish brown in sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, high flavored. 
December January. 

Hunt's Russet. 

Supposed to have originated with the Hunt family, of Concord, 
Mass., many years since. Tree hardy, moderate grower, upright, 
spreading when in bearing, an annual and good bearer. Young shoots 
light reddish brown, slightly grayish. 




Hunt's Russet. 



Fruit medium, or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic. Color yel- 
low, mostly covered with thin dull russet, with a blush of bright rich 
red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk varying in length. Cavity large, 
deep, acute. Calyx partially open. Segments medium, a little reflexed. 
Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, 
tender, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic. Yery good or best. 
Core compact. January to April. 

HURLBUT. 
Hurlbut Stripe. 

Origin, farm of General Hurlbut, Winchester, Conn. Tree very 
vigorous, and great bearer. Young wood dark brownish red, slightly 
downy. Buds prominent. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, angular. Skin yellow, shaded 



THE APPLE. 



with red stripes, and splashed with darker red, and thinly sprinkled 
with light dots. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a broad deep 
cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid. Good to 
very good. Core small. October, December. 

Hutcheson. 

Origin, supposed Logan Co., Ky. Tree of rather slow growth, 
healthy and productive. Esteemed, where known, for its fine appearance 
and long keeping. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, overspread with 
rich red, large light dots. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. 
Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid, 
almost sweet. Core small. Good to very good. December to April. 

Hutton Square. 
A coarse culinary Apple, from England. 

Fruit large, roundish, sides unequal, yellowish, with dull red in the 
sun. Flesh white, coarse, brisk, sweet. Good. November, December. 

Imperial. 
Magnifique. Maltranche. 
Of French origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with light and dark red, deepest in the sun. Stalk short. 
Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, refreshing subacid. 
Good. October, November. (Warder.) 

Indiana Beauty. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblong, unequal, yellow, partially covered 
mixed scarlet, splashed carmine. Flesh yellowish, breaking, juicy, sub- 
acid. Good. September, November. 

Indiana Favorite. 

Supposed to have originated on the farm of Peter Morrits, Fayette 
Co., Indiana. Growth healthy, spreading, and a good bearer. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish, flattened at the ends, slightly one- 
sided, yellowish, shaded and streaked with red, and covered with russet 
specks. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, and very 
pleasant. Good. January to April. 

Indian Prince. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep red, sprinkled with whitish dots. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, with a pleasant aromatic flavor. 
Hardly good. September, October. 



THE APPLE. 



229 



Ingram. 

A new variety, grown from seed of Rawls J anet, by Martin Ingram, 
of Greene Co., Mo. Tree productive, and the fruit especially valued for 
its long keeping. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, orange yellow, mostly 
overspread with broken stripes of rich warm red, gray russet dots, and 
slight marblings. Stalk slender. Calyx small. Flesh yellowish white, 
moderately juicy, crisp, mild subacid. Core above medium. Seeds 
dark brown. February to June. (Hort.) 

Irish Peach Apple. 
Early Crofton. 

Fruit of medium size, round or a little flattened, yellowish green, 
with small dots in the shade, washed and streaked with brownish red in 
the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and pretty well flavored. Hardly 
good. August. 

Irish Reinette. 
An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, ribbed, yellowish green, dull brown- 
ish in the sun, and with patches of russet. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, 
juicy, brisk sharp acid. Hardly good. November to February. 

Island Beauty. 
Chicago ? 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow, with a shade of brown in the 
sun, moderately sprinkled with indistinct light dots. Flesh whitish, 
tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core rather large. September. 

Isle of "Wight Pippin. 
Isle of Wight Orange. Orange Pippin. Pomme d'Orange. 

A very old Apple, described in Ronalds as fine for dessert. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, bright orange in sun, with sometimes 
a brownish cheek. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, aromatic, acid. January, 
February. 

Isleworth Crab. 
Brentford Crab. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, brownish tinge in sun. 
Flesh white, crisp, juicy. Poor. October. 

Italian Rose. 
Weisse Italianische Rosmarinapfel. 
An Italian dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with pale red, some- 



230 THE APPLE. 

what striped in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sugary, vinous. 
December. (Diel.) 

Jabe. 

Originated in Boxford, Mass. Tree thrifty, hardy, and a regular, 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate, light straw color, beautiful blush cheek, and 
crimson spots in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. September, November. (Me. Rep.) 

Jabez Sweet. 

Originated on the premises of Jabez Barnes, near Middletown, 
Conn. Tree healthy, vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, with a few dark specks. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Decem- 
ber, February. 

Jackson. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright grower. Young wood dark 
brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with many dark 
green blotches and gray dots, a very few faint stripes, and warm mot- 
tled brown cheek. Flesh greenish, fine texture, tender, juicy. Good to 
very good. October, February. 

Jacques Lebel. 

An English fruit of much beauty, but ordinary quality. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, shaded with red in the 
sun, many gray dots. Stalk large. Cavity deep. Calyx half closed. 
Flesh white, tender, mild subacid. January. (Alb. Pom.) 

Jane. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree of medium upright growth, an annual 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, shaded with deep red in the sun, 
lighter in the shade, some obscure splashes and stripes, few light and 
gray dots. Flesh yellow, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid, almost 
sweet. Good. December to March. 

Jarminite. 

Origin, Highland Co., Ohio. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate roundish, green, partially covered with mixed 
and striped dull red. Flesh breaking, firm, mild subacid, almost 
sweet. December to March. (Warder.) 

Jefferis. 



Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Growth moderate, very productive. A fair 



THE APPLE. 



231 



and handsome fruit of excellent quality, in use all of September. Young 
wood light reddish brown, smooth. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded and splashed 
with crimson, and thickly covered with large whitish dots. Stalk very 
short, inserted in a rather large cavity. Calyx closed, set in a round 
open basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a rich, mild, subacid fla- 
vor. Yery good. September. 

Jefferson County. 

Origin, Jefferson Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, an 
early and great bearer. Young wood dull grayish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, splashed and 
shaded with fine red, minute light dots and some blotches of russet. 
Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good to very 
good. Core small. October, November. 

Jenkins. 

Originated with John M. J enkins, Montgomery Co., Pa. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate, red, interspersed with numerous large 
white dots on yellowish ground. Flesh white, tender, fine texture, 
juicy, agreeably saccharine. Good. January to March. 

There is another Jenkins apple which ripens in summer. It is small, 
roundish, yellow, striped with red. 

Jennings Sweet. 

Originated at Marietta, Ohio. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped with bright red. Flesh 
whitish, sweet, fine for baking or stock. Good. October, November. 

Jersey Pippin. 

Foreign. 

Fruit medium, round oblong conical, yellowish green, stripes of red 
in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, vinous, subacid. Good. 
November, February. (Elliott.) 

Jersey Sweeting. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a handsome 
round head, productive. Young wood dark reddish brown, downy. 

A very popular Apple in the Middle States, where it is not only 
highly valued for the dessert, but, owing to its saccharine quality, it is 
also planted largely for the fattening of swine. 

Fruit medium size, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye. The calyx 
is small, closed, very slightly sunk, in a small plaited basin. Stalk half 
an inch long, in a rather narrow cavity. Skin thin, greenish yellow, 
washed and streaked, and often entirely covered with stripes of pale and 
dull red. Flesh white, fine-grained, and exceedingly juicy, tender, 
sweet, and sprightly. Good to very good. Young wood stout, and 
short-jointed. This apple commences maturing about the last of 
August, and continues ripening till frost. 



232 



THE APPLE. 



Jewett's Best. 

Origin, farm of S. W. Jewett, Weybridge, Yt. Same habit as Rhode 
Island Greening. 

Fruit large, oblate or nearly globular, yellowish green, mostly 
shaded with deep red. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in a very small basin. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, almost 
melting, pleasant, rich subacid. Very good. December to February. 

Jewett's Fine Red. 
Nodhead. 

Origin, Hollins, New Hampshire. Tree of moderate growth, and 
productive, requires high culture to produce fair fruit. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish white, striped, splashed, and 
shaded with crimson, having a dull grayish bloom. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx firmly closed, in an exceedingly 
small basin. Flesh tender, juicy, very pleasant, sprightly, almost sweet. 
Good to very good. November to February. 

Joel. 

Of Pennsylvania origin. 

Fruit small, oblate, greenish yellow with patches of russet and rus- 
set dots. Flesh greenish yellow, dry, and poor. 




Jonathan. 



Jonathan. 

King Philip. Philip Kick. 

The Jonathan is a very beautiful dessert Apple, and its groat beauty, 
good flavor, and productiveness in all soils, unite to recommend it to 



THE APPLE. 



233 



orchard planters. The original tree of this variety is growing on the 
farm of Mr. Philip Rick, of Kingston, New York. It was first described 
by the late Judge Buel, and named by him, in compliment to Jonathan 
Hasbrouck, Esq., of the same place, who made known the fruit to him. 
It succeeds wherever grown, and proves one of the best in quality, and 
most profitable either for table or market. The tree is hardy, moder- 
ately vigorous, forming an upright spreading, round head. Young shoots 
rather slender, slightly pendulous, grayish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, roundish conical, or tapering 
to the eye. Skin thin and smooth, the ground clear light yellow, nearly 
covered by lively red stripes, and deepening into brilliant or dark red 
in the sun. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, inserted 
in a deep, regular cavity. Calyx set in a deep, rather broad basin. 
Flesh white, rarely a little pinkish, very tender and juicy, with a mild, 
sprightly, vinous flavor. This fruit evidently belongs to the Spitzen- 
burgh class. Best. November to March. 

John Carter. 

Origin uncertain, grown in Connecticut. Tree vigorous and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, marbled, striped, and splashed 
with crimson. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a mild subacid flavor. 
Good. September. 

Johnson. 

Origin, Brookfield, Conn. A strong, upright grower, and a good 
bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conic, smooth, striped with red on a 
yellow ground, dark red in the sun. Flesh remarkably tender, crisp, and 
juicy, with a brisk, sweet flavor, very soon becomes mealy after ripen- 
ing. Good. Middle of August to middle of September. 

There is another JT ohnson Apple which is said to have originated in 
Massac Co., 111., and described in the Chicago Republican. We have not 
seen it. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, almost 
entirely covered with rich dark red. Flesh yellow, subacid. December 
to March. 

Johnson Busset. 

Origin unknown. Tree a crooked grower, moderate bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblong roundish conical, light golden russet, few 
light and gray dots. Flesh white, tender, dry, poor, mealy. December, 
February. 

John's Sweet. 

Origin, Lyndsboro, New Hampshire. Tree a good grower, somewhat 
straggling, a prolific bearer. Young shoots, reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, sprinkled, striped, and 
splashed with red. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow cavity, surrounded 
by russet. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt basin. Flesh juicy, tender, 
sweet. Good. January to May. 



234 



THE APPLE. 



Jolly Beggar. 

Hogg describes this as a first-rate early cooking Apple. Tree a pro- 
digious and early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, becoming orange in the sun. 
Flesh white, tender, brisk subacid. August to October. 



Jubilee Pippin. 



From Norwich, England. 



Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, with gray and brownish specks. 
Flesh white, crisp, mild, almost sweet. Core large, open. October, 
December. (Lindley.) 



Judge Andrews. 



Origin unknown. 



Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh tender, aromatic. 
Good. August. 

Juicy Bite. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, mostly over- 
spread, shaded and splashed with red. Flesh white, crisp, tender, lively 
subacid. Good. Seotember. 

Julian. 

Juling. Julien. 

An Apple of Southern origin. Tree moderately vigorous, very pro- 
ductive. Young shoots light reddish brown, somewhat grayish, many 
white dots. 




Julian. 



Fruit above medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Sides unequal. 
Color waxen whitish, striped, splashed, and mottled with rich red, 



THE APPLE. 



235 



moderately sprinkled with light dots, some having dark centres. Stalk 
short, small. Cavity deep, sometimes russeted. Calyx small, closed. 
Segments long, slender, slightly recurved. Basin deep, slightly corru- 
gated. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to 
very good. July and August. 

JuNALUSKEE. 
Junaliska. Journal askia. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Young 
shoots dark brownish, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, lightly shaded on 
the sunny side, and sprinkled with brown and gray dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity large, a little green russet. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrujDt, 
nearly smooth. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, rich 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. November to March. 



Kaighn's Spitzexburgh. 

Red Pearmain. Long John. 

Red Spitzenburg. Red Pippin. 

Red Winter Pearmain, erroneously. Red Phcenix. 

Long Pearmain. Sheepnose of some. 

Lady Finger, erroneously. Russam. 

Scarlet Pearmain, erroneously. Hudson Red Streak. 

Origin, Gloucester Co., N. J. Tree vigorous, spreading or straggling 
habit, productive, and valued only because of its showy fruit. 

Fruit rather large, oblong oval, approaching conic, whitish yellow, 
mostly shaded and striped with red, and thickly sprinkled with minute 
dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
November to January. 



Kane. 
Cane. Cain. 

Origin, Kent Co., Delaware. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 
A beautiful little Apple, of pleasant flavor. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly conical, regular, whitish yellow, waxen, 
beautifully shaded and lightly striped with fine crimson. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, crisp, with a pleasant flavor. Good. October, November. 



Keddleston Pippix. 

An English dessert Apple, described by Ronalds. 
Fruit small, conical, straw color, slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, sugary, aromatic. October to January. 

Keeping Red Streak. 
An English culinary sort. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, mostly striped with two 
shades of red, some russet and gray dots. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, 
brisk subacid. December, February. (Hogg.) 



236 



THE APPLE. 



Keeping Russet. 

This is a dessert Apple described by Hogg as of first quality. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellowish brown russet, with a red 
cheek in the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, rich mellow flavor. Oc- 
tober, January. 

Keim. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots 
reddish brown. 

Fruit small to medium, oblate. Color light waxen yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with light russet dots. Stalk long, slender, in a broad, shallow 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh white, tender, 
crisp, fine, brisk, delicate aromatic subacid. Very good. December to 
March. 

Keiser. 
Red Seek-no-Further. 

An old variety, much grown in Jefferson Co., Ohio, and highly 
prized ; growth of tree like Rarnbo. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, angular. Skin pale 
yellow, shaded with red, indistinctly striped and thickly sprinkled with 
large, grayish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx 
small, closed, in a broad, shallow, corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, 
not very juicy, but mild subacid. Good. November to February. 

Kelsey. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa., on the premises of J ohn Kelsey. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conical, 
greenish yellow, with occasionally a faint blush, and numerous gray dots. 
Flesh tender, fine texture, greenish white, mild subacid. Good. March. 

Kelsey Sweet. 

Origin, Connecticut. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with a tinge of brown in 
the sun, green and gray dots. Flesh greenish white, moderately tender, 
juicy, sweet. Good. October, November. 

Kennebec Russet. 
From Maine. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, partially netted with russet, 
and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh moderately tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. No- 
vember, December. 

Kennedy's Red Winter. 

Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree an upright grower and regular 
bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish conical yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 



THE APPLE. 



237 



with light and dark red, large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, a little coarse, pleasant subacid. Good. 
December, February. 

Kenney. 

From Connecticut. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded 
and splashed with red, large light dots. Flesh white, rather tender, 
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. December to 



Kenrick. 

Kenrick's Autumn. Kenrick's Red Autumn. 

Origin, on the farm of Mr. Kenrick, Newton, Mass. Tree mod- 
erately vigorous, compact, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellowish green, striped and stained with 
bright red. Flesh white, a little stained with red, tender, juicy, sprightly 
acid. Good. September. 

Kentish Broading. 

A fine showy old English Apple. Tree a free grower and good bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, with broken stripes or splashes 
of clear red. Flesh white, tender, a little coarse, subacid. Good. No- 
vember, December. 

Kent. 

Originated on the premises of Walker Kent, near Plymouth, Mich. 
Tree a strong grower, and very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale greenish yellow, sometimes a slight blush 
cheek, few greenish dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid. Core rather large. Good to very 
good. October. 

Kentish Fill-Basket. 

Potter's Large Seedling-. Lady de Grey's. 

An immense English fruit, properly named, and much admired by 
those who like great size and beauty of appearance. The flavor is tol- 
erable, and it is an excellent cooking Apple. The tree grows strongly, 
and bears well. 

Fruit very large — frequently four and a half inches in diameter — round- 
ish, slightly ribbed or irregular. Color yellowish green in the shade, 
but pale yellow in the sun, with a brownish red blush on the sunny side, 
slightly streaked or spotted with darker red. Flesh tender, juicy, with 
a subacid, sprightly flavor. Good. October to January. 

Kentish Pippin. 

Red Kentish Pippin. Vaun's Pippin. 

An old English Apple esteemed abroad for cooking, but is here quite 
good for dessert. Tree hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer. 



238 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sides often unequal, greenish yel- 
low, with a slight blush next the sun, small gray dots. Stalk short, 
small. Cavity deep, large, and with thin russet extending out upon the 
fruit. Calyx partly open. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, 
rich, brisk subacid. Good. Core small. December to May. Valua- 
ble as a late keeper. 

Kentucky. 

Of unknown origin, and probably a local name. An early and abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit large and very uniform, roundish, slightly conical. Color yel- 
lowish, marbled and mottled, with dull red in the sun, with irregular 
greenish splashes or specks. Cavity narrow, acuminate. Calyx large, 
in a narrow abrupt basin. Flesh not very fine, but juicy, very tender, 
agreeable subacid. Good. October. 

Kentucky Cream. 

Originated in Todd Co., Ky. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, an 
early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, largest at the crown or apex, and 
tapering slightly toward the stalk, yellowish mostly overspread with 
rich clear red, thickly sprinkled with large areole dots, and some gray- 
ish marblings next the stalk. Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, acute. 
Calyx large. Segments partially closed, divided. Basin broad, deep, 
somewhat corrugated. Flesh yellowish, breaking, not very juicy, rich, 
mild subacid. Good to very good. December to March. 

Kentucky King. 

From Kentucky. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, yellow, mixed and striped with car- 
mine. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic. 
Good to very good. December, February. (Warder.) 

Kentucky Red Streak. 
Winter Eed Streak ? Bradford's Best. Selma ? 

Origin obscure, supposed Tennessee. Tree upright, vigorous, and 
productive annually. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly inclining to conic, greenish yellow, 
shaded with dull purplish red, and indistinctly splashed and striped, 
thickly sprinkled with large light dots, having gray centres, sometimes 
the number of dots give appearance almost as if mottled. Stalk medi- 
um. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Core 
small. Good to very good. December to March. 

Kentucky Sweet. 
A Southern Apple of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, conic, regular, deep red, stripes obscured and scarcely 
visible. Dots scattered, large, yellow. Flesh yellow, tender, fine- 
grained, juicy, very sweet, rich, slightly perfumed. November, January. 
(Warder.) 



THE APPLE. 



239 



Kerry Pippin. 
Edmonton's Aromatic Pippin. 
An Irish dessert Apple. 

Fruit middle size, oval, a little flattened at the eye, pale yellow. 
Flesh yellow, tender, crisp, with a sugary flavor. Good. Pipens in 
September and October. 

Keswick Codlin. 

A noted English cooking Apple, which may be gathered for tarts as 
early as the month of August, and continues in use till November. It is 
an early and a great bearer and a vigorous tree, and is one of the most 
profitable of orchard sorts for cooking or market. Tree very hardy, 
forming a large, regular, upright, spreading, round head. 




Keswick Codlin. 



Fruit a little above the middle size, rather conical, with a few obscure 
ribs. Stalk short and deeply set. Calyx rather large. Skin greenish 
yellow, washed with a faint blush on one side. Flesh yellowish white, 
juicy, with a pleasant acid flavor. 

Ketchum's Favorite. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Ketchum, in Sudbury, Yt. Tree vigorous and 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light waxen yellow, slightly shaded 



S40 



THE APPLE. 



with rosy blush, irregularly sprinkled with carmine dots. Flesh white, 
mild, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. September to January 

Kikita. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, shaded with 
dull red in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, mild 
sweet. Good. November, December. 



vol- 
esh 



Kilham Hill. 

A native of Essex Co., Mass., raised by Daniel Kilham. 

Fruit pretty large, roundish, ribbed, narrowing to the eye, pale yel- 
low, slightly splashed with red in the shade, deep red in the sun. Flesh 
of sprightly, rather high flavor, but is apt to become dry and mealy. 
Good. September. 

KlNELLAN. 

From Ross-shire, Scotland. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish green, some red in the sun. 
Flesh white, firm, juicy, pleasant. Good. December, January. 




King of Tompkins County. 

King of the Pippins. 
Hampshire Yellow. 
An English fruit of poor quality, medium size, roundish oblate, pale 
yellow, washed and striped with red. Flesh very firm, sharp subacid. 
Good. October, November. 



THE APPLE. 



241 



King of Tompkins County. 
King Apple. Toms Red. Tommy Red. 

Origin uncertain ; said to have originated with Thomas Thacher, 
Warren Co., N. J. A valuable market fruit. Tree very vigorous, 
spreading, an abundant bearer annually. Young shoots very dark red- 
dish brown, quite downy, especially toward the ends. 

Fruit large, globular, inclining to conic, sometimes oblate, angular. 
Color yellowish, mostly shaded with red, striped and splashed with 
crimson. Stalk rather stout and short, inserted in a large, somewhat 
irregular cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a medium, slightly cor- 
rugated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, tender, with an 
exceedingly agreeable, rich, vinous flavor, delightfully aromatic. Yery 
good to best. December to March. 

Kingsley. 

Origin, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree an erect moderate grower, an early 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, striped and splashed with red. 
Flesh fine-grained, juicy, melting, subacid. Yery good. November, 
February. 

Kingston Black. 
A small English cider fruit of little value. 

Fruit roundish, pale yellow, striped with red. Flesh white, stained 
with red, tender, juicy, sweet. November, December. 

King Tom. 

From North Carolina. Origin unknown. Tree a crooked, twisting, 
tangled grower, forming a low head, with stout, distinct, blunt shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish, orange yellow. Flesh yellow, rather tough, , 
spicy. August. (Ga. Hort. S. Rep.) 

Kinney. 

A Southern variety, little known. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled; 
with gray dots and some russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. No- 
vember, December. 

KlKKBRIDGE WHITE. 

Tree of rather slow upright growth, an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit below medium, oblong ovate, very irregular, ribbed, yellowish^ 
white. Stalk short and small, in a narrow cavity. Calyx small and 
closed. Segments long, reflexed. Basin narrow. Flesh white, tender,, 
juicy, subacid. Core rather large. Good. August and September. 

KlRTLAND. 
Kirtland's Seedling. 
Tree vigorous, and a good bearer. 

Fruit large, oblong, deep rich yellow at maturity. Flesh yellowish,, 
tender, spicy, subacid. Mid autumn. (Am. Hort. An.) 

16 



242 the apple. 

Kirk's Lord Nelson. 

English. 

Fruit large, roundish, light yellow, striped and mottled with bright 
red. Flesh firm, juicy, but not rich. October, November. 

KlTTAGESKEE. 

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree moderately vigorous, 
spreading. Young shoots short-jointed, grayish. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, sides unequal, fine yellow, with a tinge 
of brown in the sun, few dark or brown gray dots. Stalk rather short 
and slender. Cavity broad, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx partially 
closed. Basin broad, shallow, furrowed. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, 
brisk, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Good to very good. 
November to March. 

Klaproth. 

This beautiful Apple, a native of Lancaster Co., Pa. (on the farm 
of Mr. Brennaman), was brought into notice by Dr. J. K. Eshleman, of 
Downington, Pa., and promises to be an excellent fruit, especially for 
market purposes. It bears carriage remarkably well, a most prolific 




Klaproth. 



bearer and vigorous grower. We give the Dr.'s description. Young wood 
very grayish dull reddish brown. Size medium, form oblate. Skin 
greenish yellow, streaked and stained with red, deepened on the sunny 
side, dotted all over with light specks, and occasional russet spots near 
the stalk, which is short and inserted in a smooth deep cavity. Calyx 
small and closed. Segments reflexed, set in a wide, regular, and well- 
formed basin. Flesh white, very crisp, juicy, tender, and pleasant sub- 
acid flavor, and until quite ripe acid predominates. Very good. August 
to October. 



THE APPLE. 



243 



Knickerbocker. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, sprinkled 
with brown dots. Stalk medium. Cavity large, deep, uneven. Calyx 
closed. Basin broad, shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, crisp, 
brisk subacid, pleasant aromatic. Good to very good. September, 
October. 

Knobby Russet. 

Knobbed Russet. Old Maid's. Winter Russet. 

A dessert Apple from Sussex, England, which Lindley describes as of 
medium size, roundish oval, yellow, nearly covered with russety knobs 
or warts. Flesh yellowish, crisp, not juicy, but sweet and high flavored. 
December to March. 

Knowles' Early. 
Oat Harvest ? 

Introduced by J ohn Knowles, near Philadelphia. Tree of moderate 
growth, forming a round head, an early, annual, and abundant bearer, 
and the fruit continues in use a long time. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, smooth, pale greenish yellow, partially 
striped and splashed with dull crimson. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, very tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Good to very good. August. 

Knox Russet. 

Found in the orchard of J. Knox, Pittsburgh, Pa. Origin unknown. 
Tree spreading, productive, shoots slender. 

Fruit small to medium, globular, somewhat conic, yellow green, 
blushed, covered with light russet. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, mild 
subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. December, January. 

Kohl. 

From Germany. Tree thrifty, forming a regular top, a good and 
regular bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish, crisp, juicy. Good keeper. (A. Pom. Rep.) 

Konig's Reinette. 

Reinette Doree. Reinette du Roi. 

• Royale. Winter Citronenapfel. 

This is said to be a beautiful long-keeping dessert Apple, of Ger- 
man origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, lemon yellow, with a 
rich red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, very fine, firm, and juicy, rich 
subacid. December to March. (Diel.) 

Krauser. 

Krowser. Krouser. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, a handsome grower and an 
abundant and regular bearer. Young wood dark reddish brown. 



244 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish conic. Color whitish yellow, striped and 
splashed with bright red. Stalk rather short, inserted in a medium 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small and corrugated. F]esh white, ten- 
der, mild subacid. Good to very good. December, March. 

Kkauter Reinette. 

A German Apple, highly praised in its own home. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk long. Cavity 
russeted. Flesh white, very fine, juicy, highly aromatic. December to 
March. 

Labute. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, sides unequal, yellow, mostly shaded, 
and somewhat splashed with rich red. Stalk rather short. Cavity 
deep. Calyx closed. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, 
rather firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core large. October. 

Lackek. 
Laquier. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, pale red, striped 
and splashed with crimson. Stalk short, slender, inserted in a narrow 
russeted cavity. Calyx closed. Basin wide, deep, corrugated. Flesh 
white, tender, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November to 
March. 

Lady Apple. 

Api. Api Petit. Pomme Rose. 

Pomme d'Api Rouge. Petit Api Rouge. Gros Api Rouge. 

An exquisite little dessert fruit, the pretty size and beautiful color 
of which render it a universal favorite ; as it is a great bearer, it is also 
a profitable sort for the orchardist, bringing the highest price of any 



Lady Apple. 

fancy apple in the market. It is an old French variety, and is nearly 
always known abroad by the name of Api/ but the name of Lady 
Apple has become too universal here to change it now. No amateur's 
collection should be without it. 



THE APPLE. 



245 



Fruit quite small, but regularly formed and flat. Skin smooth and 
glossy, with a brilliant deep red cheek, contrasting with a lively lemon 
yellow ground. Stalk of medium length, and deeply inserted. Calyx 
small, sunk in a basin with small plaits. Flesh white, crisp, tender, and 
juicy, with a pleasant flavor. The tree has upright, almost black shoots, 
with small leaves ; forms a very upright, small head, and bears its fruit 
in bunches. The latter is very hardy, and may be left on the tree till 
severe frosts. The Lady Apple is in use from December to May. 

The A pi Noir, or Black Lady Apple, differs from the foregoing sort 
only in the color, which is nearly black. In shape, size, season, and 
flavor, it is nearly the same. It is, from its unusually dark hue, a sin- 
gular and interesting fruit — poor flavor. 

The true Api Etoile, or Star Lady Apple, figured and described by 
Poiteau, in the Pomologie francaise, is another very distinct variety ; 
the fruit is of the same general character, but having five prominent an- 
gles, which give it the form of a star. This variety is rather scarce, the 
common Lady Apple being frequently sent out for it by French nursery- 
men. It keeps until quite late in the spring, when its flavor becomes 
excellent, though in winter it is rather dry. The growth of the tree re- 
sembles that of the other Apis. 

The Api Gros, or Large Lady Apple, is of a similar habit in growth 
of the tree to the true Lady Apple, the fruit a trifle larger, more round- 
ish, less brightly colored, and quite inferior in qualitj 7- . 

The Api Gros Pomme de Pose, or Pose-colored Lady Apple, is also 
another variety, with fruit of medium size, roundish, pale yellow, washed 
with bright rosy red. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, crisp, 
aromatic. 

Lady Blush. 
Peceived from Pennsylvania. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, whitish yellow, shaded in the sun with 
bright red, many light and gray dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, pleasant 
subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. November, December. 

Elliott describes a Lady or Lady's Blush as medium, yellow, with red 
blush. Flesh dry. 

Lady Finger. 
Under this name Hogg describes an Apple as : 

Fruit beloAV medium, pyramidal, rounded at base, dull greenish yel- 
low, with minute gray russety dots, dull blush and spots of lively red 
in the sun. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasantly acid. November to 
March. 

Coxe describes an apple as Lady Finger or Long Pippin, as remarka- 
bly long, greenish yellow. Flesh pleasant, early winter, but does not 
keep well. 

Elliott describes under name of Lady Finger, synonym Sheep Nose, 
an apple as medium size, oblong, pale yellow, faint blush. Flesh firm, 
watery. November, December. 

We have also received an apple from Maryland under this name which 
is of medium size, roundish conical, yellowish, shaded over the whole 
surface with deep crimson, thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk 



246 



THE APPLE. 



short. Cavity ratlier deep. Calyx closed. Basin large, deep, corru- 
gated. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good 
to very good. Core small. August. 

Lady Haley's Nonsuch. 

An Eastern variety, of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, light waxen yellow, shade of 
red in the sun. Stalk short and stout. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin 
medium, corrugated. Flesh rather firm, pleasant, slightly aromatic. 
Good. Cooking. September. 

Lady of the Wemyss. 
A large and handsome Scotch Apple. 

Fruit roundish, pale green, red next the sun. Flesh white, juicy, 
subacid. October, December. 

Lady's Delight. 

An English culinary Apple, the habit of the tree like that of the 
Weeping Willow. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, with red 
next the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk, aromatic. October, De- 
cember. (Hogg.) 

Lady's Fancy. 
King of some. 

Origin unknown. Much grown in Yermont, Northern New York, 
and Canada. 

Fruit above medium, oblong conical, whitish yellow, splashed, 
shaded, and mottled with light and dark red, light dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, agree- 
able, subacid. Core large. Good. November to February. 

Lady's Seedling. 

Origin, Delaware Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, 
spreading. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush cheek. Flesh 
whitish, juicy, pleasant subacid. October. 

Lady's Sweet. 

Pommeroy. Lady's Sweeting. Eoa Ton. Ladies' Sweet. 

We consider this one of the finest winter sweet Apples for the des- 
sert yet known or cultivated in this country. 

Its handsome appearance, delightful perfume, sprightly flavor, and 
the long time which it remains in perfection, render it universally ad- 
mired wherever it is known, and no garden should be without it. It is 
a native of this neighborhood. The wood is not very strong, but it 
grows thriftily, and bears very abundantly, making a round spreading 
head. Young shoots reddish brown, downy. Buds small. 



THE APPLE. 



247 



Fruit large, roundish ovate, narrowing pretty rapidly to the eye. 
Skin very smooth, nearly covered with red in the sun, but pale yellowish 
green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is sprin- 
kled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered, when first gath- 
ered, with a thin white bloom. There is also generally a faint mar- 
bling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the fruit, and 




Lady's Sweet. 



rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx quite small, set in a narrow, 
shallow, plaited basin. Stalk half an inch long, in a shallow cavity. 
Flesh greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, and crisp, with a deli- 
cious, sprightly, agreeably perfumed flavor. Yery good or best. Keeps 
without shrivelling, or losing its flavor, till May. 

Lady's White. 

Origin, Franklin Co., O. Tree a good grower and bearer. 
Fruit medium or below, roundish, whitish, very smooth and fair. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. December to February. 

Lafayette. 

Originated in Chester, N. H., on the farm of "William Jenney, and 
first fruited in 1824, the year of General Lafayette's visit to this coun- 
try, hence its name. It is much esteemed in its native locality, but has 
been little disseminated. Tree a good grower and an annual bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, whitish yellow, shaded, splashed, and mar- 
bled with crimson, moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk rather 



248 



THE APPLE. 



long, slender. Cavity medium. Calyx closed. Segments rather short 
to a point. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, juicy, tender, 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to February. 

Lake. 

Origin, D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree of strong upright 
growth, productive. Young shoots stout, short-jointed, dull reddish 
brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, striped, splashed, 
and shaded with deep red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, pleasant 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Ripe September and Oc- 
tober. 

Lamb Abbey Pearmain. 
Laneb Abbey Pearmain. 

An old variety, from Kent, England. Tree not healthy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
two shades of red. Flesh whitish, compact, juicy, subacid. Good. 
November. 

Lancaster Greening. 
Lancaster Pippin. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Young 
wood smooth, reddish brown. Buds prominent, flattened. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, approaching conic. Color greenish, 
but when fully mature quite yellow, occasionally a blush of crimson in 
the sun, and pretty thickly sprinkled with russet and crimson dots and 
patches of russet. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, sometimes russeted. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin very shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
compact, moderately juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Very good. De- 
cember to May. Much valued as a long keeper. 

Lancaster Sweet. 

Origin, probably Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. * 
Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish, splashed and marbled with 

red. Flesh whitish, not very tender, juicy, sweet. Good. September, 

October. 

Land on. 

Origin uncertain, found on the farm of Buel Landon, Grand Isle, 
Yt., and by him introduced to notice. Tree vigorous, with low spread- 
ing branches, and bears moderately every year. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Color yellow, mottled 
and shaded with red or deep crimson, and covered with numerous gray- 
ish dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, surrounded by russet. Calyx open, 
basin corrugated and shallow. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, with 
a rich, mild subacid flavor, aromatic. Yery good. February to May. 



THE APPLE. 



249 



Lane's Ked Streak. 

Origin, orchard of Mr. Lane, Edgar Co., Illinois. Tree of moderate 
growth. 

Fruit large, round conical, regular. Color yellow, with very fine 
short stripes, and specks of bright red, beautiful. Flesh white, fine, ten- 
der, pleasant subacid, of fair quality. ( Good. October. 

Lane's Sweet. 

Origin, Boylston, Mass. Tree a good grower and productive. 
Young shoots smooth, light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 
with red, moderately sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk medium, 
slender. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
juicy, pleasant sweet. Good to very good. September. 

There is another Lane's Sweet which originated in Llingham, Mass. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dark reddish brown, 
slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic. Color fine yellow, with a sunny 
cheek. Stalk short. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx closed, basin small, 
open. Flesh yellowish, not very tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Novem- 
ber to March. 

LaNSINGBUPvGH. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, moderately 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, largely overspread with gray- 




Large Yellow Bough. 



250 



THE APPLE. 



ish red. Flesh, firm, mild subacid. Good. Valuable mainly because 
of its long keeping qualities. 

Large Yellow Bough. 

Early Sweet Bough. Sweet Harvest. Bough. 

August Sweet. Washington, incorrectly. Sweet Bough. 

A native Apple, ripening in harvest time, and one of the first qua- 
lity, only second as a dessert fruit to the Early Harvest. It is not so 
much esteemed for the kitchen as the latter, as it is too sweet for pies 
and sauce, but it is generally much admired for the table, and is worthy 
of a place in every collection. 

Fruit above the middle size, and oblong ovate in form. Skin smooth, 
pale greenish yellow. Stalk rather long, and the eye narrow and deep. 
Flesh white, very tender and crisp when fully ripe, and with a rich, 
sweet, sprightly flavor. Ripens from the middle of July to the tenth 
of August. Tree moderately vigorous, bears abundantly, and forms a 
round head. Young shoots grayish brown, very slightly downy. 

Larue's Big Green. 
Origin, Hardin Co., Ky. 

Fruit very large, yellow. Flesh vinous, sprightly subacid. Feb- 
ruary, March. Superior for cooking. (Ky. Hort. Soc. Trans.) 




Late Strawberry. 



Late Strawberry. 

Autumn Strawberry. 

Origin, Aurora, N. Y., on lands formerly owned by Judge Phelps. 
Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, hardy. Young wood smooth, reddish 
brown, a regular and early bearer. 



THE APPLE. 



251 



Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes obscurely rib- 
bed. Color whitish, striped and splashed with light and dark red, and 
often covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long, slender, curved. 
Cavity large, deep, slightly russeted. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh 
yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant vinous, subacid. Yery good. 
October, December. 

Late Sweet. 

A variety somewhat grown in Connecticut, origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, mostly shaded, splashed, and mar- 
bled with red, light and gray dots. Flesh white, compact, not juicy, 
sweet. December, March. A long keeper and good for cooking. 

Late Wine. 

A very excellent Apple, the origin of which we have been unable to 
trace, nor can we identify it with any known sort. Tree upright, vigor- 
ous, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots smooth, light red- 
dish brown, with buds large, round, and prominent. 

Fruit rather below medium, roundish conical. Sides unequal. 
Color mostly shades of light and dark crimson, sometimes almost pur- 
ple, a thin light bloom and light dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity 
acute, slightly russeted, sometimes lines or traces of russet outwards. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, very ten- 
der, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Yery good. October, November. 

Latham. 

Origin, Sag Harbor, Long Island, N. Y. Tree a good grower, very 
productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, sides unequal, yellow, almost entirely 
overspread with light and dark red, small light dots. Flesh white, ten- 
der, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. November, December. 

Lauren's Greening. 
Origin, Laurens Co., Ga. 

Fruit large or above medium, oblate, greenish, with tinge of red in 
the sun. Flesh white, crisp, acid, pleasant. Good. September. 

Lawver. 

Origin uncertain. Introduced by George S. Park, of Parkville, 
Mo., and said to have been found in an old Indian orchard in Kansas. 
Tree vigorous, spreading, an early and annual bearer, a beautiful fruit, 
and a long keeper. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Color dark bright red, covered with 
small dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, regular. Calyx small, closed. 
Basin medium, furrowed. Flesh white, firm, crisp, sprightly, aromatic, 
mild subacid. January to May. (Prairie Farmer.) 

Leaver. 

Received from South Carolina. Tree remarkably vigorous and a 
good bearer. 



252 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, yellow, shaded and ob- 
scurely striped and splashed with red. Stalk slender. Calyx nearly 
closed. Mesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, rich, slightly aromatic sub- 
acid. Good to very good. Core small. November to March. 

Ledge Sweet. 
Portsmouth Sweet. 

Origin, Portsmouth, N. H. Tree vigorous, productive, regular bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, thinly shaded with red, 
splashed and striped with dark red, thinly sprinkled with light and gray 
dots. Stalk very short, stout. Cavity broad, not deep. Calyx closed. 
Segments short. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
a little coarse, tender, juicy, mild, half sweet, pleasant. Core small. 
Good or very good. December to March. 

Leicester Sweet. 
Potter Sweet. 

Origin, Leicester, Mass. Tree vigorous, not very productive. 
Fruit rather large, flattish, greenish yellow and dull red. Flesh 
tender, rich, excellent, fine for dessert or baking. Winter. 

Leithemer Streifling. 

Of German origin. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, lemon yellow, overspread, shaded, and 
striped and splashed with varying shades of red. Calyx closed. Basin 
ribbed. Flesh white, tinged with red, firm, aromatic, sweet. December. 

Leland Spice. 

Leland Pippin. New York Spice. 

Origin, Sherburne, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, roundish. Color yellow, nearly covered with bright red. 
Stalk short, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed. Basin 
shallow. Flesh yellowish, rather tender, juicy, with a very rich aromatic 
subacid flavor, excellent for dessert or kitchen. Good to very good. 
September, October. 

Lemon Pippin. 

Kirke's Lemon Pippin. Pepin Limon de Galles ? 

An English variety, of medium size, oval. Skin lemon yellow. 
Flesh firm, brisk subacid. Good. October. 



Lesher. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, sides unequal, whitish, shaded in the 
sun with light purplish crimson, few small gray and light dots. Flesh 
white, crisp, moderately tender, pleasant subacid. Good. December 
to February. 



THE APPLE. 



253 



Lewis. 

Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. A good grower, and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellowish, striped with crimson, and 
partially covered with thin cinnamon russet, and sprinkled with gray 
and brown dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx closed 
or nearly so, in a moderate basin. Flesh yellow, compact, with a rich 
subacid flavor, not very juicy. Good. November, February. 

It is claimed by some that there is another Lewis, but our experience 
in fruiting them does not enable us to so decide. 

Lewis's Incomparable. 

An English sort, mostly valued for cooking. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, with streaks and 
shades of red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. De- 
cember. 

Liberty. 

Originated in Delaware Co., O. Tree vigorous, spreading, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots smooth, reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, oblate, oblique, conical, yellowish, 
shaded, splashed, and striped with shades of dull red. Flesh yellow- 
ish, rather firm, mild subacid. Core small. Good. Valued mainly for 
its keeping qualities. December to May. 

Ligoz. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
shades of red. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, crisp, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. Core small. December, January. 

Limber Twig. 

James River. Red Limber Twig 1 ? 

An Apple much cultivated South and West. Origin, supposed North 
Carolina. Tree hardy and productive, roundish, spreading, somewhat 
drooping. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, greenish 
yellow, shaded and striped with dull crimson, and sprinkled with light 
dots. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, sur- 
rounded by thin, green russet. Calyx closed, set in a small, uneven 
basin. Flesh whitish, not very tender, juicy, with a brisk, subacid 
flavor. Good. January, April. 

Lincolnshire Holland Pippin. 
Striped Holland Pippin. 
A second-rate cooking Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, stripes of 
red in the sun. Flesh white, subacid. November, January. 



254 THE APPLE. 



LlNDENWALD. 



Origin, orchard of J. G. Sickles, Stuyvesant, N. Y. Tree moderately 
vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, surface oily, yellow, light shades of 
red in the sun, few indistinct dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, often 
russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellow- 
ish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. September. 

Lindley's Nonpareil. 

Origin, Chatham, N. C. Tree delicate, slender, poor grower, great 
bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh yellowish, rich, 
crisp, aromatic, nearly sweet. Good to very good. August, Septem- 
ber. 

Lipplncott Sweet. 

Origin, New Jersey. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, thin shade of crimson 
in the sun, many brown and russet dots. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
juicy, pleasant mild sweet. Good. Core small. December to 
March. 



Litchfield Pippin. 
Raised by Win. Hutchins, of Litchfield, Me. 

Fruit medium to large, oval, yellow, with red in sun. Flesh white, 
mild subacid. (Me. Rep.) 



Little Beauty. 

This little Apple, says Ronalds, has the property of holding firmly 
to the branches, so as not easily to be dislodged. Tree upright, and a 
great bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow bronzed in the sun. Flesh yel- 
lowish, rich, but rather dry. December, February. 

Loan's Pearmain. 
An old variety. Tree a poor grower. 

Fruit small, roundish oblong, greenish, with stripes of dark red. 
Flesh firm, juicy, crisp. Good. September to November. 

Locy. 

Fruit globular, sometimes inclining to oblate, and sometimes oblong 
or conic, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red. Flesh greenish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant. Hardly good. November, February. 

Lodgemore Nonpareil. 
Clissold's Seedling-. 
An English dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep yellow, with blush in sun. Flesh 
yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. February, March. (Hogg.) 



THE APPLE. 



255 



London Pippin. 
Five- Crowned Pippin. New London Pippin. Royal Somerset. 

A very old English Apple, mostly valued for cooking or drying. 
Tree a moderate grower, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, flattened at base, yellow, with 
a tinge of red in the sun. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, rather 
firm, subacid. Good. November to February. 

London Sweet. 

Heicke's Winter Sweet. Mrs. Weaver's Sweet ? 

Clark's Seedling. London Winter Sweet. 

Origin supposed near Dayton, O. Tree vigorous, productive, valu- 
able in rich deep soils. Young wood, dull grayish brown. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with very slight 
indications of russet, a little green russet around the stalk, and sparsely 
covered with brown specks. Stalk short, in a large cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in an abrupt, open, slightly uneven basin. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, tender, fine, delicate, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very 
good. November to February. 

Long Island Pearmain. 
Hollow Crown Pearmain. 

An old variety, described by Coxe, and while it is somewhat exten- 
sively grown, has been sometimes confounded with Winter Pearmain, 
which is an entirely different fruit. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, having a large hollow basin or crown, 
yellow, splashed and streaked with red, and some faint russet spots. 
Flesh coarse, tender, somewhat dry, aromatic. Good. October to 
February. 

Long Island Pippin. 

Origin unknown. Specimens from T. T. Lyon, Plymouth, Mich. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, yellowish green. Flesh greenish 
yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy subacid. Almost best. January. 
(Warder.) 

Long Island Eusset. 

An old Apple, much grown in New Jersey and Long Island, and 
valued highly for cider purposes. Tree vigorous, spreading, and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, mostly overspread with dull 
russet, black spots or blotches when fully ripe. Flesh yellowish, tough, 
rather dry, almost sweet. October to February. 

Long John. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit large, conical, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish white, rather 
dry, subacid, valuable only for its size and long keeping quality. March 
to May. 



256 THE APPLE. 

Long's Red "Winter. 

H. R. Robey, of Fredericksburg, says this was found in the forest 
about fifteen miles from that place. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and splashed 
with bright red, sprinkled with a few brown dots. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, crisp, subacid. Good to very good. December to Feb- 
ruary. 

Long Start. 
Westmoreland Longstart. 
An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, mostly overspread and streaked 
with red. Flesh white, crisp, tender, pleasant subacid. October, De- 
cember. 

Long Stem. 

There are four distinct Apples under this name, easily distinguished 
by the wood of the young shoots. 

The Long Stem of Connecticut is, perhajDS, the oldest variety. The 
young shoots are dull reddish brown, somewhat downy, with prominent 
rounded, flattened buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with greenish dots, and 
small patches of russet. Calyx small, in a small basin. Flesh yellow, 
fine-grained, somewhat spicy, sweet, and rich. Good. September to 
January. 

The Long Stem of Massachusetts has rather slender young shoots of 
reddish brown, somewhat grayish, and slightly downy, with small clear 
red buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with a slight blush in the 
sun, moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Calyx medium, 
closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic. 
Good. October, February. 

The Long Stem of Pennsylvania has young shoots, of a yellowish 
brown, with very small short buds. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to oblong, truncated, 
yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with red mostly over the whole 
surface, many small light and gray dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, 
with bracts. Calyx closed. Segments a little recurved. Basin corru- 
gated. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. 
Good to very good. November to February. 

The Long Stem of Kentucky has reddish grayish brown young 
wood, slightly downy, with short, round, flattened buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, shaded, mottled, and 
rather indistinctly splashed and striped over all with dull dark red, and 
with many large light gray dots. Flesh greenish white, rather compact, 
mild, almost sweet, subacid. Core small. Good to very good. Decem- 
ber to March. 

Longville's Kernel. 
Sam's Crab. 

English. Fruit rather below medium size, oval, rather flattened, 



THE APPLE. 



257 



greenish yellow, streaked with pale brownish red, with a few streaks of 
bright red. Flesh firm, yellow, slightly perfumed, subacid. Good. 
August and September. 

Lord Burleigh. 
Lord Burghley. 

A new celebrated English dessert Apple, as yet untested here. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, and ribbed, yellow, with a 
bright crimson cheek, and many russet specks. Flesh yellowish, ten- 
der, juicy, sweet pine-apple flavor. January to May. (Hogg.) 

Lord Suffield. 

A valuable English kitchen Apple, described as an improvement on 
Keswick Codlin. The tree hardy, and a great bearer. 

Fruit above medium, conical, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red in 
the sun. Flesh white, firm, tender, brisk subacid. August and Sep- 
tember. 

Lorick Cluster. 

Said to have originated in Georgia. Tree a poor grower, but a 
great bearer and keeper. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, pale green, with a brown tinge in the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core 
small. January to April. 

Loring Sweet. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded with red, and sprin- 
kled with brown specks. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and rich. Good. 
November to J une. 

Loudon Pippin. 
White's Loudon Pippin. Lady Washington ? 

Origin, farm of Mr. White, Loudon Co., Ya., and much cultivated 
and valued in that section. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, oblate, approaching conic, light yellow, sometimes blush 
of red in the sun, sprinkled with a few grayish dots. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a large cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, open. Ba- 
sin smooth and even, rather deep. Flesh yellowish, compact, tender,, 
juicy, subacid. Good to very good. December to February. 

Louise Renard. 

Originated in Belgium. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conical, yellow, shaded with 
bright red in the sun, small reddish gray spots. Stalk short. Cavity 
deep, irregular. Calyx open. Flesh very white, tender, subacid, aro- 
matic. (An. Pom.) 

17 



258 the apple. 

Lovett's Sweet. 

Origin, Beverly, Mass. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic. Skin yellow. Flesh yellow, 
moderately juicy, sweet and pleasant. Good. October to February. 

Lowell. 

Queen Anne. Michigan Golden. Greasy Pippin. 

Orange. Tallow Apple. Golden Pippin of some. 

Origin unknown. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, productive. Young 
wood reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oval or conic, bright waxen yellow, oily. 
Stalk of medium length. Cavity deep, uneven. Basin deep, abrupt, 
and furrowed. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, with a brisk, rich, 
rather acid flavor. Good to very good. September, October. 



Lowell. 



Lowre Queen. 
Loure Queen. 

Origin unknown, somewhat extensively grown in Central Ohio. 
Trees upright, early bearers. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened, yellow, striped and splashed with 
dull red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy. Yery good. Novem- 
ber, February. (Elliott.) 



THE APPLE. 



259 



Luce's Early Joe. 
Early J oe, incorrectly. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, with a blush in the sun, few 
brown dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, mild, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. September. 

Lucombe's Pine-Apple. 

Pine -Apple. Pine -Apple Pippin. 

An English Apple, rather below medium size, ovate conical, ob- 
scurely ribbed, pale yellow, bronzed in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, 
tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Good. October, December. 

Lucombe's Seedling. 

English. Fruit large, roundish, angular, whitish, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh firm, juicy, good for cooking. October, 
November. 

Ludwig. 
Haas. 

Originated on the land of Ludwig, Bucks Co., Pa., and consid- 
erably grown in its native locality. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, whitish, splashed, mottled, 
and shaded with light red, many dots, with dark centres. Stalk short, 
slender. Cavity rather large, a little greenish russet. Calyx closed. 
Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh white, sometimes a little stained next 
the skin, fine-grained, juicy, mild subacid. Core rather small. Good to 
very good. November to March. 

Lyman's Large Summer. 
Large Yellow Summer. 

A large and handsome American fruit, introduced to notice by Mr. 
S. Lyman, of Manchester, Conn. The bearing trees are easily recognized 
by their long and drooping branches, which are almost wholly without 
fruit-spurs, but bear in clusters at their extremities. They bear poorly 
until the tree attains considerable size, when it yields excellent crops. 

Fruit quite large, roundish, flattened at the ends. Skin smooth, 
pale yellow. Flesh yellow, tender, subacid, and good for the table or 
for cooking. Last of August. 

Lyon's Sweet. 

Originated in Connecticut. Tree a good grower and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, striped, 
and splashed with red, light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh whitish, rather compact^ juicy, tender, sweet. Good. December. 

rl 

Lyscom. 

U 

Osgood's Favorite. Matthew Stripe. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young 
shoots dark brown, downy. 



260 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a few broken stripes or 
splashes of red. Stalk short, planted in a deep, round, even cavity. 

Calyx large, in a broad, plaited basin. Flesh fine-grained, and exceed- 
ingly mild and agreeable in flavor. Good to very good. September to 
November. 

McAfee's Nonsuch. 
McAfee's Red. 

Originated at McAfee's old Fort in Kentucky. Good grower, very 
productive. Young shoots smooth reddish brown. 

Fruit large, globular, inclining to oblate. Skin yellowish green, 
shaded and striped with crimson and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk 
short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small basin. 
Flesh whitish, solid, crisp, subacid. Good to very good. December to 
March. 

McCoy's Pippin. 

Origin, Loudon, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree of medium upright growth, 
productive, valued as a showy market sort, and also for cooking. 

Fruit large, oblate, a little oblique, greenish white, a shade of dull 
red in the sun, brown dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, moderately juicy, 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core small. October, December. 

McDaniel. 

Origin, Green Co., Ohio. 

Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, yellow, covered with rich crim- 
son, indistinct stripes. Dots light gray. Flesh yellow, solid, juicy, sub- 
acid, rich, piquant. October, November. (Warder.) 

McDowell's Sweet. 
Origin, North Carolina. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, fine yellow, mostly over- 
spread, shaded, and splashed with light and dark red, almost purplish in 
the sirn. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Basin narrow, coiTugated. 
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, refreshing, sweet. Good to very good. 
October, December. 

McHenry. 

Origin, Elizabethtown, Indiana. Growth upright and free, mode- 
rately productive. Color and quality similar to American Summer 
Pearmain. September to December. 

Mackay Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a good grower and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, slight tinge of red in 
the sun. Stalk short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, sweet, pleasant. Good. Core 
small. December to March. 



THE APPLE. 



261 



McKim's Vandervere. 

Origin, on the grounds of Robert McKim, Centre Co., Pa. Tree 
vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, splashed, striped, and 
mottled with shades of red, light and brown dots. Flesh white, ten- 
der, not very juicy, acid. Good. September, November. 

McKlNLEY. 

Fruit medium, roundish flattened, slightly conic, dull red on green- 
ish yellow. Stripes indistinct. Flesh breaking, fine-grained, juicy, sub- 
acid. Good. December, January. 

Maclean's Favorite. 
An English Apple of little value. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow.. Flesh crisp, acid. November to 
February. 

McLellan. 
Martin. 

Origin, Woodstock, Conn. Tree thrifty, upright, very produc- 
tive, annual bearer, and handsome. Young shoots, dull grayish red- 
dish brown, slightly downy. 




McLellan. 



Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly conic, very re- 
gular, and fair. Color yellow, mostly striped, marbled, and splashed 
with red. . Stalk short, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Calyx small, 
nearly closed. Basin moderate, slightly uneven. Flesh white, very ten- 
der, juicy, with a fine vinous flavor, almost saccharine. Very good. 
December to March. 



262 



THE APPLE. 



Macomber. 

Origin, Guilford, Maine. Tree a good annual bearer. 

Fruit full medium, oblate, angular, yellowish, shaded and striped 
with red. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin large and re- 
gular. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, subacid. Good. Core small. 
December, January. 

Magnolia. 

Origin, Bolton, Mass. Growth moderate, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate cOnic, yellow, beautifully striped 
and mottled with crimson. Stalk short, in a broad, uneven cavity. 
Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, aromatic, 
subacid. Good to very good. October. 

We have also received from J. W. Dodge, Tennessee, an apple under 
this name, the origin of which cannot be well traced. It is large 
roundish oblate, inclining to conic, irregular, yellow, striped, mottled, 
and splashed with red. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant, 
slightly aromatic. Very good. December, January. 

Maiden's Blush. 

A remarkably beautiful Apple, a native of Kew Jersey, and first de- 
scribed by Coxe. It begins to ripen about the 20th of August, and con- 
tinues until the last of October. It has all the beauty of color of the 
pretty little Lady Apple, and is much cultivated and admired, both 
for the table and for cooking. It is also very highly esteemed for 
drying. 




Maiden's Blush. 



This variety forms a handsome, rapid-growing tree, with a fine 
spreading head, and bears large crops. It is very valuable as a profita- 
ble market sort. 



THE APPLE. 



263 



Fruit of medium size, very regularly shaped, and a little narrower to- 
wards the eye. Skin smooth, with a delicate waxen appearance, pale 
lemon yellow in the shade, with a brilliant crimson cheek next the sun, 
the two colors often joining in brilliant red. Stalk short, planted in a 
rather wide deep hollow. Basin moderately depressed. Calyx closed. 
Flesh white, tender, sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good. 

Maiden's Favorite. 
Maiden's Apple. 

Origin, farm of J. G. Sickles, Stuyvesant, N. Y. Its delicacy and 
beauty will make it desirable for the amateur. Tree of rather slow 
growth, upright slender branches, an annual and good bearer. Young 
shoots smooth, clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, sometimes slightly conic, gene- 
rally cylindric, but often very obscurely ribbed, whitish or pale 
waxen yellow, shaded and sometimes slightly mottled with crimson, and 
sparsely sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short, small, surrounded by 
thin russet, in a deep, uniform cavity. Calyx firmly closed. Basin 
slightly corrugated, deep, open. Flesh whitish, tender, crisp, with a 
pleasant, very delicate, vinous subacid. Good to very good. Core 
small. October to January. 

Major. 

Originated with Major Samuel McMahon, Northumberland Co., 
Pa. This is a showy market Apple of really excellent quality. The 
tree is a rapid and vigorous grower, with rather irregular, upright, 
spreading shoots, reddish brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit large. Form roundish, often oblate, slightly inclining to conic. 
Sides sometimes unequal. Color greenish, shaded and rather obscurely 
striped and splashed with deep red, many light russet gray dots. Stalk 
short. Cavity deep. Calyx large, with stiff, short segments. Basin large, 
broad, and furrowed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, rich 
subacid. Core small. Yery good. November to April. 

Mala Carle. 

Pomme Finale. Charles Apple. 

Mela di Carlo. Mela Carla. 

Pomme de Charles. 

The Male Carle is the most celebrated of all Apples in Italy and the 
South of Europe, whence it comes. Here or in New England it does 
not always attain perfection, but south of New York it becomes beauti- 
ful and fine, as it needs a warm and dry soil. 

Fruit of medium size, very regularly shaped, a little narrow to- 
wards the eye. Skin smooth, with a delicate waxen appearance, pale 
lemon yellow in the shade, with a brilliant crimson cheek next the sun, 
the two colors often j oining in strong contrast. Flesh white, not very 
juicy, but tender, and with a delicate, slightly rose-perfumed flavor. 
Good. September to January. 

Mamma. 

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree a very thrifty, compact 
grower. Young wood reddish. 



264 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit above medium, oblate, crimson red. Flesh yellowish, rich, aro- 
matic subacid. October, November. 

Mammoth June. 

Origin, Christian Co., Ky. Tree an upright, moderate grower ; not 
an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, striped and 
splashed with shades of red, light dots. Flesh very white, tender, not 
very juicy, mild subacid. Good. July, August. 

Manaen. 

This variety was grown from seed of the Talman Sweet, by F. E. 
Miller, Sugar Grove, Warren Co., Pa., and first fruited in 1867. The 
tree is said to be a thrifty, upright grower. Young wood dark reddish 
brown, with a few white raised dots, and slightly downy. Leaf broad, 
roundish oval, coarsely serrated. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate conical, irregular, or partially 
ribbed, pale whitish yellow, with deep carmine dots and marblings in 
sun, russet lines radiating from the stalk, scattering minute, raised, gray, 
or russet dots in the shade. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, broad, open, 
russeted. Calyx partially closed, with erect recurved, divided segments. 
Basin rather deep, abrupt, generally irregular in form, usually clean and 
smooth, but occasionally with russeted broken lines. Flesh yellowish 
white, granulated, tender, moderately juicy, mild sweet, aromatic. Yery 




Mangum. 



good. Core small. Seeds dark rich brown, oblong, pointed. Season, 
last of August and September. A new variety of fine promise as an 
amateur's fruit. (Rural New Yorker.) 



THE APPLE. 



265 



Mangum. 

Fall Cheese of Va. Cheese. Seago. 

G-ully. Carter of Ala. Maxfield. 

Carter's Winter. Patton. Johnston's Favorite. 

Alabama Pearmain ? Sam Wingard. Blakely. 

A Southern variety of uncertain origin. It is extensively cultivated 
South, where it is counted as one of the most desirable and reliable 
apples. Tree a good, fair grower, with young shoots of a grayish brown, 
very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, yellowish, striped and mostly 
shaded with red, thickly sprinkled with whitish and bronze dots. Stalk 
short and small, inserted in a broad cavity surrounded by russet. Ca- 
lyx partially closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellow, very ten- 
der, juicy, mild subacid. Yery good to best. October, November. 

Mank's Codlin. 

Irish Pitcher. ' Frith Pitcher. Irish Coalin. 

Eve of Scotland. Frith Pippin. 

An old English culinary Apple, long cultivated and esteemed here as 
well as abroad for its productiveness, hardiness of tree, and early bear- 
ing habit. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, one side of apex end higher 
than the other, clear pale yellow, with a bronzed cheek in sun. Flesh 
yellowish white, fine crisp, brisk subacid. Good. August to Novem- 
ber. 

Mannington's Pearmain. 

Origin, Sussex, England. A dessert fruit of considerable esteem 
abroad, and here fully sustains its foreign character. Tree hardy, and 
early bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, truncated, yellow, partially 
russeted, shaded and splashed with red, prominent, rough, light gray 
dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, brisk subacid. Yery Good. Core 
medium. October, December. 

Manomet. 

Horse Block. Manomet Sweet. 

Origin, Plymouth, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. This is one of the finest of sweet apples, 
esteemed highly wherever grown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, fine yellow, with a richly shaded cheek. 
Stalk rather slender, inserted in a shallow cavity, slightly surrounded by 
russet. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh tender, juicy, 
sweet, and rich. Yery good. Core small. August, September. 

Mansfield Russet. 

Brought into notice by Dr. Joseph Mansfield, of Groton, Mass. 
Tree vigorous, upright, and very productive. 



266 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit small, roundish oblong, inclining to conic, cinnamon russet. 
Stalk long, inserted in a deep furrowed cavity. Calyx partially closed, 
set in an open basin. Mesh not very juicy, rich, aromatic, saccharine, 
vinous. Good to very good. Keeps till April or May. 




Fruit medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled dull red and yellow. 
Flesh sweet, dry. November, February. (Elliott.) 

March's Red Winter. 
March's Eed Seedling. 

Origin, on the farm of George B. March, near Chillicothe, Ohio. 
Tree a moderate grower. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, overspread and shaded 
with rich bright red. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, pleas- 
ant subacid. Good. November to January. 

Margil. 

Neverf ail. Munche's Pippin. 

An old English dessert Apple, of slender growth. 
Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, striped with red. Flesh yel- 
low, firm, aromatic. Good. October, November. 

Maria Bush. 

Origin, Lancaster, Co., Pa. A healthy grower and good bearer. 



THE APPLE. 



267 



Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed 
with red, and thinly sprinkled with russet dots. Stem slender. Cavity 
large. Basin abrupt and open. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, subacid. 
Good. October, November. 

Marks. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa., on the lands of Mr. Klinger. Tree vigorous, 
upright, productive. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, tapering slightly to the crown, yellow- 
ish white, with a few russet dots, and nearly covered with a faint orange 
blush. Flesh whitish, tender, brisk subacid. Good. January to March. 
The fruit drops badly. 

Marmalade Pippin. 

Althorp Pippin. "Welsh Pippin. 

This is an English Apple, from Derbyshire. Tree hardy, and profuse 
bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, truncated, yellowish, 
bronzed in the sun, numerous dots and some pearly white specks. Flesh 
yellowish white, firm, juicy, sweet. October to February. There is 
another apple under this name, which is striped with red and ripens in 
August. 

Marshall. 

Largely grown in some parts of New Hampshire, as a profitable 
market Apple, on account of its productiveness and very late keeping. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, a little flattened, deep green, mostly 
overlaid with a fine thick sprinkling of whitish green specks, a little 
blush and crimson specks next the sun. April, May. (Me. Bep.) 

Marshall's Sweet. 

Originated with S. B. Marshall, Ohio. Tree a moderate stocky 
grower, forming a round head. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate conic, sides unequal, yellow, 
splashed and striped with light and dark red. Flesh white, a little 
stained next the skin, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. 
November, December. 

Marston's Bed Winter. 

Origin, Greenland, N. H. Tree hardy, of moderate growth. Young 
shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. Great bearer, and keeps as well 
as Baldwin. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish conic. Stalk rather slender, in a 
narrow, deep, compressed, slightly russeted cavity — sometimes with a 
lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments long, in a deep corrugated basin. 
Color whitish yellow, shaded and striped with bright red and crimson, 
thickly sprinkled with minute dots. Flesh whitish yellow, very juicy, 
tender, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. December to March. 



268 



THE APPLE. 



Martin. 

Origin, supposed Ohio. Tree thrifty, vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow mixed and striped 
red. Stalk short. Flesh light yellow, rather tender, juicy, subacid, 
agreeable. Almost good. August, September. (Am. Hort. An.) 

Martin Nonpareil. 

An English Apple. The tree a vigorous grower, hardy, and a good 
bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish or roundish oblate, yellow, with many traces 
and patches of russet, and small gray and brown dots. Flesh yellow, 
compact, juicy, brisk, rich subacid. Very good. Core small. Novem- 
ber to March. Too small for profit. 

Mary. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, overspread with light red, 
striped and splashed with crimson, few light dots. Stalk short, small. 
Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, crisp, tolerably juicy, 
mild subacid, almost sweet. Good to very good. Core small. January 
to March. 

Maryland Beauty. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish shaded, splashed and marbled with 
light and dark red, light dots. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, tender, juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good. Core large. October, November. 

Masten. 
Masten's Seedling. 

Originated on the farm of K. C. Masten, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess 
Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, with a broad, spreading, well-formed head, 
productive. Young shoots grayish brown. 

Fruit rather below medium, roundish conical, oily, yellow, brownish 
or faint blush in the sun, broAvn and light dots. Stalk short, small. 
Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, 
fine-grained, rather juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to 
March. 

Master's. 
Master's Seedling. 

An old Kentish, England, Apple. Tree hardy, vigorous, and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, round, yellowish green, red cheek in the sun. Flesh 
white, firm, acid. November, January. 



THE APPLE. 



269 



Matlock's Summer. 

Fruit large, oblate, white, sometimes with a blush or indistinct 
splashes and stripes. Flesh tender, juicy, almost sweet. Good. 
August. 

Matson. 

Fruit large, red streaked, showy, acid, cooking. (A. Pom. S.) 
Mattamuskeet. 

Origin, Eastern North Carolina. Tree vigorous, productive. Young 
wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded and splashed 
with light and dark red. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, brisk subacid. 
Good. December to March. Yalued principally for its keeping quali- 
ties. 



Mauck. 

A Pennsylvania Apple. 

Fruit large, conical, greenish yellow, blush in the sun. 



Flesh tender, 



pleasant. Good. Core large, hollow. 



October, November. 




Maverack's Sweet. 



Maverack's Sweet. 

Raised by Dr. Maverack, Pendleton District, S. C. Tree vigorous 
upright, spreading, sometimes irregular, an early and good bearer. 
Young shoots reddish grayish brown, slightly* downy. 



270 THE APPLE. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with rich deep 
red, and sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk short, inserted in an open cavity. 
Calyx open, set in a deep corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather 
coarse-grained, breaking, tender, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Core 
small. November to February. A valuable sweet apple for market or 
cooking. 

Maxey. 

This variety we received from A. L. Woodson, Hart Co., Ky., 
by whom the tree is described as a good grower, an annual but not early 
bearer, producing fair, even-sized fruit, that keeps well into May and 
June. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, approaching conical, light greenish 
ground, with broken red stripes and splashes, from the stem end, of 
pinkish red, light dots and indistinct dark specks. Stalk medium length 
and size. Cavity regular, round, smooth, lightly russeted. Calyx large, 
open, with divided recurved segments. Basin shallow, broad, regular. 
Flesh whitish, not very juicy or tender, subacid. Good. Core small. 
May to July. 

May. 

May Apple. Pillkin. Plymouth Greening. 

Rhenish May. Winter May. May of Myers. 

May Seek-no-further of some. 

An old Apple, considerably grown at the West. Origin unknown. 
Its only value is because of its long keeping quality. Tree a poor 
grower, but a good bearer. Young shoots dark reddish brown, downy 
somewhat towards the end. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale greenish yellow, slight brown- 
ish in sun. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, not very juicy, mild 
subacid. Core rather large, and open. Good. February to June. 

May Seek-no-Farther. 
Lop-sided Pearmain. Pilliken. May, erroneously. 

Origin unknown. Considerably grown in some parts of the West, 
and valued only because of its productiveness and long keeping. 
Tree spreading, hardy, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, dull greenish, mostly overspread and 
shaded with obscure stripes and marblings of dull dingy red. Flesh firm, 
dry, subacid. Good. February to May. 

Meach. 

From J. M. Ketchum, Brandon, Yt. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, striped and 
mottled with light red, and sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh yellowish, 
rather fine, juicy, mild subacid. Good. October, November. 

Meadow Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, pale yellow, gray and light 
dots. Flesh whitish, moderately tender and juicy, rather rich, sweet. 
Core small. Good. November, February. 



THE APPLE. 



271 



Mear's Sweet. 
Mear's Seedling. 
Origin, near Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, brownish in 
the sun. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
mild, sweet subacid. Core small. Good. January to March. 

Meister. 

From Berks Co., Pa. 

Size below medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, striped with 
red, with numerous white spots, and russet dots. Flesh tender, pleasant 
subacid. Good. October. 

Melon. 

Norton's Melon. Watermelon. 

Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y. Tree of rather slow growth while 
young, a good bearer. Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. One 
of the best and most valuable sorts for the dessert ; a little too tender for 
shipping long distances. 

Fruit medium or above. Form roundish oblate, slightly conic, ob- 
scure ribs towards apex. Color pale yellow, nearly covered with light 




Melon. 



crimson. 



splashed, striped, and mottled with carmine, some traces of 
russet, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk me- 
dium, slender. Cavity large, deep, regular, often considerably russeted. 



Calyx partially closed. 



Segments 



medium, erect, sometimes a little re- 



curved. Basin rather abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh "white, very 
tender, juicy, refreshing, lively vinous subacid. Core small. Best. 
November to March. 



Melrose. 
White Melrose. 

An old Scotch Apple little known. Tree a strong, healthy grower 
and a free bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, much ribbed toward the apex, 
pale yellow, becoming deeper in the sun, and at times many crimson 
spots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sweet subacid. October, De- 
cember. 

Melt in the Mouth. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 
Young shoots long, slender, dark reddish brown, downy at ends. 

Fruit medium or rather below, roundish, slightly conic, deep red, 
splashed and marbled on a yellow ground, with a few small white dots. 
Stalk long, very slender, curved, in a small cavity. Calyx closed, in a 
rather abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, with a mild, 
rather rich, pleasant subacid, somewhat resembling Summer Pearmain. 
Yery good. September to November. 

Melvin Sweet. 

Origin, Concord, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, striped with pale red. 
Flesh rich and sugary. November to February. (Hov. Mag.) 

Mexagere. 

"We received this fruit from Mr. Manning, who, we believe, had it 
from Germany ; it is only fit for cooking. 

Fruit very large, regularly formed, but very much flattened, pale 
yellow, with sometimes a little red in the sun. Flesh tolerably juicy. 
Good. September to January 

Menonisten Peinette. 
Reinette des Menonites. 
A German dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, some russet, and a flush of 
red in the sun. Flesh fine, firm, juicy, aromatic, brisk subacid. No- 
vember, February. 

Mensfeld Calville. 

Calville d'Hiver de Mensfeld. Mensfelder Gulderling-. 

Mensf elder Winter Calville. 

Originated in Mensfeld, in the Duchy of "Warsaw. Tree a strong, vig- 
orous grower, with long jointed branches. 



THE APPLE. 



273 



Fruit large, roundish oblong, slightly ribbed, yellowish green, with 
distinct small brown dots. Calyx large. Stalk short. Flesh half firm, 
rather tender, sugary, vinous. Good for table or cooking. December 
to February. (Yer.) 

Mercer. 

Origin unknown. Specimens received from Western New York. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, sprinkled with a few 
gray dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. October. 

Mere de Menage. 

Fruit very large, conical, yellow, overspread, shaded, and striped with 
red. Flesh firm, crisp, brisk, juicy, subacid. October, December. A 
very showy market Apple, and good for cooking. 

Merrill's. 
Merrill's Apple. 

Origin, Smyrna, N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with a bright red cheek. Flesh yel- 
low, rather firm, rich, spicy, subacid. Good. December to March. 

Merritt's Sweet. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, sometimes with a blush. Flesh com- 
pact, very sweet, good for culinary use and stock feeding. Good. 
Last of August. Productive. 

Merwin. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, faintly striped, 
splashed, and shaded with red. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, mod- 
erately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Methodist. 

From Connecticut. Tree vigorous and productive, medium size,, 
oblong oval, greenish, marbled and striped with red. Flesh white, ten- 
1 der, mild subacid, not rich. Good. November 

Metoiree. 
French Crab. 

An old variety, of litle value. Tree of moderate growth, holding its 
fruit quite late in autumn. 

Fruit medium, oblong, yellow, shaded over with red. Flesh juicy.- 
Good flavor for baking. 

Mexico. 

Origin, Canterbury, Conn. Tree of moderate growth, productive,, 
hardy. Young shoots dull grayish brown, downy. 

18 



274 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish oblate, crimson, striped, splashed, and shaded 
with very dark red, a little yellow in the shade, with a few large light 
dots. Stalk medium length. Cavity broad, shallow, russeted. Calyx 
closed in a narrow basin. Flesh whitish, stained with red, tender, 
rather juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Sep- 
tember, October. 




Mexico. 



Michael Hexry Pippin. 
Rariton Sweet. 

A New J ersey fruit, a native of Monmouth County, first described by 
Coxe. The tree forms a very upright head, with pretty strong shoots. 
Yery productive. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong ovate, narrowing to the eye, 
when ripe, of a lively yellowish green. Stalk short and rather thick. 
Calyx set in a narrow basin. Flesh greenish white, very tender, juicy, 
mild tame sweet. Good. November to March. 

Middle. 
Mittel. 

Origin, Herkimer, N. Y. A moderate grower, not very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblong, inclining to conic, greenisl 
yellow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, mild subacid. Good. De 
cember, February. 

MlDDLEBOURG EeINETTE. 
Reiaette de Middlebourg. 
A new variety, originating in Holland. Tree upright, productive 



THE APPLE. 



275 



Fruit medium, roundish oblong, greenish yellow, with many grayish 
spots. Calyx small, half closed. Stalk short. Flesh yellowish white, fine, 
firm, rather dry, subacid. December to March. (Yer.) 

Mifflin King. 
Origin, farm of Mr. Kofiman, Mifflin Co., Pa. 

Fruit small, oblate, whitish with a slight blush and a few gray dots. 
Stalk short, small. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
juicy, pleasant, lively subacid. Good. November and December. 

MlGNONNE D'HiVER. 

A new variety, probably of French origin. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate depressed, slightly conic, greenish 
yellow, with shade of rich bright red in the sun, few light and gray 
dots. Stalk short. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, 
moderately juicy, mild, pleasant, almost sweet. December, February. 

Milam. 

Harrigan. Winter Pearmain of some. Blair. 

Thomas. Kusty Coat Milam ? 

Origin uncertain, much grown in some sections at the West, very 
productive, and keeps well. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, greenish, shaded and striped with 
red. Flesh rather firm, pleasant, subacid, not rich. Good. December, 
March. 

Milch. 

Braunschweiger Milch. Milch Apf el. 

An extremely beautiful German Apple, recently introduced. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, waxy white, with crimson stripes 
and dots on the sunny side. Flesh white, tender, crisp, subacid. 
August. 

Miller. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. 
Young shoots grayish dull reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, shaded, splash- 
ed, and striped with shades of red. Flesh white, sometimes stained with 
red next the skin, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good. Core large. 
September, November. 

Miller. 

Introduced by James O. Miller, Montgomery, Orange Co., N. Y. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood smooth, light reddish 
brown. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, 
striped, and splashed with rich red, large light or areole dots. Stalk short. 



276 THE APPLE. 

Cavity deep. Calyx large, partially closed. Basin deep, furrowed. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. 
October, November. 

Minchall Crab. 

Minshul Crab. Mincham's Crab. 

Lancashire Crab. Lancaster Crab. 

An English Apple, valued mainly for cooking. Tree hardy, and 
abundant bearer. . „ 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with traces of rus- 
set, and shades of red in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk acid. 
November, February. (Ron.) 

Minier's Dumpltng. 

An English cooking Apple. Tree a strong grower and good bearer. 
Fruit large, roundish, slightly ribbed, greenish, with dull red in the 
Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. November, February. (Land.) 



sun. 



Minister. 

A New England variety, introduced to notice by the late R. Man- 
ning. It originated on the farm of Mr. Saunders, Rowley, Mass. Tree 
moderately vigorous, upright spreading, very productive. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. . 

Fruit large, oblong, tapering to the eye, around which are a iewlur- 
rows-and resembling the Yellow Belle-Fleur in outline. Skin striped 
and splashed Dear the stalk, with bright red on a greenish yellow grouna. 
Stalk an inch long, slender, curved to one side, and pretty deeply in- 
serted. Calyx small, closed, inserted in a very narrow plaited or iur- 
rowed basin. Flesh yellowish white, very tender, with a somewhat 
acid, bitt very agreeable flavor. Good to very good. Core large and 
open. October to February. 

MiNKLER. 
Brandywine ? 

This is an old variety which was first exhibited before the Illinois 
Horticultural Society, and because it could not be identified, received 
for the time being, the name of its exhibitor. At some future time it 
will probably be found identical with some variety long since named 
and described. Tree an irregular grower, good bearer and keeper. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, pale greenish yellow, 
striped and splashed with two shades of red. Flesh yellowish, compact, 
moderately jiiicy, nrild, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. January 
to March. 

Mishler's Sweet. 

From Pennsylvania. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous and produc- 
tive. Young shoots light reddish brown, somewhat downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong ovate, greenish yellow, few gray dots. 



THE APPLE. 



277 



Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant sweet. Good. Core large, 
October. 

MlTCHELSON. 
Mitchelson's Seedling. 

An English Apple, described by Hogg as beautiful, and suitable for 
dessert or cooking. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, deep yellow, slight patches 
and traces of russet, with a reddish cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish, 
firm, crisp, brisk rich subacid. December, February. 

Molasses. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, vigorous, and hardy. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Skin thick, rough, greenish yellow, shaded 
with dull red, thickly covered with large crimson or lilac dots, and dull 
lilac bloom. Flesh yellow and exceedingly sweet. J anuary to April. 

There are, besides the above, three or four distinct apples under this 
name. One is claimed to have originated in Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, tinge of crimson in the sun. 
Flesh yellow, compact, not very juicy, sweet. Tree a slow grower. 
October, November. 

Elliott describes a Molasses, giving as synonyms, Priest's Sweet, 
Butter, JBlue Sweet. 

Fruit small, roundish, red. Flesh dry, sweet. October. 

Another we have met is roundish conical, yellow, mostly shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with dark red. Flesh rich, sweet. Fine for 
cooking. None of this class are valued, except for the purpose of 
cooking and feeding stock. 

Monarch. 
Monarch Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, a good and early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular. Skin light red, splashed 
and striped with dark red, and numerous light dots. Flesh juicy, not 
very tender, but rich, pleasant subacid. Good. September, October. 

Monkland Pippin. 

Fruit small, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh greenish white, soft, 
J coarse. Poor. November. 

Monk's Favorite. 

Origin, Indiana. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 
Fruit large, roundish, yellowish, striped and splashed with red. Flesh 
yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. November, December. 

Monkton. 

A cider Apple from Somersetshire, England. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, slightly ribbed, clear red, with stripes of 
I crimson. Flesh yellow, juicy, brisk acid. (Hogg.) 



278 



THE APPLE. 



Monmouth Pippin. 
Red Cheek Pippin. 

A native of Monmouth Co., IS". J., of moderate upright growth, and 
productive. Young shoots dark olive. 




Monmouth Pippin. 



Fruit large, oblate, a little inclining to conic, obscurely five-angled, 
slightly flattened at base and crown. Color pale yellow, with a beautiful 
warm cheek, and numerous russet dots. Stalk rather short, inserted in 
a large, slightly russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, 
abrupt, and corrugated. Flesh juicy, fine, brisk, aromatic subacid. Very 
good to best. November to March. 

Monstrous Bellflower. 

An old variety, little grown. Tree a strong, irregular, vigorous 
grower, not profitable. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, ribbed, pale yellow blush in the sun. 
Flesh whitish, brisk, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. October, No- 
vember. 

MONTALIVET. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, deep yellow, with small russet 
dots. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. January, 
February. Core small. 



THE APPLE. 



279 



Moore. 
Moore's Seedling 

A good culinary Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, greenish yellow, with broken 
streaks of red. Flesh yellowish, tender, pleasantly sweet. October, 
December. (Hogg.) 

Moore's Extra. 

Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous, not an early but a good bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, flattened at base. 
Color yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, 
large light dots. Stalk short, small. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx 
open. Segments short, erect, separated. Basin large, deep, irregular. 
Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Core small. 
Very good. December, March. 

Moore's Greening. 

Raised by R. Moore, of Southington, Conn. Very productive. 

Fruit medium, globular, inclining to oblong or conic, greenish yel- 
low, sometimes with a slight blush. Flesh white, juicy, tender, with a 
brisk, vinous flavor. Good. December, March. 

Moore's Sweet. 

Sweet Pippin. Polhemus. 

Red Sweet Pippin. Pound Sweet of some. 

Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Although not a first- 
class Apple, it is a very profitable and valuable one for all cooking or 
stock-feeding purposes. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dark dull red, with a slight bloom, 
small light-colored dots. Flesh yellowish, rich, pleasant sweet. Good. 
Core small. November to May. 

Moorhen Pippin. 

An English dessert Apple, below medium size, roundish oblate, 
greenish, with splashes of red and russet in sun. Flesh firm, rich, pleas- 
ant. January to April. (Ron.) 

MORELAND. 

Origin, Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree very productive. 
Fruit medium, yellow, with a red cheek, pleasant acid. Good for 
cooking. October. 

Morgan White. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened, irregularly ribbed, uneven, 
greenish, marked with gray stripes, rarely a faint blush. Dots white, 
large. Flesh greenish white, breaking, tender, juicy, acid to subacid. 
Good. September to January. (Warder.) 



280 



THE APPLE. 



Morrison's Red. 

Origin, supposed to be a native of Medfield, Mass., on the farm of 
Mr. Fisher. Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dull grayish 
brownish red, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, light yellow, shaded and obscurely 
striped with deep red. Stalk very short, stout. Cavity small. Calyx 
closed, in a very small basin. Flesh tender, crisp, with a very mild, 
pleasant subacid. Yery good. November to March. 

Morrison Sweet. 

Origin, Clinton Co., N. Y. Tree small, hardy, round regular head, 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, with slight blush in sun 
Flesh white, rather dry, sweet. Poor. October, November. 

Morris's Court of Wick. 

A variety esteemed in England, too small for Americans. 
Fruit small, oblate, greenish, with light red in the sun. Flesh firm, 
tender, juicy, rich, vinous. October, January. 

Morris's Russet. 
Origin, Brentford, England. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, brownish russet, becoming ruddy in 
the sun. Flesh firm, tender, juicy, brisk, aromatic, subacid. October, 
February. (Hogg.) 

Morton. 
Morton's Seedling. 

Origin, supposed Clermont Co., Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright 
spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, with a reddish 
blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, sweet subacid. 
Good. November, December. 

Moses Wood. 

Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Cavity and basin 
shallow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Moss's Incomparable. 

Originated in England. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, golden yellow, washed with pale red, 
and splashed with bright red in the sun, many small dark brown specks. 

Stalk slender. Cavity large. Flesh yellowish white, tender, soft, 
aromatic subacid. January to February. 

An apple of good promise. (An. Pom.) 



THE APPLE. 



281 



Mote's Sweet. 

Originated on the property of L. S. Mote, Miami Co., Ohio. A valua- 
ble, but as yet comparatively new Apple. Tree vigorous, upright spread- 
ing, productive. Young shoots light reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit large. Form roundish, somewhat roundish oblate conic. Color 
pale whitish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, and moderately 
sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity large, deep. 
Calyx closed or partially open. Segments short, erect. Basin medium, 
uneven. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, rich honeyed sweet. 
Very good. Core small. September, October. 

Mother. 

Queen Anne. Gardener's Apple. 

Origin, Bolton, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots grayish brown, downy. One of the best of 
Apples for the dessert, rather too tender for shipment. 




Mother. 



Fruit medium. Form roundish, slightly conical. Color yellow, 
almost entirely overspread with light, clear, rich red, splashed and mar- 
bled with many deeper shades, many minute light dots. Stalk short, 
small. Cavity acute, often a little russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, 
corrugated. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, rich, aromatic subacid. Best. 
November, February. 



282 



THE APPLE. 



Mother Davis. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, whitish yellow, shaded and ob- 
scurely splashed with light red, many small and large light dots. 
Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh fine, yellowish, tender, juicy, 
sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core rather small. 
November, December. 

Mountain Belle. 
A native of Habersham Co., Ga. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate conical, orange ground, shaded and 
striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx medium. Flesh 
white, hard, juicy, tough, subacid. Good. November to May. ("White.) 

Mountain Sweet. 
Mountaineer. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit large, oblate, light yellow. Dots minute. Calyx small, closed. 
Stalk short, slender. Flesh white, breaking, very tender, fine-grained, 
juicy, sweet. Good to very good. December. (Warder.) 

Mouse Apple. 
Moose Apple. 

Origin, Ulster Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit, in weight, light ; in size, large, roundish, slightly conical, pale 
greenish yellow, with a brownish blush on one side, and a few scattered, 
russety gray dots. Flesh very white and fine-grained, moderately juicy, 
delicate, faintly perfumed, mild subacid. Good. October, Novem- 
ber. 

Munson Sweet. 
Orange Sweet. Ray Apple. Meachem Sweet. 

Origin uncertain, probably Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, spreading, 
an annual and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow, sometimes with a blush. Stem 
short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, sweet. Good. September to February. 

Murpht. 

Raised by Mr. D. Murphy, of Salem, Mass. Tree moderate grower, 
spreading, tolerably productive. 

Fruit pretty large, roundish, pale red, streaked with darker red, and 
marked with blotches of the same color. Flesh white, tender, with an 
agreeable flavor. Good. November to February. 

Muscat Beinette. 
Reinette Musquee. 
A new German Apple, said to be superior. 



THE APPLE. 



283 



Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, much striped with red. 
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, rich, aromatic, subacid. November to 
March. (Hogg.) 

Mustek. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit oblate, yellow, mostly covered with mixed red and splashes of 
crimson. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. 
Best. Core small. August and September. (Warder.) 

Naigle's Winter. 

Origin, Missouri. Tree upright while young, becoming drooping 
when in fruit ; very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at ends. Color a bright yellow, 
covered with two shades of red, many large yellow gray dots, light blue 
bloom. Calyx closed. Stalk short. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, 
mild subacid. Core small. Very good. December, February. (Hort.) 

Nanny. 

An English Apple, which Hogg describes as of excellent quality. 
Tree a moderate grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped and splashed with shades 
of deep red, russet dots. Flesh yellow, rather soft, juicy, subacid. Oc- 
tober. 

Nantahalee. 
Maiden's Bosom. 

Originated in Macon Co., Ala. Tree a rapid grower, of rather a 
straggling, drooping habit. Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, broad oblate conic, often contracted near the apex, 
ribbed, pale yellowish green, sprinkled with a few gray dots. Stalk 
medium. Cavity large, uneven. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, 
a little recurved. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
sprightly acid. Good. Core large. July, August. 

Nectar. 

Origin, near Raleigh, N. C. 

Fruit medium, oblate, green. Calyx closed. Stalk short. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, rich, saccharine. August. (Gar. Mon.) 

Ned. 
Saylor. Libhart. 

Originated at Marietta, Pa. Tree vigorous, rather straggling, with 
slender shoots, dark reddish brown, slightly grayish, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, shaded, 
striped, and splashed with two shades of dark rich red, and sprinkled 
with large light conspicuous dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx large. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good 
to very good. December to February. 



284 



THE APPLE. 



Needle. 

Supposed an old English Apple, not yet identified. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with small 
brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid. Core small. Good. December, January. 

Neisley Bellflower. 
Neasley Bellflower. 

From Salem, Columbiana Co., O. Tree rather upright, vigorous. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, pale whitish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with light and dark red, few light and gray dots. 
Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, mild 
subacid. Good. Core small and close. December to March. 

Nelson. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate, regular. Color dull 
green, becoming yellow, sometimes bronzed with dull brown. Stalk 
rather long, slender. Cavity medium, acute, regular, green. Calyx me- 
dium, closed. Segments reflexed. Basin small, uneven. Flesh greenish 
yellow, firm, fine-grained, juicy, sweet. Core medium. Good. May to 
July. (Am. Jour, of Hort.) 

Nelson's Codlin. 
Backhouse's Lord Nelson. 
A culinary English Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, light yellow, deepening in the sun and 
with russet specks and traces. Flesh yellowish white, tender, brisk, 
sharp subacid. Good. October, November. 

Nequassa. 
Nequassa Sweet. 

Origin, Franklin, Macon Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit large, oblate. Color yellow, striped with red. Stalk of moderate 
length, inserted in a large, open cavity. Basin smooth and open. Flesh 
white and very sweet. Good. November to January. 

Neversink. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, beautiful waxen orange- 
yellow color, with a few russet dots, and a delicately striped and richly 
mottled carmine cheek. Stalk short. Cavity narrow, acuminate, shallow. 
Calyx large. Basin deep, rather wide, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, some- 
what tough, moderately juicy, subacid, quince-like. Good. December 
to March. 

Newark King. 
Hinckman. 

Origin, New Jersey. The tree is spreading, and bears well. 



THE APPLE. 



285 



Fruit medium, roundish conical, smooth, red, with a few yellow 
streaks and dots on a greenish ground. Calyx set in a narrow basin. 
Flesh tender, with a rather rich, pleasant flavor. Good. November to 
February. 

Newark Pippin. 
French Pippin. Yellow Pippin. 

A handsome and excellent early winter variety, easily known by the 
crooked, irregular growth of the tree, and the drooping habit of the 
branches. Not profitable. Young shoots slender, dull brownish red, 
smooth. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblong, regularly formed, greenish 
yellow, becoming a fine yellow when fully ripe, wdth clusters of small 
black dots, and rarely a very faint blush. Calyx in a regular and rather 
deep basin. Stalk moderately long, and deeply inserted. Flesh yellow, 
tender, very rich, juicy, and high flavored. Yery good. November to 
February. 

Newbury. 
Cat's Head. 

Origin uncertain. 

Fruit large, oblong conic, greenish, with a brownish cheek in the 
sun. Stalk short. Calyx small. Flesh greenish, coarse. Core large. 
Poor. December, February. 

New Late Reinette. 
Reinette Tardive Nouvelle. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped, splashed, and veined 
with reddish brown and shaded with gray. Calyx half closed. Flesh 
yellowish, fine, tender, juicy, agreeable, aromatic, subacid. April to 
June. (Alb. Pom.) 

New Pock Pippin. 

From England. 

Fruit below medium, dull green, becoming brownish in the sun, 
slight tinge of red and considerable russet. Flesh yellow, firm, rich, 
sweet. Good. November to February. 

New Small Lemon Pippin. 
An old English Apple, described by Ronalds. Tree hardy and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblong, clear yellow, with many 
small red dots. Flesh whitish, firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
November, December. 

Newtown Spitzenburgh. 

Yandevere of New York. Spitzenburgh. 

Ox Eye. Burlington. 

Matchless. Kountz. 

Joe Berry. Barrett's Spitzenburgh. 

Spiced Ox Eye. Wine, erroneously. 

This old and valuable Apple has been long known in New York as 
the Vandevere, but as it was first described by Coxe as Newtown Spit- 



286 



THE APPLE. 



zenburgh, we continue that name. It had its origin in Newtown, Long 
Island. Tree moderate, vigorous, spreading, and productive in rich, light 
soil, of most excellent fruit, which is suited to more tastes than any other 
Apple of its season. 




Newtown Spitzenburgh. 



Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, fine yellow, washed with light 
red, striped and splashed with deejDer red, and richly shaded with car- 
mine on the sunny side, covered with a light bloom, and sprinkled with 
peculiar gray specks. Stalk short, inserted in a wide cavity. Calyx 
small, closed, set in a regular basin of moderate depth. Flesh yellow, 
crisp, tender, with a rich, sprightly, vinous flavor, scarcely subacid. 
Best. October to February. 

Nichols Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, shaded and faintly 
splashed with red, few light dots. Flesh whitish, compact, moderately 
juicy, sweet. Good cooking. Core small. December, January. 



Caroline. 

Berry. 

Summerour. 

Accidental. 

Red Pippin. 

Howard. 

Hubbard. 

Mobbs. 

Cheataw. 

Edward Shantee. 

Pound. 

Wall. 



NlCKAJACK. 

Aberdeen. 
Trenham 
Big Hill. 
Carolina Spice. 
Cheatan Pippin. 
Chatham Pippin. 
Winter Rose. 
Red Hazel. 
Wander. 

Red Warrior, erroneously. 
Forsythe's Seedling. 
Ruckman's Red. 



Alleghany. 
Chaltram Pippin. 
Gowden. 

Graham's Red Warrior. 
Walb. 

Winter Horse. 
Missouri Pippin. 
Missouri Red. 
Leanham. 
Winter Horse. 
Jackson Red. 
World's Wonder. 



This Apple is \ery widely disseminated in sections of the South and 



THE APPLE. 



287 



Southwest, it having as it were the habit of reproducing itself from seed, 
or at least so nearly identical as to be impossible to distinguish the seed- 
ling from the parent, hence one cause of so many synonyms. The first 
dissemination of it known was by a Colonel Summerour, of Lincoln 
County, N. C, under the name of Winter Rose ; but as it was found on 
Mckajack Creek, it soon took that name, and is now best known there- 
by. The habit of the tree is upright spreading, forming a very large 
head. On branches two, three, or four years old, there are woody knobs 
or warts of various sizes, which, when cut from the branch, are found to 
contain kernels entirely detached from the regular grain of the wood. 
The great value of the variety consists in the hardihood and productive- 
ness of the tree rather than the character of the fruit, which is not more 
than good in quality. Young shoots bright clear dark reddish. 




Nickajack. 



Fruit large. Form roundish to roundish oblate, slightly conic, some- 
times oblique. Color yellowish, striped, shaded, and splashed with two 
shades of red, and with a grayish appearance, as if covered with a thin 
bloom, many large areole dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, medium 
depth. Calyx partially open. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately tender and juicy, negative subacid. 
Good. Core small, closed. December to April. 

Nieman's Red Reinette. 
Nieman's Rothe Reinette. Reinette Rouge de Nieman. 

Originated at Hanover, Germany. Tree a strong, vigorous grower. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mostly overspread and 
splashed with red. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, vinous, subacid. November, February. (Verg.) 



288 



THE APPLE. 



Nix Green. 
Queen Apple, erroneously. 

Origin, Habersham Co., Ga. Tree profuse bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate roundish, greenish yellow, with many light 
dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, firm, tender, 
pleasant subacid. Good. November, February. 

Noblesse de Gand. 

An English sauce Apple, described by Ronald as large, roundish, 
slightly conical, straw-colored. Flesh firm, heavy, brisk subacid. Jan- 
uary, February. 

Nonpareil. 

English Nonpareil. Old Nonpareil. Original Nonpareil. 

Hunt's Nonpareil. Loveden's Pippin. Reinette Nonpareil. 

Nonpareil d'Angletsrre. Due d'Arsel. Grime Reinette. 

An old English variety. Tree free upright grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, with patches of 
dull russet, and red in the sun. Flesh crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic, 
mild acid. Good. December, March. 

Nonpareil Russet. 

Of English origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, conical, greenish yellow, covered with 
thin dull russet. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. 
January to May. 

Nonsuch. 
Nonsuch. 

An old English sort, valuable as a sauce Apple ; productive. 

Fruit of medium size, regular form, flat, greenish yellow, striped and 
spotted with dull brick red. Flesh white, soft, with a plentiful subacid 
juice. Good. September, November. 

Norfolk. 

From Massachusetts. 

Fruit small, flat, yellow, pleasant. August. (Cole.) 

Norfolk Beaufin. 

Read's Baker. Catshead Beaufin. Norfolk Beefing. 

A large English fruit, only fit for cooking purposes, dull red, on 
greenish ground. Flesh firm, subacid. Good. January to May. 

Norfolk Paradise. 
An English dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblong, greenish yellow, brownish red in sun, with 



THE APPLE. 



289 



stripes. Flesh white, firm, juicy, rich subacid. October to February. 
(Lindley.) 

Norfolk Stone Pippin. 

Stone Pippin. White Stone Pippin. White Pippin. 

A valuable long-keeping cooking fruit. Tree a free grower and 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellowish green, slight tinge of red 
in the sun. Flesh white, firm, brisk, rich, sweet. November to 
March. 

Norfolk Storing. 

An English Apple, valuable for market or cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with yellow red cheek 
in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, crisp, brisk subacid. Novem- 
ber, January. 




Northern Spy. 



Northern Spy. 

This beautiful American fruit is one of the most delicious, fragrant, 
and sprightly of all late dessert apples. It ripens in January, keeps till 
June, and always commands the highest market price. The tree is of 
rapid, upright growth, and bears moderate crops. It originated on tha 

19 



290 THE APPLE. 

farm of Henian Chapin, of East Bloomfield, near Rochester, 1ST. Y. The 
trees require high culture, and open heads to let in the sun, otherwise 
the fruit is wanting in flavor, and apt to be imperfect and knotty. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. The tree blooms late, often escaping vernal 
frosts. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical. Skin thin, smooth, in the 
shade greenish or pale yellow, in the sun covered with light and dark 
stripes of purplish red, marked with a few pale dots, and a thin white 
bloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, planted in a 
very wide, deep cavity, sometimes marked with russet. Calyx small 
closed. Basin narrow, abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, fine-grained, 
tender, slightly subacid, with a peculiarly fresh and delicious flavor, 
Core large and open. Yery good to best. December to June. 

Northern Sweet. 
Northern Golden Sweet. Golden Sweet. 

Origin, on the farm of the late Nathan Lockwood, of St. George, 
Chittenden Co., Yt. Tree healthy, spreading, and productive, but needs 
high culture for the perfect development of the whole crop. Young 
wood reddish, smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, sometimes with a blush. 
Stalk rather long, in a moderate cavity. Calyx small and closed, in a 
narrow, abrupt, corrugated basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, 
rich, and excellent. Core medium. September, October. Not profit- 
able. 

NORTHFIELD BEAUTY. 

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous grower. Young shoots rich red- 
dish brown, with few prominent dots. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Sides unequal, whitish yellow, with 
stripes, shades, and splashes in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, brisk sub- 
acid. Core small. Good for cooking. August, September. 

Nottingham Pippin. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with slight markings of rus- 
set. Flesh white, marrowy, sugary, vinous. November to February. 
(Hogg.) 

Nursery. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, 
slight blush or brown in the sun, gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Ca- 
lyx closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, compact, mod- 
erately juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet. Core small. Good. Decem- 
ber to February. 

Oakes. 

From Danvers, Mass. Origin unknown. Tree a strong, vigorous 
grower, and fair bearer. Young shoots clear reddish, smooth. 



THE APPLE. 



291 



Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a shade of 
red in the sun, few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good to 
very good. November, January. 

There is an English culinary Apple of this name described by Lindley, 
which is medium, roundish, with ribs, pale green, with broken streaks 
of pale brown, and russety specks. Flesh soft, greenish white, slightly 
sweet. November, December. 

Oconee Greening. 

Origin, banks of the Oconee river, a little below Athens, Ga. Tree 
vigorous and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellow, a little brownish in the sun, 
russet about the stem, with a few scattered russet dots. Calyx open, 
in a shallow, slightly furrowed basin. Stalk very short, in a rather 
regular, deep cavity. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, abounding 
in a delightful aromatic, lively, subacid juice. Good to very good. 
October, November. 

Ofine. 

Of English origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical. Skin oily. Color lemon yel- 
low, washed and splashed with red in the sun, many large reddish gray 
spots. Stalk large, short. Calyx open. Flesh white, firm, tender, 
sweet subacid, aromatic. November. (An Pom.) 

Ogdensburgh. 

Originated with A. B. James, Ogdensburgh, N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, brownish red 
in sun, few light and brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, very 
mild subacid. Yery good. Core medium. New. November, Decem- 
ber. (Elliott's Notes.) 

Ogleby. 

From Spottsylvania Co., Ya. Tree a rapid grower. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, sometimes a slight 
blush in sun, with gray and green dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, crisp, 
juicy subacid. Good. October, November. 

Ohio Nonpareil. 

Myer's Nonpareil. Cattell Apple. 

Western Beauty, erroneously. Rusty Core. 

This is one of the most valuable of autumn Apples, whether for mar- 
ket or table use. Its origin is in doubt, the first known trees of it being 

in the orchard of Bowman, Massillon, Ohio. The young trees are 

very vigorous, with stout, straight shoots, while the orchard trees are 
very wide, regular, open, spreading, requiring little or no thinning, and 
bearing the fruit evenly over the whole tree, and all fair sized, smooth 
fruit. Young shoots smooth, rich, dark reddish brown. 



292 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate. Color yellow, shaded, 
marbled, and splashed with two shades of rich red, thinly sprinkled with 
light and gray dots. Stalk medium, rather slender. Cavity large, deep, 
regular. Calyx rather large, partially open. Segments rather short. 
Basin medium. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, rich, 
slightly aromatic subacid. Core small. Yery good. October, Novem- 
ber. 




Ohio NonpareiL 



Ohio Pippin. 

Ernst's Pippin. Shannon. 

Origin in doubt. Supposed Dayton, Ohio. It was first disseminated 
by the late A. H. Ernst, of Cincinnati. Tree healthy, vigorous, spread- 
ing, moderately productive. Young shoots strong, dull reddish brown, 
quite downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, with mottled red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, pleasant, sharp subacid. Good. Core 
small. November, January. 

Ohio Red Streak. 

Originated with James Mansfield, Jefferson Co., O. Growth vigor 
ous, upright. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
red. Stalk short. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx large, closed. Basin 
shallow, uneven. Flesh rather compact, juicy, rich subacid. Good. 
January to April. 



THE APPLE. 



293 



Ohlinger. 

Origin, Pennsylvania, Berks County. 

Fruit below medium, yellow, with a brownish cheek, with many are- 
ole specks. Flesh yellowish white, tender, subacid. Good. October. 

Old English Codlin. 
English Codlin. Trenton Early ? 

The trees are very vigorous and fruitful. A large and fair cooking 
Apple, in use from July to November. 

Fruit generally above medium size, oblong or conical, and a little 
irregular, clear lemon yellow, with a faint blush next the sun. Stalk 
stout and short. Flesh white, tender, and of a rather pleasant subacid. 
Much esteemed for cooking, ripens gradually upon the tree. 

Old Field. 

Origin, Connecticut. A good grower, bears well, an old variety. 
Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellow, with a slight blush. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, nleasant, mild subacid. Good. January to April. 

Old House. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to ob.-conic, yellow, with a blush. 
Flesh tender, fine texture, juicy, flavor agreeable, aromatic. Good. 
December. 

Old Hundred. 

Origin unknown. Specimens received from J. W. Manning, Read- 
ing, Mass. Tree upright grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellowish, striped, splashed, 
and marbled with shades of red. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, 
sprightly subacid. Good. November to February. 

Old Royal Russet. 

I Leather Coat Russet. 
Fruit medium, roundish, gray russet on green. Flesh greenish 
1 white, sharp subacid. November, February. (Elliott.) 

Old Town Crab. 

Spice Apple of some 

Fruit small, greenish yellow, with brown specks. Flesh crisp, juicy, 
sweet. December, March. 

Old Town Pippin. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, light yellow, shaded and 
JJ \ splashed with red, few brown dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, not very 
\ • juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Cooking. January to March. 



294 



THE APPLE. 



Oline. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, washed with red. Flesh tender, 
fine, subacid. Very good. November, December. (Soc. V. M.) 

Olive. 

Origin, "Wake Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright grower. 

Fruit medium, slightly conical, crimson, with gray dots. Calyx 
open. Stalk long, stout. Flesh crisp, juicy, subacid. October, No- 
vember. 

There is another Olive Apple, from Vermont, which is medium, ob- 
late, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
shades of red, few areole dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, mild subacid. November to January. (Gar. Mon.) 

Omar Pasha. 
An English cooking Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, dotted with rus- 
set. Calyx open. Stalk short. Flesh white, firm, crisp, juicy, pleas- 
ant acid. December to March. 

Orange. 

There are several Apples under this name ; but as it is almost im- 
possible to decide which has prior right to the name, we enumerate and 
describe in the order they are known to us. 

The Orange of New Jersey origin is a vigorous grower, and mode- 
rately productive. Young shoots clear, reddish brown, buds reddish, 
prominent. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Skin orange yellow, with a 
few gray dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk short, in a large 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin moderate. Flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, 
pleasant. Very good. September, October. 

The Orange of Reading, Pa., has fruit roundish, slightly oblate, 
faintly ribbed, of a warm yellow orange color. Flesh yellowish, 
sprightly. Good. 

The Orange of France, received from A. Leroy, Angers, is of me- 
dium size, roundish, fine yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, mode- 
rately sprinkled with gray and light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. 
October, November. 

Orange Pippin. 

Marigold Pippin. Isle of Wight Orange. 

An old Apple, originated in Normandy, and valued mainly as a cider 
fruit. 

Fruit medium, roundish, rich orange yellow. Flesh firm, crisp, plea- 
sant acid. October to January. 

There is also an Orange Pippin grown in New Jersey differing from 
this, but we have been unable to obtain its history or description. 



THE APPLE. 



295 



Orange Sweet. 

There are several varieties under this name, but we have been un- 
able to examine and compare them closely. The one we have most 
known came from Ohio, and has young shoots of a light reddish brown, 
smooth, the fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, sometimes traces of 
russet, few gray and green dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, 
tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. Valuable for baking. October, 
November. 

Another we have from Massachusetts, is a good grower and bearer. 
Young shoots smooth, very dark reddish brown. Buds very small. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow. Calyx small. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, rather coarse, but rich, sweet. Good for cooking. Au- 
gust and September. 

Another Orange Sweeting, grown in Maine, is described as a tree of 
upright habit, healthy, thrifty, and productive. Young shoots dark 
brownish red. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, bright yellow, with a blush cheek in 
the sun, small greenish dots in shade, and crimson dots in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, and rich. September, October. 

"Warder, in his American Pomology, describes an Orange Sweet or 
Russet as large, round, greenish yellow, bronzy orange russet. Flesh 
green, rather tough, fine-grained, sweet. Good for baking. December. 

Ord. 

Ord's Apple. Simpson's Pippin. Simpson's Seedling. 

An English Apple, grown from a seed of the Newtown Pippin. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, somewhat ribbed, dull green, washed 
and splashed with dull red, and many star-like russet specks. Flesh 
greenish white, tender, crisp, brisk subacid. December to April. 

Orleans Peinette. 
Reinette d' Orleans. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, deep yellow, with stripes of bright red 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, brisk acid. December. 

Orndorf. 

Origin, Muskingum Co., O. Tree a vigorous, spreading, upright 
grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed 
with two shades of red. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
whitish, tender, mild subacid. Good. Core small. October, Novem- 
ber. 

Orne's Early. 

Origin unknown, supposed foreign. Tree vigorous, upright spread- 
ing. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Color whitish, thickly sprinkled with gray 
and light dots. Stalk long and slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, tender, fine-grained, moderately juicy, pleasant, sprightly sub- 
acid. Good. Core small. August, September. 



296 



THE APPLE. 



Ortley. 



Ortley Pippin. 
Woohnan's Long. 
Greasy Pippin. 
White Bellefleur. 
Van Dyne. 
Melting Pippin. 
Yellow Pippin. 
Woodward's Pippin. 
Davis White Bellflower, 



White Bellflower. 
White Detroit. 
Hollow Cored Pippin. 
Green Bellflower. 
Jersey Greening. 
Crane's Pippin. 
Inman. 

Tom Woodward Pippin. 
Marrow Pippin. 



Ohio Favorite. 
Willow Leaf Pippin. 
White Pippin. 
Detroit. 
Davis. 

Warren Pippin. 
Golden Pippin. 
White Seek-no-Further. 
Tod's Golden Pippin. 



pretty 



Origin, orchard of Michael Ortley, South Jersey. It grows 
strongly, with upright slender shoots, and bears abundantly. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conic, greenish yellow, be- 
coming fine yellow at maturity, sometimes with a sunny cheek. Stalk 
slender, of medium length, inserted in a deep, acute cavity, surrounded 
by russet. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt, somewhat corrugated basin. 
Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy subacid, very pleasant. Good 
to very good. Core large. November to February. 



Osceola. 

Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown, grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides unequal, pale yellow, 
shaded, splashed, and striped with red, large light dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, uneven. Flesh 
whitish, firm, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Janu- 
ary to March. 



OSKALOOSA. 
Jack Apple. 

Origin unknown. Tree a moderate grower, forming a handsome head, 
an early but not an abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, round, somewhat flattened, yellow. Flesh juicy, mild 
subacid. November. (Gard. Month.) 



Oslin. 

White Oslin. Arbroath Pippin. 

An excellent Scotch Apple. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit below medium size. Form oblate. Skin rather tough, clear 
lemon yellow when quite ripe, and sprinkled with a few grayish green 
dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, spicy aromatic. Good. Sep- 
tember. 

OSXABRUCKER BjEINETTE. 
Reinette d'Osnabruck. Grau Osnabrucker Reinette. 

A foreign variety, not apparently of much value. 

Fruit small, roundish, rich yellow ground, somewhat russeted, with 
a red cheek in sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx large. Flesh white, 
fine, juicy, perfumed. Yery good. December, February. (Yer.) 



THE APPLE. 



297 



OSTERLEY. 
Osterley Pippin. 

A seedling of the Ribston Pippin, from Middlesex, England, de- 
scribed by Ronalds as a free grower and good bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, dull green, with thin russet 
and red in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, aro- 
matic, sharp subacid. November to February. 

OSTOGATE. 

Supposed French origin. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with many gray russet dots. 
Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx open. Flesh whitish yel- 
low, fine, aromatic, sweet subacid. November. (An. Pom.) 

Overman's Sweet. 

Origin, Illinois. Tree hardy, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, mottled, 
and splashed with red, many light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, not very tender, moderately juicy, mild, sweet. 
Core small. Good. November, March. 



OVIATT. 

Origin, Warren Co., O. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, greenish yellow, shaded with red 
in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whit- 
ish, a little coarse, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. September. 

Ox. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit large roundish conical, whitish, slightly bronzed in the sun, few 
gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, 
tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. November to 
J anuary. 

Oxnead Pearmain. 

Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain. 

From England. Tree hardy, with slender drooping branches, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, conical, greenish, with a thin russet, brownish in the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, rich, acid. November, Feb- 
ruary. 

Ox Sweet. 

From Massachusetts. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, greenish, sometimes a little 
bronzed in the sun, many light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, tender, sweet, and pleasant. Good. 
Core rather large. October, November. 



298 



THE APPLE. 



Padley's Pippin. 
Compote. Padley's Royal George Pippin. 

An old English Apple, of moderate growth, but quite productive. 
Young shoots grayish chestnut red. 

Pruit medium, or small, roundish oblate, dull greenish yellow, yel- 
low in the sun, with some russet. Flesh yellowish, juicy, rich, brisk 
acid. December, January. 

Panden Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Pruit medium, oblate, yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, some 
gray and red dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Plesh white, 
compact, crisp, sweet. Good. Cooking. November. 

Park Spice. 
Park Apple. 

Origin, Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree thrifty, upright spreading, 
very productive. Young shoots pretty smooth, dark reddish brown. 

Pruit medium, roundish oblique, whitish yellow, shaded with red, 
obscurely splashed and striped, moderately sprinkled with light and 
brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx small, closed. Plesh yellow- 
ish, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core 
medium. Very good. December to March. 

Parmentier Reinette. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, golden yellow, dotted with reddish gray, and 
striped with bright red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sharp 
subacid, aromatic. March to May. (S. Y. M.) 

Parrot Reinette. 
Supposed of German origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, lightly splashed, 
shaded, and marbled with light red, few brown dots. Stalk medium, 
rather slender. Cavity broad, deep. Calyx closed, or partially open. 
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core large and 
open. New, promises valuable for market or cooking. 

Parry's Pearmain. 
An English dessert Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish oblong, truncated, greenish yellow, shaded 
and striped with red in the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, and sweet. 
Good to very good. January to March. 

Passe Pomme d'Automne. 

Passe Pomme Rouge d'Automne. Generale. 

Pomme d'Outre Passe. Passe Pomme Cotellee. 

Herbststrich Apfel. Rother Herbststrichapf el. 

Of German origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, ribbed, yellowish, shaded 



THE APPLE. 



299 



and striped with rich red in the sun. Flesh very white, tinged with red, 
tender, juicy, vinous, excellent for cooking. September. (Hogg.) 

Passe Pomme Rouge. 
Bother August Apf el. Rothe Sommerpasspomm. 

Tree slender grower, hardy, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, entirely overspread and shaded 
with red. Flesh white, tinged with red next the skin, crisp, juicy, soon 
decays. Poor. August. 

Patch's Russet. 

Of English origin. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with thin 
gray russet. Calyx small. Stalk long. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, 
brisk aromatic. Good. November, December. (Lind.) 

Paterson's Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Considerably grown in "Western New York, and 
esteemed valuable for its season. Tree upright, thrifty, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly covered and indis- 
tinctly splashed and striped with dark rich red, many conspicuous light 
dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. 
September, October. 

Pawpaw. 

Western Baldwin. Rubicon. Ball Apple. 

Origin, Pawpaw, Mich. Tree hardy, a good and regular bearer. 
Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. 

A new Apple, esteemed in its place of origin for its productiveness 
and beauty of appearance. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded 
and mostly overspread with bright rich red, faintly splashed and mot- 
tled, moderately sprinkled with areole dots. Stalk medium. Cavity 
deep, narrow. Calyx partially open. Segments a little recurved. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, firm, rich, brisk subacid. Yery good. Decem- 
ber to June. 

Pawsan. 

An English cider Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dull green, with network of russet. Flesh 
firm, juicy, acid. October. 

Peach. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderate grower. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, with 
blush of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk 
short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, lively brisk 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. December to April. A 
good keeper. 



300 



THE APPLE. 



Peach-Pond Sweet. 

This is a most excellent autumn variety, from a small village of this 
name in Dutchess Co., N. Y. It appears well worthy of a more gen- 
eral dissemination. Tree vigorous, spreading. Young shoots dull gray- 
ish brown. 




Peach-Pond Sweet. 



Fruit of medium size, rather flat, striped light red. Stalk long and 
slender. Flesh tender or very mellow, moderately juicy, very rich, 
sweet, and agreeable. Very good. September to November. 

Pear. 
Pear-Apple. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblong, pale yellow, with a blush 
in the sun, few gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good. Core small. December, February. 

Pear sale's Sweet. 

Supposed to have originated in Queens Co., Long Island. Tree up- 
right spreading, quite productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, sometimes oblique, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and mottled with light red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. Core large 
and open. November, January. A good keeper, and valuable for 
baking. 

Pearson's Early. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh yellowish 
white, sharp subacid. August, September. (Elliott.) 



THE APPLE. 



301 



Pearson's Plate. 

A variety from England, which has a very high reputation. 

Fruit small, about two and a half inches in diameter, regularly 
formed, flat, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with a little red in the 
sun. Flesh white, crisp, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. February, 
March. Core small. 

Peck's Pleasant. 
Waltz Apple. 

A first-rate fruit in all respects, belonging to the Newtown Pippin 
class. It has long been cultivated in Rhode Island, where, we think, it 
originated, and in the northern part of Connecticut, and deserves ex- 
tensive dissemination. It considerably resembles the Yellow Newtown 
Pippin, with more tender flesh, and is scarcely inferior to it in flavor. 




Peck's Pleasant. 



The tree is a moderate, upright spreading grower, but bears regu- 
larly and well, and the fruit commands a high price in the market. The 
apples on the lower branches of old trees are flat, while those on the 
upper branches are nearly conical. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly 
downy. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish, a little ribbed, and slightly flat- 
tened, with an indistinct furrow on one side. Skin smooth, and when 
first gathered, green, with a little dark red ; but when ripe a beautiful 
clear yellow, with bright blush on the sunny side and near the stalk, 
marked with scattered gray dots. The stalk is peculiarly fleshy and 
flattened, short, and sunk in a wide, rather wavy cavity. Calyx woolly, 
sunk, in a narrow, abruptly, and pretty deeply sunk basin. Flesh yel- 
lowish, fine-grained, juicy, crisp and tender, with a delicious, high aro- 
matic sprightly subacid. Very good or best. November to March. 



302 THE APPLE. 

Pelham Sweet. 
Green Sweet. 



From Massachusetts. Tree a fair grower and good bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish, sometimes 
shaded with red in sun, splashes and patches of russet. Stalk short. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, moderately tender, sweet. Good. Core 
small. December to March. 



Pennington's Seedling. 



An English fruit of medium size, nearly flat, a little angular, mostly 
covered with rough yellow russet, with a little pale brown in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, with a brisk acid juice. Hardly good. 
November to March. 

Pennock. 

Pomme Eoye. Big Romanite. Red Pennock 

Large Romanite. Neisley's Winter Penick. Pennock's Red Winter. 
Prolific Beauty. Pelican Gay's Romanite. 

Roman Knight. Red Ox. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright spreading 
grower, and very productive. 

Fruit quite large, oblique, generally flat, but occasionally roundish 
oblong, fine deep red, with faint, indistinct streaks of yellow. Flesh 
yellow, tender, and juicy, with a pleasant half sweet flavor. Good. 
November to March. 

Pennsylvania Sweet. 
Pennsylvania Sweeting. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, oblong, greenish yellow. Flesh tender, fine-grained, 
very sweet. Good. Early winter. (Warder.) 

Pennsylvania Wine Sap. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, conical oblate, truncated, yellow, blushed, very little 
splashed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. De- 
cember, January. (Warder.) 



y 



People's Choice. 
Melt-in-the-Mouth of some. 

A Pennsylvania fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Young 
shoots grayish reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic. Color red, sometimes 
obscurely striped, thickly sprinkled with large whitish dots of peculiar 
appearance. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk, rich subacid. Good. 
December to March. 



THE APPLE. 



303 



Pepin Russe. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with reddish gray dots, 
bright red in the sun. Flesh fine, half firm, yellowish white, subacid. 
December, January. (S. V. M.) 

Perry Russet. 
Golden Russet. 

The origin of this is in obscurity. It was, many years since, car- 
ried from Perry, Wyoming Co., N. Y., to the West, under the name 
of Golden Russet, but as it was entirely distinct from the true Golden 
Russet, it soon became known as the Perry Russet, which name we con- 
tinue. It is of " good " quality for table or kitchen, but does not keep 
late, and sometimes drops its fruit from the tree early. Tree a moderate, 
upright spreading grower, hardy, an early and abundant bearer. Young 
shoots light brownish red. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sometimes a little oblique, pale 
yellow, netted with russet on the sunny side, and sometimes brownish. 
Stalk short, cavity narrow, sometimes with a lip. Calyx closed. Basin 
abrupt. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
November, December. 

Petit Jean. 

From Jersey, England. Tree an abundant bearer. 
Fruit small, roundish oval oblate, pale yellow, shaded and striped 
with red. Flesh white, tender. Good. November, February. 

Petworth Nonpareil. 
Green Nonpareil. 

Ronalds describes this English fruit as larger than the old Nonpa- 
reil, of the same shape, green. Flesh crisp, juicy. February, March. 

Phillippi. 

Origin, supposed Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous. Young shoots 
reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with numerous 
blotches and gray dots, and a blush on the exposed side. Stalk short 
and slender, inserted in a wide, deep cavity, Calyx small, closed, set 
in a narrow superficial basin. Flesh tender, fine texture, juicy. Good 
to very good. October to January. 

Phillips' Sweet. 

Originated on the farm of George Phillips, Coshocton Co., Ohio. 
Tree thrifty, upright, very productive. Young wood smooth, light, 
clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, whitish 
yellow, shaded with light red, and striped and splashed with dark, 



304 



THE APPLE. 



large light dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. 
Segments short. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, 
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. Core small. December, 
March. 

Phcenix. 
From Illinois. Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, light yellow, faintly shaded, 
splashed, and striped with rich red, few brown and light dots. Flesh 
yellowish, coarse, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. December, March. 

Pickard's Reserve. 

Origin, Parke Co., Ind. Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit rather large, oblate, sides unequal, yellow, shaded with red in 
the sun, few gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. 
Basin large, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather tender, 
juicy, slightly aromatic subacid. Good to very good. Core small. 
December, January. 



PlCKMAN. 
Pickman Pippin. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous. Young shoots dull brown, 
downy. Buds knobby at base. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with scattered shades of 
russet, and small russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good to very 
good. January, April. 



Pifer. 
Pfeifer. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree rapid grower, upright spreading. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, sparsely streaked with red on a yel- 
lowish green ground, fawn-colored next the sun. Flesh white, tender, 
subacid. Good. January to July. 



Pigeon. 

Jerusalem. Cceur de Pigeon. Pigeon Rouge. 

Gros Coenr de Pigeon. Passe Pomme. Duif Apfel. 

Bother Taubenapfel. Arabian Apple. 

This old Apple is described by .Ronalds as a free but not robust 
grower. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, straw color, flushed with red in the 
sun. Flesh white, delicate, crisp, pleasant subacid. December to 
February. 



PiGEONETTE. 

Pigeonet Blanc. Pigeonette Blanc d'^te. 

Pigeonette Gros de Rouen. Museau de Levre. 

American Peach. Taubenf arbige Apfel. 

This is described by Hogg as of only second quality, and here pro- 
bably of little value. 



THE APPLE. 



305 



Fruit below medium, oblate roundish, yellow, striped and rayed with 
red. Flesh white, delicate, agreeable acid. August, September. 

PlGEONETTE DE EOUEN. 

This is described in the Annals of Pomology, by M. Bivort, as tree 
very productive. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, truncated, pale yellow, spotted with gray, 
washed and blotched with bright red. Flesh white, tender, subacid. 
Good. December to March. 

PlKETON EUSSET. 

Origin, near Piketon, Ohio. 

Fruit large, conical, reddish green, and russety. February to April. 
(O. P. S. Eep.) 

Piles Eusset. 
Pyles Russet. 

An old English Apple. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull green, covered with russet, be- 
coming dull brown or orange in the sun. Flesh greenish, breaking, 
brisk, slightly aromatic subacid. November to April. (Lindley.) 

Pine Apple Eusset. 

Hardingham's Russet. 

Tree of moderate growth, fruit not fair or very Valuable. 
Fruit medium, conic, angular. Skin whitish yellow, faintly striped. 
Stalk rather long and slender. Cavity uneven, and slightly russeted. 
Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
subacid, slightly aromatic. "Very good. Last of September and Oc- 
tober. 

Pine Creek Sweet. 
Hamilton. 

Origin, Pine Creek, Clinton Co., Pa. Tree very vigorous, upright 
spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, pale whitish yellow, sprinkled with a few 
brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, large, uneven. Calyx small, 
closed. Basin abrupt, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, crisp,, 
tender, juicy, rich honeyed sweet. Very good. Core small. October. 

Pine Strawberry. 
Tree healthy, vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium to large, conical, pale yellow, blushed and splashed,, 
light carmine. Dots large, yellow. Calyx open. Stalk short. Flesh yel- 
low, tough, juicy, sweet. Good. "Winter. (Am. Hort. An.) 

Pink Sweeting. 

Originated with William Keller, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigor- 
ous, spreading, producing enormous crops. 

20 



306 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit small, greenish, nearly covered with bright red, perfect in form, 
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good. September, October. 

Pinner. 

Carrell's Seedling. Pinner Seedling. 

Origin, Middlesex, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed slightly, yellowish brown russet, be- 
coming reddish brown in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, brisk 
subacid. December, February. 

Pioneer. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded with light red, 
and splashed and striped with dark red, man}' - small light and gray dots. 
Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, 
pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. Core small. October, No- 
vember. 

Pitmaston Golden Pippin. 

Fruit small, round, rough, pale yellowish brown russet. Flesh deep 
yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet. December. (Hogg.) 

Pitmaston Nonpareil. 
St. John's Nonpareil. Pitmaston. Russet Nonpareil. 

Origin, near Worcester, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull green, with russet and faint red 
in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, rich, aromatic subacid. No- 
vember, December. (Lind.) 

Pitmaston Pine-Apple. 

Fruit small, conical, yellowish brown russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, 
crisp, sugary. December, January. (Hogg.) 

Pittsburgh Pippin. 

Flat Pippin. Swiss Pippin. Swiss Apple. 

Father Apple. "William Tell. Schwitzer Apple. 

Greasy Back. Pippin. Wythe. 

Origin, supposed to be Pittsburgh, Pa. An irregular grower, some- 
what drooping in habit, and generally a good bearer. Young shoots 
dull reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit large, oblate, obscurely ribbed, pale yellow, rarely with a blush, 
sparsely sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short and small, in a large 
cavity, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Basin broad 
and corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Good 
to very good. November to April. 

Platt's Sweet. 

Origin, Addison Co., Yt. Tree a strong grower, and productive. 



THE APPLE. 



307 



Fruit medium, roundish conical, sides unequal, greenish, yellow, 
shaded and striped with dull red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, peculiar, 
sweet. Good. Core small. January to March. 

Pleasant Yalley Pippin. 

Of unknown origin. Received from New J ersey. Tree moderately 
vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, with 
brown or gray dots. Calyx small, clcfsed. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. October, November. 

Plum. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, moderately vigorous. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red 
in the sun. Flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. 
Yery good. Core small. August. 

Polish. 
Red Polish. 

Originated in the neighborhood of Boston, Mass. Tree very produc- 
tive, moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 
with dark rich red, light gray dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, sometimes stained next the skin, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good to very good. October, November. 

Polly Bright. 

Origin supposed to be Yirginia. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit elongated conic. Skin light yellow, shaded with carmine, ob- 
scurely striped. Stalk of medium length, in an acute cavity, russeted. 
Calyx in a small furrowed basin. Flesh tender, juicy, with a pleasant 
subacid flavor. Good. September, October. 

Pomeroy. 
Taunton. 

There are two Pomeroy Apples from England — one from Somerset- 
shire and one from Lancashire ; neither of them proves of much value 
here. The first is medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with 
stripes of red and russet in the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sugary. 
October, December. 

The second is medium, roundish oblate, ribbed at apex, pale yellow, 
shaded cheek of red in the sun, russet dots. Flesh whitish, tender, 
brisk subacid. September, October. 

There is another Pomeroy from Massachusetts, which is of medium 
size, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and marbled in sun with 
light and dark red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, 
moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good or very good. October, 
November. 



308 



THE APPLE. 



Pomme Grise. 

Pomme de Cuir. Grise. 

Gray Apple. Leather Apple of Toric. 

A small gray Apple, from Canada, probably of Swiss or French 
origin, and undoubtedly one of the finest dessert Apples for a northern 
climate. It is not a strong grower, but is a good early bearer, and has 
an excellent flavor. Young wood reddish brown. 




Pomme Grise. 

Fruit below medium size, oblate roundish. Skin greenish gray or 
cinnamon russet, with a little red towards the sun. Calyx small, set in 
a round basin. Flesh tender, rich, and high-flavored. Very good to 
best. December to February. 

There is an Apple under name of Pomme Gris d'Or which is claimed 
as of more upright growth. The fruit more oblong and quite distinct. 
We have been unable to so decide. 

Pomme Water. 
Pomme Water Sweet. 

An old Apple, described in Kenrick, Hogg, and others. It has 
travelled considerably, but is not generally known, nor very highly 
appreciated. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, 
shaded and splashed with red or crimson in the sun. Stalk rather short. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, pleasant, sweet. 
Good to very good. Fine for baking. October, December. 

Ponto Pippin. 

An English variety, described by Hogg as of medium size, roundish, 
slightly conical, greenish yellow, red in the sun, with spots of dark russet. 
Flesh greenish white, crisp, tender, brisk subacid. November to Feb- 
ruary. 



THE APPLE. 



309 



POORHOUSE. 

A new variety, received from A. L. Woodson, of Kentucky, by him 
obtained from Tennessee. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellowish green, with russet dots. 
Stalk short. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Very good. December. Promises a good keeper. 

Pope. 
Pope's Apple. 

This is described by Hogg as originating in Kent, England, and 
there highty esteemed. The tree an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, clear yellow, with patches of 
green, dark dots and streaks of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, sugary, 
juicy, rich, and excellent. November to March. 

Porter. 

A first-rate New England fruit, raised by the Rev. S. Porter, of Sher- 
burne, Mass., and wherever grown a decided favorite. The tree is hardy, 
a moderately vigorous grower, forming a low, round, spreading head, and 




Porter. 



producing abundantly, if in good soil, a fruit uniformly fair and even in 
size and form. It is a valuable market fruit, and continues a long time 
in use. 



310 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit rather large, regular, oblong, narrowing to the eye. Color 
clear glossy bright yellow, and, when exposed, with a dull blush next 
the sun. Calyx closed. Segments irregular, set in a narrow and deep 
basin. Stalk rather slender, not three-fourths of an inch long. Flesh 
fine-grained, and abounding with juice, sprightly, agreeable aromatic 
subacid. Very good to best. Ripens in September, and deserves general 
cultivation. 

Porter Spitzenburgh. 

Origin uncertain. A free grower and very productive. Tree mod- 
erately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, globular, slightly inclining to conic, red, shaded with 
deep crimson. Stalk very short, inserted in a large cavity, surrounded 
by thin russet. Calyx small, closed, set in an open basin. Flesh white, 
much stained, very compact, crisp, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Good 
to very good. November to March. 

Portugal Gray Reixette. 

Reinette Grise de Portugal. Graue Portugiesische Reinette. 

Origin unknown. A very singular-colored fruit, small to medium, 
green, covered with a peculiar dirty reddish brown. Calyx large, closed. 
Flesh greenish white, tender, pleasant subacid. January, February. 

Posey's Red. 
Posey's Red Winter Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red. Flesh whitish, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. 
Good. Core small. November to April. 

Posteley. 
Posteley's Seedling. 

Origin unknown. Tree a fair grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, shaded 
in the sun with dull red, many gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, compact, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to 
very good. Core medium. December to March. 

Potter's Large. 

Potter's Large Apple. Potter's Large Seedling. 

A very large English sauce Apple, roundish oblong conical, obscurely 
ribbed, greenish yellow, with a blush red in the sun, and many red and 
gray dots. Flesh white, subacid. October to December. 

Pottixger. 
Big Red. 

Origin and distinctiveness uncertain. Tree vigorous, large. Branches 
upright. Shoots purple, warty. Buds long, pointed. 



Fruit large, regular, oblate, dull red, shaded and striped, covering 
the yellow ground. Dots small, prominent, with some roughness. Flesh 
yellow, breaking, granular, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Only good for kitchen 
and drying. December, January. (Warder.) 

Pound Cake. 
Royal Pearmain? 
A Southern Apple, not much known. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, golden yellow, mot- 
tled and shaded with red, netted and patched with russet. Flesh yellow- 
ish, rather crisp, tender, a little granular, vinous, pleasant. Good to 
very good. November, December. 

Pound Royal. 

Winter Pound Royal. 

Probably of French origin. Fruit apt to be unfair, unless with high 
culture. Tree spreading, with long slender branches. Young shoots 
light bfown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, with a slightly uneven surface, 
pale yellowish white, rarely with a faint blush, and marked when ripe 
with a few. large ruddy or dark specks. Flesh very tender, breaking, 
fine-grained, with a mild, agreeable, aromatic subacid. Good. In use 
from December to April. 

Pound's July. 

Origin, Kentucky. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Young shoots 
light reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, sides unequal, greenish white, with a 
dull blush, and thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk very short. 
Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, narrow. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, tender, not very juicy, rich, pleasant, sweet. Good 
to very good. July, August. 

Pound Sweet. 

There are several sorts under this popular name, as applied to any 
large sweet apple. One is large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with 
slight red in sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, sweet. Sep- 
tember, October. Another is large, roundish, red. Flesh whitish, mod- 
erately juicy, aromatic, sweet. 

POVESHON. 

An old ~New Jersey Apple, valued mainly for making early cider. 
Fruit small, oblate, deep red. Flesh yellow, dry, sweet. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Powell's Russet. 

A little English Apple, described by Ronalds as roundish oblate, 
light brown russet. Flesh white, firm, brisk subacid. December, Jan- 
uary. 



312 



THE APPLE. 



Powers. 
Miller's Apple. 
Origin, Perry sburgh, Ohio. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, waxy yellow ground, shaded with red, 
and splashed with carmine. Stalk short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx 
closed. Basin abrupt, somewhat corrugated. Flesh white, fine-grained, 
juicy, mild, aromatic subacid. Very good. October, November. 
(O. P. S. Trans.) 

There is another Powers, or Powers Seedling, which originated on 
the farm of C. W. Powers, Amenia, Dutchess Co., N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, whitish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red, light dots. Flesh white, a little stained next the 
skin, crisp, juicy subacid. Good. November. 

POWNAL SPITZENBURGH. 

Origin, Vermont. A n old variety, not much esteemed. Tree a rapid 
grower, but late coming into bearing. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, 
yellow, marbled and striped with red. Flesh yellowish, not very tender, 
pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Prairie Calville. 

Calville des Prairies. Renetten. Wilden ApfeL 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light yellow, overspread and blotched 
with red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. November, December. 
(An. Pom.) 

Pratt's Sweet. 

Origin, on the farm of Daniel Pratt, Richland, Oswego Co., N. Y. 
Tree vigorous, with an open spreading head, an annual bearer, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots dark reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, with broad yet slight ribs. Color rich 
pale yellow ground, marbled, striped, and shaded over two-thirds the 
surface, with two shades of clear bright pinkish red, and dotted with 
inconspicuous light dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity deep, 
broad, and open. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, moderately deep, round, 
and slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, breaking, tender, 
rather fine-grained and juicy, mild, pleasant, rich, sweet. Very good. 
Core medium. December to March. 

President. 

Origin, farm of Capt. John "White, Salem, N. H. Tree vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with a tinge of red in the 
sun, few gray dots. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, subacid. Good. Septem- 
ber, October. 

The original tree of the President is said to have been in bearing at 
the inauguration of Washington as President, and to be yet in a healthy 
condition. 



THE APPLE. 



313 



President De Fay's Dumonceau. 

Origin, Belgium. Tree vigorous and productive. A new variety, of 
good promise. 

Fruit very large, oblate, broadly ribbed, rich yellow, splashed and 
marbled with bright red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, sugary, acid. November, February. 
(An. Pom.) 

Press. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright, vigorous. 

Fruit rather large, oblate. Skin whitish yellow, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh juicy, tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. 
March. 

Press Ewing. 

Originated in Christian Co., Ky., and introduced to notice by J. S. 
Downer. Tree hardy, vigorous, irregular, spreading. Young shoots 
dark brown, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed with 
crimson, and thickly covered with dots, having a dark centre. Stalk 
medium, inserted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx closed, set in an un- 
even, deep, abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, crisp, tender, 
mild, agreeable subacid. Good to very good. February till April. 



Priestly. 
Priestley's American. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, smooth, dull red, with small streaks of 
yellowish green. Flesh white, moderately juicy, with a spicy, agreeable 
flavor. Hardly good. December to March. 

Priest's Sweet. 
Blue Sweet. Molasses Sweet. 

Origin, Leominster, Mass. Tree vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit medium, globular inclining to conic, yellow, chiefly covered 
with dull red stripes and numerous red dots. Stalk short, set in a rather 
deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh white, fine, tender, and 
pleasant, not very juicy, a late keeper. Good. January to May. 

Primate. 

Rough and Ready. Early Tart Harvest. 

Sour Harvest. Zour Bough. 

July Apple. Powers. 

Scott . North American Best. 

The true origin of this delicious amateur's Apple is unknown. It ap- 
pears to have been long known and grown in various sections of our 
States under different names. The tree is hardy, a strong and stocky 



314 



THE APPLE. 



grower, and forms a beautiful head, very productive. Young shoots 
short-jointed, reddish brown, quite downy. Buds rather prominent. 




Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish white, with a crimson 
blush on the exposed side. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a rather 
large, deep, irregular cavity. Calyx closed in an abrupt, open, somewhat 
corrugated basin. Flesh white, very tender, sprightly, refreshing, mild 
subacid. Very good or best. An excellent dessert Apple, ripening the 
last of August, and continuing in use till October. 

Princely. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree a good grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, 
marbled, and indistinctly splashed with red, small light dots. Stalk 
short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild 
almost sweet subacid. Core small. Good to very good. October, 
J anuary. 

Prince of Orange. 
Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, ribbed, pale yellow, with 
blotches of red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, soft, subacid. Good. 
October, November. (An. Pom.) 

Princesse Noble. 

Grosser Edler Prinzessinapfel. 

An excellent Dutch Apple. Tree a good grower, an early and good 
bearer. 



THE APPLE. 



315 



Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat conical, yellowish, with many- 
broken stripes of red. Mesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, pleasant, vi- 
nous. November. (Hogg.) 

Princesse Noble des Chartreaux. 
Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, bright green, with many indistinct spots, 
greenish brown around the stalk. Stalk short. Calyx small. Flesh 
yellowish white, firm, sugary, agreeable acid. January, February. 
(Verg.) 

Prinz. 

Of German origin. New. Tree vigorous, upright, a good grower, 
and productive. Young shoots reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, obscurely ribbed, yellow, shaded with 
pale red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, breaking, mild, pleasant subacid. Good 
to very good. October, November. 

Progress. 
"Esquire Miller's Best Sort." 

A native of Middlefield, Conn. Tree a moderate grower, and forms 
a handsome head, bears early, and very productive. The original tree 
stands on the land of Enoch Coe, formerly of Isaac Miller Esq., and for 
some time was called " Esquire Miller's best Sort." 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Stalk short, inserted in a round 
cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, partially closed, set in an 
open basin. Skin smooth, yellow, with a sunny cheek, sometimes with 
a few scattered gray dots. Flesh solid, tender, crisp, juicy, refreshing, 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Ripe, October to April. 

Proliferous Eeinette. 
An English Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit medium, roundish, obscurely ribbed, dull yellow with broken 
stripes of crimson, small russety specks. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, 
rich brisk flavor. October, December. 

Prolific Beauty. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, with dull stripes of red. 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, acid. Poor. September, December. 

Prolific Sweet. 

From Connecticut. Tree a good grower, very productive, fine for 
cooking. 

Fruit roundish conic. Skin greenish. Flesh whitish, tender, with 
a pleasant, sweet, spicy flavor. November to February. 



316 



THE APPLE. 



Prop. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblate oblique, pale yellow, with a few large splashes 
and stripes of light red, few large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
large, open. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. 
Core small. December. 

Pryor's Ped. 

Pitzer Hill. Big Hill. Prior's Bed. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, spreading, not very vigorous, nor 
an early bearer, requires a deep, rich soil, and a warm season or a south- 
ern climate for the full development of its excellence. Young wood 
and buds clear reddish brown, many large conspicuous gray dots. 



Pryor's Red. 

Fruit medium, somewhat globular oblate, obliquely depressed. Color 
greenish yellow, shaded with red, striped with dark crimson, and thickly 
sprinkled with greenish gray dots, and some seasons much covered with 
russet. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a small acute cavity, sur- 
rounded by traces of russet, which sometimes considerably overspread 
the fruit. Calyx firmly closed, set in a small basin. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, very rich, pleasant subacid. Yery good. January to 
March. 

There is an apple under name of Pryor's Blue, which may be distinct 
from the above, and may prove identical. 

Pucker End. 

From Long Island. Tree thrifty and productive. Fruit large, 
roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, often shaded with crimson in 



THE APPLE. 



317 



the sun, few dark gray dots. Stalk short, stout. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. October. 

Pumpkin Russet. 

Sweet Russet. Pumpkin Sweet. Flint Russet. 

York Russet. 

Origin unknown. Trees large and spreading. 

Fruit large, round. Flesh pale yellowish green, slightly covered 
with russet. Stalk long, set in a wide, shallow cavity. Eye narrow, 
slightly sunk. Flesh exceedingly rich and sweet. Good. September 
to January. 

Pumpkin Sweet. 
Vermont Pumpkin Sweet. Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet. Pound Sweet. 

A very large sweet Apple, which we received from Mr. S. Lyman, 
of Manchester, Conn. It is, perhaps, inferior to the Jersey Sweet or 
the Summer Sweet Paradise for the table, but is a very valuable apple 
for baking, and deserves a place on this account in every orchard. Tree 
upright, spreading. Young wood brown. 

Fruit very large, roundish, more or less furrowed or ribbed, espe- 
cially near the stalk. Color pale green, with obscure whitish streaks 
near the stalk, and numerous white dots near the eye, sometimes becom- 
ing a little yellow next the sun. Flesh white, very sweet, but not very 
juicy. Good. September to December. 

There is also in Connecticut and Massachusetts another Pumpkin 
Sweet, the tree of which is a strong, upright grower, and very produc- 
tive. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, rich yellow, frequently with consider- 
able russet. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, rich, sugary, sweet, ripen- 
ing in September and October. Very valuable for baking or stock feed- 
ing. 

There are also several other Apples under the name of Pumpkin 
Sweet, but we consider the two above described as the best we have 
known. 

Pushmataha. 
Sloan's Seedling'. 

Originated near Tuscaloosa, Ala. Tree stout, upright, moderately 
spreading head, early and abundant bearer. Young shoots grayish, 
downy at end. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yel- 
low, shaded, splashed, and striped with rich red, few brown dots. Stalk 
medium, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. November to January. 

Putnam Harvey. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish, with patches of 
russet. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. August, September. 
(Elliott.) 



318 



THE APPLE. 



Putnam Keeper. 

From Kentucky. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, oblate, yellowish, shaded and splashed with red. Stalk 
rather long. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. Core small. December to March. 



Putnam Sweet. 
Originated near Marietta, Ohio. 

Fruit large, flat, regular, surface smooth, mixed, splashed, and 
striped deep red. Dots numerous, large. Calyx small, closed. Stalk 
short. Flesh tender, sweet, very good. Kitchen, stock. August, Sep- 
tember. (Warder.) 

PuTNEYITE. 

Fruit medium, roundish, light yellow, coarse, dry, acid. December, 
January. (Elliott.) 

Quaker. 

An old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, an early 
and great bearer, regarded by some as a valuable market sort. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, splashed and 
striped with rich red, light dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity 
large. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, pleasant, slightly aro- 
matic subacid. Good. November, February. 



Quaker Pippin. 

Fruit medium, greenish yellow. Yery acid. Poor. October. 
(Elliott.) 

Queen Charlotte. 

An old German Apple, described by Ronalds as : 
Fruit small, conical, greenish, with a facing of brown in sun. Flesh 
brisk, pleasant. March, April. 



Queen of Sauce. 



A culinary Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, striped and flushed with red, 
patches and specks of russet. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, 
juicy, sugary, brisk, pleasant. Good. November, January. 



Queen of the Pippins. 
Heine des Reinettes. 



Origin unknown. Foreign. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, truncated, fine yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with red, few gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx 
open. Basin large. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, slightly aro- 
matic. Good to very good. November, December. 



THE APPLE. 



319 



Queen of the Yalley. 

Origin unknown. Received from Connecticut. Tree vigorous, up- 
right spreading. Young shoots brownish, slightly grayish. 

Fruit rather large, roundish conical, yellow, mostly shaded, striped, 
and splashed with rich red, many whitish dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good to very 
good. November, December. 

Quince. 
Seneca Spice ? Pear Apple. 

Origin uncertain ; first described by Coxe. In appearance this Apple 
is much like a large yellow Newtown Pippin ; grown at the West it is 
larger than in New England, of a rich high flavor, and by some es- 
teemed very highly. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright spreading, and 
productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Buds small, reddish, 
pointed. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, rarely with a blush, 
somewhat broadly ribbed. Stalk short. Cavity broad, open, deep. 
Calyx closed. Basin large, rather deep, furrowed or uneven. Flesh 
yellowish white, crisp, tender, a little coarse, with a brisk, pleasant 
subacid quince aroma. Core rather large. Yery good. October, De- 
cember. 

There is another Quince, or Coles Quince, which is claimed to have 
originated in Cornish, Maine. The fruit of the two is very similar, 
and we have at times questioned its identity. The young wood is, 
however, different in shade of color, being clear rich reddish brown, 
with buds short, abrupt, prominent. 

Babine. 

This English Apple is described by Hogg as valuable for culinary 
or dessert purposes. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, mot- 
tled, splashed, and striped with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, ten- 
der, crisp, sugary, brisk, pleasant acid. October, December. 

Bagan. 
Ragan's Eed. 

Originated with Beuben Bagan, Putnam Co., Ind. Tree hardy, 
vigorous, and fruitful. Young wood dull reddish brown, grayish. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conic. Color marbled and striped 
with red on a green ground. Stalk medium length, inserted in a very 
deep, narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a deep, abrupt basin. 
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, pleasant, rather rich, spicy, subacid. 
Good to very good. October to November. 



Fall Romanite. 
Gray Romanite. 
Striped Rambo. 
Delaware. 



Bambo. 

Romanite. 
Seek-no -Further. 
Bread-and-Cheese Apple. 
Rambouillet. 



Trampington ? 
Large Rambo ? 
Terry's Redstreak. 



The Bambo is one of the most popular autumn or early winter 



320 THE APPLE. 

fruits. It is a highly valuable Apple for the table or kitchen, and the 
tree thrives well on light sandy soil, being a native of the banks of 
the Delaware. The tree is of a vigorous, rather spreading habit, quite 
productive. 




Eambo. 



Fruit of medium size, flat, smooth, yellowish white in the shade, 
streaked and marbled with pale yellow and red in the sun, and speckled 
with large rough dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved to one side, 
and deeply planted in a smooth funnel-like cavity. Calyx closed, set 
in a broad basin, which is slightly plaited around it. Flesh greenish 
white, very tender, rich, mild subacid. Very good. October to De- 
cember. 

There is claimed to be a distinct or sub-variety of this, called JRed 
jRambo, the fruit of which is more red, otherwise there is no percepti- 
ble difference. 

Rambour Gros. 
An old Apple, described by Ronalds as : 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, slight projecting ribs, yellow, 
marbled and faintly striped with rich warm red. Flesh white, crisp, 
juicy, sharp subacid. Good. December, January. 

Rambour Papeleu. 
Rambourg Papeleu. 
Of Russian origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, deep rich yellow, spotted, 
striped, and splashed with shades of rich red, small light russet dots. 
Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, 
breaking, sharp subacid. Good. November, January. An Apple of 
good promise for market. 



THE APPLE. 



321 



Rambour Rose. 
Rambour Rouge. La Mere des Pommes. Kool-appel. 

Tree moderately vigorous, with large strong branches. Very pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, truncated, rich yellow, mostly over- 
spread, splashed, and shaded with rich red, traces of fawn russet. 
Stalk large, short. Flesh greenish white, half crisp, sugary acid, agree- 
able. Good for cooking. October, November. (An. Pom.) 

Ram's Horns. 

A large dark red Apple, imperfectly described by Cole. Poor. Out 
of use. 

Handel's Best. 
Randel Best. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly flattened, greenish yellow, mostly 
striped and overspread with dark red. Stalk short. Calyx small. 
Flesh white, tender, sweet. November, February. (Elliott.) 

Rasche. 

Originated with W. Rasche, near Hermann, Mo. A. new variety, of 
good promise. Tree a strong grower, productive, and hardy. Young 
wood dark brown red, with prominent buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, obscure ribs. Color greenish yellow, 
with small irregularly scattered gray dots, a shade of deeper green suf- 
fused, faint traces of russet at the stem end. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild subacid. Very good. December to 
March. 

Rattle-Box. 
Hollow Core. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish yellow, thinly striped an(f 
splashed with red. Flesh white, tender, jucy, mild subacid. Good. Core- 
large. August. 

Ravelston Pippin. 
Revelstone Pippin. 
An Apple from Scotland. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, irregularly ribbed, greenish yellow,, 
with stripes of red, and many russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Rawle's Janet. 

Missouri Janet ? Rock Remain. Jennett. 

Red Neverfail ? Rock Rimmon. Neverfail. 

Rawle's Jannet. Yellow Janett. Indiana Jannetting. 

Raule's Jannetting. Winter J annetting. Raul's Grennetting. 

Rawle's Genet. Jeniton. 

Originated in Amherst Co., Ya., on the farm of Caleb Rawle. Tree 

21 



322 THE APPLE. 



hardy, vigorous, spreading ; it puts forth its leaves and blossoms much 
later than other varieties in the spring, and consequently avoids injury 
by late frost ; it is, therefore, particularly valuable for the South and 
Southwest, where it is much cultivated. Young wood clear reddish 
brown. 

Fruit rather large, oblate conic, yellowish, shaded with red and 
striped with crimson. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a broad open 



i 



Eawle s Janet. 

cavity. Calyx partially open, set in a rather shallow basin. Flesh 
whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. 
February to June. So far has not succeeded well at the North. 

Rawling's Bed Streak. 

Rawling's Fine Bed Streak. Red Streaked Rawling. 

An old English sauce Apple, described in Ronalds. 
Fruit large, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, sweet. Good for cooking. December to March. 

Rebecca. 
Daddy. 

An old variety, originating with a family by name of Stidham, in 
Delaware. Tree upright spreadiug. Young shoots dull grayish brown. 
Terminal bud large, blunt. Productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, sometimes with a crimson 
cheek. Stalk short, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Calyx closed. 
Basin broad and deep. Flesh tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to 
very good. August, September. 





THE APPLE. 



323 



Red and Green Sweet. 

Red Pound Sweet. Bedford Sweet. 

Wheelock Sweet. Large Early Red. 

Prince's Large Red and Green Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree a good grower, upright spreading, a moderate 
annual bearer. 

Fruit very large, oblong conic, ribbed, greenish white, with stripes 
of red. Flesh white, tender, sweet ; a good fruit for baking and stock 
feeding. Middle of August to middle of September. 

Red Apple. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, striped and marbled with 
bright red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx large. Flesh whitish, slightly 
stained with red, tender. Good. January to March. (Am. P. S. Rep.) 

Red Astrachan. 

Deterding's Early. Vermilion d'Ete. 

Astrachan Rouge. Abe Lincoln. 

Rother Astrakan. 

A fruit of extraordinary beauty, first imported into England, with 
the White Astrachan, from Sweden, in 1816. It bears abundantly 
with us, and its singular richness of color is heightened by an exquisite 
bloom on the surface of the fruit, like that of a plum. It is one of the 




Red Astrachan. 



handsomest dessert fruits, and its quality is good, but if not taken from 
the tree as soon as ripe it is liable to become mealy. Tree a vigorous 



324 



THE APPLE. 



grower, upright spreading. An early and abundant bearer. Young 
shoots clear reddish, brown. 

Fruit pretty large, rather above the middle size, and very smooth 
and fair, roundish, a little narrowed towards the eye. Skin almost en- 
tirely covered with deep crimson, with sometimes a little greenish yellow 
in the shade, and occasionally a little russet near the stalk, and covered 
with a pale white bloom. Stalk rather short and deeply inserted. Ca- 
lyx partially closed, set in a slight basin, which is sometimes a little 
irregular. Flesh quite white, crisp, moderately juicy, with an agreeable, 
rich, acid flavor. Good to very good. Ripens from last of July to mid- 
dle of August. 

Red Autumn Calville. 

Calville Rouge d'Automne. Calville Rouge. 

Calville d'Automne. Pomme Violette. 

Erd Beere, or Strawberry of Switzerland. Rosseau, incorrectly. 

An old French Apple of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Young wood dark reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, deeply ribbed, pale yellowish, washed 
and overspread with shades of rich dark, or very dark red. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, often stained with red, sprightly aromatic, subacid. Good. 
September to December. An unprofitable variety. 

Red Belle-Fleuk. 
Belle-Fleur. Striped Belle-Fleur. Belle-Fleur Rouge. Wigwam. 
A French variety, scarcely worth cultivation. 

Fruit large, regular, oblong conical, pale greenish yellow, but nearly 
covered with red, striped with dark red. Flesh white, tender, of tol- 
erably mild flavor, apt. to become mealy. Poor. November to Jan- 
uary. 

Red Canada. 

Old Nonsuch, of Mass. Poland. Richfield Nonsuch. 

Steele's Red Winter. 

An old fruit, formerly much grown in Connecticut and Massachu- 
setts, but is not now much planted, on account of its small size and poor 
fruit ; succeeds well in Western New York, Ohio, and Michigan. Tree 
thrifty, but of slender growth ; very productive. Young wood brown- 
ish olive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic. Skin yellow, mostly 
shaded with deep red or crimson, somewhat striped or splashed on the 
sunny side, and thickly sprinkled with gray, and sometimes greenish 
dots. Stalk short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx closed. 
Segments long, in a small, narrow, somewhat irregular basin. Core 
small, close. Flesh white, tender, crisp, abounding with a brisk, refresh- 
ing juice, and retaining its fine, delicate flavor to the last. Yery good 
to best. January to May. 

Red Cathead. 
Cathead of some. 

Tree upright, vigorous, and productive, extensively grown in the 



THE APPLE. 



325 



eastern and southwestern counties of Virginia. Young wood dull red- 
dish brown, downy. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, partially shaded with dull red, 
and sometimes deeper red in the shade, and thickly sprinkled with 
whitish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx open, 
set in a large basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good to very good. October, November. 




Red Canada. 



Red Cedar. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 
Fruit medium, dark rich red. Flesh yellow, mild subacid. Valued 
for its long keeping quality. 

Red Cheek. 

There are claimed to be three distinct Apples under this name. One 

is said to have originated on the farm of ■ Hull, Sharon, Conn. ; 

the tree forming a small branching head, a great bearer, and the fruit a 
long keeper. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish, shaded in the sun with 
light red. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant 
mild subacid. Core medium. December to February. 

Another Red Cheek is said to have originated near Dracut, Mass. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, whitish, shaded with crimson in the 
sun, few gray dots. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Core rather large. November, December. 

Another comes from New Jersey. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong oval, inclining to conic, whitish yel- 
low, shaded with crimson in the sun, gray and light dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx partially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Core rather 
small. December, January. 



326 



THE APPLE. 



Red Favorite. 

Origin near Carlisle, Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblate, juicy, subacid. (A. Pom. S. Rep.) 

Red Gilliflower. 
Red Seek-no-Farther. Harkness New Favorite. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, fine red. Flesh white, mild, rich sub- 
acid. November to January. Tree a poor bearer. (Elliott.) 

Red Horse. 

Received from Kentucky. Tree of upright growth. 

Fruit medium, oblate, with broad ribs, mostly covered with dark 
red, and obscure splashes and stripes, and pretty thickly sprinkled with 
light gray dots, and nettings of russet. Stalk short. Cavity large, 
irregular. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid, aromatic. Very good. October, January. 

We have had but little opportunity of comparing this with other 
varieties, and it may prove a variety known by another name. 

Redick. 

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with dark red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. 
Core small. November, December. 

Red Ingestrie. 

Raised by Mr. Knight. This is greatly admired as a dessert Apple 
in England, but not here. 

Fruit small, oblong or ovate, with a wide basin at the eye, and a 
short and slender stalk. Bright yellow, tinged and mottled with red on 
the sunny side. Flesh very firm, juicy, and high flavored. Good. 
Ripens in September and October. 

Red Jewell. 

Originated in Todd Co., Ky. Tree a good and handsome grower, 
an early bearer, and uniformly productive. A new promising sort. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate. Sides often unequal. Color very dark 
crimson red, with many white conspicuous dots. Stalk slender. Calyx 
closed, or partially open. Flesh yellowish, firm, compact, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid. Good to very good. December to February. 

Red June Sweet. 
June Sweeting 1 . 

Origin unknown. Received from Pennsylvania. Tree a fine 
grower and abundant bearer, continuing a long time in use. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to oblate, greenish yellow, striped, 
splashed, and shaded with dull red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 



THE APPLE. 



327 



white, tender, moderately juicy, rich, pleasant, sweet. Yery Good. 
July, August, 

Eed Mormon. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly splashed 
with red, small dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic subacid. Good to very good. 
Core small. January to March. 

Red Must. 

An old Herefordshire (England) cider fruit, of large size, roundish 
oblate, yellow, with red cheek in the sun. Flesh rich. October, No- 
vember. 

Red Range. 

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous, upright spreading grower, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly conic. Color fine yellow, 
shaded with red and thickly covered with whitish dots. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a small cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad, shallow basin. 
Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, rich, with a mild Spitzenburgh flavor. 
Good to very good. December, February. 

Red Republican. 

Origin, Lycoming Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin yellowish, striped and shaded 
with red, and sprinkled with large whitish dots. Stalk short, in a large 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin broad, deep, and furrowed. Good. Flesh 
coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. December, January. 

Red Romarin. 
Pomuie Romarin Rouge. Mela di Rosmarino rossa. 

An Italian fruit. 

Fruit large, oblate oblong conic, bright yellow, shaded with red, and 
dotted with small brown spots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, crisp, sugary acid, perfumed. Core small. Decem- 
ber to March. (A_n. Pom.) 

Red Russet. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Sanborn, Hampton Falls, N". H. Tree very 
vigorous, upright spreading, and productive. Young wood clear reddish 
brown. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, shaded with dull red and deep 
carmine in the sun, and thickly covered with gray dots, with a slight ap- 
pearance of rough russet on most of the surface. Stalk rather short and 
thick, inserted in a medium cavity, surrounded with thin russet. Calyx 
nearly closed. Segments long, recurved, in a narrow, uneven basin. 
Flesh yellow, solid, crisp, tender, with an excellent rich, subacid flavor, 
somewhat resembling Baldwin. Yery good. J anuary to April. 



328 



THE APPLE. 



Red Seek-no-Farther. 

Origin unknown. From Pennsylvania. Tree open, spreading, good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish, yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded 
with red. Flesh whitish green, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild sub- 
acid. Core small. Good. December, January. 

Red Streak. 

Herefordshire Red Streak. Scudamore's Crab. Johnson. 

A capital English cider Apple, which thrives admirably in this 
country, and is very highly esteemed, as it makes a rich, high flavored, 
strong liquor. It is a handsome grower, aud a great bearer. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Calyx small, set in a rather deep 
basin. Stalk rather slender and short. Skin richly streaked with red, 
with a few yellow streaks and spots. Flesh yellow, rich, firm, and 
dry. Good. 

Red Stripe. 

English Red Stripe. Carolina Red Stripe. Rockhill's Summer Queen. 

Origin unknown. Comes to us from Indiana, Tree hardy and pro- 
ductive. Valuable fruit for market or cooking. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, almost ribbed, whitish, considerably 
striped, splashed, and mottled with crimson. Stalk short and slender. 
Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
August. Core large and open. 

Red Sweet. 

Origin, on the farm of D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree upright, 
vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, yellowish, striped and shaded with 
light red, and sprinkled with greenish clots. Flesh whitish, very tender, 
juicy, sweet, and excellent. Good. November to February. 

Red Warrior. 

Origin, North Carolina. Distinct from Nickajack, which is some- 
times grown under this name. Tree upright, with young shoots dark 
reddish. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and marbled with two 
shades of red. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy. Good. November to 
March. 

Red "Winter Calville. 

Calville Royale d'Hiver. Calville Rouge d'Hiver. Calville Rouge Xormande. 
Calville Ronge d'Anjou. Calville Ronge. Sanguinole. 
Caillot Rosat. Red Calville. Calville vraie des Allemands. 

Cushmans Black? 

An old Frenck variety, quite superseded. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, pale and dark red. Flesh 
tender, mild subacid. Poor. November to February. 



THE APPLE. 



329 



Red Winter Pearmain. 

Bed Lady Finger. Buncombe. Bed Fall Pippin. 

Bunkum. Bed Vandevere. Meig's. 

Bobertson's Pearmain. Batchelor. Tinson's Bed. 

Jackson's Bed. Southern Fall Pippin. Powers. 

Origin unknown. An old variety. Tree of moderate upright 

growth ; a regular bearer. Young shoots clear rich reddish brown, 
slightly downy. 




Red Winter Pearmain. 



Fruit medium size, roundish oblong conic, yellowish white, mostly 
shaded with maroon and thickly sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk 
very short, in an acute deep cavity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed, set 
in a small, round, open basin. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, mild 
subacid, or nearly sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Jan- 
uary to March. 

Red Winter Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Specimens from Kentucky, although the fruit 
is there stated to have come from Virginia or Maryland. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, deep crimson on yellow, with indis- 
tinct splashes and stripes, large and small light dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity small. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, rich, 
honeyed sweet. Fine for cooking. December, February. 

Reed. 

Originated on the premises of George Reed, Leedsville, Dutchess 
Co., N. Y. 



330 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish, whitish, shaded, splashed, and mottled with 
light and dark red. Stalk medium. Calyx small, closed. Basin shal- 
low. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good. November. 

Reinette Calville. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, rich yellow, with broad 
stripes of dull red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, perfumed. 
November January. (Diel.) 

Reinette Coulon. 

A new Apple, originating with M. L. Coulon, Liege, in 1856. Tree 
vigorous, with dark reddish gray young shoots. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, golden yellow, 
washed and splashed with rich bright red, many prominent reddish gray 
dots. Stalk stout, short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Basin rather 
deep. Flesh creamy white, semi-crisp, brisk subacid, agreeable. Core 
open, large. November, January. (An. Pom.) 

Reinette Daniel. 
Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Sides unequal, whitish yel- 
low, nearly covered with thin dull russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh whitish, moderately tender, juicy, brisk, sharp subacid. 
Good. November to February. 

Reinette D'Anjou. 

Of French origin. New. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, shaded 
and indistinctly splashed with rich red, few light or areole dots. Stalk 
rather slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx large, open. Basin 
shallow. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk, rather rich subacid 
Very good. Core medium, hollow. December, February. 

Reinette de Bayeux. 

A Belgian Apple of unknown origin. Tree vigorous and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, golden yellow, shaded with 
red around the stalk, and with scattered red dots. Stalk short. Cavity 
large. Calyx half closed. Flesh white, half tender, sharp subacid. 
December to January. (An. Pom.) 

Reinette de Breda. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, rich yellow, with russet and red in 
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic. 
December to March. (Diel.) 



THE APPLE. 



331 



Reinette de Caux. 
Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, splashed and mottled 
with bright red in the sun, many gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx half 
closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, agreeable aromatic, sub- 
acid. January, February. (Alb. Pom.) 

Reinette de Clareval. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear lemon yellow, with a slight 
tinge of red in the sun. Flesh fine, white, firm, juicy, aromatic, vinous. 
December, March. (Diel.) 
\ 

Reinette de Hongrie. 
An old Apple, described by Lindley as : 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, rough gray russet, with faint orange 
in the sun, numerous warty specks. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, 
aromatic. November to April. 

Reinette de Thorn. 

Supposed to have originated in Holland. It is described in the An- 
nals of Pomology as a vigorous, upright, productive tree. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish truncated, yellowish, washed, shaded, 
and mottled with bright red, gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
with long segments. Flesh creamy white, tender, juicy, rich subacid. 
December. 

Reinette Dore. 
Reinette Jaune Sardive. Reinette Rousse. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, 
nettings of russet, and large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh whitish, not very juicy, firm, subacid. Good. Core small. 
October, November. 

Reinette du Vigan. 

Of foreign unknown origin. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich yellow, with many red and gray 
dots, faint blush of red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. 
Flesh yellow, tinted with rose, fine-grained, firm, juicy, rich subacid. 
December to March. (An. Pom.) 

Reinette Grain d'Or. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, with gray spots and dots, 
bronzed in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, 
firm, juicy, brisk subacid. December, January. (Alb. Pom.) 



332 



THE APPLE. 



Reinette Pippin. 
Origin, supposed France. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, with light and 
gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx small, closed. Basin 
medium or small, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, moderately juicy, brisk 
subacid. Good. Core rather large. December, January. 

Reinette Quarrendon. 

French origin. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, golden yellow, washed and 
splashed with two shades of red, small black dots. Stalk slender. 
Calyx closed. Flesh white, half crisp, sugary acid. December. (Alb. 
Pom.) 

Reinette St. Lambert. 
Supposed to have originated in Liege. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly overspread 
with brilliant rich red or crimson, with a tinge of purple. Stalk short. 
Calyx in a deep basin. Flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, delicate, per- 
fumed. September. Of good promise. (An. Pom.) 

Reinette Triomphante. 
Victorious Reinette. 
A. German early winter Apple. 

Fruit large, oblong, j>ale yellow, thickly dotted with white specks 
and rough, projecting warts. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, pleasant aroma- 
tic. Good. The tree is of thrifty growth, and is said to bear well. 

Reinette Yervaene. 

Originated at Ledeberg-les-Gand. Tree spreading. Young wood 
brownish, downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mottled and shaded with brick red. 
Flesh greenish white, fine-grained, sharp subacid. Good. November. 

Republican Pippin. 

Origin, Lycoming Co., Pa. First discovered by George Webb, who 
gave it the name. Tree of strong, but crooked growth, only moderately 
productive. 

Fruit large, irregularly oblate, dull yellow, mostly shaded with red, 
somewhat striped and marbled, and thinly sprinkled with large gray 
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Cooking and drying. September, 
October. 

Rhode Island Greening. 

Burlington Greening. Russine. Bell Dubois. 

Jersey Greening. Griinling von Rhode Island . 

The Rhode Island Greening is such a universal favorite, and is so 
generally known, that it seems almost superfluous to give a description 



THE APPLE. 



333 



of it. It succeeds well in almost all of the northern sections of the 
States, and on a great variety of soils, and where it does succeed is one 
of the most esteemed and profitable among early winter fruits. In 
Southern Ohio, Indiana, and farther south it drops too early. Tree a 
very vigorous, strong, spreading grower. Young shoots reddish brown. 
Yery productive. 



Rhode Island Greening. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened, pretty regular, but often 
obscurely ribbed, dark green, becoming greenish yellow when ripe, when 
it sometimes shows a dull blush near the stalk. Calyx small, woolly, 
closed, in a slightly sunk scarcely plaited basin. Stalk three-fourths of 
an inch long, curved, thickest at the bottom. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, 
tender, crisp, with an abundance of rich, slightly aromatic, lively, acid 
juice. Yery good. November to February. 

Rhode's Orange. 

Raised by Col. Mercer Rhodes, Newton Co., Ga. Tree a slow 
grower, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, washed, striped, and mot- 
tled with light red, many light and gray dots. Stalk rather long. Calyx 
small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
Core small. August. 

Ribston Pippin. 
Glory of York. Travers'. Formosa Pippin. Rockhill's Eusset 

The Ribston Pippin, a Yorkshire Apple, stands as high in Great 
Britain as the Bank of England, and to say that an Apple has a Ribston 



334 THE APPLE. 

flavor is there the highest praise that can be bestowed. But it is 
scarcely so much esteemed here, and must be content to give place with 
us to the Newtown Pippin, the Swaar, the Spitzenburgh, or the Baldwin. 
In Maine, and parts of Canada, it is very fine and productive. 




Eibston Pippin. 



Fruit of medium size, roundish, greenish yellow, mixed with a little 
russet near the stalk, and clouded with dull red on the sunny side. 
Stalk short, slender, planted in a rather wide cavity. Calyx small, 
closed, and set in an angular basin. Flesh deep yellow, firm, crisp, with 
a sharp, rich, aromatic flavor. Very good. The tree forms a spreading 
top. November to April. 

Richard's Graft. 

Derrick's Graft. Red Spitzenburgh. Derrikinan. 

Strawberry. Wine. Dirck's Graft. 

Uncle Richard's Graft. 

Originated at Greenport, Columbia Co., N. Y. An excellent fall 
Apple, worthy of extended cultivation. Tree a free, upright spreading 
grower, productive. Young shoots very dark reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Color yellow, nearly covered with 
splashes, marblings, and shades of rich red. Stalk medium length, slen- 
der. Cavity large. Calyx small, closed. Segments sometimes recurv- 
ed. Basin medium, slightly uneven. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
pleasant, rich, aromatic subacid. Yery good. September, October. 

Richardson. 

Origin, farm of Ebenezer Richardson, Massachusetts. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, mostly covered with red, bright in the 



THE APPLE. 335 

sun, with numerous large, light specks. Stem rather stout, in a large 
cavity. Calyx large, open, in a deep narrow basin. Flesh greenish 
white, remarkably tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, almost saccharine 
flavor. Good. Last of August and September. (Cole.) 




Richard's Graft. 



Richmond. 

Origin, farm of D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree a free grower, 
and a profuse bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate, light yellow, striped, splashed, and marbled with 
crimson, and thickly sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx open. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, sweet, and rich. Good. 
October to February. 

Ridge Pippin. 

Origin unknown, supposed Pennsylvania. Tree a good grower and 
bearer. 

Fruit rather large, roundish conical, very much ribbed. Yellow, very 
slightly shaded, sprinkled with russet and crimson dots. Stalk rather 
short, inserted generally in a large cavity. Calyx closed, set in an ab- 
rupt uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, with a mild, almost 
saccharine, slightly aromatic flavor. Good. March, April. 

Yalued mainly as a long keeper and salable in market. 

Riest. 

From Simon S. Riest, Lancaster, Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish, ribbed at apex, fair yellow. Flesh fine, 
pleasant. Good. August. 



33G 



THE APPLE. 



BlGLEY. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, pale yellow, shaded and splashed 
with shades of red. Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
moderately juicy, subacid. Good. Core small. December to March. 

Bitter. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and splashed with 
two shades of red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, almost sweet. Good. September. 

BlVER. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree of slow growth, but productive. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic, ribbed, yellow, 
striped and shaded with dark red, with a slight bloom. Stalk medium, 
deeply planted. Calyx open, set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh 
juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. August, September. 

BOADSTOWN PlPPIX. 

Introduced to notice by James McLean, of Boadstown, N. J., and 
originated in that town. A strong, erect grower, and makes a large 
tree ; a good bearer, and a profitable market fruit, large and uniformly 
fair, excellent for cooking and drying. Size large, oblate oblique. 
Calyx small, and closed. Skin greenish yellow, sparsely sprinkled with 
green dots. Flesh white, tender, sprightly subacid. Good to very 
good. Middle of April to the middle of September. 

Boane's White Crab. 

An old Virginia cider Apple ; valuable only for that purpose. 
Fruit small, round, yellow. September, October. 

Boberson's White. 

Origin said to be Culpepper Co., Ya., where it is popular. Tree up- 
right, of rapid growth, and bears regular crops. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Color greenish yellow, with many 
dark dots. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. 
October to December. 

Bobert Bruce. 

Origin, Wake Co., N. C. Tree of vigorous, upright growth, and 
good bearer. 

Fruit rather above medium, oblate, crimson shaded. Calyx open. 
Stalk short. Flesh white, rather coarse, juicy, pleasant. August. 
(Gar. Mon.) 



THE APPLE. 



337 



Roberts. 
Koberts Seedling. 
Origin, Muskingum Co., O. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with blush cheek in sun. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Very good. November, 
December. 

Robey. 
Kobey's Seedling. 

Raised by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburgk, Va. Tree vigorous and 
productive. 

Fruit large, round, tapering to the eye. Color lively red, faintly 
striped, on a scarcely perceptible yellow ground, thickly covered with 
creamy spots. Flesh yellow, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Novem- 
ber, December. 

Robin. 

This is a new Apple, originated in the garden of M. Robin, at 
Corbeil, and described in the Annals of Pomology. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate conic, yellowish, mottled and veined 
with vermilion red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx large. Flesh 
white, firm, juicy, perfumed subacid. April to May. 

Robinson's Pippin. 
An old English Apple of little value. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, bronzed in the sun. 
Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, sharp subacid or acid. December, Feb- 
ruary. 

Robinson's Superb. 

Farrar's Summer. 

An Apple from Virginia. Tree upright, productive. 
Fruit large. Flesh crisp, juicy. September, October.. 

Robinson's Sweet. 

Origin, Vermont. Tree upright, vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium, round, light red, striped. Flesh fine-grained, juicy, 
sweet. Too much of the fruit imperfect to make it desirable. 

ROCHELLE ReINETTE. 
Beinette de la Kochefle. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, pale yellow, brownish blush 
in sun, many large gray and red spots or dots. Flesh whitish, rather 
coarse, tender, juicy, mild subacid. January. (Am. Pom.) 

22 



338 



THE APPLE. 



Rock. 

Origin, Peterborough, N. H., recommended by Robert Wilson, of 
Keene, as an excellent fruit. Tree vigorous, with long, slender branches, 
very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, striped and splashed with 
dark and bright red on a yellowish ground. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
flavor subacid. Good. September, October. 

Another Rock Apple comes from Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, whitish, sprinkled with a 
few indistinct gray and light dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, lively 
subacid. Good. Core small. August. 

Rock Pippin. 
Lemon. "Walnut Stem. 

From Ohio. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, yellow, bronzed in sun. Flesh firm, 
and a good keeper, and in spring profitable market fruit. (O. P. S.) 

Rockport Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a strong grower and productive. 
Young shoots reddish brown, smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, becoming waxen yellow, 
with a dull red cheek. Stalk rather long, inserted in a cavity some- 
what ribbed, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, nearly closed, set in 
a broad, open basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, brisk, sweet. Good to very 
good. J anuary to April. Core small. 

There is claimed to be another Rockport Sweet, originating in Ohio, 
but we fail to discover the distinction by means of the fruit. 

Rock Sweet. 

Origin, farm of Elihu Pearson, Newbury, Mass. Tree hardy, vigor- 
ous, and a constant bearer. Young shoots reddish olive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic, reddish, 
shaded, striped, and splashed with darker red, and sprinkled with large 
whitish dots. Stalk short, set in a broad, deep, russeted cavity. Calyx 
closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, 
sweet, and pleasant. Good to very good. September. 

Rolen's Keeper. 
Rowland. 

Fruit medium, round, regular, splashed red on russet. Dots scattered, 
small, white. Calyx small, closed. Flesh greenish yellow, fine-grained, 
.acid, rich. Good to very good. March, Auril. (Warder.) 

Rollin. 
Rolla ? 

Origin, Franklin Co., N. C. Tree of moderate growth, bears abun- 
dantly. 



THE APPLE. 



339 



Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, stained and striped with 
dull red. Stalk long. Cavity wide and deep. Basin shallow. Flesh 
compact, fine-grained, subacid. Good to very good. October to Janu- 
ary. 

Romanite. 

Broad River. Southern Romanite. 

The origin of this Apple is unknown. It has been sometimes con- 
founded or placed as identical with Shockley in North Carolina, where 
it is much grown, but it is quite distinct. It is also distinct from Gil- 




Romanite. 



pin, sometimes known as Romanite. Tree vigorous, spreading, very 
productive. Branches slender. Wood short-jointed, dull grayish 
brown. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, truncated, yellow ground, mostly 
overspread with clear, light, handsome red, indistinct light dots. Stalk 
slender. Calyx in an abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, 
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. February, April. 
Valuable as a keeper, and for the evenness of its fruit. 

Roman Stem. 

Originated at Burlington, in New Jersey, and is much esteemed 
in that neighborhood. Tree very productive, moderately vigorous, 
spreading, irregular. 

Fruit scarcely of medium size, roundish, whitish yellow, with a 
faint brownish blush, sprinkled with patches of dark russet, and, when 
ripe, having a few reddish specks, unless the fruit is very fair. Stalk 



340 



THE APPLE. 



three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity under a 
fleshy protuberance. Calyx set in a rather narrow basin, with a few 
plaits. Core hollow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich, pleasant, musky 
flavor. Very good. November to March. 

Rome Beauty. 
Gillett's Seedling. 

Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree a moderate grower, succeeds well at 
the Southwest. Young wood clear reddish brown, slightly downy or 
gray. A late bloomer. 

Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, yellow, shaded and striped 
with bright red, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk an inch long, in- 
serted in a large, deep cavity, surrounded by greenish russet. Calyx 
partially closed, set in a narrow, deep basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core rather large. October to De- 
cember. 

Rosa. 

An old French Apple. Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish, light yellow, shaded and splashed with red in 
the sun, reddish gray dots. Flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, subacid. 
December, January. (Alb. Pom.) 

Rose. 

Coxe calls this the Rose Apple of China, and says he imported it 
from England. Tree vigorous, upright, abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, rather oblong, striped red and green. Flesh pleasant, 
juicy. October. 

Roseau. 

Foreign. Tree poor grower and unprofitable. 

Fruit large, dark red, irregular in size and form. Flesh crisp, juicy, 
rich. Good. November, February. 

Roseau d'Automne. 
Tree large, vigorous grower, spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, russet at stem, 
blush red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, rich, firm. September. 
(Coxe.) 

Rose Calville. 

From France. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded and 
rather indistinctly splashed with crimson. Stalk short. Calyx closed, j 
or partially open. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. No- 1 
vember, January. 




THE APPLE. 



341 



ROSE DE HOLLANDE. 
Rose de la Benauge. Rose Tendre. Pomme de Codillac 

Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate conical, golden yellow, spotted and 
veined with rosy carmine. Stalk small, short. Calyx half open. Flesh 
yellowish white, tender, sugary, acid. Winter. (An. Pom.) 



Rosemary. 
Rosemary Russet. 

An old Apple described by Ronalds as of medium size, roundish 
conical, greenish, with a little red russet. Flesh firm, yellowish, rich, 
and good for table or kitchen use. December, February. 

Ross Nonpareil. 

An Irish fruit, rather below medium size, roundish, narrowing a lit- 
tle to the eye, covered with a thin mellow russet, and faintly stained 
with red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, tender, with a rich 
aromatic flavor. Very good. A profuse bearer. Very subject to rot 
before ripening. Unprofitable. October. 

Rostocker. 

Stetting Rouge. Annaberger . Matapf el. 

Rothe Stettiner Rothe Hernapfel. Bodickheimer ? 

Berliner Glossapfel. 

A large and favorite German Apple, says Hogg, valuable for culinary 
purposes. 

Fruit oblate, ribbed, yellowish, deep red next the sun. November 
to May. 



Rosy Red. 

An old variety, origin unknown. It is grown in Michigan, where it 
is claimed as a seedling of Western New York, and in Indiana, and there 
claimed as a seedling of Cambridge, la. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with light and dark red, light dots. Stalk medi- 
um, slender. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed, medium, irregular. 
Flesh yellowish, breaking, sometimes a little stained, mild subacid. 
Good. November, January. 



Round Winter Nonesuch. 

A variety described by Hogg as an excellent bearer, and valuable 
for market. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, with 
broken stripes and spots of red, some russet dots. Calyx large, closed. 
Stalk short. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet. November to 
March. 



342 



THE APPLE. 



Rowe. 

Howe's Seedling. 

An old Devonshire sauce Apple, described by Ronalds as : 
Emit large, roundish conical, light green. Flesh greenish white, 
juicy, pleasant. August, September. 



Roxbury Russet. 



Eeinette Rousse de Boston. 
Howe's Russet. 
Marietta Russet. 
Belpre Russet. 



Boston Russet. 
Putnam Russet. 
Warner Russet. 
Sylvan Russet. 



This Russet, a native of Massachusetts, is one of the most popular 
market fruits in the country, as it is excellent, a prodigious bearer, and 
keeps till late in the spring wherever the soil and climate suit it. South 
and West it drops its fruit too early, and is therefore not valuable. 
The tree is healthy, moderately vigorous, spreading, with young shoots 
of a reddish brown, downy. 





Roxbury Russet. 



Fruit of medium size, often large, roundish, a little flattened, and 
slightly angular. Skin at first dull green, covered with brownish yellow 
russet when ripe, with, rarely, a faint blush on one side. Stalk nearly 
three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, not deeply inserted. Calyx 
closed, set in a round basin of moderate depth. Flesh greenish white, 
moderately juicy, with a rather rich subacid flavor. Good to very good. 
Ripens in January, and may be brought to market in June. 

Royal Pearmain. 
Merritt's Peannain. 
An old Apple described by Coxe and Ronalds. It is to be found 



THE APPLE. 



343 



in the old orchards of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. The 
tree a moderately vigorous grower, very productive, the fruit keeping 
well. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical truncated, yellow, mostly overspread 
and indistinctly striped with red, warm rough russet at the apex. Stalk 
slender. Cavity russeted. Calyx with short divided segments. Basin 
irregular or broadly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, mild subacid, 
when fully ripe almost sweet. Yery good. November to March. 

Royal Reinette. 

Royal Grise Eeinette. 

From Sussex, England. Described by Lindley as : tree an abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit rather small, conical, yellow, striped with red, many gray spots. 
Flesh pale yellow, firm, juicy, brisk subacid. November to May. 

Royal Russet. 

Leathercoat Russet. Reinette de Canada Platte. 

Reinette de Canada Grise. Passe Pomme de Canada. 

An old variety. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish green, mostly 
covered with brownish russet, which is bronzed in the sun. Flesh 
greenish white, firm, rich acid. Good. November, February. 

Royal Shepherd. 
A culinary Apple, described in Hogg as : 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, dull red in 
the sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, brisk, pleasant acid. November. 

Royal Somerset. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with broken streaks of 
red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
November to March. Cooking. (Hogg.) 

Rules Summer Sweet. 
Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblong, yellow. August. Poor. (A. Pom. S. Rep.) 
Rum Apple. 

Origin, Pawlet, Yt., on the farm of Brownley Rum. Tree upright, 
vigorous, an early and profuse bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, slightly shaded with crimson. Stalk 
short. Cavity moderate. Calyx partially closed. Basin broad and shal- 
low. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. Novem- 
ber to March. 

RUNNELLS. 

Origin, Maine. Profitable as a market fruit from its great produc- 
tiveness and long keeping. 



344 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish, deep green in the shade, mostly covered 
with purplish brown. Flesh firm. Moderately good. April to June. 
(Me. Rep.) 

Rushock Pearmain. 
Charles Pearmain. 

An English Apple. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, with cinnamon russet, becom- 
ing brownish in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk sub- 
acid. December, April. (Hogg.) 

Russet Pearmain. 

An old variety from Connecticut. Tree moderately vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mostly covered with russet, 
and a brownish red cheek. Flesh yellowish, breaking, rich, brisk sub- 
acid. Good. December to March. 

Russet Table Pearmain. 

A little dessert Apple, from England. Tree of slender growth, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish green, slightly russeted, 
with a bright red cheek in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, aromatic, 
subacid. Very good. November to February. (Ron.) 

Russian Transparent. 

Ronalds describes this as forming a large broad tree, but a poor 
bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, ribbed at apex, golden yellow, faced 
with a flush of rose, and speckled with dark points. Flesh sweet, pecu- 
liar. Good for cooking. November, December. 

Rymer. 

Caldwell. Green Cossings. Newbold's Duke of York. 

Cordwall. Newbold's Admiral Duncan. 

Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded with deep red, 
light dots. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, tender, subacid. Good. De- 
cember to April. 

Sable Sweet. 

Origin, Vermont. Tree good grower, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, partially 
splashed and mottled with red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild 
sweet, subacid. Good. August. 



THE APPLE. 



345 



Sack and Sugar. 

Morris's Sack and Sugar. 

A little, old, early English Apple. Tree a fine grower, and good 
bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, pale yellow. Flesh white, soft, juicy, 
sweet. Good. August. 

Sailly Autumn. 
Salle ? 

Origin, Plattsburgh, N". Y., on the farm of J. H. Sanborn. Tree 
upright, vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish yellow, the exposed 
side frequently deep red. Stalk short, in a medium cavity. Calyx 
small, closed. Basin small, narrow. Flesh very tender. Subacid. 
Good. September. 

Saint Julien 

Saint Julian. Seigneur d'Orsay. Concombre des Chartreaux. 

Heilige Julian's Apfel. De Saint Julien. Pomme de Saint Julien. 

An old variety, probably of French origin. Tree a strong, vigorous 
grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, obtusely ribbed, yellowish russet 
green, slight tinge of red in sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, rich, 
sweet. December. (Lind.) 

St. Lawrence. 

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Young 
shoots smooth, reddish brown. 

Fruit large, oblate, tapering towards the eye, yellowish, striped and 
splashed with carmine. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cav- 
ity. Calyx firmly closed. Basin small and deep. Flesh white, lightly 
stained, crisp, juicy, tender, and vinous. Good to very good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Saint Sauveur. 
Calville Saint Sauveur. Pomme Saint Sauveur. 

Originated in France. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, pale yellowish, faint blush in 
the sun, many light dots. Stalk short. Flesh milk white, tender, juicy, 
aromatic, acid. Good. November. (An. Pom.) 

Salem. 
Salem Sweet. 

An old Massachusetts Apple, somewhat grown in Ohio and west- 
ward. Tree a good grower and productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate conic, rough, yellow, with 
brown and green dots, sometimes a blush in sun. Flesh yellowish, 
crisp, tender, mild, almost sweet. Good. Core small. October, De- 
cember. 

Salopian Pippin. 

A Shropshire Apple, described by Ronalds. Tree a compact grower, 
constant bearer. 



346 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish green, faint bronzed cheek in sun, 
many small brown specks. Flesh white, juicy. Valued for cooking. 
October, December. 

Sam Young. 
Irish Russet. 

Origin, Ireland. 

Fruit small, slightly flattened and regularly formed, bright yellow, 
a good deal covered with gray russet. Flesh greenish, quite juicy and 
tender. Good. November to January. 

Santouchee. 
Panther. Wildcat. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree vigorous, upright grower, productive. 
Young shoots grayish brown, with prominent buds. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, oblique, waxen white, with brown dots. 
Stalk medium, slender. Cavity large, furrowed. Calyx partially closed, 
small. Basin narrow. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. 
November to February. 

Sapson. 
Sapsonvine. 

An old but very nice little dessert Apple. Tree an abundant bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish, crimson red, stained and striped with purplish 
crimson. Flesh white, stained with pink, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good. August to October. 

Sartha's Yellow. 
Pomme de Jaune. Pomme d' Argent. Pomme de Jaune de la Sartha. 
Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small or medium, roundish, yellow, spotted with brown spots. 
Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish 
white, firm, crisp, juicy, subacid. (An. Pom.) 

Savage's Cheese. 

Origin, Columbia Co., Ga. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, a 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, marked and striped with red. Flesh 
white, juicy. October. Good bearer. 

Savewell. 

Putnam's Savewell. Cornell's Savewell. 

Origin, Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, often 
shaded with dull red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. February, March. Valu- 
able keeper. 



THE APPLE. 



347 



Sawyer. 

Origin, Amos Sawyer, Hillsborough, 111. Tree vigorous, upright, 
early bearer. 

Fruit medium. Form conic truncated, regular. Color waxy yellow, 
with faint blush of crimson, thinly sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk 
medium, slender. Cavity medium, acute. Calyx rather large, somewhat 
open. Segments reflexed. Basin deep, abrupt, regular. Flesh yellow, 
breaking, tender, juicy, subacid. Core small. Quality good. April to 
July. (Am. Jour, of Hort.) 

Sawyer Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, healthy grower, upright spreading. 
Young wood reddish brown, grayish, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, greenish, with blush in the sun. Flesh white, sweet. 
Good. October, November. 

Scarlet Crofton. 
Eed Crofton. 

An Irish Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish russet, red in the sun. Flesh firm, 
crisp, rich, sugary. October, December. (Lindley.) 

Scarlet Leadington. 

Of Scottish origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, four-sided, yellow and red 
striped. Flesh yellowish, veined with pink or lilac, firm, crisp, juicy, 
brisk, sugary. November, February. (Hogg.) 

Scarlet Nonpareil. 

New Scarlet Nonpareil. 

Foreign ; medium size, roundish oblate conical, whitish, striped and 
shaded with red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, subacid. Yery 
good. November, December. 

Scarlet Pearmain. 
Bell's Scarlet Pearmain. Sig-ler's Red ? Oxford Peach. 

A showy dessert Apple, of English origin. 

Fruit medium sized, pearmain or conical shaped. Skin light crimson 
or yellow in the shade, rich crimson on the sunny side. Stalk nearly 
an inch long, deeply set. Flesh white, stained with a tinge of pink, 
crisp, juicy, subacid. Yery good. In eating from the last of August to 
the tenth of October. A plentiful bearer. 

Scarlet Sweet. 

Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood dark brown- 
ish red, downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded 



348 



THE APPLE. 



and indistinctly striped and splashed with light scarlet, many light dots. 
Stalk varying. Cavity open, deep. Calyx small, open. Flesh yellowish 
white, tender, j uicy, mild pleasant sweet. Core small. Good to very 
good. October to February. 

Scarlet Tiffing 
A culinary Apple, from Lancaster, England. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, inclining to oblate, pale yellow, mostly 
overspread with deep scarlet in the sun. Flesh pure white, tender, 
crisp, juicy, pleasant acid. November, December. (Hogg.) 

Schaffer's Early. 

Schaffer's Early Red. Schaffer's Garden. 

Origin, Lehigh Co., Pa. Tree an upright thrifty grower, and a good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, striped, splashed, 
and marbled with red, sometimes only a red cheek. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good, or very 
good. Core small. August, September. 

SCHOONMAKER. 
Schoolrnocker. 

An old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, up- 
right spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, bronzed blush in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish white) crisp, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Jan- 
uary to March. 

SCHREVETON GOLDEN PlPPIN. 

From Nottinghamshire, England. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellowish, marked with russet. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, crisp. Good. December, April. 

Sciota Beauty. 

Origin, Ohio. Tree moderately vigorous, upright sj^reading. 

Fruit below medium, roundish ovate, whitish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with two shades of red. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. January to April. 

Scollop Gilliflower. 
Scolloped Gilliflower. Striped Gilliflower ? 

This, according to Elliott, is an entirely distinct variety from Red 
Gilliflower. Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, flattened at base, tapering 
towards the eye, always much ribbed or scolloped, light yellow, striped 
and splashed with shades of light and dark red. Stalk short, slender. 
Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx with long segments. Basin abrupt, deep, 
ribbed. Flesh yellowish, firm, tender, juicy, slight tinge of sweet. 
Core large, hollow. Good. November to February. 



THE APPLE. 



349 



Scotch Bridget. 
A cooking fruit, Lancaster, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed or knobbed at apex. Flesh 
white, tender, soft, juicy. October, January. (Hogg.) 

Scott's Best. 

Origin, farm of Luther Scott, Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Co., X. Y. Tree 
moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and mot- 
tled with light red, striped and splashed with crimson. Stalk variable, 
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish, 
fine-grained, tender, juicy, agreeable, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good 
to very good. November, December. 

Scrivener's Red. 

An admired cider fruit in some parts of Maryland and Delaware. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, bright red, with dark stripes. 
Flesh juicy, breaking, rich. October. 

Seaconk Sweet. 

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree strong grower, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, red, with stripes of darker red, 
few small white dots. Flesh white, compact, sweet. Good. January 
to April. 

Seaman's Sweet. 

From Long Island. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, splashed, striped, and 
shaded with red. Calyx closed. Stalk very short. Flesh white, not 
tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Baking. October. 

Seaver Sweet. 
Grafton Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive, spreading. Young 
wood light reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, pale yellow, blush of red in 
the sun, few gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Core small. Janu- 
ary to April. 

Seedless. 

Origin in the grounds of Alfred Smith, Addison, Yt. Tree drooping 
habit, healthy and productive. 

Fruit below medium, oblate roundish, light greenish yellow, with 
dark carmine cheek in sun. Stalk slender. Cavity open, deep. Calyx 
small, closed. Flesh white, dry, very mild subacid. Only good. Core 
without seeds. November, December. 



350 THE APPLE. 

Seever. 
Seever's Red Streak. 
From Coshocton Co., O. 

Eruit medium, globular, lemon yellow, striped with bright clear red. 
Stalk short, slender. Calyx with long segments. Basin deep, open. 
Elesh yellowish, juicy, subacid. October to November. (Elliott.) 

Selby Bellflower. 

A seedling from the Yellow Bellflower. Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, pale yellow on rather a 
greenish ground. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx medium. Basin shal- 
low. Elesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, mild, spicy, subacid. No- 
vember to March. (Gar. Mon.) 

Selma. 

From Clark Co., O. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish flattened, yellow, with pale russet 
patches, especially around the stem, dull faint red in sun. Elesh yel- 
lowish white, breaking, mild subacid. Yery good. November, Decem- 
ber. (Elliott.) 

Selwood's Reinette. 

From Lancaster, England. Tree a healthy grower and a good bearer. 

Eruit large, roundish oblate, greenish, mostly covered and striped with 
red. Elesh greenish white, tender, brisk, pleasant. Cooking. Decem- 
ber, March. (Hogg.) 

September. 
Pride of September. 

Origin, Centre Co., Pa., received from W. G. Waring. Tree hardy 
and vigorous, a good and regular bearer. Young wood smooth, reddish 
brown. Buds prominent. 

Eruit large, globular, somewhat depressed, very slightly conic, yel- 
low, slightly shaded and thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, 
inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx 
partially closed, set in an open basin. Elesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
very agreeable subacid. Yery good. October. 

Sergeant's Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts. 

Eruit medium, round, straw color, with a blush next the sun. 
Flesh tender, very sweet, superior for baking. October. (Kenrick.) 

Shaker Greening. 
Hampshire Greening ? Shaker Pippin. 

Origin, Enfield, N. H. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, very pro- 
ductive. 

Eruit medium, oblate conic, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish, ten- 
der, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. March, November. 



THE APPLE. 



351 



Shakespeare. 

An English dessert Apple, described by Hogg as of medium size, 
roundish oblate conic, greenish, with brownish red next the sun, few 
broken stripes of darker red, many russety dots. Flesh greenish yellow, 
firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, vinous. December to April. 

Sharpe's Greening. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree thrifty, and upright grower. 
Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush cheek. Flesh 
juicy, subacid. Good. January to March. 

Sheepnose. 

There are several Apples to which this name has been applied : some 
are proved identical with well-known varieties ; others, of which no ori 
gin can be traced, may yet prove only synonyms of well-known kinds. 

"Warder describes a Sheepnose as : 

Fruit medium, round, slightly conic, irregular, greenish yellow, white 
strise about the base. Dots minute. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, 
tender, juicy, subacid. Good. December, February. 

Another Sheepnose is grown in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which 
is medium size, roundish conical, yellow, sometimes a blush in sun. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, rather firm, juicy, subacid. Good. No- 
vember, December. 

Shell. 

Supposed origin, Virginia. 

Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, becoming clear yellow in the 
sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, rich. August. New. 

Shepherd's Fame. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, pale yellow, streaked with a 
deeper shade and rich red. Flesh yellowish, soft, tender, sweet. October, 
March. (Hogg.) 

Sheppard's Sweet. 

Origin, Windham Co., Comi. Tree thrifty, upright, and a great 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, approaching conic, yellow, striped with 
red. Stalk long, slender, inserted in an acute cavity. Calyx firmly 
closed, set in a small basin. Flesh white, tender, sweet and pleasant. 
Good. October, November. 

Shiawassee Beauty. 
Michigan Beauty. 

Originated in Shiawassee Co., Mich. Tree a strong upright grower, 
until in full bearing, when it becomes partially pendent, very productive. 
Young wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. This variety resem- 
bles Fameuse, but its wood shows its distinctiveness. 



352 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, shaded, marbled, splashed, and striped 
with rich red, few light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity large. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin large, open, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
firm, very white, tender, juicy, brisk, refreshing subacid. Very good. 
October, January. 

Shipley Green. 

Origin, Maryland. 

Fruit medium, oblong, red, and very acid. Good for cooking and 
keeping only. 

Shippen's Russet. 

Originated in Philadelphia. It is often found at the West, and as a 
market sort profitable, but inferior in quality to the Roxbury Russet. 
The tree is very vigorous, forming a large round spreading head, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, oblate, irregular, yellowish green, somewhat russeted. 
Flesh greenish, rather dry, soft, mild subacid. Good. November, 
February. 

Shockley. 

Origin, Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, very pro- 
ductive, bearing young and regularly. Young wood reddish, grayish 
on under side. 




Shockley. 



Fruit below medium, roundish conical, pale yellow overspread with 
red, inconspicuous minute dots. Stalk long, slender, inserted in a deep 



THE APPLE. 



353 



acute cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a shallow corrugated basin. 
Flesh crisp, juicy, rich, saccharine, slightly vinous, and pleasant. Good. 
April, May. 

This is one of the most profitable varieties at the South, where it not 
only bears abundantly, but keeps and sells remarkably well. 

Simpson Sweet. 

Origin, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, flattened at base and crown, green- 
ish yellow, with a tinge of brown in the sun. Calyx small, closed. 
Flesh white, moderately juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Core small. 
December. 

Sine-qua-non. 

A native of Long Island, named by the late Wm, Prince. 

Fruit roundish conical, about medium size, smooth, pale greenish yel- 
low. Stalk slender. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, and of a delicate 
and very sprightly flavor. Good. The young trees are rather slow and 
crooked in growth. August. 

Sink. 

Origin, Boalsburg, Centre Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spread- 
ing, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, whitish, splashed and 
marbled with red. Flesh very white, stained next the skin, tender, juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good. September. 

Sir William Gibbons. 
An English cooking Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellow, streaked with light and 
dark red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, slightly acid. Novem- 
ber, January. 

Skunk. 

An old New Jersey Apple. 

Fruit large, yellow, resembling Newtown Pippin, with red spots and 
blotches. Flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant. Good. November, Decem- 
ber. (Coxe.) 

Sleeping Beauty. 
Winter Sleeping Beauty. Sleeper. 

Tree an excellent bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat flattened, straw-color, washed 
with lively red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, acid. No- 
vember, February. (Hogg.) 

Sleight's Lady Apple. 

This valuable Apple was raised by Edgar Sleight, Dutchess Co.,. 
N. Y. It is almost a perfect fac-simile of Lady Apple, except being nearly 
twice as large. Tree somewhat more vigorous and spreading than the 
Lady Apple, and very productive. The fruit a little earlier in ripening.- 

23 



354 



THE APPLE. 



Slingerland Pippin. 

Raised by Mr. Slingerland, of Albany Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, often oblique, yellow, shaded with 
red and sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, par- 
tially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, rather rich subacid. 
Good to very good. December, February. 

Smalley. 
Spice. 

From Kensington, Conn. Tree vigorous, spreading, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium size, oblate conic, yellow, with a slight blush. Stalk 
short. Calyx closed. Flesh tender, juicy, brisk, pleasant aromatic. 
Good. September, October. 

Small's Admirable. 

This is described by Hogg as an immense bearer, and adapted for 
dwarf culture. 

Fruit above medium, roundish ovate, flattened, lemon yellow. Flesh 
firm, yellowish, crisp, subacid. November, December. 




Smith's Cider. 



Smith's Cider. 

Smith's. Pennsylvania Cider. Popular Bluff. 

Fuller. Fowler. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. This Apple is widely grown, and much es- 
teemed as a profitable market sort. The tree is a very vigorous, strag- 



THE APPLE. 



355 



gling, spreading grower, and productive. Young wood a rich dark 
brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded and 
striped with red, sparsely covered with gray dots. Stalk slender, of 
medium length, inserted in a deep, rather narrow cavity. Calyx closed, 
set in a broad, rather shallow basin. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, crisp, 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good. December, March. 

Smokehouse. 

Millcreek Vandevere. Red Vandevere. English Yandevere. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa., near Millcreek, grew on the farm of 

Gibbons, near his smokehouse, hence its name. An old variety 

and popular in Pennsylvania. It somewhat resembles the old Pennsyl- 
vania Yandevere, and is supposed to be a seedling of it. 

Tree moderately vigorous, with a spreading head, a good bearer. 
Young wood dull dark reddish brown. 




Smokehouse. 



Fruit rather above medium, roundish oblate, skin yellow, shaded 
and splashed with crimson, and thinly sprinkled with large gray and 
brown dots. Stalk rather long, curved, inserted in a broad cavity. 
Calyx closed, set in a wide basin, of moderate depth, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, somewhat firm, juicy, crisp, rather rich subacid. Good. 
September to February. Yalued for culinary uses. 

Snediker. 

Origin unknown. Tree an upright vigorous grower, productive. 



356 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit large, roundish conical, sides unequal, yellow, marbled with 
large red dots, few gray dots. Stalk very short. Calyx closed or par- 
tially open. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, 
tender, brisk subacid. Core rather small. Good. December, February. 

Snepps'. 
Jno. Snepps'. 

Supposed origin, Edinburgh, la. Tree vigorous and sufficiently pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit above medium, almost large, flat, dull green, becoming pale 
yellow, with many dark dots that often give it a gray appearance. Calyx 
large, closed. Stalk stout. Flesh yellowish, breaking, fine-grained, 
juicy, agreeably sweet. December, March. (Warder.) 

Somerset. 

Origin, Somerset Co., Me. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened, bright yellow, mostly 
covered with splashes and stripes of bright red. Flesh yellowish, some- 
times a little stained with red, tender, juicy, agreeable subacid. Sep- 
tember. (Me. Rep.) 

There is another Somerset grown in Western New York, the fruit 
of which is medium or below, roundish conical, whitish yellow, partially 
netted with russet. Flesh yellow, tender. Good. August, September. 
The wood as well as fruit of these is quite distinct, the former being 
reddish brown, the latter dull grayish reddish brown, downy. 

SOMMERSET LASTING. 

A fine showy English Apple, described by Ronalds as large, round- 
ish oblate, clear yellow, with a blush red cheek. Flesh white, tender, 
brisk, sharp subacid. Valuable for cooking or market. December to 
March. 

Sops of Wine. 

Red Shropsavine ? Worden's Pie Apple. Hominy. 
Bell's Early ? Washington. Dodge's Early Red. 

Bennington. 

An old European variety. Tree vigorous, upright, an early and 
productive variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow and red, splashed and shaded with 
deep red, and sprinkled with white and gray dots, and a thin bloom. 
Stalk slender, in a narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow, 
uneven. Flesh white, often stained, not very juicy, mild, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. August, September. 

SOUISSON RUSSET. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, shaded with rich red or crim- 
son in the sun, and splashes and blotches of russet in the shade, and 
sometimes russet mixed with the red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, rich, 
brisk subacid. Yery good. Core small. February, March. 



THE APPLE. 



357 



Sour Bough. 

An old variety, grown in Westchester Co., 1ST. Y. Tree thrifty, 
upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, moderately sprinkled with 
gray and light dots. Flesh whitish, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. 
September. Often knotty and unprofitable. 

Southern Lady. 

From North Carolina. 

Fruit small, oblate, whitish, much shaded with bright crimson, many 
light dots. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, very mild subacid, aromatic. Very good. September, October. 

Sovereign. 

A little Apple from England, described by Ronalds as : 
Fruit small, oblong oblate, light yellowish brown, with a small flush 
of red. Flesh firm, rich, and sweet. February, April. 

Spafford Russet. 

Origin, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, flattened at ends, yellowish, slightly 
russeted. Fiesh greenish white, soft, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Hardly good. December, February. 

Spark's Late. 
Spark's. 

A variety somewhat grown in Southern Illinois, its origin unknown. 
Tree an upright grower, hardy, and good bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conic, greenish yellow, rarely with a 
shade of crimson in the sun, brown dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. 
Flesh whitish, half tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Valuable 
for cooking. 

Speckled. 
Westbrook. 

Origin uncertain. Tree a rapid grower and annual bearer. 
Fruit large, roundish oblong, yellowish white, red in the sun, small 
russet dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. Good. October, January. 

Speckled Oley. 

From Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with 
red, large white dots. Flesh white, moderately juicy. Hardly good. 

Spectator. 

Originated by J. W. Bailey, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree spreading, 
very productive. 



358 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish oblong oval, ribbed, yellow, shaded with 
red in the sun. Mesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly good. 
September. 

Spice Russet. 
Sweet Russet of some, erroneously. 

Origin unknown. Tree a good grower and productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish flattened, light yellow russet, with 
numerous small fine dots, exposed to the sun carmine and yellow 
bronzed. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, 
juicy, almost sweet, aromatic subacid. December to March. (Elliott.) 

Spice Sweet. 
Berry Bough. 

Tree vigorous, productive, medium, oblate, smooth, pale yellow. 
Flesh rather firm, sweet, highly aromatic, apt to be knotty and unfair. 
August, September. 

Sponge. 

There are two varieties under this name, neither of which is at all 
valuable. 

One is : Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin greenish, striped with 
dull red, dotted with whitish spots. Flesh white, coarse, subacid. A 
kitchen fruit. October and November. 

The other is : Fruit medium, oblong conic, green, splashed with 
red. Flesh white, moderately juicy. Poor. November. 

Sprague. 

Fruit rather small, oblong oval, slightly conic, yellow. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Scarcely good. October. 

Springer. 
Springer's Seedling. 

Origin, Ohio. 

Fruit small, roundish oblong, yellowish green, with faint stripes of 
red. Flesh firm, negative character. January to May. (Elliott.) 

Spring Grove Codlin. 
Aji old English cooking Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, deeper in the sun. 
Flesh greenish yellow, crisp, juicy, brisk, sharp subacid. October. 

Spring Pippin. 
Springport Pippin. 

Origin, Springport, Cayuga Co., N. Y. Tree upright, thrifty, unpro- 
ductive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblong, yellowish green. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, crisp, sprightly subacid. December to May. (Elliott.) 



Squire's Greening. 



An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit described by Hogg as above medium, roundish, flattened, green, 
with dull brownish red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, brisk 
subacid. December to April. 

Staats' Sweet. 

Originated in Somerset Co., IS". J. Tree a strong, upright, vigorous 
grower, with curved erect branches, forming a beautiful head, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightty conical, greenish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and overspread mostly with light and dark red. Stalk short. 
Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, mild, plea- 
sant, sweet. Good to very good. December to February. 

Stack. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, red, striped with deep red. 
Dots minute and few. Stalk long, slender. Calyx medium, closed. 
Basin medium. Flesh light yellow, fine-grained, juicy. Good. Core 
large, open. December to January. (Ind. Trans.) 

Stackyard. 

Originated in Montgomery Co., Pa. An old variety. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, covered and marbled with 
yellow and red, and speckled with small spots and patches of russet. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy. Good. November, December. 

Stamford Pippin. 

An English Apple, described by Hogg as first-rate for dessert. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, yellow, tinge of orange in sun. 
Flesh yellowish, firm, tender, crisp, sweet, brisk, pleasant aroma. De- 
cember to March. 

Stanard. 
Stanard's Seedling. 

An Apple extensively disseminated in Illinois and West, from Col- 
onel B. Hodge, through " The Grove " nurseries. The tree is ex- 
tremely hardy, enduring uninjured the most severe changes of the 
prairies. It is a crooked, spreading, irregular, but rapid grower ; a 
young, abundant, and annual bearer. Young wood reddish brown, 
downy. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, dull green, 
changing to yellow at maturity, splashed and striped with red, large 
russet specks. Stalk in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish 
white, rather coarse, very juicy, rather rich subacid. Yery good. De- 
cember to March. Superior for cooking. 



360 



THE APPLE. 



Stanley. 
Stanley's Seedling. 

Originated in Alabama. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 
Fruit large, roundish conical, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, ten- 
der, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Stanley's Winter Sweet. 
Origin, Winthrop, Me. Tree productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, red, streaked and specked with purple. Flesh 
juicy, sweet. December to March. (Me. Hep.) 

Stansill. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree a good grower and early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, sometimes a blush 
in sun, and occasionally indistinctly striped. Flesh yellow, subacid. 
Good to very good. January. 

Star. 

An old variety, grown in Dutchess Co., N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly 
splashed with crimson, large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh white, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. November. 

Stark. 

Origin unknown, grown in some parts of Ohio, and valued as a long 
keeper and profitable market fruit. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. 
Young shoots dark brownish red. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes a little elongated, 
and sometimes slightly oblique. Skin greenish yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, and 
thickly sprinkled with light and brown dots, a portion of them areole 
dots. Stalk short, rather stout, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx 
closed. Basin rather large, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a little 
coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. January 
to May. 

Starr. 

From New Jersey. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish white. Stalk slen- 
der. Flesh whitish, pleasant subacid. July to September. Cooking 
only. 

Star Reinette. 
Reinette Etoile. Calville Etoile. 

A Belgian Apple. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed at apex end, washed and shaded 
with red, distinct white dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. Novem- 
ber. (Alb. Pom.) 



THE APPLE. 



361 



Steel's Sweet. 

Origin, Connecticut ; productive, keeps well, but not always fair. 
Fruit medium, globular, yellowish, slight blush. Flesh white, com- 
pact, juicy, with a peculiar saccharine flavor. December to March. 

Stephenson's Winter. 

Origin, Marshall Co., Miss. Tree a moderate grower and a good 
bearer. Young shoots smooth, reddish brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and sometimes 
striped with red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, 
rather firm, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Core small. Good. Jan- 
uary to April. 

Stevens' Gilliflower. 

Originated in Sweden, Me. Fruit large, roundish conical, dull 
whitish ground striped with red. Flesh white, tender, pleasant sub- 
acid. November to February. (Cole.) 

Stillman's Early. 

Origin, Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y. Tree of moderate upright growth, 
productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conic, yellow, sometimes a slight blush, and a 
few brown dots. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, tender, 
pleasant subacid. Good. Last of July and first of August. 

Stillwater Sweet. 
Grandmother. 

Originated by Caleb Mendenhall, near Dayton, O. Tree an upright 
grower, productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown, very slightly 
downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, faintly ribbed, greenish 
yellow, shaded, minute black dots, sometimes in the sun it has a pale red 
cheek. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, sweet. Good to very 
good. September, October. 

Stirzaker's Early Square. 

A Lancaster, England, variety, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit below medium, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow, overspread and 

mottled with a dingy brown russet. Flesh white, tender, pleasant. 

August, September. 

Stockade Sweet. 

Origin, Marietta, Ohio. Tree thrifty, very upright, and productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
compact, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Core small. Good. Valuable for 
baking and keeping. December to May. 



362 



THE APPLE. 



Stone Pippin. 
White Stone Pippin. 

A Norfolk, England, Apple, described by Lindley as worthy of culti- 
vation. Tree vigorous, hardy, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, pale green, becoming yellow. Flesh 
very firm, almost sweet. November to May. 

Stonewall Jackson. 

A new Southern Apple, mostly valued because of its long-keeping 
quality. Tree an upright, stout grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sides unequal, whitish yellow, 
shaded, and obscurely striped and splashed in the sun with light red. 
Stalk small. Flesh white, firm, not very juicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
A long keeper. 

Stonor Park. 

An English dessert Apple, described by Ronalds as of medium size, 
conical, yellow, with faint stripes and shades of red. Flesh white, ten- 
der, brisk subacid. Good. November. 

Straudt. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conical, deep crimson, with stripes 
of paler red, . and numerous light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh fine-grained, tender, white, subacid, pleasant. Good. 
November. 

Strawn. 
Str awn's Seedling-. 

Raised by James Strawn, Virginia. Tree a thrifty grower and good 
bearer. 

Fruit rather large, reddish stripes on a pale yellow ground, cream- 
colored spots. Flesh yellow, juicy, slightly acid. Good. December to 
April. 

Streaked Pippin. 

Eed Pippin. Hempstead. Quaker of some. 

Skunk, erroneously. 

Origin, Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Tree thrifty, hardy, vigorous, 
spreading, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with rich red, few light and gray dots. Stalk short, small. 
Cavity narrow, sometimes russetecl. Calyx closed. Basin slightly cor- 
rugated. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, 
slightly aromatic. Good to very good. November to January. 

Striped Beaufin. 
An English Apple. Tree hardy, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, broadly ribbed, greenish yellow, covered 



THE APPLE. 



363 



and mottled with broken stripes and dashes of deep red. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, firm, juicy, pleasant acid. October to May. (Lindley.) 

Striped Belle et Bonne. 

An old Eastern Apple. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright 
spreading, productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, somewhat 
downy. A profitable market variety. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, mostly covered, striped, 
splashed, and mottled with light and dark red, few light brown dots. 
Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, brisk subacid, moderately 
juicy. Good. Core rather small. August, September. 

Striped Holland Pippin. 

An old Holland fruit. Tree a free grower, and productive ; valued 
mainly for cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish, obscurely ribbed, yellow, striped with red. 
Flesh white, subacid. October, December. (Lindley.) 

Striped Mohawk. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, red striped on yellow. Flesh dry, 
poor. Late autumn. (Elliott.) 

Striped Monstrous Reinette. 

An English cooking Apple. Tree a strong grower, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, with irregular ribs, terminating in strong 
wrinkles around the eye, greenish yellow, mostly covered, striped, and 
blotched with red. Stalk small. Flesh tender, juicy, agreeable acid. 
October, November. (Ronalds.) 

Striped Porter. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with stripes and 
splashes of red, red and russet specks. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, 
russeted. Basin wrinkled. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, subacid. Octo- 
ber. (N. E. Far.) 

Striped Shropsavine. 

Curtiss Early Stripe. 

Fruit small, oblong conic, pale yellow, striped with bright red* 
Flesh crisp, pleasant. July, August. A poor grower. 

Striped Winter Pearmain. 

Striped Sweet Pippin. Large Striped Winter Pearmain. 

Snorter. Striped Pearmain. 

Winter Pearmain of some. Missouri Keeper ? 

Missourian ? 

An old variety, which can only be traced to Kentucky. It is con- 
siderably grown now all through the West, and largely under the name of 
Striped Sweet Pippin. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, productive. 
Young shoots clear reddish brown, slight bloom on ends. 



/ 



364 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, inclining to oblate, yellow, striped, 
splashed, and shaded with shades of red, numerous gray dots, giving it 
somewhat appearance of bloom. Stalk medium or short, and small, in- 




striped Winter Pearmain. 



serted in a large cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx small, closed, set 
in a broad, uneven basin. Flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, tender, very mild, 
rich, pleasant, scarcely subacid. "Very good. October to January. 

Stroat. 
Straat. 

An Apple formerly in high esteem among the descendants of the 
Dutch settlers on the North River. Not profitable. 

Fruit above the middle size, roundish, and tapering a little to the 
eye, yellowish green. Flesh yellow, very tender, brisk subacid. Good. 
September to December. 

Strode's Birmingham. 
Strode's. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. A vigorous, upright grower, very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit rather below medium, oblong oval or conic, yellow, sprinkled 
with a few gray dots. Stalk slender, set in a deep, narrow cavity. 
Basin broad, shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, sub- 
acid. Good to very good. September. 



THE APPLE. 



365 



Strubel. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conic, yellowish, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with rich red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
compact, yellowish, juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. Core 
small. November to March. 

Stump. 

Supposed origin, Delaware. Tree spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded with light red nearly over 
the whole surface. Stalk short, small. Calyx closed or partially open. 
Flesh whitish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. 
Good. Core small. September, October. 

Sturmer Pippin. 

An English fruit. Below medium, oblate, approaching conic, yel- 
low, with a bronzed or crimson cheek. Stalk of medium length, insert- 
ed in a large cavity. Calyx closed. Segments long. Basin shallow 
and uneven. Flesh compact, rich subacid. Good. January, May. 

Stymus. 

This new and really excellent Apple originated on the farm of Jacob 
Stymus, Dobb's Ferry, N. Y. Tree moderately thrifty, upright, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with light and dark crimson. Stalk short, small. Cavity 
large, deep. Calyx closed or partially open. Segments short, erect. 
Basin large, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Yery good. Octo- 
ber, November. 

Styke. 
Forest Styre. 

A famous old English cider fruit, of medium size, roundish, pale 
yellow, with an orange cheek. Flesh firm, and makes a high-colored 
liquor. October, January. f 

Sudbury Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, faintly splashed, 
marbled, and striped with dull red, many light and gray dots. Flesh 
whitish, rather tender, moderately juicy, rather rich, sweet. Good. 
December, January. 

Suffolk Beauty. 

A new variety from H. H. & E. L. Brown, Deer Park, Long Island. 
Tree a free grower and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish white, with a few dark 
green dots, and a little russet near the stalk. Stalk slender. Calyx 



366 



THE APPLE. 



small. Flesh white, agreeable subacid. August, September. (Gar. 
Mon.) 

Sugar and Brandy. 
A Lancashire, England, Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, rib on one side, deep dull 
yellow, pale red in the shade, bright orange red in the sun. Flesh deep 
yellow, spongy, juicy, very sweet. August, September. (Hogg.) 

Sugar Loaf Pippin. 
Hutching's Seedling. 

A foreign sort. Tree of good growth and productive. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong or conical, smooth, clear pale yellow, 
becoming nearly white on one side when fully ripe. Flesh white, firm, 
very slightly acid, and moderately juicy. Good. Ripens the latter part 
of July, and is very showy on the tree. 

Sugar Sweet. 

From Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright, a moderate bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, mostly shaded with red, 
and a dark maroon cheek. Flesh white, fine-grained, not very tender, 
but with a rich, honeyed sweetness. Good. December to February. 

Suisse. 

Pomme Suisse. Pomme Rubanee. Pomrne de Perroquet. 

An old variety, described in 1665. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, greenish, and 
striped in the shade with yellowish green, which in sun becomes dull 
reddish. Stalk slender. Calyx small. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
juicy, subacid. Good. 

Summer Bellflower. 

Origin, farm of J. R. Comstock, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree vigor- 
ous, upright, productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, oval, inclining to conic, clear yellow, with 
rarely a faint orange blush on the side of the sun. Stalk an inch long, 
in a shallow cavity. Calyx closed, with small reflexed segments, slightly 
five-sided basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, excellent subacid. 
Good. Middle of August to middle of September. 

Summer Bellflower of Pennsylvania 

is quite distinct from the above, and very much resembles Yellow Bell- 
flower in shape and color, but has a very wide and deep cavity, and 
closed calyx. Flesh yellowish white, firm and fine texture, not very 
juicy, with a brisk, agreeable, pleasant subacid. Good. Last of August 
and first of September. Young shoots light reddish brown, downy. 



THE APPLE. 



3G7 



Summer Broaden. 
Summer Colman. Summer Broadend. 

An old Norfolk, England, cooking Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, dull greenish yellow, tinged on 
the sunny side with dull pale brown. Flesh greenish white, subacid. 
October, November. (Lindley.) 

Summer Cheese. 

Cheese Apple. Maryland Cheese. Prather Apple. Findlay Apple. 

An old variety, of poor quality. Origin unknown. Tree a strong 
grower, spreading, not an early bearer, but moderately productive when 
old. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, yellow, occasionally 
with a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. 
August, September. 

Summer Golden Pippin. 

A nice little English dessert Apple, but inferior to many of our 
own. 

Fruit small, ovate, flattened at the eye, bright yellow, with a little 
orange next the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, and rich. Good to very 
good. August. 

Summer Hagloe. 
Hagloe. 

An old sort. Tree vigorous, but slow in its growth while young, 
thick blunt shoots, productive. Young shoots clear light reddish 
brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, striped and splashed 
with bright red, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk short and 
thick, inserted in a broad, open cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small, 
round basin. Flesh white, rather coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. Good 
to very good. An excellent culinary and table variety. August, Sep- 
tember. 

Summer Harvey. 

Origin unknown. Tree thrifty, spreading, very productive, an early 
and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, sometimes nettings of 
russet and red cheek in the sun, thickly sprinkled with light and green 
dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. August. 

Summer Janet. 

Fruit medium, round truncated, regular. Surface smooth, pale yellow, 
mixed red, striped darker red. Dots scattered, gray. Flesh yellow, 
tender, fine-grained, subacid, aromatic. Good. September. ("War- 
der.) 

Summer Limbertwig. 
A Southern fruit from Greensboro', N. C. 

Fruit medium, flat, regular, pale yellow, mixed pink, striped dark red. 



368 



THE APPLE. 



Flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic. 
September. (Warder.) 

Summer Marigold. 



August, 



An old English Apple. Tree a good grower and great bearer. 
Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped with two shades of 
red. Flesh breaking, juicy, pleasant subacid. August. 



Sour Bough. 
Walworth. 
Haverstraw Pippin. 
Paper Apple. 



Summer Pippix. 

Calkin's Pippin. 

Tart Bough. 

Champlain. 

Large Golden Pippin. 



Underdunk. 
Nyack Pippin. 
Geneva Pearmain. 



Origin unknown. An old fruit, much cultivated in Rockland and 
"Westchester Counties, N. Y. : a valuable market fruit. Tree vigorous, 
forming a beautiful round head, a regular and good bearer. Young 
shoots dull reddish grayish brown, slightly downy. 




Summer Pippin. 



Fruit medium to large, variable in form, generally roundish oblong, 
inclining to conic, pale waxen yellow, shaded with a delicate crimson 
blush, and sprinkled with green and grayish dots. Stalk varies in 
length and thickness, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity. Calyx closed, 
set in a deep, abrupt, corrugated basin. Flesh white, tender, moderate- 
ly juicy, pleasant, refreshing, subacid, valuable for culinary uses, and 



THE APPLE. 



369 



profitable for market. Ripens the middle of August, and continues a 
month or more. 

There is another Summer Pippin which we have received from 
Iowa. Tree very vigorous, productive. 

The fruit is medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with crimson in the sun, large light dots. Stalk 
rather long. Calyx closed. Flesh white, pleasant subacid. August, 
September. 

Summer Pound Royal. 

Pound Royale. Pound Royal of the Putnam List. 

Summer R. L Greening-. Orange. 

An old variety, the origin of which has not been traced. It is now 
pretty widely disseminated in some parts of Michigan, Ohio, and in the 
South and West. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright spreading grower, 
hardy and productive. Young shoots very dark brown. 




Summer Pound RoyaL 



Fruit large, roundish conical, sometimes roundish oblate conical, 

greenish white, and moderately sprinkled with green and light dots. 

Stalk rather short. Cavity large, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. 

Segments medium, erect. Basin abrupt, rather deep. Flesh white, 
I fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. 

Core small. August, September. A profitable orchard and market 
j variety. 

24 



370 



THE APPLE. 



Summer Queen. 

Sharpe's Early. Lancaster Queen. Polecat. 

This variety forms a large tree with somewhat pendent boughs, and 
is a profitable sort for orchards and marketing over a large territory. 




Summer Queen. 



The fruit is large and broad at the crown, tapering towards the eye. 
The stalk is rather long, and is planted in a pretty deep cavity, some- 
times partially closed. Calyx but little sunk, in a narrow plaited basin. 
Skin fine deep yellow in its ground, though well striped and clouded 
with red. Flesh aromatic, yellow, rich, and of good flavor. August 
and September. 

Summer Kambo. 

Rambour Franc. Rambour Gros. Frank Rambour. 

Summer Rambour. Rambour d'Ete. 

This is an old French Apple which was pretty freely distributed 
many years since, and the old trees of which everywhere prove hardy 
and profitable for early marketing. Tree vigorous, spreading, open 
round head. 

Fruit a little above medium size, flat, generally evenly formed, but 
occasionally a little irregular, pale greenish yellow, stained and streaked 
with red on the sunny side. Flesh rather soft, sprightly subacid. 
Good. Ripens early in September. 



THE APPLE. 



371 



Summer Red Calville. 

Calville Rouge d'fite. Calville d'£te. Madeleine. 
Rother Sommercalville. 

An old French Apple of medium size, roundish conical, ribbed, yel- 
lowish white, streaked and stained with red, becoming very bright in 
the sun. Flesh white, soft, tender, tinged with red, mild subacid. 
Good. J uly, August. 

Summer Eed Streak. 

Origin, Columbia Co., N". Y. Tree moderately vigorous, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with rich red. Stalk small. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
sometimes a little stained next the skin, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
Valued for cooking. September. 

Summer Reinette. 
Weisse Wack's Reinette. Weisse Soxnmer Reinette. Reinette d'£te Blanche. 
A beautiful German Apple. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate. Skin oily. Color clear yellow, 
faintly washed with clear bright red. Calyx half open. Stalk very 
short. Cavity russeted. Flesh white, fine, juicy, vinous, sweet, aromatic. 
September, October. (Diel.) 

Summer Kose. 

Woolman's Harvest. Lippincott's Early. 

A very pretty and very excellent Apple, highly esteemed as a des- 
sert fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 




Summer Rose. 



Fruit scarcely of medium size, roundish, smooth, rich waxen yel- 
low, streaked and blotched with a little red on the sunny side. Stalk 




372 THE APPLE. 

rather short and slender. Calyx closed, set in an even basin. Flesh 
tender, abounding with sprightly j nice. Yery good or best. Ripens 
early in August. 

Summer Sweet. 

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree vigorous, very spreading, and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, netted with rus- 
set. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, 
moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Excellent for baking. Core sma 
September. 



Summer Sweet Paradise. 



Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree very vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit quite large, round and regular in its form, a little flattened 
at both ends. Skin rather thick, pale green, sometimes faintly tinged 
with yellow in the sun, and very distinctly marked with numerous 
large dark gray dots. Stalk strong, and set in an even, moderately 
deep hollow. Flesh tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic. 
Good to very good. Ripe in August and September. 

Summer Thorle. 
Thorie. Thoral Pippin. Whorle Pippin. "Watson's New Nonsuch. 

A favorite Scotch Apple. Tree a free grower, rather pendent, very 
productive, bearing in clusters. 

Fruit small, oblate, rich yellow, with mottled stripes of rich red. 
Stalk short. Calyx half open. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, 
brisk subacid. August, September. (Ron.) 

Summer White Calville. 

Calville Blanche d'Ete. White Calville. 

Calville Blanc. Wahrer Weiser Sommercalville. 

An old variety. Tree a strong grower and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, with prominent ribs, pale stra 
color, with traces of delicate russet in the sun. Flesh white, tender 
delicate, sweet, and pleasant. August, September. (Hogg.) 

Superb. 

Origin, Franklin Co., N". C. Tree tolerably vigorous, spreading, anc 
a prodigious bearer. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, regular. Skin green, rarely 
with a blush. Stalk of medium length, in a shallow cavity. Calyx 
large and open. Flesh yellow, solid, slightly coarse-grained, rich, sub- 
acid. Good to very good. November to March. 

Superb Sweet. 



Raised by Jacob Deane, Mansfield, Mass. Tree vigorous, produc- 
tive. 



THE APPLE. 



373 



Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, shaded, 
splashed and mottled with red. Stalk long, inserted in a deep cav- 
ity. Calyx large, open. Basin broad. Flesh white, very tender, 
juicy, sweet, rich. Core large. Good to very good. September, Octo- 
ber. 

SURPRISE. 

A small, round, whitish yellow Apple, of little or no value, but 
admired by some for its singularity, the flesh being stained with red. 
November to January. 

Surrey Flat Cap. 

Hogg describes this as a very excellent dessert Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, pale bluish green, rough veiny 
russet, and deep red next the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, rich, and sugary. 
October, January. 

Susannah. 

Large, oblong oval, greenish yellow. Flesh crisp, rich, aromatic. 
November to April. (Sumner MS.) 

Susan's Spice. 

Originated in Franklin Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, compressed, glossy light crimson, deeper in the sun, 
with fawn-colored dots. Stalk short. Flesh yellowish white, stained 
occasionally with red, juicy, pleasant, aromatic. October. (Gar. Mon.) 

Sutton Beauty. 
Beauty. 

Origin, Sutton, Mass. Tree upright, thrifty, and very productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate conic, waxen yellow, shad- 
ed, mottled, and obscurely striped with fine crimson, and thinly sprin- 
kled with whitish dots. Stem rather short, inserted in a medium cavity, 
slightly surrounded by greenish russet. Calyx partially closed, set in a 
moderate, uneven basin. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly 
subacid. Very good. November, February. 

Swaar. 
Hardwick. 

This is a truly noble American fruit, produced by the Dutch set- 
tlers on the Hudson, near Esopus, and so termed from its unusual weight, 
this word, in the Low Dutch, meaning heavy. It requires a deep, rich, 
sandy loam to bring it to perfection, and, in its native soils, we have 
seen it twelve inches in circumference, and of a deep golden yellow color. 
It is one of the finest flavored apples in America, and deserves exten- 
sive cultivation in all favorable positions, though it does not succeed 
well in damp or cold soils. 

Fruit large, regularly formed, roundish or roundish oblate. Skin 
greenish yellow when first gathered, but when entirely ripe of a fine, 



374 



THE APPLE. 



dead gold color, dotted with numerous distinct brown specks, and some- 
times faintly marbled with gray russet on the side and round the stalk. 
Stalk slender, three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a very round cav- 
ity. [Sometimes this cavity is partially closed.] Calyx small, greenish, 




set in a shallow basin, scarcely plaited. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, 
tender, with an exceedingly rich aromatic flavor and a spicy smell. 
Yery good to best. Core small. The trees bear fair crops, and the 
fruit is in season from December to March. 

Swasey. 

Supposed origin, Ohio. Tree hardy, but a poor grower. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, with a red cheek in the sun. Flesh 
whitish, crisp, tender, subacid. Good. Core small. December, Janu- 
ary. 

Sweeney Nonpareil. 

An English Apple. Tree a good grower and bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, greenish, with patches of russet 
and brilliant red cheek in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, acid. Janu- 
ary to April. Cooking. 

Sweet and Sour. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, the ribs being green, and the intervening 
hollows light yellow ; the ribs bearing the flavor of the fruit, which is 
acid, the intervening hollows being almost flavorless, but sweetish ; this 
portion not having its juice well elaborated. December, February. 



THE APPLE. 



375 



Sweet Baldwin. 

Origin unknown. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with light and dark red, thin bloom, light dots. Flesh yellow- 
ish, moderately juicy, mild, sweet. Good. October. 

Sweet Belle Bonne. 
Belle et Bonne. 

A very old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree a spreading, moderately 
upright grower, and an annual bearer. Young shoots reddish brown, 
somewhat grayish, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, with nettings 
and patches of russet, few large brown dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
yellow, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Good. October, December. 

Sweet Bellflower. 
Sweet Butter ? Butter of some. 

Of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish yel- 
low, with a few brown dots, slight blush in the sun. Stalk rather long, 
slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, aromatic, sweet. 
Good. October, November. 

I 

Sweet Bellflower of Wyandot County. 

The origin of this Apple is unknown, but as Elliott has first described 
it as of Wyandot County, we follow him until its history is disclosed. 
The variety is a profitable market sort. Tree a good grower, some- 
what drooping in fruit. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblong conic, rough greenish yellow, 
netted and patched with russet. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, half tender, sweet. Good. October, 
November. 

Sweet Doctor. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with light and dark red. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good. Core small. October. 

Sweet Fall Pippin. 

Grown in Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled with brown 
dots. Stalk short, in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a very shallow 
basin. Flesh juicy, sweet, and rich. Good. October, November. 

Sweet Greening. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with dull bronzed red 



376 



THE APPLE. 



in the sun, many irregular scattered rough dots and marblings of russet. 
Stalk medium. Cavity broad, acute, regular. Calyx in a broad, deep, 
slightly furrowed basin. Flesh white, loose-grained, mild, sweet, rather 
dry. Good. Core small. December to February. 

Sweet Janet. 

Origin, Indiana. Tree healthy, vigorous, spreading, annually pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, round, somewhat conical, covered with rich red or crim- 
son, mixed and striped. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yel- 
low, breaking, not juicy, sweet. Good. December, January. Fine for 
baking, and the tree claimed to bloom late in season and thus escape 
frosts. (O. P. S.) 

Sweet King. 

Origin, Oyster Bay, Long Island. Tree a stout, erect grower, an 
early and abundant bearer. Young wood reddish brown, slightly gray- 
ish. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish, shaded, striped, and splash- 
ed with red, few light gray dots. Stalk varying. Calyx large, open. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet. Good to very good. October to 
March. 

Sweet Mary. 

Originated with J. W. Dodge, Pomona, Term. Tree a vigorous, 
upright grower, and a great bearer. Young shoots dull grayish brown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, whitish yellow, very smooth, 
sprinkled with a few light brown dots. Stalk very short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet. August, Septem- 
ber. 

Sweet Pear. 

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, very hardy and 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, with dull blush red in 
the sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, 
aromatic. Very good. September, October. 

Sweet Pearmain. 

An old variety, of unknown origin. Tree a strong, upright grower, 
and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic. Stalk short. Cavity broad, 
deep. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, juicy, ten- 
der, brisk, rich, sweet, aromatic. Very good. January to April. 

Sweet Pippin. 
An old variety. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate or oblate, yellowish, with red in the 
sun. Stalk short. Flesh firrn, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. Novem- 
ber, December. 



THE APPLE. 



377 



Sweet Queen. 
Dale's Sweet Fall Queen. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a fair grower, and productive. 

Fruit large, elongated conic, ribbed at apex, whitish, shaded, striped, 
and splashed with shades of red. Flesh white, tender, pleasant, sweet. 
Scarcely good. November. 

Sweet Bambo. 

Origin, supposed Pennsylvania. Tree stout, upright, vigorous, not 
an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with red, and 
thickly covered with large gray dots, a little elevated above the surface. 
Stalk slender, inserted in a deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx 
closed, set in an open basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant sweet. Core 
small and close. Good to very good. October to December. 

Sweet Ribbed Gillifloweb. 
An old Connecticut variety. 

Fruit large, roundish elongated conic, ribbed, mostly covered with 
light red, striped and splashed with dark. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh white, rather compact, moderately juicy, half tender, sweet. 
Good. Core large. November, December. 

Sweet Bomanite. 

Red Winter Sweet ? Sweet Nonsuch. 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, upright grower, hardy, moderate 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red, light dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. 
Segments erect, slightly recurved. Basin corrugated. Flesh yellowish 
white, compact, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Core 
small. November to March. 

Sweet Busset. 
Summer Russet. 

Received from Parsons & Co., Flushing, Long Island. Origin unknown. 
A nice little Apple. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young wood 
reddish olive. 

Fruit small, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes oblate, yellow, 
mostly covered with light russet, and sprinkled with brown russet dots, 
tinge of red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
crisp, very tender, juicy, rich, sweet, aromatic. Yery good. Sep- 
tember. 

Another Sweet Busset is grown in Massachusetts, New York, and 
elsewhere. The tree an upright, spreading grower, productive. Good 
for cooking. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, mostly covered with nettings and 
patches of russet. Flesh whitish, half tender, rich, sweet. Good. 
November, March. 

Another Sweet Busset of Kentucky, is described by Warder as : 



378 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit small, conical, truncated, rough, dark russet. Dots minute, 
white, prominent. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, not tender, 
sweet. Scarcely good. December, February. 

Sweet Seek-no-F aether. 

Origin, Hanover, N. H. Tree a good grower, an early and abun- 
dant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, with a red 
cheek next the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Good. A long keeper. 

Sweet Sponge. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish white. Flesh white, tender, sweet. 
July. (Warder.) 

Sweet Willie. 

Origin, Todd Co., Ky. Tree a good grower, and productive. 

Fruit large, greenish, mostly covered with stripes of red. Flesh fine- 
grained, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. November, 
December. 

Sweet Winesap. 

Henrick Sweet ? Henry Sweet. Ladies Sweet, of some. 
Sweet Pearmain, of some. Red Sweet Winesap. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree of moderate, upright growth, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly approaching conic. Color red, 
splashed with deep crimson. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a deep 
cavity, surrounded with russet. Calyx partially open, set in a rather 
deep, open basin. Flesh tender, juicy, very sweet, rich. Good to very 
good. November to March. 

Sweet Yandervere. 
Sweet Redstreak. Sweet Harvey. 

Origin unknown. Tree of crooked growth, a profuse bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded and striped with 
dull red. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a large, irregular 
cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a broad, open basin. Flesh tender, 
juicy, mild, sweet, aromatic. Good. November, March. 

Sweet Winter Pennock. 

From Ohio, supposed origin Belmont Co. Tree moderately vigorous, 
upright, rather slender, a moderate bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and striped with 
red. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, mild sweet. Poor. December, 
January. 

Swiss Reinette. 
Reinette Suisse. 
Of foreign origin. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 
Fruit medium or above, oblate, mcKning to conic, fine yellow, moder- 



THE APPLE. 



379 



ately sprinkled with gray and rather indistinct light dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, deep, 
slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Yery good. December, February. 

Syke-House Russet. 

A Yorkshire Apple. Tree spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mostly covered with light brown 
russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, sprightly, juicy, subacid. Novem- 
ber, February. (Ron.) 

Sylvester. 

Originated on the farm of Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, N. Y. Tree 
vigorous, forming a beautiful open, round, spreading head, a profuse 
bearer. Young shoots dark reddish brown, slightly grayish or downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate^ regular, waxen white, beauti- 
fully shaded on the sunny side with bright crimson, thinly sprinkled 
with minute light and brown dots. Stalk small, short. Cavity regular. 
Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow. Flesh very white, tender, crisp, 
juicy, brisk subacid. Yery good. September, October. Excellent for 
cooking and drying. 

Table Greening. 

Origin, Cornish, Me. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish, dull green. Flesh juicy, mild, pleasant 
subacid. Good. December to March. 




Talman's Sweet. 



Talman's Sweet. 
Tolman's Sweeting 1 . Tallman's Sweeting. Brown's Golden Sweet. 
A native of Rhode Island. In quality the fruit is scarcely second 
rate as a table sort, but it is a very popular and profitable orchard sort, 



380 



THE APPLE. 



from the hardihood of the trees, their great productiveness, and its value 
for stock feeding and various culinary uses. Tree an upright spreading 
grower, vigorous. 

Form nearly globular. When fully ripe, whitish yellow, with a soft 
blush on one side, and generally a line running from stem to calyx. 
Stalk rather long and slender, inclining to one side, and inserted in a 
rather wide, shallow, but regular cavity. Calyx set in a small basin, 
slightly depressed. Mesh quite white, rather firm, fine-grained, with 
a rich sweet flavor. November to April. 

Tardive de Joncret. 

Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical truncated, ribbed, golden 
yellow, with bright red on the sun side. Dots and splashes of gray. Stalk 
short. Calyx closed. Basin deep. Flesh white, tender, sweet subacid. 
December, February. (An. Pom.) 

Tart Bough. 
Sour Bough of some. 

An old variety, originally disseminated, so far as we can learn, by 
Judge Buel, of Albany, N. Y. It much resembles Early Harvest in the 
fruit, but the trees are more rapid in growth, and it ripens much later, 
is more acid, and not considered profitable. 

There is another Tart Bough, the fruit of which is small, roundish 
conical, whitish, thickly sprinkled with dots. Stalk long, slender. 
Calyx closed, with long segments. Basin shallow. Flesh white, firm- 
grained, tender, juicy, sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. 
August. 

Tarvey Codlin. 
Baised from seed of the Manks Codlin. 

Fruit large, conical, dull olive green, with yellow and yellowish red, 
much spotted with broken rows of blood-red dot, next the sun. Flesh 
white, juicy. A good culinary apple. November, December. (Hogg.) 

Taunton. 

Origin unknown. Some claim it for Alabama, others Georgia. The 
tree is a vigorous but straggling grower, very productive. Young 
shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit rather large, oblate conic, greenish yellow, striped and splash- 
ed with red, darkest on sun side, large light dots. Stalk slender. Cavity 
deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments long, slender. Basin slightly 
corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, aromatic, acid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Taunton Golden Pippin. 
Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, rich yellow, markings and freckles of 
russet in shade, clouded red, and streaked in sun. Flesh yellow, firm, 
crisp, delicate, brisk, vinous. December to March. (Hogg.) 



THE APPLE. 



381 



Tenderskin. 

Of Southern origin. Tree very vigorous, healthy, and productive. 
Young wood reddish brown, downy, very short-jointed, with prominent 
buds. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped and splashed 
somewhat with red, some bloom. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, very juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. 
November to J anuary. 

Ten Shillings. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, covered with pale 
brown russet orange streaked with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish 
white, tender, sweet acid. November. (Hogg.) v 

Tenterden Park. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, mostly covered with deep 
red, striped with a still deeper shade in the sun. Flesh greenish white, 
tender, crisp, brisk, juicy, not rich. October, February. (Hogg.) 

Terral's Late. 

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree very productive. 

Fruit large, oblong oblique, whitish, shaded with light red, striped and 
splashed with dark red, thickly sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk 
very short. Cavity narrow, deep, partially russeted. Calyx small, 
closed. Segments small, erect. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, ten- 
der, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. October, November. 




Tetofsky. 



Tetofsky. 

The Tetofsky is a Russian Summer Apple, which proves profitable 
for market growing. The tree is an upright spreading grower, forming 



382 



THE APPLE. 



an open head, comes early into bearing, and produces annually. Yery 
hardy. Young shoots yellowish reddish brown, leaves very large. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate conic, sometimes nearly round, smooth, 
with a yellow ground handsomely striped with red, and, like most 
apples of that country, covered with a whitish bloom, under which is a 
shining skin. The flesh is white and juicy, sprightly acid, fragrant, and 
agreeable. Good. August. Succeeds at the North. 

Teuchat's Egg. 

Chucket Egg. Summer Teuchat Egg. 

Fruit below medium, varying in shape from ovate to conical, irreg- 
ularly ribbed, pale yellow, washed and streaked with red. Flesh ten- 
der, juicy, pleasant. September. (Hogg.) 

Tewkesbury Winter Blush. 

Tewkesbury Blush. 

Coxe says this Apple was brought from Tewkesbury, Hunterdon 
Co., K J. 

It is a handsome, fair fruit, with more flavor and juiciness than is 
usual in long-keeping apples. They may be kept till August, without 



Tewkesbury Winter Blush. 



particular care, quite plump and sound. The tree grows rapidly and 
straight, and the fruit hangs till late in the autumn. Young shoots 
grayish reddish brown. 

The size is small, rather flat. The skin smooth, yellow, with a red 
cheek. Flesh yellow, with more juice and flavor than any other long- 
keeping variety. Mild, pleasant subacid. J anuary to J uly. 

Them's Red Streak. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale green, with red stripes. Flesh acid. 
Winter. (Ho v. Mag.) 



THE APPLE. 



383 



Thomas. 

An old unknown variety, carried many years since from Maryland 
to Illinois, where it has received the name of Thomas. The tree is very 
hardy, moderately vigorous, forming a handsome-shaped top, annually 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical truncated, greenish, becoming yellow 
when fully matured. Skin thin. Flesh soft, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. December to February. (N. Lyon : MS.) 

Tift's Sweet. 

Origin, New England. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, oblate, green, netted with russet, sometimes with a 
dull brown cheek. Flesh yellowish, exceedingly sweet and rich. A 
regular, but not profuse bearer. Unprofitable. September, October. 

Tillaqua. 
Big Fruit. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate or oblate, yellowish ground, 
nearly covered, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, moderately 
sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
whitish, moderately juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Novem- 
ber to March. 

Tinmouth. 
Teignmouth. Vermont Pippin. 

Origin, Tinmouth, Yt. This fine Apple is much esteemed in the 
region of its origin. The tree is a good grower, very productive, and a 
profitable sort. Young shoots dull brownish red, slightly downy. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, whitish yellow, considerably shaded 
with carmine, and sprinkled with a few brown dots. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a deep cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a deep open ba- 
sin. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant, mild subacid, with a pecu- 
liar melon-like aroma. Good to very good. November to February. 

Titus Pippin. 

Well Apple. Hang-On. Timothy. 

Timothy Titus Sort. 

Origin, near Hempstead, Long Island. Tree an upright, thrifty 
grower, productive, and profitable for market. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conic, somewhat ribbed, pale yellow, 
rarely with a blush. Stalk rather slender. Calyx open. Flesh whit- 
ish yellow, a little coarse, breaking, juicy, tender, brisk subacid. Good. 
Core large and open. December to February. 

Toccoa. 
Muskmelon. 
Originated in Habersham Co., Ga. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, with a light shade of crim- 



384 



THE APPLE. 



son in the sun, few gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Basin 
small, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, mild subacid. Good. 
August, September. 

Toker's Incomparable. 
An English culinary sort. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed or five-sided, yellowish green, 
with traces and streaks of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, 
tender, juicy, brisk, pleasant acid. November, December. (Hogg.) 

TOLBERT. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep red, with indistinct stripes, and light 
dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity narrow, a little russeted. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy and tender, mild subacid. 
Good. Core small. September. 

Tom Potter. 

A Devonshire, England, Apple, described by Ronalds. Tree healthy, 
but uncertain bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, shaded and striped 
with red in the sun. Flesh juicy, high-flavored. September, October. 

Toole's Indian Rareripe. 

Origin unknown. Tree stout, upright, short-jointed, forming a dense 
round head, moderately productive. Young shoots smooth clear reddish. 

Fruit large, roundish slightly conic, greenish yellow, with a tinge of 
red in the sun. Stalk very short. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium, 
uneven. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk subacid, valuable for cook- 
ing. Core large. September, October. 

Tower of Glammis. 
G-lammis Castle. Late Carse of Gowrie. Carse of Gowrie. 

A fine culinary Apple from the Clydesdale orchards, Scotland. Tree 
an excellent bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, sides sometimes unequal, pale yellow, 
shaded with crimson in the sun. Stalk rather slender. Calyx large, 
open. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sharp sub- 
acid. Good. December, January. 

Tower's Glory. 

A cooking Apple, described by Hogg as of medium size, roundish, 
with obtuse angles, yellow, covered in sun with red, and streaked with 
darker shades. Stalk very short. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, brisk, acid. October to April. 

Townsend. 
Hocking. Seager. 
Originated in Bucks Co., Pa., found over one hundred years ago, in 



THE APPLE. 



385 



an Indian clearing by Stephen Townsend, when he first settled in that 
then wild country. Tree healthy, vigorous, upright spreading, produc- 
tive. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, striped and 
splashed with red, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long, 
slender, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx closed, set in a basin of 
moderate depth. Flesh white, tender, very mild, agreeable, subacid. 
Good to very good. Ripe middle of August to middle of September. 

Townsend's Smiling Beauty. 
An excellent kitchen Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellow, with a brownish red 
cheek. Calyx closed. Flesh tender, fine-grained, juicy, agreeable acid. 
October to April. (Hogg.) 

Trader's Fancy. 

Originated in the nurseries of Solomon Phillips, Washington Co., 
Pa. Tree a vigorous grower, a good and regular bearer, and popular 
where known ; valued as a late keeper and market fruit at the South- 
west. Young wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, striped and shaded 
with dull red, covered with a bloom. Stalk short, slender. Calyx 
closed. Basin broad and corrugated. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, 
with a mild, pleasant, subacid flavor* Good to very good. January to 
May. 

Transparent Codlin. 

Lindley describes this as a handsome Apple, forming a spreading 
tree, and an excellent bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, lemon yellow, tinged with 
salmon or red in the sun. Flesh tender, semi-transparent, juicy, sweet. 
September, November. 

Transparent de Zurich. 

Fruit small or medium, beautiful waxen white, clear, translucent- 
September. (Elliott.) 

Transport. 

Origin, Indiana. Tree poor in the nursery, good in the orchard, 
very productive. 

Fruit large, globular, flattened, angular, pale yellow, blushed car- 
mine. Dots scattered, green, with white bases ; purple where exposed, 
bloom white. Flesh yellowish white, tender, melting, fine-grained, 
juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to February. 
Not very profitable. (Warder.) 

Trenton Early ? 

A variety somewhat grown in Ohio and the West, the origin or identi- 

25 



386 



THE APPLE. 



ty of which has not yet been discovered. The tree is a moderately vigor- 
ous grower, hardy, and quite productive. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit above medium, irregular, ribbed. Color yellowish, with slight 
undulations over the surface, which are green. Skin smooth and oily. 
Cavity wide. Basin furrowed. Flesh not very fine-grained, very light 
and tender, with a pleasant, subacid flavor. Good. August. 

Trescott Russet. 

Originated in Sharon, Conn. Tree a strong grower, good bearer ; 
and the fruit keeps well, but inclines to shrivel. 

Fruit roundish conic oblique, yellow russet, with a dull red cheek. 
Stalk short, thick. Calyx closed. Flesh tough, mild subacid, vinous, 
almost sweet. Good. February, April. 

Trumbull Sweet. 
Fenton Sweeting:. Trumbull Sweeting;. 

Originated in the orchard of Aaron Fenton, Trumbull Co., Ohio. Tree 
a healthy, spreading, vigorous grower, an early and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, with a blush in the 
sun, and a few brown and indistinct green or gray dots. Stalk rather 
short and slender. Cavity broad, uneven. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
juicy, tender, mild, sweet. Yery good. Core rather large. Septem- 
ber, October. 

Trumpeter. 
Treadle-Hole. 

An Apple esteemed in the orchards of Lancaster, England. 

Fruit large, oblong, ribbed, pale green, with a tinge of yellow in the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, juicy, sweet subacid. October, De- 
cember. 

Tucker. 

A cooking Apple, described by Cole as medium, flattish round, green- 
ish yellow, crisp, juicy, acid. July, August. 

Tuebxer's Cider. 

Origin, Missouri. Yalued only for cider. 
Fruit below medium, roundish truncated, dull yellowish red. Flesh 
yellow, acid. October. 

Tuebner's Golden. 
Originated in Missouri. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow. Flesh acid. Yalued only for its 
productiveness. September. 

Tuft's. 
Tuft's Baldwin. 

Originated in Cambridge, Mass. The tree is vigorous, forming a 
handsome head, and bearing annually. Young wood dark brown. 



THE APPLE. 



387 



Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, much shaded and sometimes 
striped with red. Stalk in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a plaited 
basin of moderate depth. Flesh crisp, rather juicy, with a flavor scarcely 
subacid, and slightly aromatic. Good. September, October. 

Tulip. 

Tulp. Tulpen. Dutch Tulip. Calville Tulipee. Tulipen Calville. 
A Dutch Apple. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, nearly overspread with 
deep, almost purplish red. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, juicy, tender, sweet subacid. Good. November, January. 

Turkey Greening. 

From Connecticut. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit fair and very productive, large, oblate, slightly conic. Skin 
green, with a dull blush and many light dots. Flesh greenish, tender, 
juicy, subacid, not valuable. January, February. 

Turk's Cap. 
A cooking Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, golden yellow, some russet and 
a brownish tinge of red in the sun. Calyx large, open. Stalk long. 
Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. November, Decem- 
ber. 

Turn off Lane. 

Winter Strawberry. 

Origin, Salem, N. J. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, a regular 
and good bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, striped and 
shaded with red. Flesh white, tender, brisk, sprightly subacid. Good. 
Prized in the neighborhood of its origin as a late keeper. 

Tuscaloosa. 
Tuscaloosa Seedling. 

A variety originated by Andrew Clements, of Tuscaloosa Co., Ala. A 
new seedling of good promise as a market sort for the South. Tree 
moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, shaded, 
striped, and marbled with red russet near the stalk, few gray dots. Stalk 
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core 
small. October to February. 

Tuscaloosa Sweet. 

Supposed a native of Kentucky. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, 
spreading. 

Fruit large to very large, oblate, slightly ribbed, yellowish green, 
becoming deep yellow in the sun, small white suffused specks surrounded 
with crimson red. Stalk medium. Cavity broad and russeted. Calyx 



388 



THE APPLE. 



small, closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, brisk, sparkling, 
sweet. Core medium, compact. Very good. October, December. 

Tuttle. 

Origin unknown. A strong, vigorous, upright, spreading grower. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, mostly shaded 
and splashed with dark and light red, few whitish dots. Stalk very 
short and stout. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
rather firm, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. 
December, February. 

Twenty Ounce. 

Morgan's Favorite. Coleman. 

Twenty Ounce Apple. Cayuga Red Streak. 

Eighteen Ounce Apple. Lima. 

Aurora. Wine of Connecticut. 

A very large and showy Apple, well known in Cayuga Co., N. Y., but 
an old fruit from Connecticut. It is a good, sprightly fruit, though not 
very high flavored, but its remarkably handsome appearance and large 
size render it one of the most popular fruits in market. The tree is 
thrifty, and makes a compact, neat head, bears regular crops, and the 
fruit is always fair and handsome. Young wood rich brownish red. 

Fruit very large, roundish, slightly uneven, greenish yellow, boldly 
splashed and marbled with stripes of purplish red. Stalk short, set in 
a wide, deep cavity. Calyx small. Basin moderately deep. Flesh 
coarse-grained, sprightly, brisk subacid. Good to veiy good. October 
to January. 

Twin. 

A variety introduced and disseminated in Michigan by a nursery- 
man, who, having lost its true name, applied the above, because of its 
bearing its fruit in pairs. It has not yet been identified, but will pro- 
bably prove some old variety. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, yellowish white, nearly covered with 
bright red, shaded and striped with dark red, usually a patch of russet 
next the stalk. Flesh fine-grained, crisp, juicy, with occasional pink 
lines or threads through it, aromatic. October, November. Core small, 
close. (T. T. Lyon, MS.) 

Twitchell's Sweet. 

Origin, Dublin, ]ST. H. ; a vigorous grower, with slender branches, 
and very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, red, shaded with purple, and partially 
sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a 
deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in an abrupt, plaited basin. 
Flesh very white, veined with red under the skin, and sometimes at 
the core, tender, very sweet and pleasant. Good. November, De- 
cember. 

Tyke Beauty. 

A new variety, originated on the farm of Jason Smith, Tyre, Seneca 



THE APPLE. 



389 



Co., N. Y. Tree a good grower, productive of fruit uniformly even in 
size, and valuable as a market sort. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with broken lines 
and splashes of deep crimson, shaded and marbled intermediate, mouldy 
bloom, light gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx with almost 
erect segments. Basin deep. Flesh white, crisp, tender, breaking, 
slightly acid, pleasant. Good. Core small. Seeds broad, pointed. 
Season, early September. (Rural New Yorker.) 

Tyroler Pippin. 
Reinette der Tyrol. 

A Swiss Apple. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish, yellow, with dull red, broken 
stripes in the sun. Flesh white, veined with green, firm, sugary. Win- 
ter. (Yerg.) 

Uncle John. 

Origin, Eastern Pennsylvania. Tree a strong, upright grower, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, oblate oblique, whitish, shaded with light, and 
splashed and striped with dark red or lake, thickly sprinkled with large 
light dots. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh quite white, 
tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Novem- 
ber, December. 

Unique. 

A French Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, ribbed, pale yellow, lightly shaded in 
the sun with red, and thickly sprinkled with small gray and light dots. 
Stalk short. Cavity medium. Calyx small, closed. Segments short to 
a point. Basin small, abrupt. Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, 
subacid. Good. Core small. November, December. 

Union. 

Originated in the County of Way, la. Tree a good bearer. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with pale red stripes. 
January. (Lewis Jones' MS.) 

Updegraff. 
From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale 
yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, darkest in 
sun, few areole dots. Stalk slender, Calyx large, open, or partially 
closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant sub- 
acid. Core small. Good. November. 

Utter. 

A popular Apple in Wisconsin and some other Western sections. 
Tree a regular bearer, and hardy. 



390 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium to large, oblate, lemon yellow ground, mottled, shaded, 
and striped with light red, small russet dots. Stalk short and slender. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin open, furrowed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
mild, pleasant subacid. Good. November, December. 

Yale Mascal Pearmain. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with bright red in 
the sun, and many spots of russet. Flesh yellow, crisp, sugary. 
(Hogg.) 

Van Buren. 

A Southern variety. 

Fruit medium to large, globular, a little conical, yellow, shaded with 
dark red, specks and patches of russet. Stalk short, fleshy. Cavity 
narrow. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
tender. Good keeper. October to April. (White.) 

Vance's Harvest. 
Vance's Early. 

Origin, Edgar Co., 111. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded with orange red 
in the sun, few gray and light dots. Cavity russeted. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. August. Core 
small. 

Vandenabeele. 

Originated in Flanders. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, oblong conical truncated, ribbed at apex, golden yellow, 
splashed and marbled with red in the sun, many gray dots and shades. 
Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, 
half tender, agreeable subacid. December to February. (An. Pom.) 

Vandernoot. 
One of Van Mons' seedlings. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, clear yellow, splashed and clouded with 
deep rich red in the sun, greenish mould toward the apex. Stalk long. 
Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin furrowed. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, subacid. November, December. (Alb. Pom.) 

Vanderspiegel. 
Seek-no-Further of some. 

Origin, Bennington, Vt. Tree a good grower, and productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conic truncated, yellowish, shaded 
and splashed with red, few light dots. Calyx partially closed. Flesh 
yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, February. 



THE APPLE. 



391 



Vandevere. 

White Vandevere. Vandevere of Pa. Green Vandevere. 

Little Vandevere of Indiana. Stalclubs. Vandiver. 
Vanderveer. Yellow Vandervere. Striped Vandervere. 

Pennsylvania Vandevere. Lasting Vandervere ? Fall Vandevere ? 
Red Vandevere. 

The Vandevere is an old fruit, a native of Wilmington, Del., and 
took its name from a family there by name of Vandiver, which should 
be by right the name of the Apple ; but it has so long been known and 
grown under the spelling Yandevere, that we deem it best not to 
change it. There is much confusion existing respecting this Apple and 
its sub-varieties, which possibly some of those may be, grown under 
what we give as synonyms. Tree of moderate horizontal growth, not 
very productive. Young shoots smooth, dark grayish reddish brown, 
with bold, full, projecting, rounded conical buds. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in 
a deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a round, moderate basin. 
Color waxen yellow, striped with red, and covered with numerous green 
dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, but tender, with a fine, rich, subacid 
flavor. Good. October to January. Yaluable for culinary purposes. 

There is a Yandevere which we have received from Virginia, the young 
wood of which is slender, with very small inconspicuous buds. 

Vandervere Pippin. 

Indiana Vandevere. Watson's Vandevere. Big Vandevere. 

Mountain Vandevere. Imperial Vandevere ? 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, rapid grower, spreading, a mode- 
rate bearer. Young wood smooth, light reddish brown, medium sized, 
buds reddish. 

Fruit large, oblate, approaching conic, yellow, flaked all over with red, 
striped on the sunny side, and covered with rough brown dots. Stalk 
short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, often russeted. Calyx partially 
closed, set in a moderate basin. Flesh crisp, with a brisk subacid 
flavor. Good. September to February, Valuable for cooking and 
drying. 

Vandyne. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, vigorous grower, productive. 
Young wood smooth, brownish. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellowish, with a tinge of red, 
and slightly sprinkled with brown and reddish dots. Stalk rather slen- 
der, in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a deep, uneven basin. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, subacid, agreeable. Good. September, October. 

Van Mons Reinette. 
Reinette Van Mons. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, slightly conic, rich yellow, with a rich 
red cheek in sun, considerable russet. Stalk rather short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellow, rich subacid. Very good. December, March. 
Not profitable. 



392 



THE APPLE. 



Vaughn's Winter. 

Origin, Christian Co., Ky. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. 
Introduced by J. S. Downer, of Elkton, Ky. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Sides unequal, whitish, waxen yellow, shad- 
ed with crimson and lilac, and sometimes obscurely striped, and thickly 
covered with conspicuous light dots. Stalk small and short. Deep, 
uneven cavity. Calyx closed. Basin deep, abrupt, open, slightly cor- 
rugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. Janu- 
ary to March. 

Vaughn's Pippin. 
Colonel Vaughn's. 

Fruit small, conical, waxen yellow, with bright crimson in the sun. 
Calyx small, closed. Stalk short. Flesh white, tinged with red under 
the skin on the side, crisp, juicy, sweet. September, October. (Hogg.) 

Vaugoyeau. 
Cadeau du General. 
Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, flattened at base, dull yellow, shaded 
and splashed with red, spotted with gray. Stalk short. Cavity deep. 
Calyx half closed. Flesh white, tender, j uicy, subacid. December to 
March. (An. Pom.) 

Vermillon Boyee. 

A French Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, mostly 
covered, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, few gray dots. Stalk 
short. Cavity russeted. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, 
brisk subacid. Very good. Core small. December, March. 

Versaillaise Beinette. 
Reinette Versaillaise. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, mostly covered with 
dull russet, a slight tinge of red in the sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx 
closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tine, tender, moderately juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good to very good. Core small. December, February. 

Victuals and Drink. 
Big Sweet. Pompey. 

An old Apple, which originated in the neighborhood of Newark, 
N. J., about 1750. Tree of vigorous, upright spreading habit, and a 
moderate bearer. 

Fruit large, oblong, rather irregular, and varies a good deal in size. 
Skin thin, but rough, dull yellow, marbled with russet, with a faint 



THE APPLE. 



393 



r asset blush on the sunny side. Stalk ' moderately long and slender, 
deeply inserted in an irregular cavity. Calyx small, set in a rather 
shallow basin. Elesh yellowish, tender, breaking, rich, sprightly, sweet. 
Yery good. In perfection from October to January, but will keep till 
April. 

Yiolette. 

A sauce or cooking Apple, described by Ronalds as of medium size, 
oblong conical, dark copper or purple color, covered with a fine bluish 
bloom. Flesh white, tinged with red under the skin, juicy, brisk acid. 
December to March. 

Virginia Greening. 

Eoss Greening-. Green Mountain Pippin. Virginia Pippin ? 

Origin unknown, supposed Southern. Tree a vigorous grower and 
very productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellowish, thinly covered with large 
brown dots, and a slight blush. Stalk rather long, in a large cavity. 
Calyx open. Basin broad, corrugated. Flesh yellow, compact, a rather 
pleasant subacid. Esteemed at the South as a late keeper and a good 
market apple. 

Virginia Quaker. 
Origin not known. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit quite small, globular, slightly conic, greenish yellow. Dots 
scattered, minute, black. Calyx small, closed. Elesh yellowish white, 
firm, breaking, subacid. Good. Midsummer. (Warder.) 

Virginia Spice. 

Origin unknown. Tree an erect, slender, moderate grower. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, whitish, thinly sprinkled with brown 
dots. Stalk very short. Cavity russeted. Calyx small, closed. Easin 
small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, sprightly subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Voss' Winter. 

Southern. 

Fruit medium to large, globular, unequal, smooth white, with leather 
cracking, and a heavy bloom. Dots minute, brown. Calyx small, 
closed. Basin abrupt, deep, wavy. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Flesh 
whitish yellow, firm, juicy, subacid. Good. December. (Warder.) 

Wabash. 
Wabash Bellflower. 

Origin, Eennsylvania. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, or somewhat conical, deep yellow, cov- 
j ered with clear orange red, brightest on the sunny side, and streaked 
with russet in the cavity around the stalk. Stalk short, slender. Calyx 



394 



THE APPLE. 



rather large, open. Flesh white, firm, crisp, tender, subacid. Core 
large. November, December. (Hov. Mag.) 



Waddell Hall. 



Tree moderately vigorous. 



A Southern Apple of unknown origin. 
Young wood brownish. . 

Fiuit small, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded striped and 
splashed with light red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed Flesh 
whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Wadhurst Pippin. 

Origin, Wadhurst, Sussex, England. A valuable cooking Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, ribbed at apex, yellow, splashed and 
marbled with red in sun, small gray dots. Stalk very short. Calyx 
closed, with long segments. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk acid. 
November, February. 

Wageneb. 

Origin, Penn Yan, Yates Co., K Y. Tree thrifty upright hardy, 
and early bearer; requires thinning to produce good-flavored fruit; 
when grown in the shade is wanting in flavor. Young wood light 
reddish brown, slightly downy. Buds prominent. 




Wagener. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish opiate, yellow mostly shaded mth 
crimson, obscurely striped, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk nearlj 
an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a large, broad irregular cavity 
Calv* small" and closed, set in a rather abrupt somewhat corrugated ^basm 
Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, excellent, brisk, somewhat vinous 
Very good to best. A very delicate apple. Eipe, November to Februaiy 



THE APPLE. 



395 



Walker's Yellow. 
Walker's Winter. 

This Apple is a native of Pulaski Co., Georgia, and introduced 
by George Walker. Tree upright, vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, fine golden yellow, with a faint blush on the 
sunny side. Stalk of moderate length, in a deep, acute cavity. Basin 
small. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, hard, rather too acid for a dessert 
fruit. Good. November to April. 

Walpole. 

Origin, Walpole, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood 
grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded and striped with bright 
red. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin shallow. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Yery good. Last of August 
and first of September. 

Waltham Abbey. 
Waltham Abbey Seedling 
Origin, Essex, England. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, with dull red in the 
sun, many minute russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity russeted. Calyx 
large, open. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. October, January. 
(Lindley.) 

Wanstall. 
Green Street Apple. 
Originated in Kent, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, ribbed at apex, golden 
yellow, striped and mottled with dark red in the sun, patches and 
veins of russet, and russet dots. Calyx half open. Basin furrowed. 
Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, rich. December to May. 
(Hogg.) 

Ward. 

Origin, Westville, Champagne Co., Ohio. Tree healthy and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit large, oblong, flattened at ends, yellow, streaked and spotted 
with mottled red. Flesh yellowish white, subacid. (O. P. S.) For- 
syth describes an apple under this name as of medium ske, flat, green, 
with some red in sun, sharp acid, and keeps till June. 

Warfield. 

Originated in Muscatine, la. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous grower, 
an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light waxen yellow, with a blush in 
the sun, moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk slender. Cavity 
slightly russeted. Calyx large, open. Segments short. Flesh whitish, 
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. Yaluable for 
cooking. September, October. 



396 



THE APPLE. 



"Warner's King. 

Tree a free and vigorous grower, and a good bearer ; bardy, valua- 
ble for culinary use. 

Fruit very large, roundish ovate, deep yellow, with russet dots and 
patches. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, crisp, 
brisk subacid. November to March. (Hogg.) 

Warraschke de Guben. 
A Russian variety, new. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, greenish 
yellow, with considerable brownish red at apex end. Flesh white, fine, 
tender, mild, sweet, agreeable. Early Winter. (Yer.) 

Washington Royal. 
Palmer Greening. 

Originated in Leominster, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with 
numerous small gray dots, and a clear red in the skin. Calyx closed, in 
a broad basin. Stalk short. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, subacid, slight- 
ly aromatic. Core small. Good to very good. Keeping till July. 




Washington Strawberry. 



Washington Strawberry. 
Originated on the farm of Job WTiipple, Union Springs, Washing- 



THE APPLE. 



397 



ton Co., N. Y. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright spreading, an early and 
abundant bearer. Young wood reddish. Buds prominent, rounded. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, flattened at base, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and mottled with rich red, or crimson. Stalk short. Cavity 
thinly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, reflexed. Basin 
abrupt, deep, furrowed. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, crisp, tender, 
juicy, brisk subacid. Yery good. September, October. 

"Washington Sweet. 

Origin, Berlin, Mass. Tree a thrifty grower and annual bearer. 
Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, slightly oblong conic, flattened at 
ends, yellow occasionally with crimson cheek in the sun, few green dots. 
Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant 
sweet. Good. October, November. 

Watek. 

Originated in Durham Township, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, 
erect, forming a round somewhat close head, blooms nearly two weeks 
later than other varieties, and produces abundantly every other year. 
Young wood very dark, blackish brown. 




Water. 



Fruit medium, roundish conical, sometimes oblong conic truncated, 
whitish yellow, shaded with rich purplish crimson in the sun, few 
brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. Basin small, abrupt, 
slightly corrugated. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Very good. October, November. 



398 



THE APPLE. 



Waterman's Sweet. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and mottled with crimson, few light gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx 
small, closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, moderately sweet. 
Good. December to March. 

"Watson's Dumpling. 

A large English kitchen Apple, nearly round, yellowish green, faintly 
striped with dull red. Flesh juicy, pleasant, subacid. Good. Octo- 
ber to January. 

Watson's Favorite. 

From Maine. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, reddish blush on yellow. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, pleasant subacid. Very good. (Cont. Gent.) 

Waugh's Crab. 

Claimed to have originated in Culpepper Co., Ya. Tree thrifty, 
very productive, valued mainly for cider and long keeping. 

Fruit small, roundish conic truncated, shaded with light red, splash- 
ed and striped with deep red in the sun. . Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
in an abrupt basin. Flesh whitish, very firm, moderately juicy, sweet 
subacid. Good. February to April. 

Wax. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, slightly shaded with 
red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, a little coarse, sweet. 
Good. December, February. 

Waxen. 

Origin, supposed to be Yirginia. Tree thrifty. Young wood dark. 
Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale yellow, oily, sprinkled 
with a few dots. Stalk slender, in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin 
shallow. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild sub- 
acid. Good. November, December. 

Wealthy. 

A new variety originated by Peter M. Gideon, near St. Paul, Minn., 
from seed gathered in Maine about 1860. So far the tree has proved 
hardy, vigorous, and healthy. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, whitish yellow ground, 
shaded with deep rich crimson in the sun, obscure broken str ipes and 
mottlings in the shade, sometimes entirely covered with crimson, many 
light dots. Stalk short to medium, slender. Cavity green, russet. 
Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, fine- 
grained, stained with red, tender, juicy, lively, vinous, subacid. Yery j 
good. Core small. Season, December, February. 



i 



THE APPLE. 



399 



Wealthy's Favorite. 
Winter Seedling. Bradley's Winter. 

Origin, Town of Plymouth, Mich. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale waxen yellow, shaded in sun 
with crimson, and thinly sprinkled with brown and white dots. Stalk 
short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, uneven. 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, mild subacid, pleasant. Very good. 
December to February. An amateur's fruit. 

Webb's Winter. 

A Southern, probably Mississippi, variety. Tree slender, with droop- 
ing branches. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded and rather faintly splashed 
and striped with red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
fine-grained, moderately tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. 
Core small. December, February. 

Wellford's Yellow. 

Origin, Essex Co., Yirginia. A rapid grower and a great bearer. 

Fruit rather small, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with faint red 
streaks on one side. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aroma- 
tic. Keeps well until June. 

Well's Sweet. 
Sweeting, Well's. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright spreading, productive. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, broadest in the middle, and lessen- 
ing each way, pale dull green, with a dull red or brownish cheek. 
Stalk rather slender and short. Calyx short, set in quite a shallow 
basin. Flesh very white, and very tender, abounding with a rich, 
agreeable, sprightly juice. Good to very good. November to January. 

Western Spy. 

Origin, farm of John Mansfield, Jefferson Co., O. Tree a slender 
spreading, moderate grower, but very productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, yellow, often much shaded with 
crimson. Stalk short and stout, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx open, 
set in an abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. 
Excellent for cooking. Good. October to June. 

Westfield Seek-no-Further. 
Connecticut Seek-no-Further. Seek-no-Further. 

The Westfield Seek-no-Further is the Seek-no-Further of Connecti- 
cut, and is an old and highly esteemed variety of that district. It has 
a pearmain flavor. 

Fruit large, pretty regularly round conical, pale or dull red over a pale 
clouded green ground — the red sprinkled with obscure russeted yel- 



400 



THE APPLE. 



low dots. Stalk very slender, three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in 
an even cavity. Calyx closed, or with a few reflexed segments, and set 




Westfield Seek-no-Further. 



in an even basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, 
with a rich pearmain flavor. Yery good or best. A first-rate fruit. 
October to February. # 

West Grinstead Pippin. 
East Grinstead. 

A Sussex, England, Apple, described by Ronalds as of great excel- 
lence. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with broken stripes and 
splashes of red brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh green- 
ish white, soft, tender, brisk subacid. November, February. 

Weston. 

Origin, farm of Major Weston, Lincoln, Mass. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, light yellow, shaded, striped, and 
splashed with red. Flesh white, moderately juicy, mild pleasant flavor. 
Good. Core large. October. 

Wheeler's Extreme. 
Origin, Gloucester, England. 

Fruit small, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and mottled with red, 
and traced with russet. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sweet. No- 
vember, February. (Hogg.) 



THE APPLE. 



401 



Wheeler's Russet. 

An Apple originated in Gloucester, England, and described by 
Lindley, as : 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, gray russet brown in the 
sun, and darker russety specks. Flesh firm, greenish white, brisk, sac- 
charine. November to March. 

Wheeler's Sweet. 
Origin, Harding Co., O. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, with a red cheek in the sun, 
minute brown and light dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, furrowed. 
Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, mode- 
rately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. Core rather small. October, No- 
vember. 

Whig. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, inclining to conic, often oblique, yellow, 
shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, sometimes very 
dark, large light dots, often with a brown centre. Stalk short, small. 
Cavity russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid, almost sweet. Good. Core small. December. 

White Astrachan - . 

Pyrus Astracanica. Transparent de Moscovie. 

Glace de Zelande. Weisser Astrakan. 

Astracanischer Sommerapfel. 

A nearly white, semi-transparent Russian Apple. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin very smooth, nearly white, 
with a few faint streaks of red on one side, and covered with a white 
bloom. Flesh quite white, partially transparent, tender, and of delicate 
flavor, but rather dry. Poor. First of August. 

White Beauty. 

Origin, Ashtabula Co., O. Tree a good grower, young shoots, red- 
i dish, with gray specks. 

Fruit medium, roundish, smooth, dull greenish, with grayish specks. 
Flesh very white, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. September, De- 
| cember. (Elliott.) 

White Calville. 

White Winter Calville. Calville Blanche d'Hiver. 

! Weisser Winter Calville. 

The White Calville is a celebrated old French sauce and cooking 
I Apple ; but, like most others of its class, is not worthy of cultivation. 
! Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, yellow, faint blush. Flesh 
j coarse, tender, pleasant. Hardly good. November, February. 

26 



402 



THE APPLE. 



White Doctor. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. A profitable market sort, and valuable for 
culinary uses. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk short, set in 
an acute cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and furrowed. Flesh 
white, tender, brisk subacid. Good. September, October. 



White Incomparable. 
Large White Incomparable Crab. 

An Apple described by Ronalds as above medium size, clear creamy 
yellow. Stalk slender. Flesh crisp, juicy, acid. October, December. 
Valuable for culinary uses. 



J oanneting. 
Juniticg. 
Gennetting. 
Primiting. 
May of Vhginia. 



White Juneating. 

Owen's Golden Beauty. 

Jennetting. 

Juneting. 

May Pippin. 

Caroline. 

Early May. 



Juneating. 
Ginetting. 
Early Jennetting. 
Yellow May. 
Carolina of some. 



This is an old variety, mentioned by Evelyn in 1660, and described 
by Ray in 1688, and is a very tolerable little Apple, ripening among the 
very earliest, during the last of June and the first of July. It is very 
distinct from the Early Harvest, sometimes called by this name. Tree 
a moderate grower, and forms a roundish upright spreading head. Pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, round, a little flattened. Calyx closed. Stalk rather 
long and slender. Pale green at first, light yellow, with sometimes a 
faint blush on the sunny side. Flesh crisp and of a pleasant flavor, but 
soon becomes dry. Good. 

White Nonpareil. 
Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at the ends. Skin greenish yel- 
low, almost entirely covered with reddish gray. Flesh white, half firm, 
sugary, acid. May. (Soc. Y. Mon.) 



Paradise Pippin. 
May. 



White Paradise. 

Lady's Finger. 
Egg. 



Long May. 
Eve. 



A Scotch fruit of some beauty, but of little value except for culinary 
use. Tree a free grower, and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong roundish conical, broadest at base, clear yel- 
low, splashed and mottled with red, brown russety dots. Flesh yellow- 
ish, tender, crisp, pleasant acid. October. 

White Pippin. 
Canada Pippin. 

This Apple is much cultivated at the West, but of unknown origin. 



THE APPLE. 



403 



It is of the Newtown Pippin class, distinct from Canada Peinette. Tree 
thrifty, upright, a regular and good bearer. Young shoots dark clear 
reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit large, form variable, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, greenish 
white, waxen, sprinkled with green dots, and becoming pale yellow at 
maturity, sometimes having a dull blush and a few brown dots. Stalk 
short, inserted in a large cavity, surrounded by green russet. Calyx 



White Pippin. 

small, nearly closed, set in an abrupt furrowed basin. Flesh white, 
tender, crisp, juicy, fine, rich subacid. Very good to best. Core small. 
January to March. 

White Rambo. 

Origin, Huntington Co., Pa. Tree of medium growth. Branches 
remarkably slender. Very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, approaching conic, yellowish white. Stalk 
short, in a russeted cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, surrounded by 
prominences. Flesh yellowish, fine, pleasant subacid. Good. Core 
small. November. 

White Romarin". 
Eomarin Blanche. 

An Italian Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, clear light yellow, faint red in the 
sun, large gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish 
white, fine, aromatic subacid. Core large, open. December to March, 
(An. Pom.) 



White Eusset. 



An Irish dessert Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish russety green, intermixed 
with white, and having a little light red on the sunny side. Stalk 
short. Flesh firm, good. Apt to grow mealy. November. (Lindley.) 

White Spanish Reinette. 

D'Espagne. Kemette Blanche d'Espagne. 

Fall Pippin, erroneously. Reinette d'Espagne. 

Large Fall Pippin. Camnesar. 

Cobbett's FaU Pippin. Elgin Pippin ? 

A very celebrated old Spanish variety. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, with broad ribs on its sides, ter- 
minating in an uneven crown, where it is nearly as broad as at the base. 
Calyx large, open, very deeply sunk in a broad-angled, oblique, irregular 
basin. Stalk half an inch long, set in a rather small, even cavity. Skin 
smooth, yellowish green on the shaded side, orange, tinged with brown- 
ish red next the sun, and sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh yellowish 
white, crisp, tender, rich subacid. Very good. The tree has the same 
wood, foliage, and vigorous habit as our Fall Pippin, and the fruit keeps 
a month longer. This is quite distinct from Fall Pippin. 

White Spice. 
Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Flesh subacid, good. September. 
(A. Pom. S. Rep.) 

White Spitzenberg. 

Origin, Northampton Co., Pa. Tree an annual productive bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, yellow, inter sj:>ersed with large gray 
dots, with a blush on the exposed sides. Stalk short, in a deep, open 
cavity. Calyx small, closed, narrow basin. Flesh breaking, sufficiently 
juicy, subacid, agreeable aroma. Good. December to March. 

White's Red Winter. 

Southern. 

Fruit large, oblong, shaded and striped with red. Flesh rich, juicy. 
Good keeper. (Cont. Gent.) 

White Summer Pippin. 

An early dessert Apple, described in Ronalds as of medium size, 
roundish, straw color, mottled and variegated with some russet and pur- 
ple spots. Flesh tender and delicious, if eaten oil the tree in August. 

White Sweet. 

Witherill's White Sweet. Honey Sweet of some. 

Origin, supposed New Jersey. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish with a blush of criin- 



THE APPLE. 



405 



son in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, not very 
tender, moderately juicy, mild sweet. Good. September, October. 
Valuable for stock, cider, and cooking. 

White Virgin. 
Scotch Virgin. 
A culinary Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow to rich orange, and streaked with 
red in the sun, a few dark dots and veins of russet. Stalk short. Calyx 
large, closed. Flesh white, soft, tender, juicy, brisk acid. October to 
February. 

"White's Winter. 

Origin, Guilford Co., N. C. Tree thrifty, a great and early bearer. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish white, somewhat rich, 
juicy, and very good. Keeps well. (Count. Gent.) 

Whitewater Sweet. 

From Southern Ohio. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with a few gray and 
many indistinct light dots. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, compact, 
juicy, crisp, mild sweet. Good. December to March. 

White Wine. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish, with rays, patches, and 
specks of russet. Stalk short and fleshy. Calyx open. Flesh white, 
firm, crisp, pleasantly acid. October, December. 

White Winter. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Cocklin, Cumberland Co., Penn. Tree mode- 
rately vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit small, nearly globular, light yellow, with a dull crimson cheek. 
Stalk medium, in an acute cavity. Calyx firmly closed, a little sunk, in 
a very small basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, almost buttery, mild subacid. 
Good. January to May. 

White Winter Pearmain. 
Campbellite. 

Origin unknown, by some thought to be an old Eastern variety, 
highly esteemed at the West. Tree spreading, hardy, and thrifty, a 
regular and good bearer. Young shoots very short-jointed, dull reddish 
brown, slightly grayish or downy at end. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblong conic, somewhat oblique. 
Stalk short, in a deep cavity. Calyx nearly closed. Segments long. Basin 
uneven. Skin pale yellow, with a slight blush or warm cheek, thickly 



406 



THE APPLE. 



sprinkled with minute brown dots. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, 
very pleasant subacid. Yery good. January to April. 




White Winter Pearmain. 



Whitman. 
From South Abington, Mass. 

Fruit a little above medium, oblong, greenish yellow, with russet 
blotches. Stalk slender. Flesh sweet. December. (N. E. Farm.) 



Whitmore's Pippin. 

Fruit medium, conical, ribbed, yellowish green, dark green specks, 
and slight tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish green, breaking, 
brisk, slight aromatic. November, January. (Lindley.) 

Whitney Russet. 

Origin unknown. Supposed Canadian. Tree a vigorous grower, 
productive. Young shoots reddish brown, grayish. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly mclining to conic, yellow, mostly 
covered with thin light russet, sometimes a shade of crimson in the 
sun. Stalk long, often with bracts. Cavity large, deep. Calyx 
closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, 
mild subacid. Yery good. Core small. December to April. 

Wiceham's Pearmain. 
"Wick Pearmain. 

This variety, says Hogg, was grown at Wickham, near Winchester, 
Hampshire, England. It is an excellent dessert Apple. 



THE APPLE. 



407 



Fruit small, roundish conical, flattened at base, yellow, tinged 
and shaded with red, patches and specks of russet. Flesh greenish 
yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, high flavored. October to December. 

Wier Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a round, 
regular head, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow or yellow, often with a shade 
of bronze in the sun, moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk 
slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, 
rather rich sweet. Good. Core medium or rather small. December 
to March. 

WlLFONG. 

From North Carolina. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, depressed, greenish yellow, shaded with 
dark purplish red, indistinct splashes and stripes, light dots. Stalk 
short, stout. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, moderately 
juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. December to 
March. 

William Penn. 

.From Columbia, Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, striped, and' mottled with bright red, many light dots. Stalk 
very short. Cavity considerably russeted. Calyx closed. Basin large, 
deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- 
acid, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Core small. December 
to March. 

William's'' Favoeite. 
William's Early. William's Eed. 

A large and handsome dessert Apple. It originated at Poxbury, 
near Boston, Mass., bears abundantly^ and ripens from the last of J uly to 
the first of September. An excellent market variety. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong conic, and a little one-sided. 
Stalk an inch long, slender, slightly sunk. Calyx closed, in a furrowed 
basin. Skin very smooth, of a light red ground, but nearly covered 
with a fine dark red. Flesh yellowish white, and of a very mild and 
agreeable flavor. Good. Pequires a strong, rich soil. 

William's Pippin. 

Fruit below medium, somewhat conical, pale yellow, mottled with 
pale red in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, soft, pleasant subacid. Good 
to eat from the tree, and for baking and roasting. October, December. 
(Lindley.) 

William's White. 
Origin, supposed Cumberland Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, slightly conic, whitish yellow, sprin- 



408 



THE APPLE. 



kled with a few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
light yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. August, September. 

Willis's Russet. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Willis, Sudbury, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous, 
and an abundant bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate conic, russet on a yellow ground, and occa- 
sionally a sunny cheek. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a large 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich 
pear-like flavor. Very good. December, January. 

Willis Sweet. 

Pear Lot. Pear-Tree Lot. 

Origin on the farm of Edward Willis, Oyster Bay, Long Island. 
Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, productive. Young shoots rich, 
warm brown, slightly grayish. 




Willis Sweet. 



Fruit rather large, roundish, whitish, somewhat shaded with a thin 
light red, and blotched with crimson, few brown dots. Stalk short and 
stout. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh whitish, 
crisp, juicy, tender, sweet, and rich. Very good. Core large. August, 
September. Valuable for table, market, and culinary purposes. 



THE APPLE. 



409 



Willow Twig. 
Willow. James River. 

Of unknown origin. The tree is a poor grower in the nursery, but 
makes a good spreading, somewhat drooping, orchard tree, quite hardy, 
and very productive, and although of only good quality, its keeping 
qualities, productiveness, and hardihood make it a profitable market 
Apple for rich prairie and bottom lands in the West. Young shoots 
slender, reddish brown, downy. Buds inconspicuous. 




Willow Twig. 



Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly conic, somewhat oblate, light 
yellow, shaded and marbled with dull red, and sprinkled with numerous 
russet dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity narrow, sometimes 
partially closed, with a lip. Calyx partially closed, in a somewhat cor- 
rugated abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish green, not very tender, pleasant 
subacid. Good. Valuable for late keeping. 

Willsboro. 
Supposed origin, Willsboro, Essex, Co., N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, shaded, mottled, and marbled 
mostly with dull red. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, tender, 
sprightly subacid. December, February. (J. W. Bailey.) 

Wilmot. 
Wilmot's Seedling. 

A sauce or cooking Apple described by Eonalds. Tree an upright, 
strong grower, productive. 



410 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, conical, yellow, with marblings of gray, and splashes 
of red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, fragrant subacid. July, August. 

Wilson. 

Of Michigan. 

Fruit large, round, slightly conic, regular. Surface smooth, golden 
yellow. Dots scattered, dark. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, 
subacid, rich. January, February. (Warder.) 

The same author describes another Apple under this name as from 
Western "Virginia. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate or oblate, smooth, nearly covered with 
very deep red, in which the stripes are almost obscured. Dots minute, 
white. Flesh white, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid. 
January. 

Wilson's Summer. 

Origin, Forsyth Co., K. C. Tree upright, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, thickly 
striped with clear red. Flesh rich, juicy, fine-flavored. August, Sep- 
tember. (Count. Gent.) 

Wilson's Volunteer. 

Fruit large, globular truncated or flattened, regular, yellow, mostly 
covered with mixed red, striped darker. Dots large, gray, and yellow. 
Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy subacid. December, February. 
(Warder.) 

Winchell Sweet. 
Origin, Hartford Co., Conn. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, greenish yellow, with a brownish 
shade in the sun, moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, moderately juicy, sweet, and 
rich. Good. Core small. February to May. Valuable for cook- 
ing. 

Windham Russet. 

An Apple from Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, i-oundish, inclining to conic, yellow, mostly covered 
with dull rough russet, often mixed with red in the sun, gray rough or 
raised dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, large. Calyx partially open. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. 
Core small. December to April. 

Wine. V 

Hay's "Winter. "Winter Wine. Pennsylvania Red Streak. 

English Red Streak, incorrectly. 

The Wine Apple is a very handsome, and an admirable winter 
fruit, a most abundant bearer, and a hardy tree. It is a native of Del- 
aware. The tree has small leaves, grows thriftily, and makes a fine 
spreading head. Young shoots smooth grayish reddish brown. 



THE APPLE. 



411 



Fruit rather above medium size — in rich soils large ; form regular, 
nearly round, a little flattened at the ends. Skin smooth, of a lively 
deep red over a yellow ground, or more frequently with a few indis- 
tinct stripes of yellow. Stalk short, inserted in a round, smooth cavity, 
with a little russet around it. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, and crisp, 
with a rather vinous, rich, and pleasant flavor. Good to very good. 
Core small. October to March. 

"Winesap. 

Wine Sop ? Potpie Apple. 

This is not only a good Apple for the table, but it is also one of the 
very finest cider fruits, and its fruitfulness renders it a great favorite 
with orchardists. The tree grows rather irregularly, and does not form 
a handsome head, but it bears early, and the apples have the good 
quality of hanging late upon the trees without injury, while the tree 
thrives well on sandy, light soils. The tree is very hardy, and one of 
the most profitable orchard varieties wherever grown. Young wood 
reddish brown, with smooth red buds. 




Winesap. 



Fruit of medium size, rather roundish oblong. Skin smooth, of a fine 
dark red, with a few streaks, and a little yellow ground, appearing on the 
shady side. Stalk nearly an inch long, slender, set in an irregular cav- 
ity. Calyx small, placed in a regular basin, with fine plaits. Flesh 
yellow, firm, crisp, with a rich, high flavor. Very good. November to 
May. 

Wing Sweet. 

An old variety, of unknown origin, profitable for stock feeding and 
cooking. Tree a moderate grower, spreading, and productive. 



412 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate conical, yellow, mostly 
shaded, splashed, and striped with dark red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately 
juicy, sweet, rich, and pleasant. Good to very good. September to 
December. 

Winn's Russet. 

Origin, Sweden, Me. Tree of slow growth, hardy and productive. 

Fruit large. Cavity deep. Basin broad and shallow. Color dark 
russet, with obscure stripes of red, covered with whitish spots. Flesh 
fine-grained, subacid. Good. Keeps till May. 

Winslow. 

From Virginia. 

Fruit large, globular, flattened at base, dark and light red streaked, 
light brown specks and dark flakes. Stalk short, slender. Calyx open. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Fall and early winter. 
(Elliott.) 

Winter Codlin. 

An English culinary Apple. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, partially splashed, 
striped, and marbled with light red, few gray dots. Calyx closed. Basin 
slightly furrowed. Flesh white, rather firm, moderately juicy, subacid. 
Good. October to March. 

Winter Colman. 
Norfolk Colman. Norfolk Storing. 

A culinary Apple, described by Lindley as : 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, deep red in the sun. 
Flesh firm, crisp, sharp subacid. November to March. 

Winter Gray Reinette. 

Reinette Grrise d'Hiver. Reinette Grise Extra. Belle Fille. 
Prager. Eeinette Grise. Grauwe Franse Bennett. 

Reinette Grise Francaise. 

Among the Reinettes there is a world of confusion, and we feel no 
confidence in correctness until such time as they may be gathered and 
grown all in the same grounds. The present description of this variety 
is taken frQm Hogg. Tree healthy, vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened on the sides, broadest at base, 
dull yellowish green in the shade, with a patch of thin dull brownish 
red f in the sun, which side is so covered with brown russet that little 
color is visible. Stalk very short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, firm, 
crisp, rich, juicy, sugary. November to May. 

We have received and fruited a Winter Gray Reinette from Rivers, 
which is small, oblate, depressed, dull yellowish gray russet, indistinct 
raised dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, firm, 
moderately juicy, rich, brisk subacid. Good. December to May. 



THE APPLE. 



413 



The Album of Pomology also describes a "Winter Gray Reinette as 
large, roundish, dull pale yellow, overlaid with dull greenish russet. 

Winter Harvey. 
Winter Pippin. Autumn Pippin. 

An old Eastern variety. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, produc- 
tive. Young shoots dark grayish reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, slightly ribbed, greenish yellow, 
rarely with a shade of dull red in the sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx 
partially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. 
Good. Core rather small. January to March. 

Winter Hog Island Sweet. 

Origin, Long Island. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate inclining to conic, slightly ribbed, 
pale yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with light and dark red, few 
light and brown dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, moderately juicy, rather rich sweet. Good. Core small 
November to February. 

Winter Lading. 
A sauce Apple, from Sussex, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, green, with patches and dots of 
thin russet. Flesh greenish white, juicy, tender, sweet subacid. Octo- 
ber, December. (Hogg.) 

Winter Maiden's Blush. 
From Bucks Co., Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, yellow, covered with large, distinct, 
carmine dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
subacid. "Very good. Core large. (Gar. Mon.) 

Winter Majettin. 

A Norfolk, England, Apple, described by Lindley as valuable for 
culinary uses. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, ribbed at apex, yellowish green, with 
a dull brownish red in sun exposure. Flesh greenish white, firm, brisk, 
sharp subacid. December, February. 

Winter Pearmain. 

Old Pearmain. Parmain d'Hiver. 

Pearmain. Great Pearmain. 

Pepin Parmain d'Hiver. Pepin Parmain d'Angleterre. 

Peremenes. 

This is one of the oldest Apples on record. The tree a free and 
healthy grower, and productive. 

Fruit medium, conical, greenish, with lively deep red in the sun, 
russety dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic. 
November to March. 



414 



THE APPLE. 



There is grown in Illinois, and other Western States, an Apple tinder 
the various names of Winter Pearmain and Red Pearmain, entirely 
distinct from above. The tree is vigorous, spreading, with slender branches. 
Young shoots moderately slender, grayish reddish brown, with downy 
buds. 

Fruit medium, oblate, a little inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with light and dark red. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, rich subacid. Good. 
Core small. November, February. 

There is another Winter Pearmain, grown in Pennsylvania, the 
fruib of which is below medium, oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, shaded 
and obscurely splashed with brownish red, few light dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx open. Flesh yellow, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Good. Core small. January to May. 

Winter Pippin of Vermont, 

Origin unknown, much cultivated in Vermont ; a fair grower and 
productive. 

Fruit large to very large, nearly globular, inclining to conic, ob- 
scurely ribbed, greenish yellow, sprinkled with star-like crimson dots, 
cheek shaded with dull crimson. Stalk short, inserted in a deep com- 
pressed cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Segments long, in a rather 
deep, uneven basin. Flesh white, tender, and agreeable. Good. No- 
vember to March. 

We have received a Winter Pippin from Michigan, where it was 
introduced from Western New York, but have not sufficiently tested 
it to decide as to its identity with the above. 

Winter Reinette. 
Weisse Antillische. Winter Reinette. 

A beautiful and excellent German dessert Apple. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, lemon yellow, with blush red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sugary, vinous. December to March. 
(Diel.) 

Winter Strawberry. 

This variety is described by Ronalds as above medium size, roundish, 
yellow, splashed, shaded, and striped partially over with rich red. Flesh 
whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. December, January. 

Winter Sweet Paradise. 
Paradise Winter Sweet. Grandmother. 

From Pennsylvania. The Winter Sweet Paradise is a productive and 
excellent orchard fruit, always fair, and of fine appearance. Tree 
hardy, upright, vigorous, not an early bearer. Young shoots reddish 
gray. 

Fruit rather large, regularly formed, roundish oblate. Color dull 
green when picked, with a brownish blush, becoming a little paler at 



415 



THE APPLE. 



maturity. Stalk short, set in a round cavity, often russeted. Calyx 
closed, small. Basin rather deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, 




Winter Sweet Paradise. 



fine-grained, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and very good. Core rather small. 
November to March. 

Winthrop Greening. 
Lincoln Pippin. Howe Apple. 

Origin, Winthrop, Me. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish yellow, with nettings 
and patches of russet, thickly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk 
rather short. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rather 
rich subacid. Good. Core small. September. 

Winthrop Pearmain. 

Origin, Winthrop, Me. Size large, roundish ovate. Skin yellow, 
striped with red, and deep red in the sun. Stem in a large cavity. 
Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy. Flavor spicy and pleasant. Septem- 
ber to January. (Me. P. S. R.) 

WlSNER. 

Originated on the farm of Wisner, Middletown, Orange Co., 1ST. Y. 

Fruit small, conical, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red. 
Flesh tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, March. 

Woodland. 

A Southern variety. 

Fruit full medium, oblate, yellowish green, sometimes striped red. 



416 



THE APPLE. 



Dots few, minute. Calyx small, closed. Stalk medium to long. Flesh 
yellow, rather tough, but juicy, subacid. Good. Mid^v inter. (Am. 
Hort. An.) 

WOODRING. 

Originated in Fairfield Co., O. Tree a moderate grower, slender 
branches, early bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, mostly covered with red. 
Flesh white, juicy, subacid. Good. January to March. 

Wood's Greening. 
Coate's Greening. Onstine. Cooke's Greening. 

A native of New Jersey. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, somewhat 
spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with rough spots or 
patches. Stalk short. Calyx large. Flesh greenish white, fine-grained, 
tender, juicy, slightly subacid. Very good. Core small. January, 
February. 

Wood's Sweet. 
Hyde's Sweet. 

Origin, Sudbury, Vt., and there considered the best fall sweet 
Apple in cultivation. Growth nearly equal to Baldwin, and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit large, irregularly oblate. Color whitish yellow, waxen or 
oily, shaded and striped with fine rich red. Stalk rather short, inserted 
in a broad, deep, furrowed cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a rather 
deep open basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich saccharine. Good to 
very good. September, November. 

WOOLFOLKS. 

Supposed Kentucky origin. 

Fruit full medium, truncated, regular, yellow green, scattered gray 
dots. Flesh white, tender, breaking, juicy, subacid. Good. Table, 
kitchen. December to March. (Warder.) 

WopiMsley Pippin. 
Knight's Codling. 

An English fruit, middle-sized, roundish, tapering a little towards 
the eye, pale green or straw color, darker next the sun. Flesh white, 
crisp, firm, with a sharp subacid juice. Good. September. 

Wright. 

Origin, Hubbardton, Yt. Tree vigorous and productive. Young 
wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow. Stalk short, inserted 
in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin rather large and corrugated. 



THE APPLE. 



417 



Flesh white, very tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, aromatic. Good 
to very good. Middle of September to middle of October. 

Wright's Janet. 

Supposed to have originated near St. Louis, Mo. 

Fruit medium to large, round, sometimes flat, regular, waxen yel- 
low, mixed, striped, splashed carmine. Dots minute, prominent, 
scattering. Flesh deep yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid. 
Good to very good. January to June. (Warder.) 

Wyken Pippin. 
Warwickshire Pippin. Girkin Pippin. Arley. 

An old variety, originated near Coventry, England. Tree upright, 
hardy, and productive. 

Fruit below medium, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with dull 
orange blush in sun, mottled and marbled and dotted with light russety 
patches and dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet subacid. De- 
cember, February. (Ron.) 

Yacht. 

Origin, Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree of moderate growth, a regular 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
two shades of red, large light dots. Stalk medium. Calyx partially 
closed. Flesh white, tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core 
small. November, January. 

Yadkin. 

Southern. 

Fruit large, round, regular, red striped. Flesh white, dry, subacid. 
Only good. August. (Warder.) 

Yahoola. 

Origin, Lumpkin Co., Ga. Tree with slender, wiry limbs, a good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow green, specked and streaked with rus- 
set. Stalk long, slender. Calyx and basin medium. Flesh juicy. 
Good. September to January. (White.) 

Yankee Spy. 

Seedsville Sweet ? Dutchess County Sweet. Ox Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes a little conic, deep yellow, some- 
times a tinge of red in the sun, large brown dots. Stalk medium. 
Calyx closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, rich, 
sweet. Good. Core small. October, November. A valuable culinary 
sort. 

27 



418 



THE APPLE. 



Yates. 

Originated in Fayette Co., Ga. Tree very upright grower, great 
bearer and good keeper. 

Fruit small, oblate or oblate conic, whitish yellow, overspread, 
shaded, splashed, and striped with shades of red, many light dots. Stalk 
slender. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, sometimes stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good. March to May. 

Yellow Bellfloweh. 

Bellefleur Yellow. Belle Fleur. 

Bishop's Pippin of Nova Scotia. Lady Washington. 
Reinette Musque. Warren Pippin. 

The Yellow Belle Fleur is a large, handsome, and excellent winter 
Apple, everywhere highly esteemed in the United States. It is most 
abundantly seen in the markets of Philadelphia, as it thrives well in the 
sandy soils of New Jersey. Coxe first described this fruit ; the original 
tree of which grew in Burlington, 1ST. J. Tree a moderately vigo- 
rous grower, forming a spreading, roundish, rather drooping head. 
Young wood yellowish brown. A regular and excellent bearer. 




Yellow Belltlower. 



Fruit very large, oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the eye. Skin 
smooth, pale lemon yellow, often with a blush next the sun. Stalk long 



THE APPLE. 



419 



and slender, in a deep cavity. Calyx closed and set in a rather narrow, 
plaited basin. Seeds in a large hollow capsule or core. Flesh tender, 
juicy, crisp, with a sprightly subacid flavor ; before fully ripe it is con- 
siderably acid. Yery good. December, February. 

Yellow Foster. 

Origin unknown. Received from Ohio. Tree very vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, yellow, thinly sprinkled with brown and 
green dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, 
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. October, November. 

Yellow Ingestrie. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, clear bright gold color, without red. 
Flesh tender and delicate, with a plentiful juice when freshly gathered 
from the tree. Good. October. 

Yellow June. 
White June. 

Of unknown Southern origin. Tree vigorous, upright grower, and 
abundant bearer. Young wood light reddish brown, slightly downy, 
very small buds. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with green and brown dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity slightly rus- 
seted. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, sprightly subacid. Good. 
Core small. June, July, South. August at North. 

Yellow Meadow. 

A Southern fruit. 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk rather slender, in a deep, 
irregular cavity. Calyx large and open, in a shallow basin. Flesh yel- 
low, compact, vinous. Good. November. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin. 
Albemarle Pippin. 

The Yellow Newtown Pippin is handsomer in appearance, and has a 
higher perfume than the Green or Newtown Pippin, and its flesh is 
rather firmer, and equally high flavored ; while the Green is more juicy, 
crisp, and tender. The Yellow Newtown Pippin is rather flatter, 
measuring only about two inches deep, and it is always quite oblique — 
projecting more on one side of the stalk than the other. When fully 
ripe it is yellow, sometimes with a rather lively red cheek, and a smooth 
skin, few or none of the spots on the Green variety, but with the same 
russet marks at the stalk. It is also more highly fragrant before and 
after it is cut than the Green. The flesh is firm, crisp, juicy, and with 
a very rich and high flavor. Both the Newtown Pippins grow alike, 
and they are both excellent bearers. This variety is rather hardier and 
succeeds best. February to May. 

Yellow Sweet. 
A native Apple of unknown origin. 



420 THE APPLE. 

Fruit small, roundish, light yellow, with a few gray Jots. Flesh 
white, rather tender, pleasant, sweet. Good. October, November. 




Yellow Newtown Pippin. 



Yopp's Favorite. 

From Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, with a blush 
in the sun, sprinkled sparingly with russet dots, and a little russet 
about the stem. Calyx open, in a deep basin. Stalk short. Cavity deep. 
Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core small. 
November. 

Yoek. 

From Massachusetts. Valuable for culinary purposes. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, pale yellow, with a slight shade of 
red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October, 
November. 

York Imperial. 
Johnson's Fine Winter. 

Origin thought to be York Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, 
productive. Young wood rich brown, downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate oblique, whitish, shaded with crimson in the 
sun, thinly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed or partially open. Basin large, deep. Flesh yellowish, firm, 
crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core com- 
pact, small. November, February. 



THE APPLE. 



421 



Yorkshire Greening. 
Coate's. Yorkshire Goose Sauce. 

An English culinary Apple. Tree very vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish, with shades and stripes 
of dull red, specks and traces of russet. Flesh greenish white, firm, 
crisp, brisk subacid. Good. October, November. 

Yost. 

A native of Berks Co., Pa. Tree large and spreading. 

Fruit oblate, very much flattened, yellow, striped and shaded with 
crimson, thinly dotted with brown. Stalk short. Cavity slightly rus- 
seted. Calyx partially closed. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, January. 

Zane. 
Zane Greening. 

Origin, Virginia. 

Fruit large, roundish, dull greenish yellow. Flesh greenish white, 
tender, soft. Poor. February to June. (Elliott.) 

Zieber. 

Origin, Reading, Pa. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, with a striped red cheek. 
Flesh dry, pleasant, hardly good. 

Zoar Greening. 

Origin, Ohio. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, greenish, faintly shaded with dull red in 
the sun. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
Core small. November, December. 



SIBERIAN CEABS AND IMPROVED SIBERIAN 

APPLES. 

The varieties of Siberian Crab Apples (Pyrus baccata) have, here- 
tofore, been mainly valued for their handsome flowers and the beautiful 
appearance of the tree when loaded with fruit. 

Within the past year or two, however, considerable attention has 
been given to their cultivation by fruit-growers in our Western and 
Northwestern States, because of the superior hardihood of the trees. 
Large numbers of seedlings have been grown, some bearing full evidence 
of the paternity of the Pyrus baccata, others possessing more or less 
of the Pyrus malus, apparent more in the flesh and improved quality 
of the fruit, than in the habit of the trees. They are all valuable for 
cider, preserves, and cooking, and some of the improved varieties, more 



truly, perhaps, Siberian Apples than Crabs, are quite pleasant and rich 
for the dessert. The great hardihood of the trees, and their produc- 
tiveness, make them highly valuable for sections where the better vari- 
eties of the Pyrus malus do not succeed. In description of these vari- 
eties the terms "medium, large, or small," must be considered as 
applied in comparison with the Siberian Crab. 

The common Siberian Crab is a beautiful little fruit, which is pro- 
duced in rich clusters on the branches, and, at a distance, resembles 
large and handsome cherries. It is highly esteemed for preserving, and 
almost every large garden contains a tree of this variety. It forms a 
vigorous, neat tree, of rather small size, and its blossoms, which are 
white, are produced in beautiful profusion in spring, and a large crop 
of fruit regularly follows. 

Akin's Winter. 

From Minnesota. 

Fruit medium or small, roundish oblate, light, pale yellow, with a 
rich clear carmine red cheek in sun. Stalk long and slender, set in an 
open acute cavity, often russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, broad, 
and somewhat furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, somewhat 
too acid for a pleasant table apple, but not too much so for cooking. 
December. 

Astracan. 

Evergreen Apple Crab. 

Fruit medium, oblate, compressed, green, specked with white dots. 
Flesh greenish white, juicy. Inferior. 

ASTRACHAN. 

This is one of the very largest sized of the old varieties. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, bright rich clear red, with 
a fine light bloom. Calyx with long segments, prominent. Flesh 
whitish, crisp, juicy, sharp, brisk acid, tender. September. 

Chase's Winter Sweet. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, rich warm yellow ground, 
mostly overspread with dark rich red, minute dots. Stalk long, slender. 
Cavity broad, open, deep. Calyx half closed, with short, almost erect 
segments. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, very firm, mod- 
erately juicy, mild, sweet. December. 

Cherry. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate, pointed, light yellow, spotted and 
shaded with red. Flesh crisp, juicy, pleasant, hangs long, almost even 
to drying on the tree. September, October. 

Chicago. 

Origin near Marengo, 111. 

Fruit similar to Coral in general appearance — a little longer or more 



THE APPLE. 



423 



completely oblong. Flesh not as deep colored as Coral, but quite crisp, 
sprightly subacid, and by many would be preferred to Coral, although 
it is not as rich. December to March. 

Copal. 

This variety has the same origin as Chicago. 

Fruit small, conical flattened at ends ; rich warm yellow ground, 
with a vermilion cheek. Stalk long, slender, set in a narrow, acute cav- 
ity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed, surrounded with corrugated 
ridges, but with little or no basin. Flesh yellowish, crisp, sprightly, 
juicy, rich, mild subacid, almost tender. An early winter sort, keeping 
until about February. 

Currant Crab. 

The fruits of this kind are of the size of currants, and are borne like 
them in clusters ; they are round, a little compressed towards the ends. 
Color red, slightly striped with deep red. It is ornamental in its flowers 
as well as its fruits. 

i 

Double Flowering Chinese Crab. 

Double Flowering Apple. 

This very beautiful crab-tree from China, which produces a small 
green fruit, of no value, is highly admired for its showy blossoms. 
These are large, tipped with deep red in the bud, but when open are of 
a pale rose color, semi-double, large, and produced in fine clusters. It 
is an exceedingly ornamental, small tree, growing from ten to twenty 
feet in height. 

Double White Siberian Crab. 

Fruit roundish, irregular, swollen on one side. Color red carmine 
on the sunny side, green on the shaded side, covered with a white bloom. 
Flowers large double white, very ornamental. 

Foxley Crab. 

Eaised by Thomas Andrew Knight, England, from seed of the Cherry 
Crab. Tree hardy. Fruit produced in clusters. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, golden yellow. Stalk long* Flesh 
yellow, crisp, juicy, subacid. 

Fragrant. 

The flowers of this variety are very fragrant. 

Fruit small, oblate, green, with whitish dots. Flesh inferior. 

General Grant. 

Size large for a crab, round, oblate, warm yellow ground', with 
broken stripes of dark, becoming, on the sun-exposed side, entirely red, 
and very dark, almost black red, with a few minute light dots. Stalk 
slender. Cavity open, moderately deep. Calyx closed. Basin broad, 



424 



THE APPLE. 



not deep, but conspicuously furrowed. Flesh white, moderately fine- 
grained, not juicy, very mild subacid. Core large for size of fruit. 
Late Autumn. 

Golden. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin golden yellow. Stalk long, slen- 
der. Cavity medium. Calyx closed. Segments long, slender, recurv- 
ed. Basin medium. Flesh white, moderately juicy, brisk acid. Sep- 
tember. 

Hampton's Siberian Ceab. 

A beautiful variety, originated with Wm. C. Hampton, Hardin Co., O. 

Fruit large for a Siberian Crab, ovate conical, deep rich crimson, 
blotched and indistinctly striped with clear orange and yellowish red. 
Blossoms large. This is one of the most beautiful of all the crabs, es- 
pecially when in bloom. 

Hutchison's Winter Sweet. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, light yellow ground, with a 
blush red cheek in the sun, and many minute dots. Stalk long, slender, 
in a deep open cavity. Calyx closed, with long pointed segments. Ba- 
sin broad, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, dry, sweet. No- 
vember. 

Hyslop. 

This variety has been long and pretty extensively cultivated. The 
trees are hardy, the growth strong, rather spreading. Wood light col- 
ored, a little downy. 

Fruit large, produced in clusters, roundish ovate, dark rich red, cov- 
ered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, subacid, good for culinary uses and for cider. 

Lady Crab. 

This is a foreign variety, of great beauty, and the tree a vigorous, 
upright grower, much resembling the Lady Apple. Very productive. 
Young wood grayish reddish dark brown, with conspicuous white or 
gray dots. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, a little oblique, rich dark red, with 
traces of russet, and many apparently rough russet dots. Stalk medium 
length for a crab, quite slender. Cavity open, broad, deep russeted. 
Calyx almost closed, with connected half-recurved segments. Basin broad, 
shallow, distinctly corrugated next the calyx. Flesh yellowish, mode- 
rately juicy, mild subacid. November, December. 

Large Bed Siberian Crab. 

This variety is about twice the size of the common Siberian Crab, 
roundish ovate, with a large and prominent calyx, and a pale red and 
yellow skin. It forms a larger tree, with rather coarser foliage than the 
common variety, and is esteemed for the same purposes. September 
and October. 



THE APPLE. 



425 



Large Yellow Siberian Crab. 

Fruit similar in size to the foregoing, roundish oval, flattened at base 
and crown, light clear yellow often inclining to amber, with a warm 
cheek. 

Maiden's Blush. 

Fruit small, flat, somewhat ribbed, pale clear yellow, with clear 
bright carmine red in sun. Calyx large, half closed. Basin broad, 
slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, rather dry, almost sweet. 
Late Autumn. 

Marengo. 

The discoverer of this variety, as well as its identity with the Sibe- 
rian Crabs, Pyrus haccata, as a tree, is attributed to James F. Lester, 
Marengo, 111. It is said to be a seedling found in the rows of an old 
seedling nursery of apple-stocks. The original tree is thought to be 
about eighteen years old. Young shoots vigorous, reddish brown, with 
the gray specks, bloom and scaly cuticle peculiar to the Siberian. 

The fruit is large for its class ; in form roundish, flattened at blossom 
end, bright warm red on yellow ground, smooth, with a few scattered 
gray or light russet dots. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, a little 
harsh until fully ripe, when it is a mild and pleasant subacid. Stalk 
long, slender, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Basin broad, open, 
corrugated. Early Winter to late in Spring. 

Meader's Winter. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate; warm, light yellow ground, 
shaded with clear rich red, many large gray dots. Basin deep, broad, 
slightly ribbed or furrowed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, crisp, 
tender, rich, sharp subacid. Season, Winter. A valuable cooking sort, 
and rich for cider. 

Montreal Beauty. 

This is one of the most beautiful of all Crabs, in appearance. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, bright yellow, mostly covered and 
shaded with rich red. Flesh yellowish, rich, firm, acid. September, Oc- 
tober. 

Oblong-Fruited Siberian Crab. 

Fruit elongated conic, light yellow, almost white, washed, marbled, 
and striped with crimson and carmine, and covered with a thin bloom. 

Orange. 

Fruit medium, round, slightly flattened at ends ; light, warm yellow, 
or light orange-colored. Stalk slender. Cavity open, deep. Calyx 
closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, mild subacid, pleasant, 
a little dry. 



426 THE APPLE. 

Powers' Large. 

Originated with Hiram Powers, Catskill, N. Y. Tree vigorous, 
liardy, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, waxen white, shaded and striped with 
carmine, crimson, and yellow, and covered with a lilac bloom. Flesh 
sharp, yet mild acid. Fine for cooking. Early October. 

Purple Siberian Crab. 

Fruit oblate. Color beautiful reddish purple on the sunny side, 
covered with a bloom, the shaded side less brilliant, and the whole sur- 
face speckled with some gray dots. Flesh, like all the crabs, coarse and 
harsh. 

Red Siberian Crab. 

Fruit about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, very regularly 
formed, and rather flat. Skin smooth, of a lively scarlet over a clear 
yellow ground, and, when the bloom is rubbed off, is highly polished. 
Stalk nearly two inches long, and very slender. Calyx small, slightly 
sunk. Fit for preserving in September and October. 

Rouen Transparent Crab. 

Fruit small, oblate, bright carmine red on light yellow. Stalk slen- 
der, very long, set in a deep wide cavity. Flesh yellowish white, acid. 
September. 

Showy Crab. 

Fruit small, roundish oval, yellow, dotted with red in sun. Stalk 
very long. Flesh dry. Not valuable. 

Soulard. 

A sort of little value except in appearance. It is said to have 
originated near St. Louis, Mo. 

Fruit medium, oblate, clear smooth greenish yellow, with many 
minute, suffused, dark green dots. Stalk short for a crab, slender, narrow 
cavity. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
white, bitter, astringent, unfit for anything except cider. 

Striped Siberian Crab. 

Fruit medium size, roundish. Color rose yellowish, red striped all 
over, carmine on the sunny side, more yellow towards the stalk, covered 
with a fine white bloom. 

Transcendent. 

This is one of the best of early autumn varieties. 
Fruit medium to large for its class, roundish oblong, flattened at its 
ends, slightly but regularly ribbed, golden yellow, with a rich crimson, 



THE APPLE. 



427 



red cheek in the sun, covered with a delicate white bloom ; when fully 
ripe the red nearly covers the whole surface. Stalk long and slender, 
set in an open, deep cavity. Calyx closed, with long reflexed segments. 
Flesh creamy yellow, crisp, subacid, a little astringent until fully mel- 
low, when it is pleasant and agreeable. Early Autumn. 

Warfel Crab. 

Originated with John Warfel, Lancaster, Pa. Tree vigorous. 
Fruit medium size, oblate, yellow, beautifully striped with red and 
crimson. 

White "Winter. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, light pale yellow, with a faint 
blush and a few scattering, irregular-sized, dark carmine dots in sun. 
Stem short. Cavity very broad, open, yet deep, slightly russeted. 
Calyx closed, with short segments. Basin shallow, with slight broad 
furrows. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, moderately juicy, sharp acid. 
December and January. 

Yellow Siberian" Crab. 
Amber Crab. 

This scarcely differs from the common Siberian Crab except in its 
fruit, which is rather larger, and of a fine amber or golden yellow. Both 
this and the red are beautiful ornaments to the fruit garden in summer 
and autumn, and are equally esteemed for preserves and jellies. Sep- 
tember. 



SELECT LIST OF VARIETIES FOR TABLE USE, 
MARKETING, COOKING, AND KEEPING. 

In this list it is not assumed that all against which the word market 
is written are equally profitable, but that their size and appearance will 
generally command for them a ready sale. Again, some varieties are 
classed as market sorts mainly because of their long keeping, and there- 
fore coming into use when there are but few sorts with which to com- 
pete. Soil and climate make so great a change in the growth, quality, 
and period of maturity of varieties, that it is impossible to make a list 
adapted to general cultivation ; and so, kinds which, because of their 
good quality (like the American Golden Russet), which we mark as 
only for table use, in some localities are found also profitable for mar- 
ket. The planter, in selecting from this list, should be guided some- 
what in adopting kinds by a record of the place of origin of the variety, 
which may be found on the page where the Apple is described in the 
book. 

We have appended the words " South " and " North " to some vari- 
eties, to designate them as of most value in our Southern or Northern 
States. 



428 



THE APPLE. 



f American Golden Pippin. Table and market. 
^American Golden Russet. Table. 

* American Summer Pearmain. Table. 
.Baldwin. Table and market. 

Baltimore. Table and market, 
y Belmont. Table. 

t Ben Davis. Market, South and Southwest. 
I Benoni. Table and market. 

Bentley Sweet. Market and keeping. 

Bethlehemite. Table and market. 

Bonum. Table and market. 

Broadwell. Table and market. 

Buckingham. Table and market. 

Campfield. Cider, market, and keeper 

Canada Beinette. Table and market. 
. Carolina Bed June. Tabk and market. 

Cogswell. Table and market. 
v Domine. Table and market. 
, Dutchess of Oldenburgh. Cooking and market. 

Dyer. Table. 

Early Harvest. Table and market. 
Early Joe. Table. 

i Early Strawberry. Table and market. 

English Busset. Market and keeper. 

Esopus Spitzenburgh. Table and market. 

Evening Party. Table and market. 
< Fallowater. Market and cooking. 

Fall Pippin. Table and market. 

Fall Wine. Table. 

Fameuse. Table and market. 

Garden Boyal. Table. 

Gilpin. Market and keeper. 

Golden Sweet. Market and cooking. 

Gravenstein. Market and cooking. 

Green Cheese. Table and market, South. 
« Grimes' Golden Pippin. Table and market. 

Plall. Table and market, South. 

* Haskell Sweet. Table. 
Higby Sweet. Table. 

v High Top Sweet. Market, West. 

Horse. Market and cooking, South, 
v Hubbardston Nonsuch. Table and market. 

Hunt's Busset. Table, 
v Jersey Sweet. Table and market. 

J onathan. Table and market. 

Keswick Codlin. Market and cooking. 

King of Tompkins Co. Table and market. 

Klaproth. Table and market. 

Lady Apple. Table and market. 
y Lady's Sweet. Table and market. 

Large Yellow Bough. Table and market;. 

Late Strawberry. Table and market. 

Lowell. Market and cooking 

Y- \ 



THE APPLE. 



429 



McLellan. Table. 
t Maiden's Blush. Market and cooking. 
Mangum. Table, South. 

Maverack Sweet. Market and cooking, South. 
^Melon. Table. 

, Monmouth Pippin. Table and market. 
^Mother. Table. 

vNewtown Pippin. Table and market, 
v Newtown Spitzenburgh. Table and market. 
*Nickajack. Market and keeper, South. 

• Northern Spy. Table and market. 

/ Ohio Nonpareil. Table and market. 
Peach Pond Sweet. Table, market, and cooking. 
^Peck's Pleasant. Table and market. 
^Pomme Grise. Table and market, North. 

• Porter. Table and market. 
^Primate. Table. 

i^Pryor's Bed. Table and market, South and "West. 
► Rambo. Table and market. 

/Rawles Janet. Table, market, and keeper, Southwest. 

'Red Astrachan. Market and cooking. 

/Red Canada. Table and market. 

- ; Rhode Island Greening. Market and cooking. 

Ribston Pippin. Table and market, North. 
r Roxbury Russet. Market and keeper, North and West. 

Shockley. Market and keeper, South, 
v Smith's Cider. Market. 

Smokehouse. Market and cooking. 

Striped Winter Pearmain. Table and market, South and Southwest. 

Summer Pippin. Market and cooking. 
< Summer Queen. Market. 
I Summer Rose. Table. 
v Swaar. Table. 

Tetofsky. Market and cooking. 

Tewksbury Winter Blush. Table, market, and keeping. 

Tolman's Sweet. Market arid cooking. 
I Wagener. Table. 

Washington Strawberry. Table and market. 
, Westfield Seek-no-Further. Table and market. 

White Pippin. Table and market. 

Willis Sweet. Cooking, table, and market. 

Willow Twig. Market and keeper, West and South. 
'Winesap. Table, market, and keeper. 

• Winter Sweet Paradise. Table. 

. Yellow Bellflower. Table and market. 
Yellow Newtown Pippin. Table and market. 



430 



THE ALMOND. 



CHAPTER X. 

THE ALMOND. 

Amygdalus communis, Dec. Rosacea, of botanists. 
Amandier, of the French ; Mandelbaum, German ; Mandorlo, Italian ; 
Almendro, Spanish. 

The Almond-tree, which is a native of the north of Africa and the 
mountains of Asia, has long been cultivated, and is mentioned in Scrip- 
ture as one of the charms of the fertile land of Canaan. It so strongly 
resembles the peach-tree that it is difficult to distinguish it by the leaves 
and wood only ; indeed, several botanists are of opinion, from experi- 
ments made in raising the almond from seed, that this tree and the 
peach are originally the same species, and that the rich and luscious 
peach is the effect of accidental variation, produced by culture on the 
almond. The chief distinction between the two in our gardens lies in 
the fruit, which, in the almond, consists of little more than a stone 
covered with a thick, dry, woolly skin, while the peach has in addition 
a rich and luscious flesh. The blossoms of the almond resemble those of 
the peach, but are larger ; they are produced in great profusion, early in 
the season, before the leaves, and are very ornamental. 

Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is highly esteemed as an 
article of food, and is largely used as an ingredient in confectionery, 
cookery, and perfumery. It is raised in great quantities in the south of 
Europe, especially in Portugal, and is an important article of commerce. 
The bitter almond is used in cookery and confectionery, and in medi- 
cine ; it furnishes the prussic acid of the shops, one of the most powerful 
of poisons. From both species an oil is also obtained. 

In France the almond is preferred as a stock on which to bud and 
graft the peach, which in a very dry climate or chalky soil, it is found, 
renders the latter more healthy and fruitful than its own bottom. The 
sweet hard-shelled variety {Douce a coque dure) is preferred for stocks 
by French nurserymen. 

Cultivation. The almond thrives best in a warm dry soil, and its 
general cultivation in this country is precisely like that of the peach. 
The sweet almond is the only variety considered of value here, and it is 
usually propagated by budding it on Plum stock, or on the bitter 
almond seedlings. It is rather more hardy at the North when budded 
on the former, and as the buds of the sweet almond are rather slender 
and small, the plum stocks to be budded should be thrifty seedlings, not 
more than a fourth of an inch in diameter at the place where the bud is 
inserted. 

The Common Almond, the Hard- Shell Sweet Almond, and the Bitter 
Almond, are hardy in the latitude of New York, and will bear tolera- 
ble crops without care. The Soft-shell Sweet Almond, or Ladies' 
Almond, will not thrive well in the open garden, as a standard, north 
of Philadelphia; but they succeed well trained to a wall or on espalier 
rails in a warm situation, the branches being slightly protected in 
winter. 

There is no apparent reason why the culture of the almond should 
not be pursued to a profitable extent in the warm and favorable climate 



THE ALMOND. 



431 



of some of the Southern States. Especially in the valley of the Ohio 
and Tennessee it would be likely to succeed admirably. 

Bitter Almond. 

The Bitter Almond has large pale blossoms, differing little from the 
common almond except in the kernel, which is bitter. There are two 
varieties, one with a hard, and the other with a brittle shell. The fruit, 
which is produced abundantly, ripens in September. The leaves are 
longer and of a darker green than those of most of the sweet-fruited 
varieties. 

Common Almond. 

A. c. dulcis. Amande commune. 
Amandier a Petit Fruit. Common Sweet. 
commun. 

This is the common Sweet Almond of France and the South of 
Europe, and is one of the most hardy and productive sorts here. Nuts 
hard, smooth, about an inch and a quarter long, compressed and pointed, 
of an agreeable flavor, but inferior to the following. Flowers expand 
before the leaves. Ripens last of September. 

Peach Almond. 

Pecher. Peach Almond. 

Amandier-Pecher. 

A rather indifferent variety, nearly sweet, but often slightly bitter. 
It is a true cross between the peach and the almond, and in its leaves, 
flowers, and stone strongly resembles the peach ; the fruit is also pulpy 
and of tolerable flavor, like an indifferent peach. The nut scarcely ever 
ripens well as far north as this. 

Pistachia Sweet Almond. 

Amande Pistache. Amandier Pistache. 

A variety of Almond with a very small pointed fruit, about the size 
and shape of that of a Pistachia, enclosing a kernel of a delicate sweet 
flavor. The shell not quite so soft as the Soft-Shell Almond. This is 
scarcely known yet in this country, but is worth further trial at the 
South. 

Soft-Shell Sweet Almond. 

Doux a coque tendre. Amandier des Dames, 
Sultan a coque tendre. Ou Amande Princesse. 
Amandier a coque tendre. Ladies' Thin Shell. 
des Dames. 

The Soft-Shell or Ladies' Almond is the finest of all the Almonds. 
It is the very variety common in the shops of the confectioners, with a 
shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers, and the kernel 
of which is so highly esteemed at the dessert. It ripens early in the 
season, and is also highly esteemed in a young or fresh state, being served 
on the table for this purpose about the middle of July in Paris. The 



432 



THE APRICOT. 



blossoms of this variety expand at the same time with the leaves, and 
are more deeply tinged with red than the foregoing. Several varieties 
are made of this in France, but they are (as quoted above) all essentially 
the same. 

Fruit two inches long, oval, compressed. The nut is more than an 
inch long, oval, pointed, one-sided, with a light-colored, porous, very 
tender shell. The kernel sweet and rich. 

On the plum stock, in a favorable aspect, this Almond succeeds, with 
a little care, in the Middle States. 

Sultana Sweet Almond. 

Amande Sultane. Amandier Sultane. 

Sultan. 

A tender-shelled Almond of excellent quality, with smaller fruit and 
narrower kernel than the Soft-Shell Almond, but of equally excellent 
flavor, and which is preferred by many. It is thought by Poiteau to 
be scarcely different from the Soft-Shell or Ladies' Almond. 

The Long Hard-Shell Almond. 

Amandier a gros fruit. Amandier a gros fruit dur. 

A variety with handsome, large, pale rose-colored flowers, opening 
before the leaves, and large and long fruit, a third longer than other va- 
rieties. The stone is about as large as the soft-shell variety, but the 
kernel is larger and plumper. This is a good hardy sort, and it is very 
ornamental w T hen in blossom. Ripens about the last of September. 

Ornamental Varieties. The Dwarf Double Flowering Almond 
(Amygdalus pumila. Lin. Drunus sinensis of some) is a beautiful, 
well-known low shrub, extremely ornamental in spring, being covered 
with a profusion of small pink blossoms, very double. There is also 
a Double White, similar in habit of growth. 

The Large Double Flowering Almond (A. d grand Jleur, JST. Dull.) 
(A. communis pleno) is a beautiful French variety, with, large nearJy 
white flowers, two inches in diameter. It also bears a good small hard- 
shell Almond. 



CHAPTER XL 

THE APRICOT. 

Armeniaea vulgaris, Dec. Rosacea, of botanists. 
Abricotier, of the French ; Aprikosenbaum, German ; Albercoco, Italian ; 
Albaricoque, Spanish. 

The Apricot is one of the most beautiful of stone fruit-trees, easily 
known by its glossy heart-shaped foliage, large white blossoms, and 
smooth-skinned golden or ruddy fruit. In the fruit-garden it is a 



THE APRICOT. 



433 



highly attractive object in early spring, as its charming flowers are the 
first to expand. It forms a fine spreading tree of about twenty feet in 
height, and is hardy enough to bear as an open standard south of the 
42d degree of latitude in this country. 

The native countries of this tree are Armenia, Arabia, and the higher 
regions of Central Asia. It is largely cultivated in China and Japan ; 
and, indeed, according to the accounts of Grosier, the mountains west of 
Pekin are covered with a natural growth of apricots. The names by 
which it is known in various European countries all seem to be cor- 
ruptions of the original Arabic term JBerkoche. 

Uses. A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior to 
the peach, ripening about midsummer, after cherries and before plums, 
at a season when it is peculiarly accep table. For preserving in sugar 
or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and, where it is 
abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ; and it is also 
dried for winter use. In some parts of Germany, the free-bearing sorts 
— the Turkey, Orange, and Breda — are largely cultivated for this pur- 
pose. 

Cultivation. This tree is almost always budded on the plum stock 
(on which in July it takes readily), as it is found more hardy and du- 
rable than upon its own root. Many nurserymen bud the apricot on the 
peach, but the trees so produced are of a very inferior quality — short 
lived, more liable to diseases, and the fruit of a second-rate flavor. 
Budded on the plum they are well adapted to strong soils, in which 
they always hold their fruit better than in light sandy soils. 

Apricots generally grow very thriftily, and soon make fine heads, and 
produce an abundance of blossoms and young fruit ; but the crop of 
the latter frequently falls off when half grown, from being stung by the 
plum-weevil or curculio, to which the smooth skin of this fruit seems 
highly attractive. To remedy this, the same course must be pursued as 
is directed for the plum. Seedling apricots are usually more hardy and 
productive here than the finer grafted sorts. 

This is a favorite tree for training on walls or espaliers, and, in town 
gardens especially, we often see it trained against the sides of brick 
houses, and yielding most abundantly. As it bears its fruit in the same 
way as the peach, and requires the same management, we must refer our 
readers to the latter head for direction as to pruning and training. As. 
the apricot, however, expands its blossoms very early, it should not be' 
placed on an east wall, or in a situation where it is too much exposed 
to the full morning sun. 

Diseases. When budded on the Plum, this tree is but little- liable 
to diseases, and may be considered a hardy fruit-tree. In order to 
render it fruitful, and keep it for a long time in a productive state, we 
cannot too strongly urge the advantages of the shortening-in system: of 
pruning recommended for the peach. 

Albergier. 
Alberge. 

This is a variety very common in the interior of France,, where it is 
constantly reproduced with but little variation from the seed — Alberge 
being the name of the apricot in some of the provinces. It is a free 
grower, and bears well, but is neither so large nor fine as many other 

28 



varieties. The leaves are small, and often have little wing-like ears at 
the base. The Albergiers are mnch nsed for stocks in France. 

Fruit small, roundish, deep yellow. Flesh reddish, firm, with a 
brisk, vinous flavor. Stone compressed. Kernel bitter. Esteemed for 
preserving. Ripe middle of August. 

Angoumois. 

Anjou. Rouge. Violet. 

Fruit small, oval, flattened at the apex. Skin clear deep yellow on 
the shaded side, but dark rusty brown on the side next the sun. Flesh 
deep orange, juicy, and melting, separating from the stone, rich, sugary, 
and briskly flavored, but when highly ripened charged with a fine aro- 
ma. Back of the stone impervious. Kernel sweet. End of July. 
(Hogg.) 

Beauge. 

A foreign variety very much resembling the Moorpark, but ripening 
a little later. 

Black. 

Amygdalus dasycarpa. Purple Apricot. Noir. 

Violet. Du Pape. 

This remarkable little Apricot so strongly resembles a dark round 
plum, that at a little distance it might easily be mistaken for one. (It 
was indeed called Primus dasycarpa by the old botanists.) It is pretty 
good, and very hardy, and its unique appearance renders it sought after 
by amateurs. The tree has a rough, somewhat crooked trunk, and 
small, oval foliage. 

Fruit about an inch and a half in diameter, round. Skin pale red 
in the shade, but dull reddish purple in the sun, covered with a slight 
down. Flesh pale red next the skin, yellow near the stone, adhering 
somewhat to the stone, juicy, with a pleasant, slight astringent flavor. 
Kernel sweet. August. 

Breda. 

De Hollande. Amande Aveline. Persique. 

Hasselnussmandel. Ananas. 

This is a very excellent small Apricot, said to be originally from 
Africa, which bears well with common culture, and deserves a place in 
all gardens, as it is not only a high-flavored dessert sort, bat it makes 
one of the richest preserves. The blossom buds are tinged with deep 
red before they expand. 

Fruit rather small, about an inch and a half in diameter, roundish, 
sometimes rather four-sided. Suture well marked. Skin orange, be- 
•coming dark orange in the sun. Flesh deep orange, rich, high-flavored, 
>and rather juicy — separating freely from the stone. The kernel, which 
is sweet, is eaten in France, whence the name Amande Aveline. First 
<o£ August. 



THE APRICOT. 



435 



Brown's Early. 

Origin, Chelsea, Mass. 

Fruit large, short oval, yellow, bright red cheek. Flesh yellow, 
melting, rich, juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle to last of July. 
(Cole.) 

Brussels. 

The Brussels Apricot is not -a fine fruit in this country, but it is a 
good bearer in light soils. 

Fruit of medium size, rather oval, and flattened on its side. Skin 
pale yellow, dotted with white in the shade, but often marked with a 
little russety brown in the sun. Suture deep next the stalk. Flesh 
yellow, rather firm, with a lively but not rich flavor. Kernel bitter. 
Middle of August. The Brussels of some collections is the Breda. 

Burlington. 

Baised by Mrs. Woolman, Burlington, 1ST. J. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong, somewhat compressed at the sides, 
with a distinct suture. Skin golden yellow, with numerous red spots 
and a ruddy tint on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish, 
sweet, and fine. Middle of July to the first of August. This variety is 
probably out of existence. 

Canino Grosso. 

A variety from the Papal States of Italy, introduced by Thomas 
Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Tree hardy and a vigorous 
grower. 

Fruit quite large. Skin orange, becoming red in the sun. Flesh 
rich reddish yellow, melting, high-flavored. Middle July. 

Claude Bidot. 
From France. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, deep suture, half round. Skin deep 
orange yellow, spotted and shaded with deep red. Flesh deep yellow, 
slightly colored with red on the side of the sun. Flesh fine, melting, 
sugary, aromatic. Stone medium, roundish ovate. Kernel very sweet. 
(An. Pom.) 

Comice de Toulon. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit large, roundish ovate. Skin very downy, yellow, becoming 
orange in the sun, with deep carmine dots. Flesh orange yellow, fine, 
juicy, aromatic. Kernel sweet. Early July. (An. Pom.) 

Des Farges. 
Originated near Lyons, France. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oval, golden yellow, covered with a 
short down. Flesh orange yellow, fine, juicy, musky perfumed. Stone 
large. Separates free from the flesh. Last of June. (Yerg.) 



Early Golden. 
Dubois' Early Golden. 

Origin unknown. Introduced by Charles Dubois, Fisbkill Landing, 
]ST. Y. Tree vigorous, with long, rather slender branches. 

Fruit small, roundish oval, with the suture well marked, and ex- 
tending half-way round. Skin smooth, pale orange. Flesh yellow, mo- 
derately juicy and sweet, with a very good flavor — separates from the 
stone. Middle of July. 

Early Moorpark. 

A variety much resembling the Moorpark, but ripening some weeks 
earlier. 

Fruit roundish, inclining to oval, deep suture on one side, extending 
from the base to the apex. Skin yellow, mottled and dotted with crim- 
son on the exposed side. Flesh in all respects resembling that of the 
Moorpark. Stone oblong, with a covered channel along the back, which 
is pervious. Kernel bitter. 

Golden Drop. 

This new Apricot is described by Rivers as having been raised from 
seed of the Musch-Musch, and is about the size of an Orleans Plum, 
bright orange and crimson. Flesh melting, with a delicious pine flavor. 
Ripe middle July. 

Hemskirke. 

A large and beautiful English variety, of the finest quality. It 
strongly resembles the Moorpark, from which it is known by its stone 
not being perforated like that variety. It also ripens a little earlier. 

Fruit large, roundish, but considerably compressed or flattened on 
its sides. Skin orange, with a red cheek. Flesh bright orange, tender, 
rather more juicy and sprightly than the Moorpark, with a rich and 
luscious plum-like flavor. Stone rather small, and kernel bitter. End 
of July. 

Jaques. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, hardy. 

Fruit small, ovate. Skin with a fine short down or bloom, greenish 
yellow. Flesh orange yellow, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed. Stone 
medium. July, August. 

Kaisha. 

A variety from Syria, of high reputation abroad, but we have found 
the tree tender and unhealthy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, with a deep suture toward the stalk, pale 
yellow, mottled and tinged with red in the sun. Flesh tender, juicy, 
pale yellowish, parting freely from the stone, sugary, high-flavored. 
Stone small, roundish. Kernel sweet. July and first of August. 

Lafayette. 

Origin, City of New York. Tree remarkably vigorous. 



THE APRICOT. 



437 



Fruit very large, oval. Skin light yellow, marbled with red next the 
sun. Flesh high-flavored and excellent. Ripens in August. (W. R. 
Prince.) 

Large Early. 

Gros Precoce. De St. Jean. Precoce d'Esperin. 

Gros d' Alexandria Gros Fruhe. d'Hongrie. 

De St. Jean Rouge. 

A fine, large, early variety from France, of vigorous growth, and one 
of the best of the early sorts. 

Fruit of medium size, rather oblong, and compressed. Suture deep. 
Skin slightly downy, pale orange in the shade, fine bright orange with a 
few ruddy spots in the sun. Flesh separating readily from the stone, 
orange-colored, rich, and juicy. Kernel bitter. Middle of July. 

Large Red. 

Gros Rouge. Gros Rouge Hatif. 

This is a variety of the Peach Apricot, the tree hardier than the 
Moorpark. 

Fruit large, deep orange red. Flesh rich, juicy, separating freely 
from the stone. Kernel bitter. Last July. 

Liabaud. 

Origin, near Lyons, France. 

Fruit large, ovate, depressed at ends. Skin dull yellow, shaded 
with orange in the sun. Flesh orange yellow, translucent, fine, melting, 
sugary. Stone ovate, obtuse at summit. July. (Yerg.) 

Luizet. 

Originated near Lyons, France. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, ovate truncated at apex. Skin thick, orange yellow, 
washed and dotted with deep crimson. Flesh yellow, firm, sugary, per- 
fumed. Stone large. Freestone. July. (Yerg.) 

Mexico. 
Originated near Lyons, France. 

Fruit medium, ovate elongated. Skin thick, greenish yellow, wash- 
ed with reddish brown. Flesh pale yellow, fine, tender, sugary, musky. 
Stone obtuse at apex end. July. (Yerg.) 

MONTGAMET. 
Crotte. Alberge de Montgamet. 

Fruit small, oval, somewhat compressed on the sides, and marked with 
a shallow suture. Skin pale yellow, with a slight tinge of red on the 
side next the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, adhering to the stone, juicy, 
and agreeably acid. When well ripened, highly perfumed. Stone round- 
ish. Kernel bitter. End of July. (Hogg.) 



438 



THE APRICOT. 



MOORPARK. 

Anson's. Oldaker's Moorpark. Dunmore. 

Walton Moorpark. Dunm ore's Breda. Temple's. 

Sudlow's Moorpark. De Nancy. Hunt's Moorpark. 

This fine variety is the most popular and widely disseminated in this 
country, except the Breda. It has its name from Moorpark, the seat of 
Sir William Temple, in England, where it was cultivated more than one 
hundred and forty years ago. It is only a moderate bearer here, and 
especially requires the shortening-in mode of pruning, as recommended 
for the peach. 

Fruit large, roundish, about two inches and a quarter in diameter 
each way, on a standard tree ; rather large on one side of the suture 
than the other. Skin orange in the shade, but deep orange or brownish 
red in the sun, marked with numerous dark specks and dots. Flesh 
quite firm, blight orange, parting free from the stone, quite juicy, with 
a rich and luscious flavor. Stone peculiarly perforated along the back, 
where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end to the other. 
Kernel bitter. Ripe early in August. 

Musch-Musch. 
D'Alexandrie. 

This delicious little Apricot takes its name from the city of Musch, 
on the frontiers of Turkey in Asia ; but it is also common about Alex- 
andria, and in northern Egypt it is said to be raised in such abundance 
that the dried fruit is an article of commerce. The tree is rather deli- 
cate, and requires a sheltered position. 

Fruit rather small, about an inch and a half in diameter, round. 
Skin deep yellow, with a little orange red on the sunny side. Flesh 
yellow, with a translucent pulp, tender, melting, and very sweet. Ker- 
nel sweet. 

Newhall's Early. 

Origin, Lynn, Mass. 

Fruit medium, short oval, bright orange, deep red cheek, tender, 
juicy, rich delicious flavor. Clingstone. Last July. Early August. 
(Cole.) 

Orange. 

Early Orange. Persian. Koyal George. 

Royal Orange. Royal Persian. 

An Apricot of only tolerable quality for the dessert, but it is much 
esteemed by many for preserving ; and it makes delicious tarts, even 
before the fruit begins to acquire color. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, with a well-marked suture, deeply 
hollowed near the stalk. Skin firm, orange, sometimes tinged with a 
ruddy tint in the sun. Flesh dark orange, moderately juicy, but often 
rather dry and insipid (unless ripened in the house), not separating en- 
tirely from the flesh. Stone small, roundish. Kernel sweet. Middle 
of July. 



THE APRICOT. 



439 



Oullins Early Peach. 
A variety of the Peach Apricot, differing only in time of ripening. 

Peach. 

Anson's Imperial. Royal Peach. Peche . 

Abricot Peche. De Nancy. Du Luxembourg. 

Peche Grosse. Wurtemburg. Pfirsiche. 

The Peach Apricot, originally from Piedmont, has long been con- 
sidered the finest variety ; and it is with us the largest and most excel- 
lent sort cultivated — being often as large as a Peach — of medium size, 
handsome, and of delicious flavor. It very strongly resembles the 
Moorpark, but the two are readily distinguished by the eye when stand- 
ing near each other, and the fruit of the Peach is rather larger and 
finer, and a few days earlier. 

Fruit of the largest size, about two and a half inches in diameter, 
roundish, rather flattened, and somewhat compressed on its sides, with 
a well-marked suture. Skin yellow in the shade, but deep orange, mot- 
tled with dark brown, on the sunny side. Flesh of a fine yellow saffron 
color, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. Stone with the same pervious 
passage as the Moorpark, and with a bitter kernel. 

Pine Apple. 
Ananas. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, and marked with a rather shallow 
suture. Skin thin and delicate, deep golden yellow in the shade, with a 
high-colored red cheek where exposed to sun, and speckled with large 
and small red specks. Flesh reddish yellow, somewhat firm, juicy, rich 
pine-apple flavor. Stone oval. Kernel bitter. Middle August. 
(Hogg.) 

Portugal. 
Male. 

Fruit small, resembling in shape and size the Red Masculine, round, 
divided on one side by a deep suture. Skin pale yellow on the shaded 
side, deep yellow tinged with red, and marked with brown and red rus- 
set spots next the sun. Flesh deep yellow, tender, melting, rich sugary, 
musky, adhering somewhat to the stone. Stone almost round. Kernel 
bitter. Middle of August. (Hogg.) 

■ Provence. 

Abricot de Provence. 

Fruit small, compressed on the sides, with a deep suture, higher on 
one side, yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh yellow, melting, rich, rather 
dry, pleasant. Kernel sweet. End of July. 



440 



THE APRICOT. 



Red Masculine. 

Early Masculine. Apricot Precoce. 

Brown Masculine. Apricot hatif Musquee. 

Abricotier. Abricotier hatif. 

Friihe Muscateher. 

A small early sort, hardy, very productive, of tolerable flavor, but 
not rich, growth upright, slender. 

Fruit small and nearly round, scarcely an inch and a half in dia- 
meter, with a well-marked suture on one side. Skin bright yellow, 
tinged with deep orange and spotted with dark red on the sunny side. 
Flesh yellow, juicy, with a slightly musky, pleasant flavor. Stone thick, 
obtuse at the ends. Flowers smaller than in most other sorts. Kernel 
bitter. Ripe about the 12th of July. 

Ringold. 

Originated in Athens, Ga. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little oblong, suture slight. Skin light 
orange, darker in the sun, where it is beautifully dotted with carmine. 
Flesh deep yellow, juicy, and excellent. Ripens just after the orange, 
hardy and productive. 

Roman. 

Abricot Commun. Genuine. 
Grosse Germine. Transparent. 

This is with us one of the largest growing and hardiest Apricot 
trees, and produces good crops every year in cold or unfavorable situa- 
tions, where none of the other sorts except the Masculine succeed. It 
is therefore, though inferior in flavor, a valuable sort for northern situ- 
ations. The blossoms will bear quite a severe frost without injury. 

Fruit middle-sized, oblong, with the sides slightly compressed, with 
but little or no suture. Skin entirely pale yellow, or very rarely dotted 
with a few red spots on one side. Flesh dull yellow, soft, rather dry. 
When ripened by keeping a feAv days in the house, the flavor is tolerably 
good. Stone oblong, with a bitter kernel. Ripe the last of July and 
first of August. 

There is a Blotched-leaved Roman [commun a feuilles panaches, of 
the French), precisely like the foregoing in all respects, except the white 
or yellow stain in the leaf — but it is quite distinct from the blotched- 
leaved Turkey, cultivated here. 

Royal. 

A fine large French variety, raised a few years since at the Royal 
Luxembourg Gardens. It is nearly as large as the Moorpark, but with 
larger leaves borne on long footstalks, and without the pervious stone of 
that sort. It is quite as high flavored, and ripens a week or ten days 
earlier. 

Fruit roundish, large oval, slightly compressed. Skin dull yellow, 
with an orange cheek, very faintly tinged with red, and a shallow suture. 
Flesh pale orange, firm and juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Ripe the 
latter end of July. 



THE APRICOT. 



441 



St. Ambroise. 

This is a large early Apricot, almost the size of and earlier than the 
Moorpark. It is compressed, of a deep yellow color, reddish next the 
sun. Flesh juicy, rich, and sugary. Middle August. (Hogg.) 

Sardinian. 
De Sardaigne. 

Tree a great bearer, ripening its fruit as early as the Red Mas- 
culine. 

Fruit small, with a deep suture on one side. Skin white, with a few 
crimson spots, and sometimes a flush of red. Flesh juicy, sprightly, 
sweet, pleasant. Stone small. Kernel bitter. 

Shipley's. 
Blenheim. Shipley's Large. 

A very good early variety, of small or medium size, of vigorous but 
rather slender growth. 

Fruit medium, oval, orange, with a deep yellow, juicy, and tolera- 
bly rich flesh. Stone roundish, impervious, with a bitter kernel. 
Ripens here about the 25th of July. 

Suker Para. 
Green Gage. 

From Syria. 

Fruit medium, roundish, smooth skin, small stone, delicious, rather 
dry, very sweet flesh. 

Texas. 

Originated with Dr. M. A. "Ward, Athens, Ga. 

Fruit small, round. Color dark maroon, darker in the sun. Suture 
slight, a mere line. Flesh juicy and pleasant, except at the stone, where 
it is astringent. Adheres to the stone. (W. N. White, MS.) 

Turkey. 

Large Turkey. De Nancy of some. 

The Turkey Apricot is a fine old variety, which is seldom seen in 
our gardens, the sort generally sold under this name being the Roman. 
It is quite a late sort, ripening after the Moorpark, from which it is 
easily known by its impervious stone and sweet kernel. 

Fruit of middle size, nearly round, not compressed. Skin fine deep 
yellow in the shade, mottled with brownish orange in the sun. Flesh 
pale yellow, firm, quite juicy, with a flavor in which there is an excellent 
mingling of sweet and acid. Kernel nearly as sweet as that of an Al- 
mond, which, as well as the form and color, distinguishes this sort from 
the Roman. Ripe the middle of August. 

The Blotched-leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched (Abricot macule), 
is a sub-variety, very well known here, resembling the common Turkey 



442 



THE BERBERRY. 



in all respects, except that it has in the centre of each leaf a large yel- 
lowish spot. It is a thrifty tree and bears delicate fruit. Ours is not 
identical with the Turkey, as the last edition of the L. H. S.'s Cata- 
logue arranges it, but is a globular fruit, and a true variation of the 
Turkey. 

White Masculine. 

White Apricot. Early White Masculine. 

Abricot Blanc. Blanc. 
Abricotier Blanc. White Algiers ? 

This scarcely differs from the Red Masculine before described, except 
in color. It is four or five days later. 

Fruit small and roundish. Skin nearly white, rarely with a little 
reddish brown on one side. Flesh white, delicate, a little fibrous, ad- 
heres a little to the stone, and has a delicate, pleasant juice. Kernel 
bitter. 

Curious or ornamental varieties. The Brian£ON Apricot (A. 
brigantiaca, Dec), a very distinct species, so much resembling a plum as 
to be called the JBriangon Plum by many authors {Prune de JBrianpon, 
Poit.), is a small irregular tree or shrub, ten or twelve feet high, a native 
of the Alps. It bears a great abundance of small, round, yellow, plum- 
like fruit in clusters, which are scarcely eatable ; but in France and 
Piedmont the kernels of this variety make the " huile de marmotte," 
which is worth double the price of the olive oil. 

The Double flowering Apricot is a pretty ornamental tree, yet 
rare with us. 

Selection of Apricots for a small garden. Large Early, Breda, 
Peach, Moorpark. 

Selection for a cold or northern climate. Red Masculine, Roman, 
Breda. 



CHAPTER XII. 

THE BERBERRY. 

Barberis vulgaris, L. Berberacem, of botanists. 
Epine-vinette, of the French ; Berberitzen, German ; Berbero, Italian ; Berberis, 

Spanish. 

The Berberry (or barberry) is a common prickly shrub, from eight 
to ten feet high, which grows wild in both hemispheres, and is par- 
ticularly abundant in many parts of New England. The flowers, the 
roots, and the inner wood are of the brightest yellow color, and the 
small crimson fruit is borne in clusters. It is a popular but fallacious 
notion, entertained both here and in England, that the vicinity of this 
plant, in any quantity, to grain fields, causes the rust. 

The barberry is too acid to eat, but it makes an agreeable preserve 



THE BLACKBERRY. 



443 



and jelly, and an ornamental pickle for garnishing some dishes. From 
the seedless sort is made in Rouen a celebrated sweetmeat, confiture 
oVepine-vinette. The inner bark is used in France for dyeing silk and 
cotton a bright yellow. 

Culture. The culture is of the easiest description. A rich light soil 
gives the largest fruit. It is easily propagated by seed, layers, or 
suckers. When fine fruit of the barberry is desired, it should be kept 
trained to a single stem — as the suckers which it is liable to produce 
frequently render it barren or make the fruit small. 

Common Bed. 

This is too well known to need description. In good soils it grows 
twelve or fifteen feet high, and its numerous clusters of bright oval 
berries are very ornamental in autumn. There is a Large Red variety 
of this, which is only a variation produced by cultivation in rich soil. 
There are also varieties of this in Europe with pale yellow, white, and 
purple fruit, which are not yet introduced into this country, and which 
scarcely differ in any other respect than the color. And there is a so- 
called sweet variety of the common Berberry from Austria (JB. v. dulcis), 
but it is scarcely less acid than the common. 

A variety with purple foliage differs but little in the fruit, which is 
perhaps not quite as fleshy, but the foliage is extremely ornamental. 



THE BLACKBERRY. 

There are several species of the Bramble indigenous to this country, 
which produce eatable fruit, but the best for the table, or for cooking, 
are the Low Blackberry, a trailing shrub, and the following varieties 
of the High Blackberry. 

The fruit is larger than that of the Raspberry, with fewer and larger 
grains, and a brisker flavor. It ripens about the last of July or early 
in August, after the former is past, and is much used by all classes in 
this country. There is no doubt that varieties of much larger size, and 
greatly superior flavor, might be produced by sowing the seeds in rich 
garden soil, especially if repeated for two or three successive genera- 
tions. 

Their cultivation in gardens is similar to that of the Raspberry, ex- 
cept that they require to be planted at greater distances apart, say from 
six to eight feet. (See page 961.) 

Adair's Claret. 

Originated with D. L. Adair, Hawesville, Ky. The plant is not 
quite hardy. 

Fruit medium size, claret color, soft, with a mild pleasant flavor. 

Albion. 

A wildling found and introduced by John B. Orange, of Albion, 111. 
Although described as large and productive, we have never been able to 
gather more than half a crop from our plants, and the fruit of only fair 
size, imperfect, and without flavor. 



444 



THE BLACKBERRY. 



Cape May. 

Fruit large, black, sweet, quite soft, loses color soon after gathering, 
not valuable. 

Colonel Wilder. 
Introduced by John B. Orange. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong, light cream color, moderately firm, 
does not fill well. 

Crystal "White. 
Orange's Crystal. 

Introduced by J ohn B. Orange, Albion, 111. It is a vigorous grower, 
suckers freely, and not hardy. Does not set its fruit well. 

Fruit medium, oblong oval, light creamy white, translucent, sweet. 
Good. Only desirable as a curiosity. 

Cumberland. 

A New Jersey variety, productive, hardy. 
Fruit medium, black, sweet, early. 

Cut-Leaved. 
Parsley Leaved. 

An old European variety, valued more for its curious foliage than 
for the amount of its fruit. 

Fruit roundish, black, sweet, with a musky peculiar flavor. 

Cutter's Mulberry. 

Introduced by G. B. Cutter, Newtown, Mass. 

Fruit long, slender, remarkably sweet. (Hov. Mag.) 

Doctor Warder. 
Introduced by John B. Orange. 

Fruit rather shorter and thicker than the Albion, nearly as large. 
Color dark rosy red. (Hov. Mag.) 

Dorchester. 

Introduced to notice by the late Capt. Lovett, of Beverly, Mass. 
Nearly equal in size to New Kochelle, of a more elongated form, grains 
rather smaller, somewhat sweeter, and producing large crops of high- 
flavored fruit, a vigorous grower. 

Fruit large, oblong conic, sometimes measuring an inch and a quar- 
ter in length, of a deep shining black. The berries should be fully ma- 
tured before they are gathered ; it bears carriage well. Ripens about 
the first of August. 



the blackberry. 445 

Duncan's Falls. 

Introduced by J. C. NefF, Duncan's Falls, O. An upright, very vig- 
orous grower. 

Fruit large, black, moderately firm, juicy, sweet. New, not fully 
tested. 

Farley. 

Origin unknown. New. 

Fruit nearly as large as New Rochelle, black, sweet, and ripens two 
weeks earlier. (Hort.) 

Felton. 

Introduced by Oscar Felton, of Camden, N. J. 

Fruit large, long, slightly conical, sweet. Good. Ripens early, 
moderately productive. 

Holcomb. 

Introduced by E. A. Holcomb, of Granby, Conn. Canes hardy and 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, black, moderately firm, well flavored. Ripens 
early. 

Kentucky White. 

Introduced by D. L. Adair, Kentucky. Plant tender. 

Fruit medium size, oblong oval, light dirty white. Imperfect. 

Kittatinny. 

A native wildling from the Kittatinny Mountains, Warren Co., 
N. J. It has within a few years become widely disseminated, and every- 
where proves of the highest value. Canes quite hardy, and very pro- 
ductive ; ripening early, and continuing a long time. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish conical, rich glossy black, mod- 
erately firm, juicy, rich, sweet, excellent. 

Low Blackberry. 

Trailing Blackberry. Dewberry. Rubus Canadensis. 

A low trailing, prickly shrub, producing large white blossoms in 
May, and very large roundish oblong black fruit in midsummer. Leaf- 
lets from three to five in number. The fruit, when in good soil and 
fully exposed to the sun, is high-flavored, sweet, and excellent. 

Mason's Mountain. 

A new variety. Canes hardy. 

Fruit large, conical, black, sweet, rich. 

Missouri Mammoth. 
A variety recently disseminated from Missouri. It has not yet 



446 



THE BLACKBERRY. 



fruited here, but is described as " bearing fruit of the very largest size, 
quite black, firm, rich, juicy, sweet, without any core. Ripens very 
early, and continues a long time in bearing." 

Newman's Thornless, 

A new variety, discovered by Jonas Newman, Ulster Co., N. Y. 
Promises to be valuable. Growth not so vigorous as New Rochelle 
and Dorchester, but produces good-sized oval berries of excellent flavor. 
The canes have but few spines or thorns in comparison to the others. 
Ripens about the first of August. 

New Rochelle. 
Seacor's Mammoth. Lawton. 

This remarkable variety was found by Lewis A. Seacor, in its native 
wildness by the roadside, in the town of New Rochelle, Westchester 
Co., N. Y. It is of very vigorous growth, with strong spines which 
belong to the bramble, is hardy and exceedingly productive. 

Fruit very large, oval, and, when fully ripe, intensely black. When 
mature the fruit is very juicy, rather soft and tender, with a sweet, ex- 
cellent flavor ; when gathered too early it is acid and insipid. The gra- 
nules are larger, consequently the fruit is less seedy than any other va- 
riety. Ripens about the first of August, and continues in use five or 
six weeks. 

Sable Queen. 

Introduced by J. W. Manning, Reading, Mass., who describes it as 
in size, beauty, and fruitfulness, equal if not superior to Dorchester or 
New Rochelle. We have not seen it. 

Wachusett. 

Found growing wild on Monadnock Mountain. Canes hardy, nearly 
thornless. 

Fruit medium, oblong oval, moderately firm, productive. (J. of H.) 

Washington. 

Raised by Prof. C. G. Page, Washington, D. C. 
Fruit large, black, sweet. Good. New. 

Wilson's Early. 

Introduced by John Wilson, Burlington, N. J. A hardy, produc- 
tive, very early ripening market sort. 

Fruit large, oblong oval, black. Flesh firm, sweet. Good. 

Ornamental Varieties. — The " Double White Blossomed " and 
" Double Pink Blossomed Brambles " are beautiful climbing shrubs, of 
remarkably luxuriant growth, which may be trained for a great length 



THE CHERRY. 



447 



in a season, and are admirably adapted for covering walls and un- 
sightly buildings. The flowers are like small double roses, and are pro- 
duced in numerous clusters in June, having a very pretty effect. North 
of New York these climbers are rather tender in severe winters. 

The Rose Flowering Bramble (Hubus odoratus) is a very pretty 
native shrub, with large broad leaves, and pleasing rose-colored flowers, 
and groups well with other shrubs in ornamental plantations. 



CHAPTER XIII. 
The Cherry. 

Cerasus sylvestris, and C. vulgaris, Arb. Brit. Rosacea, of botanists. 
Cerisier, of the French ; Kirsclienbaum, German ; Ciriego, Italian ; Cerezo, 

Spanish. 

The Cherry is a fine, luxuriant fruit-tree, with smooth, light-colored 
bark, and generally of rapid growth. The varieties of the black and 
heart-shaped cherries are always vigorous, and form fine large spreading 
heads, forty or fifty feet in height ; but those of the acid or red cherry 
are of lower, more bushy, and tardy growth. In the spring the cherry- 
tree is profusely covered with clusters of snow-white blossoms, and 
earlier in summer than upon any other tree, these are followed by abun- 
dant crops of juicy, sweet, or acid fruit, hanging upon long stalks, and 
enclosing a smooth stone 

The Cherry comes originally from Asia, and the Roman general, 
Lucullus, after a victorious expedition into Pontus, has the reputation 
of having brought it to Italy from Cerasus, a town in that province, in 
the year 69 B.C. According to Pliny, the Romans, 100 years after 
this, had eight varieties in cultivation, and they were soon afterwards 
carried to all parts of Europe. The seeds of the cultivated cherry were 
brought to this country very early after its settlement, both from Eng- 
land and Holland. 

Uses. As a pleasant and refreshing dessert fruit, the cherry is 
everywhere highly esteemed. The early season at which it ripens, its 
juiciness, delicacy, and richness, render it always acceptable. While the 
large and fleshy varieties are exceedingly sweet and luscious, others which 
are more tender, and more or less acid, are very valuable for pies, tarts, 
and various kinds of cookery. The fruit of the Kentish or Early Rich- 
mond is excellent when stoned and dried, and the Mazzard, and our wild 
Virginia cherries, are used to give a flavor to brandy. When canned 
they retain their character and are very delicious. The Dukes or Mo- 
rellos are best for the purpose. 

The celebrated German ICirscliwasser is made by distilling the liquor 
of the common black mazzard or gean (in which the stones are ground 
and broken, and fermented with the pulp), and the delicious Ratafia cor- 
dial of Grenoble is also made from this fruit. Maraschino, the mosl 
celebrated liqueur of Italy, is distilled from a small gean or mazzard 
with which, in fermenting, honey and the leaves and kernels of the fruit 
are mixed. 



448 



THE CHEERY. 



The gum of the Cherry is nearly identical with gum arabic, and there 
are some marvellous stories told of its nutritive properties. The wood 
of the cherry is hard and durable, and is therefore valuable for many 
purposes ; but the best wood is afforded by our common wild or Virginia 
cherry, which is a very good substitute for mahogany, taking a fine 
polish. 

The larger growing sorts of black cherry are the finest of all fruit- 
trees for shade, and are, therefore, generally chosen by farmers, who are 
always desirous of combining the useful and the ornamental. Indeed 
the Cherry, from its symmetrical form, its rapid growth, its fine shade, 
and beautiful blossoms, is exceedingly well suited for a roadside tree in 
agricultural districts. We wish we could induce the planting of ave- 
nues of this and other fine-growing fruit-trees in our country neighbor- 
hoods, as is the beautiful custom in Germany, affording ornament and a 
grateful shade and refreshment to the traveller at the same moment. 
Mr. Loudon, in his Arboretum, gives the following account of the cherry 
avenues in Germany, which we gladly lay before our readers : — 

" On the Continent, and more especially in Germany and Switzer- 
land, the cherry is much used as a roadside tree ; particularly in the 
northern parts of Germany, where the apple and pear will not thrive. 
In some countries the road passes for many miles together through an 
avenue of cherry-trees. In Moravia, the road from Brunn to Olmutz 
passes through such an avenue, extending upwards of sixty miles in 
length ; and in the autumn of 1828, we travelled for several days through 
almost one continuous avenue of cherry-trees, from Strasburg by a cir- 
cuitous route to Munich. These avenues, in Germany, are planted by 
the desire of the respective governments, not only for shading the travel- 
ler, but in order that the poor pedestrian may obtain refreshment on his 
journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the cherries, on condi- 
tion of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop of the cherries, when 
ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which it 
grows ; and when these are anxious to preserve the fruit of any particu- 
lar tree, it is, as it were, tabooed ; that is, a wisp of straw is tied in a 
conspicuous part to one of the branches, as vines by the roadsides in 
France, when the grapes are ripe, are protected by sprinkling a plant 
here and there with a mixture of lime and water, which marks the 
leaves with conspicuous white blotches. Every one who has travelled 
on the Continent in the fruit season, must have observed the respect 
that is paid to these appropriating marks ; and there is somethiDg highly 
gratifying in this, and in the humane feeling displayed by the princes 
of the different countries in causing the trees to be planted. It would 
indeed be lamentable if kind treatment did not produce a corresponding 
return." 

Soil and Situation. A dry soil for the cherry is the universal 
maxim, and although it is so hardy a tree that it will thrive in a great 
variety of soils, yet a good sandy or gravelly loam is its favorite place. 
It will indeed grow in much thinner and dryer soils than most othei- 
fruit-trees, but to obtain the finest fruit a deep and mellow soil, of good 
quality, is desirable. When it is forced to grow in wet places, or where 
the roots are constantly damp, it soon decays and is very short lived. 
And we have seen this tree, when forced into too luxuriant a growth in our 
over-rich Western soils, become so gross in its wood as to bear little or 
no fruit, and split open in its trunk, and soon perish. It is a very 



THE CHERRY. 



449 



hardy tree, and will bear a great variety of exposures without in- 
jury. In deep warm valleys, liable to spring frosts, it is, however, 
well to plant it on the north sides of hills, in order to retard it in the 
spring. 

Propagation". The finer sorts are nearly always propagated by bud- 
ding on seedlings of the common black mazzard, which is a very com- 
mon kind, producing a great abundance of fruit, and very healthy, free 
growing stocks. To raise these stocks, the cherries should be gathered 
when fully ripe, and allowed to lie two or three days together, so that 
they may be partially or wholly freed from the pulp by washing them in 
water. They should then be planted immediately in drills in the seed 
plot, covering them about an inch deep. They will then vegetate in 
the following spring, and in good soil will be fit for planting out in the 
nursery rows in the autumn or following spring, at a distance of ten or 
twelve inches apart in the row. Many persons preserve their cherry 
stones in sand, either in the cellar or in the open air, until spring, but 
we have found this a more precarious mode ; the cherry being one of the 
most delicate of seeds when it commences to vegetate, its vitality is 
frequently destroyed by leaving it in the sand twenty-four hours too 
long, or after it has commenced sprouting. 

After planting in the nursery rows, the seedlings are generally fit for 
budding in the month of August following. And in order not to have weak 
stocks overpowered by vigorous ones, they should always be assorted 
before they are planted, placing those of the same size in rows together... 
Nearly all the cherries are grown with us as standards. The English^ 
nurserymen usually bud their standard cherries as high as they wish 
them to form heads, but we always prefer to bud them on quite young" 
stocks, as near the ground as possible, as they then shoot up cleaiL,. 
straight, smooth stems, showing no clumsy joint where the bud and the 
stock are united. In good soils the buds will frequently make shoots,, 
six or eight feet high, the first season after the stock is headed back. 
Grafting of the cherry may be performed the same as with the apple and 
pear, but the work, to be successful, should always be performed early in 
the season, before the frost is well out of the ground. If omitted until 
the buds begin to swell strongly the chances for success are less than those 
of failure. 

When dwarf trees are required, the Morello seedlings are used as 
stocks, or the Perfumed Cherry (Cerasus Mahaleb) is employed ; but 
as standards are almost universally preferred, these are seldom seen 
here. Dwarfs in the nursery must be headed back the second year, in 
order to form lateral shoots near the ground. 

Cultivation. The cherry, as a standard tree, may be said to require 
little or no cultivation in the Middle States, further than occasionally 
supplying old trees with a little manure to keep up their vigor, pruning 
out a dead or crossing branch, and washing the stem with soft soap 
should it become hard and bark-bound. Pruning, the cherry very little 
needs, and as it is always likely to produce gum (and this decay), it 
should be avoided, except when really required. It should then be 
done in midsummer, as that is the only season when the gum is not more- 
or less exuded. The cherry is not a very long-lived tree, but in favor- 
able soil the finest varieties generally endure about thirty or forty years.. 
In the County of Perry, Ohio, there is a tree of the Black Mazzard- 
variety which is eighty feet in height, and four feet one inch in dia- 

29 



450 



THE CHEERY. 



* meter of main trunk, while the length of the largest limb or branch is 
forty-two feet. 

A large cherry-tree at "Walworth, N. Y., is recorded as measuring 
fourteen feet six inches in circumference, sixty feet in height, and having 
a spread of over four rods. It has produced forty bushels of fruit in 
one season. 

Twenty feet apart for the strong, and eighteen feet for the slow- 
growing kinds is the proper distance for this tree. 

Training the Cherry is very little practised in the United States. 
The Heart and Bigarreau Cherries are usually trained in the horizontal 
manner, explained in pages 44, 45. When the wall or espalier is once 
filled, as there directed, with lateral branches, it is only necessary to cut 
off, twice every season — in the month of May and July — all additional 
shoots to within an inch or so of the branch from which they grew. As 
the trees grow older, these fruit-spurs will advance in length, but by cut- 
ting them out whenever they exceed four or five inches, new ones will be 
produced, and the tree will continue to keep its proper shape and yield 
excellent fruit. The Morello Cherries, being weaker growing sorts, are 
trained in the fan manner (pages 42, 43). 

Gathering the Fruit. This tender and juicy fruit is best when 
freshly gathered from the tree, and it should always be picked with the 
stalks attached. For the dessert, the flavor of many sorts in our climate 
is rendered more delicious by placing the fruit, for an hour or two pre- 
vious, in an ice-house or refrigerator, and bringing them upon the table 
cool, with dew-drops standing upon them. For market or transpor- 
tation long distances, they should be gathered only when perfectly dry. 

Varieties. Since the first publication of this work was written, the 
number of varieties has greatly increased, and become so hybridized that 
no distinct line can now be drawn separating many of the Heart Cher- 
ries (tender and half tender) from the firm-fleshed or Bigarreau varieties, 
each class insensibly approaching and intermingling with the other. We 
have therefore made but one class of these, whose main characteristic is 
the large, vigorous growth of the trees. The Duke and Morello Cherries, 
also wanting a natural division, we make to constitute another class, and 
in these two have comprised all the cherries. 

CLASS I. 
BIGARREAU AND HEART CHERREES. 
Adam's Crown. 

Of English origin. 

Fruit medium, round heart-shape, pale red. Flesh tender, juicy, 
agreeable. Middle of June. 

Amber. 

Imperial English Amber ? 

A variety described by Coxe as large, round. Skin glossy cream 
color, faint blush. Flesh firm, luscious. Ripens late in June. Tree 
grows large, regular, spreading. 



THE CHERRY. 



451 



Amber Gean. 
G-ean Amber. 

Of foreign origin, exceedingly productive, ripens late, and hangs till 
the middle of July. 

Fruit small, oval or obtuse heart-shape. Skin very thin, color pale 
yellow, partially overspread with a very faint red. Stalk long and 
slender, very slightly inserted. Flesh white, juicy, melting, of a sweet 
and pleasant flavor. 

Ambree. 
Cerise Ambree. 

An English variety, described in Lindley as of rather tender habit in 
tree. 

Fruit large, round, flattened next the stalk. Skin thick, of a fine 
amber color, mottled with red and yellow. Flesh pale yellow, slightly 
tinged with red, juicy, excellent. Middle of July. 

American Amber. 

Bloodgood's Amber. Bloodgood's Honey. 

Bloodgood's New Honey. 

Raised by the late Daniel Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long Island. A 
vigorous tree, productive. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, slightly indented at the 
apex. Skin thin, smooth, light amber, delicately mottled and overspread 
with bright red. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a slight narrow 
cavity. Flesh tender, abounding with a sprightly, though not high- 
flavored juice. Ripe about the 25th of June. 

American Heart. 

Its origin is uncertain. The tree is quite luxuriant, with wide- 
spreading branches. Productive. 

Fruit pretty large, heart-shaped, often nearly four-sided, and irregu- 
lar in its outline — borne in clusters. Skin at first pale, not becoming 
covered with light red or pink, mixed with very little amber. Stalk 
rather long and slender, inserted in a small and shallow cavity. Flesh 
half tender and crackling, adhering to the skin, which is rather tough. 
Juice abundant, and in dry seasons sweet and excellent, but rather want- 
ing in sweetness in cool or wet seasons. Ripens early in June. 

Anne. 

A very productive early variety. Received from A. V. Bedford, 
Paris, Ky. 

Fruit medium to small, bright red, tender, juicy, very sweet, and 
excellent, a good amateur's fruit, growth moderate. Ripe with Early 
White Heart, or soon after. 

Argental's Late. 

Bigarreau Tardive d'Argental. 

A Cherry from France, of rather spreading habit, with irregular, 
rather slender branches, the fruit in form unlike any other cherry. 



452 



THE CHERRY. 



Fruit medium, elongated oval. Sides compressed, narrow suture. 
Stalk medium, slender, in a small cavity. Skin deep purplish black. 
Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Yery good. Stone small, narrow, elon- 
gated oval. Ripens July 10. 

Baum ann's May. 
Bigarreau de Mai. Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai. 

Of foreign origin. A very productive, early variety, of vigorous 
growth, of good quality, but not equal to E. P. Guigne. 

Fruit rather small, oval heart-shaped, and rather angular in outline. 
Skin deep rich red, becoming rather dark when fully ripe. Stalk an inch 
and three-fourths long, pretty stout at either end, and set in a very nar- 
row and rather irregular cavity. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, and when 
fully ripe, tolerably sweet and good. Ripens here the 20th of May. 

Belle Agathe. 
Autumn Bigarreau. Belle Agathe de Novembre. 

A variety from Belgium. Tree vigorous, hardy, good bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish oval, depressed at ends, yellow, mostly covered 
with red. Flesh firm, hard, sweet, moderately j uicy. Stone large 
Valuable only because of its time of ripening, late in August. 

6 

Belle d' Orleans. 

Belle d'Orleans. 

A foreign variety, ripening just after the Early Purple Guigne. 
Tree a vigorous grower, spreading habit, productive, and a valuable 
addition to the early kinds. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish heart-shaped. Color whitish 
yellow, half covered with pale red. Flesh tender, very juicy, sweet, and 
excellent. Ripens early in June. 




Bigarreau. 



THE CHERRY. 



453 



BlGARREAU. / 

Graflion. Yellow Spanish. 

White Bigarreau. Amber, or Imperial. 

Turkey Bigarreau ? Bigarreau Koyal. 

Italian Heart. Bigarreau Gros ? 

West's White Heart. Bigarreau Tardif. 

Groote Princess. Hollandische Grosse. 

Prinzessin Kirsche. Cerise Ambree. 

This noble fruit is unquestionably one of the largest, most beautiful, 
and delicious of Cherries. It was introduced into this country about 
the year 1800, by the late William Prince, of Flushing, and has been 
very extensively disseminated under the names of Yellow Spanish, Graf- 
fion, and Bigarreau. The tree is short, but thrifty in growth, making 
strong lateral shoots, and forming a large and handsome head with 
spreading branches. 

Fruit very large, and of a beautiful waxen appearance, regularly 
formed, obtuse heart-shaped, the base a good deal flattened. Stalk stout, 
nearly two inches long, inserted in a wide hollow. Skin pale whitish 
yellow on the shaded side, bordered with minute carmine dots, and 
deepening into bright red, finely marbled on the sunny side. Flesh pale 
yellow, quite firm, juicy, with a rich, sweet, and delicious flavor if allow- 
ed fully to ripen. In perfection the last of June. 



Bigarreau Gros Cceuret. 

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux. 

Bigarreau Cceur de Pigeon. Bigarreau Marcellin. 

Gros Coeuret. 

This, the true Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau, is a French variety 
only rarely seen in the fruit gardens of this country. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped, with a suture line frequently 
raised, instead of being depressed. Skin at first yellowish red, marked 
with deeper red streaks, but becoming, when fully ripe, a dark shining 
red, almost black. Stalk inserted in a shallow hollow. Stone oval and 
rather large. Flesh firm, purplish, a little bitter at first, but of a sweet 
flavor when fully matured. Bipe first week in July. 



Bigarreau Jaboulay. 
Bigarreau de Lyon. 

This is a fine large, early Bigarreau. Skin covered with clear red. 
Stalk an inch and a half long. Flesh firm, juicy, richly flavored, and 
delicious. End of June. (Hogg.) 

Some years since we received a Bigarreau de Lyon from Lewis B. 
Eaton, of Buffalo, N. Y;, he having purchased it from a lot of imported 
French trees. The label being lost, the above name was given, and as 
it has been so disseminated, we continue it and give description to aid 
in its identity. The tree is a free grower, with long, spreading, some- 
what pendulous branches. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped, somewhat irregular compressed. Suture 
slight. Skin deep red, almost black at maturity. Stalk rather long, 
slender, curved, set in a round narrow cavity of moderate depth. 



454 



THE CHERRY. 



Flesh reddish purple, half tender, juicy, sweet, rich. Very good. 
Early July. 

BlGARREAU OF MeZEL. 

Great Bigarreau ? Large Red Prool ? 

Great Bigarreau of Mezel. Monstrous de Mezel. 

Bigarreau Gaubalais. 

A foreign variety of the largest size, and, so far as we can judge, iden- 
tical with Great Bigarreau and Large Bed Prool. This is however 
doubted by some. The tree is a very vigorous grower, forming a wide- 
spreading open head, bearing its fruit on spurs along the limbs or 
branches. 

Bruit very large, obtuse heart-shaped. Surface uneven, dark red, or 
quite black at maturity. Stalk long and slender. Flesh firm and 
juicy, but not high-flavored. Bipe last of June and beginning of July. 

Bigarreau Biverchon. 

A late Cherry, described by Bivers as large, dark red, nearly black. 
Flesh rich. July. 

Bill and Coo. 

A variety that originated on the grounds of Brof. J. B. Kirtland, 
Cleveland, O., and took its name from the tree being the haunt of 
two young lovers. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, regular, heart-shaped, flattened at apex. Stalk 
long, slender. Sides high. Color amber yellow 
ground, marbled with clear rich red. Suture 
half round, broad, opposite side knobby. Flesh 
rich, delicate, sweet. Early in June, but hangs a 
long time without decaying. (Elliott's Notes.) 

Black Bigarreau of Savoy. 

New Large Black Bigarreau. 
> Bigarreau Noir de Savoi. 
Bigarreau Noir. 

An Italian variety, of very vigorous growth ; 
hardy and productive. Young wood quite dark. 

Fruit large, regularly heart-shaped, very 
slightly obtuse. Skin smooth and even on the 
surface, not very glossy, quite black at maturity. 
Stalk an inch and three-fourths long, rather stout, 
set in a narrow even hollow. Flesh purple, quite 
firm and solid, with a rich but not abundant 
juice. Stone rather large. Bipe middle of July. 

Black Eagle. 

A very excellent English variety, raised by 
the daughter of Mr. Knight, at Downton Castle, 
Black Eagle. in 1806, from the seed of the Bigarreau fertilized 

by the Mayduke. It ripens at the beginning of 
July, or a few days later than the Black Tartarian. 





THE CHERRY. 



455 



Fruit rather above medium size, borne in pairs and threes, obtuse 
heart-shaped. Skin deep purple, or nearly black. Stalk of medium 
length, and rather slender. Flesh deep purple, tender, with a rich, 
high-flavored juice, superior to the Black Heart. Branches strong, with 
large leaves. Moderate bearer. 

Black Hawk. 

Originated with Dr. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. The tree is 
of healthy, vigorous, spreading habit, with much of the general character 
of Yellow Spanish. As a table fruit, its high flavor will always com- 
mend it ; while as a market fruit, its size and productive habit of tree 
place it among the very best. 

Fruit large, heart-shape, often obtuse. Sides compressed. Surface un- 
even. Color dark purplish black, glossy. Flesh dark purple, half tender, 
almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, fine flavor. Season from 20th June to 1st 
July. 

Black Heart. 

Early Black. Black Caroon. 

Ansell's Fine Black. Guinier a fruit noir. 

Spanish Black Heart. Guigne grosse noir. 

Black Russian. Grosse Schwarze Hertz Kirsche. 

The Black Heart, an old variety, is better known than almost any 
other Cherry in this country, and its great fruitfulness and good flavor, 
together with the hardiness and the large size to which the tree grows, 
render it everywhere esteemed. 

Fruit above medium size, heart-shaped, a little irregular. Skin 
glossy, dark purple, becoming deep black when fully ripe. Stalk an 
inch and a half long, slender, set in a moderate hollow. Flesh, before 
fully ripe, half tender, but finally becoming tender and juicy, with a 
rich, sweet flavor. Bipens the last of June, about ten days after the 
Mayduke. 

Black Mazzard. 

Mazzard. Whixley Black. 

Common English. Merry Cherry. 

Wild English Cherry. Merisier a petit fruit. 

Black Honey. Merisier a petit fruit noir. 

Bristol Cherry. Corone. 

Cerasus avium. Caroon. 

Wild Black Fruited. Couronne. 

Small Wild Black. Large Wild Black. 

This is the wild species of Europe, being common in the forests of 
France and some parts of England ; and it has now become naturalized, 
and grows spontaneously throughout most portions of the settled States. 
It is the original species from which nearly all the fine Heart and other 
sweet cherries have sprung. It is small, and of little value for eating, 
retaining, unless very ripe, a certain bitterness ; but it ripens and hangs 
on the tree until the middle or last of July, so that it then becomes 
somewhat acceptable. 

Fruit small, roundish or oval heart-shaped, flattened a little on both 
sides. Stalk long and very slender, inserted in a small depression. 



456 



THE CHERRY. 



Skin thin, and when fully ripe, jet black. Flesh soft and melting, 
purple, with an abundant somewhat bitter juice. 

The White Mazzard of Mr. Manning is a seedling raised by that 
pomologist, which differs little except in its color. 



Tartarian. 
Black Circassian. 
Ronald's Heart. 
Fraser's Tartarische. 
Bishop's Large. 



Black Tartarian. 

Fraser's Black Tartarian. 
Superb Circassian. 
Fraser's Black Heart. 
Schwarze Herz Kirsche. 
Circassian. 



Ronald's Large Black Heart. 
Fraser's Black. 
Black Russian. 
Double Heart. 



This superb fruit has become a general favorite 
in all our gardens ; and in size, flavor, and produc- 
tiveness it has no superior among black cherries. 
It is a Russian and West Asian variety, intro- 
duced into England about 1796, and brought thence 
to this country. It is remarkable for its rapid, 
vigorous growth, large leaves, and the erect habit 
of its head. The fruit ripens about the middle of 
June, a few days after the Mayduke. 

Fruit of the largest size, heart-shaped (some- 
times rather obtuse), irregular and uneven on the 
surface. Skin glossy, bright purplish black. 
Flesh purplish, thick (the stone being quite small), 
half-tender, and juicy. Flesh very rich and deli- 



Bohemian Black Bigarreau. 
Bigarreau Radowesnitzer. 

Foreign. 

Fruit very large, roundish heart-shape, very 
even and regular in outline. Skin shining jet 
black. Stalk short, stout, dark green. Flesh 
quite black, firm, juicy, richly flavored and de- 
Biack Tartarian. licious. Season early July. (Florist and Pomo- 
logist.) 

Bowyer's Early Heart. 

Medium size, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin amber, mottled and 
shaded with red. Flesh tender, juicy, with a pleasant vinous flavor. 
Distinct from Early White Heart. Kipens immediately after. 




Brandywine. 

Originated near Wilmington, Del. Tree vigorous, spreading, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse heart-shape, almost without suture. 
Skin yellowish, beautifully mottled and marbled with light crimson 
and lake, small light dots. Stalk long, slender, in a moderate cavity. 
Flesh tender, juicy, sprightly acidulous. Fine for culinary uses. Stone 
rather large. Last of June. 



THE CHERRY. 



457 



Brant. 

Origin, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, with large foliage and 
spreading, of rather round, regular form. 

Fruit large, rounded angular heart-shape. Sides slightly compressed. 
Color reddish black. Flesh dark purplish red, half tender, juicy, sweet, 
and rich. Yery good. Season early or middle of June. 

Brown's Seedling. 
Origin, Connecticut. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shaped, compressed with a line and slight 
suture. Stalk in a broad cavity. Skin whitish, shaded and mottled 
with red. Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Early July. 

Burr's Seedling. 

Origin, Perrinton, Monroe Co., 1ST. Y. Tree a vigorous spreading 
grower, productive. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped, whitish yellow shaded with light red, and 
sometimes mottled. Flesh nearly tender, with a sweet, rich, excellent 
flavor. Yery good. Ripe the last of June. 

Buttner's Black Heart. 
From Germany. Tree a vigorous grower. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped, almost black. Flesh purplish, firm, juicy, 
not very rich. Good. Ripe middle of July. 

Buttner's Yellow. 
Biittner's Wachs-Kaorpel Kirsche. Buttner's Gelbe-Knorpel Kirsche. 

Raised by Biittner, of Halle, in Germany, and one of the few Cher- 
ries entirely yellow. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin pale yellow. Flesh firm, yel- 
lowish, sweet, and not of much value. Bipe first week in July. 

Carmine Stripe. 

Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland. Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading. 
Yery productive. 

Fruit above medium, heart-shaped. Suture half round, followed by 
a line of carmine. Color amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright, 
lively carmine. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and agreeable. 
Yery good. Stalk varies. Season, last of June. 

Caroline. 

One of Prof. J. P. Kirtland's originating. Tree a vigorous, somewhat 
upright spreading habit, very productive, and an exceedingly delicious 
fruit for the dessert. 

Fruit above medium, round oblong, one side compressed slightly. 
Color pale amber, mottled with clear light red, and when fully exposed 
to the sun becomes rich red. Flesh very tender, juicy, sweet, and deli- 
cate. Yery good or best. Season last of June. 



458 



THE CHEERY. 



Byensville. 

Origin, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, S23reading, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, nearly globular, slight apex. Skin yellowish, 
shaded and mottled with light and dark red. Stalk medium or short. 
Flesh very tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Last June. 

Champagne. 

Originated at Newburgh, N". Y. Tree of moderate growth, and forms 
a round head. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped. Color lively brick 
red, inclining to pink, a little paler on the shaded side. Stalk of 
moderate length and size, inserted in a rather flat shallow depression. 
Flesh amber-colored, of a lively rich flavor, a mingling of sugar and 
acid, something between Downer's Late and a Duke cherry, a good 
bearer, and ripens uniformly and hangs some time on the tree. Yery 
good. Season last of June. 

China Bigaeeeau. 
Chinese Heart. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, light amber, mottled 
and shaded with bright red. Flesh firm, with a sweet, peculiar flavor. 
Good. Bipe last of June. ' 

Cleveland. 
Cleveland Bigarreau. 

Baised by Brofessor J. B. Kirtland, a thrifty strong grower, spreading, 
productive, and a fine fruit. 

Fruit large, round heart-shape. Suture pretty broad, nearly half- 
round. Color bright clear red on yellowish ground. Flesh fine, juicy, 
rich, sweet, and fine flavor. Bipe a few days before Black Tartarian. 
Yery good. 

Cocklin's Favoeite. 
Late Amber. 

Origin unknown. Introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown, 
Ba. Tree upright, conical, vigorous, and exceedingly productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, regular, a little compressed, somewhat flatten- 
ed at base, almost without suture. Apex sunk. Skin yellowish shaded, 
and somewhat mottled in the sun with light crimson. Stalk long and 
slender, in a deep smooth cavity. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, vinous. 
Yery good. Stone very small. Bipens a little later than Downer's Bed. 

Coe's Teanspaeent. 

Originated with Curtis Coe, of Middletown, Conn. A produc- 
tive and valuable addition to the amateur's collection, but rather too 
tender for carriage to market. Tree vigorous and hardy, with a round 
and somewhat spreading head. 



THE CHERRY. 



459 



Fruit of medium size, remarkably round and regular in form. Skin 
thin, wax-like, of a very delicate pale amber, nearly covered with pale cor- 
nelian red in the sun, and marked with delicate pale 
spots or blotches, which give it a unique appearance. 
Stalk set in a deep depression of moderate depth. 
Flesh very tender, melting, and juicy, with a deli- 
cate but sweet and excellent flavor. Best. Bipens 
just before Black Tartarian. 

Columbia. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, pro- 
ductive. Fruit medium, heart-shaped, inclining to a 
point. Surface angular and uneven. Sides com- 
pressed. Suture deep and narrow. Stalk long and 
slender, in a large deep cavity. Skin whitish yel- 
low, shaded and mottled with light red. Flesh 
whitish, slightly stained with pink, tender, juicy, 
pleasant. Good. Last of June. 

Conestoga. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Introduced by Cas- 

. 7 7 . . d Coe s Transparent. 

par Hiller. Iree a very vigorous spreading grower, 
and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, obtuse, heart-shaped, slightly compressed. Suture 
shallow. Apex small. Stalk long. Cavity deep, large. Skin deep red 
or purplish, somewhat mottled. Flesh reddish, almost tender, juicy, 
brisk. Good. Early July. 

Cornelia. 

Originated by Charles Pease, near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, up- 
right spreading, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed. Suture slight. 
Skin whitish yellow, shaded with rich bright crimson when fully ex- 
posed to the sun. Stalk long, in a narrow deep cavity. Flesh light 
yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, and lively flavor. Yery good. Stone small. 
Last of June. 

Dacotah. 

A new variety, originated by Charles Pease, Sen., near Cleveland, O. 
The tree resembles Rockport in habit of growth, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed. Suture shallow, 
with projection and dark "line on the opposite side. Stalk long, slender, 
pretty deep, rather narrow cavity. Skin rich dark red, almost black. 
Surface a little uneven. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, sweet. Yery 
good. Stone medium. Pipe just after Black Tartarian. 

Davenport. 

Davenport's Early Black. Davenport's Early. New Mayduke. 

Origin, Dorchester, Mass. Tree of moderate upright growth, dis- 
tinct from Black Heart, an early and good bearer. 





460 



THE CHERRY. 



Fruit above medium size, roundish heart-shaped. Stem an inch and 
a half long, rather stout, in a medium cavity. Color dark purplish black. 
Flesh tender, juicy, and pleasant. Ripe about the time of May duke or 
just before. Yery good. 



Delicate. 

Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, O. 
Tree thrifty, rather spreading habit, productive, 
and its beautiful appearance and delicate flavor 
will make it a favorite for family use. 

Fruit rather above medium size, roundish, 
slightly depressed. Stem medium length, in a 
rather broad deep cavity. Color fine amber yel- 
low in the shade, with a rich bright red on the 
sunny side. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with a 
delicate rich flavor. Best. Ripens the last of 
June. 

Doctor. 
The Doctor. 

Tree a free grower, somewhat spreading, very 
productive, apt to be small unless well cultivated. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped. 
Stalk of medium length, in a round regular cavity. 
Delicate. Color light yellow, mostly shaded with bright red. 

Flesh tender, juicy, and pleasant. Yery good. 

Ripens early in June. 




DOULIN BlGARREAU ? 




A foreign variety, which may be distinct, 
but doubtful. Tree a rapid, spreading grower, 
an early bearer. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on one 
side. Suture slight. Stalk slender, curved. 
Cavity deep. Skin dark purplish red. Flesh 
pinkish, rather tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant. 
Good to very good. Early June. 

Downer's Late. 
Downer. Downer's late Red 

This valuable late Cherry was raised by 
Samuel Downer, Esq., an ardent cultivator, of 
Dorchester, near Boston. It is a very regular 
and great bearer, ripens about a week after the 
Cherry season, and hangs for a considerable time 
on the tree. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, 
inclining to oval. Skin very smooth, of a soft 



Downer's Late. but lively red, mottled with a little amber in the 



THE CHERRY. 



461 



shade. Stalk inserted with a very slight depression. Fruit borne thick- 
ly, in clusters. Flesh tender, melting, with a sweet and luscious flavor. 
Ripens from the 4th to the 10th of July. 

Downing's Bed Cheek. 

Originated at Newburgh, N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, 
productive. 

Fruit rather large, regularly obtuse heart-shaped, with a pretty 
distinct suture. Skin thin, white, with a rich dark crimson cheek 
(somewhat mottled). Stalk an inch and a half long, set in an even hol- 
low of moderate depth. Flesh yellowish, half tender, and of a very 
delicate sweet. Very good. Ripens about the 14th of June. 

Downtok. 

A variety raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., of 
Downton Castle, from the seed, it is believed, of 
the Elton. Tree having a round spreading head, 
moderately productive. 

Fruit large, very blunt heart-shaped, nearly 
roundish. Stalk one and a half to two inches 
long, slender, set in a pretty deep, broad hollow. 
Skin pale cream color, semi-transparent, deli- 
cately stained on one side with red, and marbled 
with red dots. Flesh yellowish, without any red, 
tender, adhering slightly to the stone, with a 
delicious rich flavor. Very good. Last of June. 

Drogan's White Bigarreau. 
Bigarreau Blanc de Drogan. 

Fruit heart-shaped, pointed at apex, flattened 
on one side, yellow, mottled and flushed with 
red in the sun. Stalk stout. Flesh firm, sweet. 
(Hogg.) 

Drogan's Yellow Bigarreau. 
Bigarreau Jaune de Drogan. Drogan's Gelbe Knorpelskirsche. 

Fruit large, round. Skin clear pale yellow. Flesh very juicy, 
sweet, and pleasant. Middle July. (Hogg.) 

Early Black Bigarreau. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped. Skin jet black. Stalk rather long. Flesh 
dark purple, firm, sweet. Ripe middle of June. (Hogg.) 

Early Lamaurie. 

A variety described by Rivers, not yet fruited in this country. 
Fruit large, dark purple. Flesh rich, juicy, excellent. A week 
earlier than Early Purple Guigne. 




Downton. 



462 



THE CHERRY. 



Early Lyons. 
Rose de Lyons. 

This, to our knowledge, has not yet been introduced to this country. 
Rivers, the celebrated English pomologist, describes it as : 

Emit very large, light red and yellow. Elesh juicy, rich, excellent. 
Ripens about a week later than Early Purple Guigne. 

Early Prolific. 

Raised by Dr. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. An excellent early, 
very prolific variety, of moderate growth. 

Eruit medium size, round obtuse heart-shape, light yellow ground, 
shaded and mottled with bright red. Stalk long. Elesh half tender, 
juicy, rich, sweet, and very good. Ripe about a week before Mayduke. 

Early Purple Guigne. 

Early Purple Griotte. 
German Mayduke. 
Trempe Precoce. 

Origin unknown. An exceedingly early 
variety, ripening the last of May in favor- 
able seasons. Tree hardy, free grower, 
spreading, somewhat pendent, and the 
leaves have longer petioles than most other 
sorts ; a good bearer, and indispensable 
among the early varieties. 

Fruit medium size, roundish heart- 
shaped. Stem long, inserted in a rather 
shallow cavity. Suture indistinct. Skin 
smooth, dark red, becoming purple at 
maturity. Flesh purple, tender, juicy, 
with a rich and sweet flavor. Good to very 
good. 

- Has proved hardy at the West, and well 
adapted to that climate. 

Early Red Bigarreau. 
Bigarreau Rouge de Gouben. 

An excellent early Cherry, the tree somewhat of the habit of a Duke 
in its growth. 

Eruit large, heart-shape, bright red, translucent. Stalk long. Elesh 
firm, rich, sweet, excellent. Early J une. (Hogg.) 

Early White Heart. 

Arden's Early White Heart. White Transparent. 
White Heart. Amber Heart. 

Dredge's Early White Heart. Swedish. 

Herefordshire White. 

An old variety. Tree vigorous, roundish upright, although a good 
early fruit. It is not equal to Belle D'Orleans, Early Prolific, and others 
of the same season. 




Early Purple Guigne. 



THE CHERRY. 



463 



Fruit below medium size, rather heart-shaped — often a little one- 
sided. Suture quite distinct. Stalk an inch and three-fourths long, 
rather slender, inserted in a wide shallow cavity. Skin dull whitish 
yellow, tinged and speckled with pale red in the sun. Flesh half tender, 
unless fully ripe, when it is melting, with a sweet and pleasant flavor. 
Good. First of June. Manning's Early White similar to above. 



Elizabeth. 

Originated by Caleb Atwater, Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright, very 
prolific. 

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped. Skin rich dark red when fully 
ripe. Flesh half-tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet. Good. Eipe middle 
to last of June. 

Elton. 



Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. 
Flesh-colored Bigarreau. 
Gros Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. 
Gros Bigarreau Blanc. 
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc. 
Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. 



Bigarreau de Rocmont. 
Cceur de Pigeon. 
Belle de Rocmont ? 
Elton Kirsche. 

Elton's Bunte Knorpelkirsche. 



The Elton, a seedling raised in 1806, by the late President of the 
London Horticultural Society, is certainly one 
of the first of Cherries in all respects. The 
trees grow very vigorously, and are readily 
known, when in foliage, by the unusually dark 
red color of the foot-stalks of the leaves. 

Fruit large, rather pointed heart-shaped. 
Skin thin, shining, pale yellow on the shaded 
side, but with a cheek next the sun delicately 
mottled and streaked with bright red. Stalk 
long and slender. Flesh somewhat firm at 
first, but becoming nearly tender, juicy, with 
a very rich and luscious flavor, not surpassed 
by any large Cherry known. Ripens about 
the middle of June, or directly after the May- 
duke. 

Espereist Bigarreau. 

Bigarreau d'Esperin. 
Bigarreau des Vignes. 

Tree vigorous, rather spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. Skin 
yellowish white, mottled and shaded with bright 
rich red. Stalk long, rather slender, inserted Elfcon> 
in a large cavity. Flesh rather firm, juicy, and 

good flavor. Good. Ripe middle of July. This may yet prove the 
same as Napoleon Bigarreau. 

Favorite. 
Elliott's Favorite. 
Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit small to medium. Stalk long, rather slender, in a slight de- 




464 



THE CHEERY. 



pression. Color pale yellow, with a light red cheek, somewhat marbled. 
Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and of a delicate flavor. Very good. Ripe 
last of June. 

Florence. 
Knevett's Late Bigarreau. 

A most excellent Cherry, originally brought from Florence, in Ialy, 
which considerably resembles the Bigarreau, but ripens a little later, 
and has the additional good quality of hanging a long time on the tree. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped, flattened at base, pale amber, 
mottled or mostly covered with bright red. Flesh amber color, firm, 
rich, sweet, fine flavor. Very good. Stone small. Middle July. 

Frogmore Early Bigarreau. 

An early Cherry of recent introduction. It is described in the Lon- 
don Florist as " large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin with a brilliant red 
cheek, dotted with minute yellow points. Flesh delicate, translucent, 
tender, juicy, rich sweet flavor. Ripens before any fruit of its class." 



Gascoigne's Heart. 



Bleeding Heart. 
Red Heart. 



Herefordshire Heart. 
Guigne Rouge Hative. 



An old English variety. 

Fruit of medium size, long heart-shaped, small drop or tear at the 
end. Skin dark red. Flesh reddish, half tender, with only a tolerable 

flavor. Poor. Ripe the last of June. 
A bad bearer. 

Gifford's Seedling. 

Small, roundish heart-shaped. Light 
red, very sweet. Hardly good. Pro- 
ductive, last of J une. 

Governor "Wood. 

Raised by Professor Kirtland, Cleve- 
land, O. It deserves a place in every 
good collection. Tree vigorous, forming 
a round, regular head, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. 
Skin light yellow, shaded and marbled 
with bright red. Suture half round. 
Stem an inch and a half long, in a broad 
cavity. Flesh nearly tender, j uicy, sweet, 
Governor Wood. rich, and delicious. Very good to best 

Ripe about the middle of June. 

Gridley. 
Apple Cherry. 

Fruit medium, roundish, black. Flesh firm, not very juicy nor rich. 
Ripens last of June. Poor. Productive. Origin, Massachusetts. 




THE CHERRY. 



465 



Grosse de Wagnellee. 

Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, oval. Skin yellow, washed and spotted with red. Flesh 
tender juicy, sweet. July. (Alb. Pom.) 

Guigne Tres Precoce. 

Rivers says of this : 

Fruit rather small, round, dark purple. Stalk very short. Flesh 
very sweet. One of the earliest to ripen, and a great bearer. 

Hensel's Early. 

Origin, Lancaster, Pa. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit roundish, obtuse at base. Stalk slender. Flesh half tender, 
moderately juicy. Good. Early June. (Hort.) 

Hildesheim Bigarreau. 

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. 
Bigarreau marbre de Hildesheim. 
Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim. 
Hildesheimer ganz Spate Knorpel Kirsche. 
Hildesheimer Spate Herz Kirsche. 
Spate Hildesheimer Marmor Kirsche. 

The Hildesheim Bigarreau is a German variety which ripens here 
in August. 

Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped. Skin yellow, mottled and 
marbled with red. Flesh pale yellow, firm, with a sweet and agreeable 
flavor. Good. 

Ho AD LEY. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree of healthy, vigorous habit, form- 
ing a round, spreading head. 

Fruit above medium, regular round heart-shape, light clear carmine 
red, mottled and striped on pale yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, rich, 
sweet, and delicious. Yery good. Season, 20th to last of J une. 



Honey. 

Large Honey. Late Honey. 

Yellow Honey. Merisier a fruit blanc. 

A small, late, very sweet fruit, formerly much esteemed. 
Fruit small, roundish, yellow and red. Flesh tender, very sweet- 
Middle of July. 

HOVEY. 

Originated with C. M. Hovey, Boston, Mass. Tree vigorous* 
upright spreading, productive. 

30 



466 



THE CHERRY. 



Fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on one side with a distinct 
line from apex to stalk. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Skin whitish 
yellow, shaded and mottled with rich shades 
of red. Flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet, pleas- 
ant. Very good. Middle of July. 

Hyde's Late Black. 

Origin, Newton, Mass. Strong grower and 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium; obtuse heart-shaped, pur- 
plish black. Flesh half firm, juicy. Good. Ripe 
first week in July. 

Hyde's Red Heart. 

Origin, Newton, Mass. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, heart-shaped. Skin pale, 
but becoming a light red at maturity. Flesh 
tender, sprightly. Ripe last of June. 

Jaune de Prusse. 

Foreign. 

Tree vigorous, with long slender branches, Hovey. 
productive, small, heart-shaped, light yellow, 

translucent. Stalk long and slender. Flesh yellowish- white, tender, 
juicy sweet, a little bitter before fully ripe, which is soon after 
Downer's Late. 

J OCOSOT. 

Origin near Cleveland, O. 

Fruit large, very regular, uniform heart-shape, slightly obtuse, and 
with a deep indenture at apex. Surface uneven. Color rich glossy 
dark liver color, almost black. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich sweet 
flavor. Yery good. Season, near the last of June. 

Kennicott. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading. Yery 
productive. 

Fruit large, oval heart-shape, compressed. Suture shallow, half 
round. Color amber yellow, mottled and much overspread with rich, 
bright, clear, glossy red. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, and sweet. Yery good. 
Season, 8th to 10th July. 

Keokuk. 

Originated by Prof. J. P. Kirtland. Tree a strong, vigorous grower, 
forming a large tree. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish black. Flesh half tender, 
rather coarse, and deficient in flavor. Hardly good. Its chief merit a 
market variety. Ripe early in July. 

Kirtland's Mammoth. 

Originated by Prof. Kirtland. Tree vigorous grower, but poor 
bearer. 




THE CHERRY. 



467 



Fruit of the largest size, obtuse heart-shaped. Color bright clear 
yellow, partially overspread and marbled with rich red. Flesh almost 
tender, juicy, sweet, with a very fine high flavor. Yery good, or best. 
Season, last of June. 

Kirtland's Mary. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree a strong, upright grower, said to be 
one of the best of his seedlings, and desirable either for the dessert or 
market purposes. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shape, very regular. Color light and 
dark rich red, deeply marbled and mottled on a yellow ground ; grown 
fully in the sun, is mostly a rich, dark glossy red. Flesh light yellow, 
quite firm, rich, juicy, sweet, and very high flavored. Very good or 
best. Season, last of June and first of July. 

Knight's Early Black. 

A most admirable early Cherry, resembling 
the Black Tartarian, though much more obtuse in 
form, but ripening nearly a week earlier. Tree 
spreading. Moderately productive. 

Fruit large, a little irregular in outline, obtuse 
heart-shaped. Stalk of moderate length, rather 
stout, and inserted in a deep open cavity. Skin 
dark purple, becoming black. Flesh purple, ten- 
der, juicy, with a rich and sweet juice of high 
flavor. 

Lady of the Lake. 

Originated by Charles Pease, Sen., near Cleve- 
land, O. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse conic, 
compressed, shallow suture, a knob, and line on \ / 

opposite side. Skin light yellow, shaded and — ^ 

marbled with rich bright crimson. Stalk me- Knight's Early Black. 

dium, in a deep cavity. Flesh half tender, pale 

yellow, juicy, sweet. Yery good. Middle to last of June. 

Lady Southampton's Yellow. 

Lady Southampton's Duke. Yellow or Golden. 
Golden Drop. Spanish Yellow. 

Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped. Skin yellow. Flesh firm, not 
very juicy. Bipens about the middle of July. 

Large Bed Bigarreau. 

Gros Bigarreau Rouge. Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge. 

Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge. Belle de Rocmont. 

Fruit large, oblong heart-shape. Skin dark red in the sun. Flesh 
firm. Early in July. Poor bearer. 




468 



the cherry. 
Late Bigarreau 



Originated by Prof. Kirtland. Tree thrifty, moderate growth, rather 
spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin deep yellow, shaded on the 
sunny side with bright red. Stalk long, inserted in a broad open 
cavity. Flesh almost firm, juicy, sweet, pleasant flavor. Yery good. 
Ripe last of June and first of July. 

Late Purple Guigne. 
A new foreign variety. 

Fruit large, roundish, dark red. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Middle 
July. 

Laura. 

Originated with Charles Pease, Sen., Cleveland, O. Tree spreading 
upright, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, globular, sometimes one-sided. 
Color pale yellow ground, mostly overspread with rich, bright red, with- 
out suture. Stem medium or short, in a shallow depression. Flesh 
peach-blow white, radiating lines wavy, juicy, sweet, very rich, and 
high flavor, excellent, half or nearly tender. Pit medium to small. 
Season early in June, but hangs well. 

Leather Stocking. 

Raised by Professor Kirtland. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 
Fruit medium, heart-shaped, reddish black. Flesh firm, sweet. 
Middle to last of July. 

Lincoln. 

Originated near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit large, oblong heart-shape, pointed. Color when ripe a brown 
red. Suture rather broad, shallow, half round. Stalk long. Cavity 
deep. Flesh almost firm, veined and marbled with shades of red, 
sprightly, juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Stone above medium. 
First to middle of July. A good market sort. (Elliott.) 

LlNDLEY. 

Origin, near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, moderately prolific. 
Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish red. Flesh almost firm, 
tinged with red, juicy, but only good. Early July. (Elliott.) 

Logan. 

Originated with Prof. Kirtland. 

Fruit medium or above, obtuse, sometimes regular heart-shaped, 
with a hollow indenture at apex. Color purplish black when ripe. 
Flesh nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor. Very good. Season 
middle to last of June. 



THE CHERRY. 



469 



LUDWIG. 

Ludwig's Bigarreau. Bigarreau de Ludwig. 

A Cherry of recent introduction, not yet, to our knowledge, fruited 
in this country. It is described as large, heart-shaped, or pointed, with 
a deep suture on one side, bright rich red. Mesh pale yellow, half ten- 
der, juicy. Early June. 

Lund ie Gean. 

Fruit medium, roundish, purplish black. Flesh tender, juicy. July. 

Madison Bigarreau. 

Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree healthy, very 
productive. 

Fruit of medium size, fair quality, roundish. Skin yellow, shaded 
with red. Flesh half tender, juicy, with a pleasant flavor. Ripe mid- 
dle or last of June. Good. 

Manning's Early Black Heart. 

Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. 

Fruit medium, similar to the Black Heart, rather earlier and smaller 
in size. Ripe about the middle of June. 

Manning's Late Black. 

Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish, deep purple or nearly black. Flesh purplish, 
half tender, very juicy, sweet, and excellent. Good. Ripe the last of 
June. Tree vigorous. 

Manning's Mottled. 
Mottled Bigarreau. 

Raised by Robert Manning. It is a most abundant bearer. Tree 
vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit rather large, roundish heart-shaped, flattened on one side, with 
distinct suture lines. Skin amber color, finely mottled and overspread 
with red, with a semi-transparent, glossy appearance. Stalk slender, 
inserted in a shallow hollow. Flesh, when fully ripe, yellow, tender, 
with a sweet and delicious juice. Yery good. Ripens the last of June. 

Merveille de Septembre. 

Tardive de Mons. 

A French variety, ripening in August, vigorous grower. 
Fruit small, firm, rather dry, sweet, but of little value. 

Moyer's Honey Heart. 

Originated in Bucks Co., Pa. Tree a strong grower, forming a 
round head. 



470 



THE CHEERY. 



Fruit small or medium, obtuse heart-shape, slightly compressed. 
Suture small. Apex slight. Skin whitish, shaded and mottled with 
rich red. Stalk long, slender. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasant, 
often adheres to the stone. Good. Middle July. 

Nancy. 

Originated by Charles Pease, Sen., Cleveland, O. Tree a vigorous, 
rather upright spreading grower. Yery productive. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shape. Suture slight. Stalk long, stout, 
in a large cavity. Skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson. 
Flesh tender, juicy, rich, and sweet. Yery good. Stone small. Last 
of June. 

Napoleon Bigarreau. 

Bigarreau Lauermann. Lauermann's Herz Kirsche. 

Lauermann's Kirsche. Holland Bigarreau ? 

Lauermann's Grosse Kirsche. Clarke's Superb. 

Clarke's Bigarreau. 

The Napoleon Bigarreau is large, well-flavored, handsome, and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit of the largest size, very regularly heart-shaped, a little inclining 
to oblong. Skin pale yellow, becoming amber in the shade, richly dotted 
and spotted with very deep red, and with a fine marbled dark crimson 
cheek. Flesh very firm (too much so), juicy, with an excellent flavor. 
Stalk very stout, short, and set in a narrow cavity. Ripens a few days 
after the Bigarreau, about the first of July, and is a good and constant 
bearer. Good. The fruit is not so obtuse as the Bigarreau. 

Holland Bigarreau is so much like the above that we think it 
identical. 

Ohio Beauty. 

Originated by Prof. Kirtland. Tree a vigor- 
ous grower, with a rather spreading head, and 
has proved so far a productive, valuable kind. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Light 
ground, mostly covered with red. Flesh tender, 
brisk, juicy. Yery good. Bipe about the 
middle of June. 

Osceola. 

Originated with Prof. Kirtland. Moderate 
bearer and medium growth. 

Fruit above medium, heart-shaped. Color 
fine dark red, approaching to black. Flesh 
juicy, tender, sweet, and excellent. Yery good. 
Bipe last of J une. 

Ox-Heart. 

Lion's Heart. Very Large Heart. 

Bullock's Heart. Ochsen Herz Kirsche. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin dark red. Flesh red, 




Ohio Beauty. 



THE CHERRY. 



471 



half tender, with a pleasant juice, of second 
quality in point of flavor. Good. Ripens last 
of J une. 

Pierce's Late. 

Originated with Amos Pierce, Massachusetts. 
Growth free, rather upright, with a round head. 

Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shaped, dark 
red and mottled, light amber in the shade. 
Stalk rather short and slim. Flesh soft, tender, 
very juicy, sweet. Good. Stone small. Ripe 
the last of July. 

Pontiac. 

Originated with Prof. Kirtland. Tree vigo- 
rous, round headed, upright spreading. Very 
productive. Valuable either for table or market 




purposes. Osceola. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Sides com- 
pressed. Color dark purplish red, approaching to black when fully ripe. 
Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet, and agreeable. Very good. Season, last 
of June. 

POWHATTAN. 

For profitable market purposes this is one of the very best, the fruit 
ripening late, and all being uniform and regular in size. Originated with 
Prof. Kirtland. 

Fruit medium size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed on 
sides. Surface irregular. Color liver-like, highly polished. Suture half 
round. Flesh rich, purplish red, marbled, half tender, juicy, sweet, 
pleasant but not high flavor. Good. Season late, 8th to 15th of July. 



President. 

Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, regular heart-shape, slightly compressed, 
slight suture, followed by an indistinct line. Skin amber color, mottled 
and shaded with carmine and yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, and sprightly 
sweet. Very good. Last June. 

Prince's Black Heart. 

Originated by Wm. P. Prince, Flushing, Long Island. Tree vigor- 
ous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, slightly compressed. Apex 
small. Suture small. Surface somewhat uneven. Flesh purplishj, 
rather tender, juicy, sweet, and good to very good. Last of June. 

Proudfoot. 

Raised by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous. 



472 



THE CHERRY. 



Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish red. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. 
Ripe 15th to last of July. 

Red Jacket. 

One of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings. A free- 
growing, rather spreading, late, and produc- 
tive variety. Very profitable for market. 

Fruit large, regular, obtuse heart-shaped. 
Color amber, mostly covered with light red. 
Flesh half tender, juicy, good but not rich 
flavor. Stalk long, slender, in a moderate 
basin. Ripe about the time of Downer's 
Red. 

Remington. 

Remington "White Heart. Remington Heart. 

Fruit small, heart-shaped. Skin yellow, 
rarely with a faint tinge of red on one side. 
Flesh yellowish, dry, and somewhat bitter. 
Middle and last of August. 

Richardson. 

Raised by J. R. Richardson, Boston. Tree 
vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark red, inclining to black. Flesh deep 
red, half tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Last of June. 

Rival. 

An English variety. Its principal value being from its period of 
late maturity. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shape, compressed one side. Suture 
distinct. Skin purplish black, or black. Flesh firm, sweet. Good. 
August. 

Rivers's Early Amber. 
Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. 

Fruit medium size, heart-shaped, prolific, a sub-variety of old Early 
White Heart, but not as early. 

Rivers's Early Heart. 
Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. 

Fruit medium size, heart-shaped, ripening just after Belle d' Or- 
leans. Very much inferior. 




Red Jacket. 



THE CHERRY. 



473 



Roberts' Red Heart. 

Originated in the garden of David Roberts, of Salem, Mass. Tree 
hardy, free grower, bears abundantly. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shape. Skin of a pale amber 
ground, but nearly overspread with pale red, mottled with deeper red. 
Suture quite distinct. Flesh juicy, sweet, and well flavored. Stalk 
long, slender, set in a moderate depression. Yery good. Ripe last of 
June 

ROCKPORT. 
Bockport Bigarreau. 

Raised by Dr. Kirtland, Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, healthy, up- 
right, forming a beautiful pyramidal head ; a 
good bearer, and worthy of a place in every 
good collection. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse heart-shaped. 
Color, when fully ripe, a beautiful bright red, 
shaded with pale amber. Flesh rather firm, 
juicy, sweet, rich, with an excellent flavor. 
Yery good or best. Ripens early in June, or 
just before May duke. 

Sparhawk's Honey. 

Sparrowhawk's Honey. 

Raised by Edward Sparhawk, of Brighton, 
near Boston. A profuse bearer. Yigorous 
grower. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart- 
shaped, very regular in form. Stalk of moder- 
ate length, rather slender, set in a round, even 
depression. Skin thin, of a beautiful glossy 
pale amber red, becoming a lively red when 
fully ripe. Flesh juicy, with a very sweet fla- 
vor. Ripe the last of June. 

Rockport. 

Strass's Early Black. 

Noir Precoce de Strass. 

Fruit small, heart-shape, black. Flesh juicy, sweet. Yery early in 
ripening, and an abundant bearer. New. 

Sumner's Honey. 

Originated by Clement Sumner, Dorchester, Mass. Tree a vigorous 
grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish heart-shape. Skin amber, half covered and 
marbled with pale red. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, sweet. Good. 
Last of June. (Cole.) 





474 



THE CHERRY. 



Sweet Montmorency. 

Allen's Sweet Montmorency. 

Raised by J. F. Allen, Salem, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous growth, 
good bearer. 

Fruit of medium size, round, flattened. Skin pale amber in the 
shade, light red, slightly mottled, in the sun. Stalk an inch and three- 
fourths long, rather slender, inserted in a small, shallow, even hollow. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, and excellent. Ripens here middle 
July. 

Tecumseh. 

One of Prof. Kirtland's varieties. Tree moderately vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium to large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin reddish purple. 
Flesh dark red, half tender, with a brisk vinous flavor. Good to very 
good. Ripe towards the end of July. . 

Tobacco-Leaved. 

Four to the Pound. Cerisier de 4 a Livre. 

Bigarreautier a Feuilles de Tabac. Bigarreautier a Grandes Feuilles. 
Guignier a Feuilles de Tabac. Vier auf ein Pfund. 

Leaves very large. 

Fruit small, hard, of no value. 

TOWNSEND. 

Tree a strong, vigorous grower, productive, and promises well. 
Raised by W. P. Townsend, Lockport, N. Y. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, high-shouldered, compressed. 
Suture distinct. Apex depressed. Stem long, somewhat "slender, set 
in a broad, rather deep depression. Color light amber, mottled and 
shaded with carmine. Flesh almost tender, juicy, rich, sprightly, re- 
freshing flavor. Pit small. Good to very good. Ripe last of June. 

Tradescant's Black Heart. 

Elkhorn. Elkhorn of Maryland. 

Large Black Bigarreau. Tradescant's. 

Bigarreau Gros Noir. Guigne Noir Tardive. 

Gross Schwarze Knoorpel. Kirsche mit Saftigen Fleisch. 

It is an European variety, but a tree, growing about forty years since 
in the garden of an inn in Maryland, attracted the notice of the late 
Wm. Prince, who propagated it under the name of Elkhorn, by which 
it was there known. The bark is of a peculiarly gray color, and the 
growth quite vigorous. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped, with a very irregular or uneven surface. 
Skin deep black, glossy (before fully ripe, deep purple, mottled with 
black). Stalk rather short, set in a pretty deep hollow. Flesh very 
solid and firm, dark purple, moderately juicy. Good. Ripe first and 
second week in July. 



the cheery. 475 

Transparent Guigne. 
Transparent G-ean. Transparent. 

It is a pretty variety for the dessert, hanging late on the tree. 

Fruit small, regular, oval heart-shaped. Skin glossy, thin, yellowish 
white, delicately blotched with fine red, distinct suture line on both 
sides. Stalk long and slender. Flesh tender, when fully ripe very 
sweet, mingled with a very slight portion of the piquant bitter of the 
Mazzard class of Cherries. Good. First of July. 

Triumph of Cumberland. 

Monstrous May. Brenneman's Early. 

Street's May. Cumberland Seedling. 

Origin, Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and spreading, 
moderately productive. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shape, one side compressed. Suture slight. 
Stalk rather long. Skin deep crimson, almost black when fully ripe. 
Flesh purplish, rather firm, juicy, sweet, not high-flavored. Good. Last 
of June. 

Warren's Transparent. 
Origin, Brighton, Mass. 

Fruit small, roundish heart-shape, pale yellow and red. Flesh tender. 
Good. Early July. (Cole.) 

Waterloo. 

" An English variety. Tree a moderate grower and bearer. 
Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, deep suture half round. Skin dark 
purplish black. Stalk rather short. Flesh purplish red, juicy, half 
tender, sweet. Good. Middle June. 

Wellington. 

Fruit medium, roundish, obtuse heart-shape, purplish black. Flesh 
almost firm, juicy, sweet. Good. Early July. 

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau. 

Originated with Dr. H. Wendell, Albany, K Y. Tree upright, 
thrifty growth. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, dark red, nearly black at maturity, 
mottled. Flesh dark red, firm, and high-flavored. Good to very good. 
Ripe about the time of Downer's Late. 

Werder's Early Black Heart. 

Werdsche Friihe Schwarze. Herz Kirsche. 

An early variety. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive. 
Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. Skin black. Flesh purplish, 



476 



THE CHERRY 



tender, sweet, and excellent. Very good. Ripens early in June, or just 
before Mayduke. 

White Bigarreau. 

White Ox-Heart. Ox-Heart. White Bigarreau. 

Harrison Heart ? Large White Bigarreau. Turkey Bigarreau. 
Bigarreau blanc ? 

The White Bigarreau is inferior to the Bigarreau or Graffion in hardi- 
ness, and in the circumstance that it is a very poor bearer while the tree 
is young, though it bears fine crops when it has arrived at from twelve 
to fifteen years' growth. Growth upright. 

Fruit of the largest size, heart-shaped, with a rather irregular outline, 
and a pretty distinct suture line on one side. Skin yellowish white, 
overspread with marbling of red. Flesh firm, but scarcely so much so 
as that of the Bigarreau, and when fully ripe half tender, and more 
luscious than the latter Cherry. Good to very good. It is very liable 
to crack after rain. Middle and last of J une. 

White French Guigne. 
A foreign sort, of vigorous growth. 

Fruit small, roundish obtuse conical, a little compressed, slight 
suture. Skin whitish yellow, translucent, sometimes a tinge of crimson 
in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant. 
Good. Middle July. 

White Tartarian. 

Fraser's White Tartarian. Fraser's White Transparent. 

Amber a petit fruit. 

Fruit of medium size, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin pale yellow. Stalk 
slender. Flesh whitish yellow, half tender, and very sweet. Good. 
Early June. 

Wilkinson. 

Fruit medium, heart-shape, compressed, slight suture. Skin deep 
red, almost purplish. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. 
Stone large. Early July. 

CLASS II. 
DUKE AND MOEELLO CHERRIES. 

Admirable de Soissons. 
De Soissons. Belle de Soissons. 

A Cherry of the Morello class, good for culinary uses. 

Fruit medium or above, broadly heart-shaped, slightly compressed, 
slight suture half round. Skin shades of red on yellow. Stalk rather 
long. Flesh tender juicy, brisk subacid. Last of June. 



THE CHERRY. 



477 



Arch Duke. 

Griotte de Portugal. Late Arch Duke. 

Portugal Duke. Late Duke of some. 

Tree rather more vigorous and upright than the Mayduke, hardy and 
prolific. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Suture distinct on one side. Skin 
at first bright red, but becoming very dark when mature. Stalk an inch 
and a half long, slender, inserted in a rather deep open cavity. Flesh 
light red, melting, juicy, rich subacid flavor. Yery good. Ripe the first 
and second week in July. 



Belle de Choisy. 



Belle Audegoise ? Ambree de Choisy. Ambree a Gros Fruit. 

Cerise Doucette. Cerise de la Palembre. Cerise a Noyau Tendre. 

Schone von Choisy. 

In our estimation, there is no Cherry for the dessert more delicious 
than the Belle de Choisy. It comes from the village of Choisy, near 
Paris, where it was raised in 1760. The habit of the tree is nearly that 
of the Mayduke, the leaves dark, and the head upright. It is hardy, 
a moderate bearer. 

Fruit round or slightly depressed. Skin very thin and translucent, 
showing a net-like texture of flesh beneath ; in color, pale amber in the 
shade, but in the sun finely mottled with yellowish red — the fruit fully 
exposed becoming a bright cornelian red. Flesh amber-colored, very 
tender and melting, of a delicate sweet flavor. Stalk rather short, swol- 
len at the upper end. Best. Middle of J une, or directly after the May- 
duke. 



Belle de Sceaux. 
Chatenay. 



A Morello, from France. 
Fruit round, deep red. 
juicy, acid. Last of June. 



Flesh yellowish, 



Belle Magnifique. 

Belle et Magnifique. Magnifique de Sceaux. 
Belle de Sceaux. Belle de Chatenay. 

Planchoury ? 

Tree hardy, moderately vigorous, productive, 
a beautiful and excellent late variety. Useful 
for culinary purposes, and good table fruit when 
pretty ripe. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to heart- 
shape. Stalk long, slender, in an open medium 
cavity. Skin a fine bright red. Flesh juicy, 
tender, with a sprightly subacid flavor, one of 
the best of its class. Ripe middle of July till 
the middle of August. 




Belle Magnifique. 



478 



THE CHERRY. 



Buttner's October Morello. 
A foreign sort. Small, late, acid, and of little or no value. 



Carnation. 



Wax Cherry. 

Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre. 
Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale. 
Griotte de Villennes. 



Crown. 

Cerise de Portugal. 
Griottier Rouge Pale. 



A very handsome, light red, large Cherry, highly esteemed here for 
brandying and preserving 

Fruit large, round. Skin yellowish white, mottled with red, becom 
ing a lively red slightly marbled. Stalk stout. Flesh tender, a little 
more firm than most of this division, but juicy, and when fully ripe of 
a sprightly and good subacid flavor. The foliage is pretty large, and the 
wood 

moderate but 



or 
n- 



strong, but the tree 



has a spreading, rather low habit. It is a 
regular bearer, and the fruit hangs a long while on the 
branches without decaying. Good. Ripe the middle and last of July. 



Cerise a Bouquet. 
Commune a Trochet. 
Bouquet Amarelle. 
Flandrische Weichsel. 



Cluster. 

Cerisier a Trochet. 
Tres-Fertile. 
Trauben Amarelle. 
Biischel Kirsche. 



Chevreuse. 
Griottier a Bouquet. 
Busch Weichsel. 



A very curious fruit, growing closely clustered around a common 
stalk, small size, borne in clusters of from two to six ; round, of a lively 
red. Ripens the last of June. The tree is small in all its parts. 



Coe's Late Carnation. 
A promising late variety. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish. Suture shallow, with a line. 
Color amber, mostly shaded and mottled with bright red. Flesh juicy 
and sprightly subacid. Ripe from the middle till the last of July. 

Dauphine. 

Of the Morello class. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, without suture. Skin bright crimson, 
mottled. Stalk long, slender. Flesh tender, juicy, less acid than most 
of the Morellos. Very good. Stone small. Last June. 

De Chaux. 
D'Allemagne. 

A Morello. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin dark red. Stalk long, slender. 
Flesh dark, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Middle July. 

Dechenaut. 

A fine large Cherry of the Duke class, ripening about the same time 
as Mayduke. 



THE CHERRY. 



479 



Fruit large, roundish heart-shape, broad at the stalk, rather flat- 
tened. Suture slight. Skin rich red. Stalk long, in a deep cavity. 
Mesh tender, succulent. (Hogg.) 

De Kleparow. 
Belle Polonaise. 

A Morello. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dark red. Stalk long. Flesh dark, tender, 
juicy, rich subacid. Middle July. (Hogg.) 

De la Toussaint. 

A variety of little value except as ornamental. It flowers almost 
continuously, and produces fruit the whole season, so that ripe and green 
fruit and flowers are upon the tree all at the same time. 

The fruit is small, round, deep red, firm, acid. 

Dokna Maria. 

A Morello Cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. 
Fruit of medium size, roundish, dark red, tender, juicy, rich acid. 
Valuable for cooking. Middle July. (Elliott.) 

Double Natte. 

Doppelte Natte. Kirsch von der Natte. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, a little compressed and inclining to 
ovate. Skin brownish black. Stalk slender, very long, and bearing 
leaves. Flesh very red, tender, juicy, brisk, sprightly acid. Early 
July. (Hogg.) 

DUCHESSE DE PALLUAU. 

A vigorous tree of the Duke class. 

Fruit medium size, roundish heart-shaped, compressed, very dark 
purple. Stem long and slender, in a large open cavity. Flesh dark 
red, tender, juicy, mild acid. Ripe middle of June. 

Early May. 

May Cherry. Precoce. 

Small May. Petite Cerise Rouge Precoce. 

Cerisier Nain a Fruit Rond, Konigliche Amarelle. 

'Precoce. Fruhe Kleine Runde. 

Griottier Nain Precoce. Zwerg Weichsel. 

Hative. Cerise Indulle. 

An early Morello of rather dwarf habit. Ripening about the first ' 
of June. 

Fruit small, round, slightly flattened, lively red, tender, juicy, 
acid. 

This is an old variety from abroad. The Early May of Illinois and 
the West is probably a distinct sort, and by some considered as identical 
with our Kentish or Early Richmond. We have had no opportunity 
of comparing them. 



480 



THE CHERRY. 



EXCELLENTE DOUCE TARDIVE. 

Originated at J odoigne, France. A Morello of vigorous habit and 
productive. 

Emit medium to large, roundish flattened at ends. Skin deep red. 
Stalk large and long. Flesh yellowish, melting, acid. Stone small. 
Aug. (An. Pom.) 

Flemish. 

Montmorency. Montmorency a Gros Fruit. 

Cerise a Courte Queue. Gobet a Courte Queue. 

Gros Gobet. A Courte Queue de Provence. 

English Weichsel ? "Weichsel mit ganzkurzen Stiel. 

Double Volgers. Early May of some. 

Kentish of some. 

This is a very odd-looking fruit, being much flattened and having a 
very short stalk. 

Fruit rather large, very much flattened both at the top and base, and 
generally growing in pairs. Stalk stout, short. Skin shining, of a bright 
lively red. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, and subacid. Good for pre- 
serving ; but, unless very ripe, scarcely rich enough for table use. Last 
of July. 

Great Cornelian. 
Double Glass. 

Fruit large, oblate, deep suture half round. Skin thin, translucent, 
at first light becoming dark red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid, 
vinous. Last June. (Hogg.) 

GUIGNE NOIR LUISANTE. 
Black Spanish. 

Fruit medium size, round heart-shaped, glossy, blackish red. Flesh 
reddish purple, tender, juicy, rich, acid. Ripe middle to last of July. 

Hative Malgre Tout. 
A Duke Cherry from France. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse heart-shape. Skin very dark red, 
nearly black when fully ripe. Flesh dark red, juicy, subacid. June. 
(Alb. Pom.) 

Holman's Duke. 

A variety of the Duke class, which has been coafounded with May- 
duke. It is very similar, but ripens later. The tree has short, erect 
shoots. 

Fruit large, round oblate, deep red, almost black. Flesh tender, 
juicy, rich, excellent. Yery good. Middle to last of July. 

Imperatrice Eugenie. 
Empress Eugenie. 

A French Cherry of the Duke family, rather dwarf in habit, shoots 
pretty stout, very productive. 



THE CHERRY. 



481 



Fruit 1-v.rge, roundish flattened. Skin rich dark red. Suture broad, 
shallow. Stalk rather short, in a deep cavity. Flesh reddish, tender, 
rich, juicy subacid. Very good. Stone small. Middle of June. 

IMPERIAL MORELLO. 

A productive and early bearing variety. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, dark purplish red. Flesh tender, juicy, 
acid. Last of July. 

Jeffrey's Duke. 

Jeffrey's Eoyal. Jeffrey's Royal Caroon. Royale. 

Cherry Duke. Royale Ordinaire. 

Fruit of medium size, round, or a little flattened at the apex and 
basin. Skin of a fine lively red. Stalk moderately long. Flesh yellow- 
ish amber, scarcely red. Juice abundant, and of a rich flavor. The 
trees are of a distinct habit of growth, being very compact, and growing 
quite slowly. The buds are very closely set, and the fruit is borne in 
thick clusters. Middle and last of J une. 



JUNE DUE^. 
VTetherill. Shippen. 

A variety described by Coxe as a vigorous grower. 

Fruit of large size, very rich, tree abundant bearer. We know little 
of it, having only heard of it as the Wetherill, grown near Phila- 
delphia. 



Kextish. 



Virginian May ? Common Red. 

Early Richmond. Pie Cherry. 

Kentish Red. Montmorency. 

Commune. Montmorency 

Muscat de Prague. Sussex. 

Cherry Cluster ),.--... De Kalb. 
May Cluster f of Virginia. 



longue queue. 



The true Kentish Cherry, an old European 
sort, better known here as the Early Richmond, 
is one of the most valuable of the acid Cherries. 
It begins to color about the 20th of May, and 
may then be used for tarts, while it will hang 
upon the tree, gradually growing larger, and 
losing its acidity, until the last of June, or in 
dry seasons even until July, when it becomes 
of a rich, sprightly, and excellent acid flavor. 
The tree grows about eighteen feet high, with a 
roundish spreading head, is exceedingly pro- 
ductive, and is from its early maturity a very 
profitable market fruit, being largely planted 
for this purpose. This kind is remarkable for 
the tenacity with which the stone adheres to 
the stalk. Advantage is taken of this to draw 

31 




Early Richmond. 



482 



THE CHERRY. 



out the stones. The fruit is then exposed to the sun, and becomes 
one of the most excellent of all dried fruits. 

Fruit when it first reddens rather small, but, when fully ripe, of me- 
dium size, round, or a little flattened ; borne in pairs. Skin of a fine 
bright red, growing somewhat dark when fully ripe. Stalk an inch and 
a quarter long, rather stout, set in a pretty deep hollow. Flesh melting, 
juicy, and, at maturity, of a sprightly rather rich acid flavor. Very good. 



h0 



Kirtland's Morello. 
KirtlancTs Large Morello. 

One of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings. Tree a 
spreading, rather drooping grower, moderate, reg- 
ular bearer. 

Fruit pretty large for a Morello, roundish, 
dark red. Flesh juicy, acid, when fully ripe rich. 
Very good. Stone small. Middle July. 

Late Duke. 

Anglaise Tardive. 

A very large and fine Duke Cherry, ripening 
later than the May duke, and therefore a very val- 
uable sort for the dessert or for cooking. The tree 
is of vigorous growth for its class. 

Fruit large, flattened or obtuse heart-shaped. 
Color, when fully ripe, rich dark red (but at first 
white, mottled with bright red). Stalk rather 
slender, inserted in a shallow hollow. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
with a sprightly subacid flavor, not quite so sweet and rich as the May- 
duke. Ripens gradually, and hangs On 
the tree from the middle of July till the 
10th of August. 




Late Duke. 




Late Kentish. 



Common Red. 
Common Sour Cherry. 



Pie Cherry. 
Kentish Red. 



Louis Philippe. 



This Cherry, a variety of the Kentish, 
is better known among us than any other 
acid Cherry. 

It is emphatically the Pie Cherry of 
this country, being more generally grown 
than any other sort. 

Fruit medium, round, flattened. Skin 
deep lively red, when fully ripe. Flesh 
very tender, and abounding with a highly 
acid juice. Ripens middle July. 



Louis Philippe. 

From France. Tree upright spreading, habit between the Dukes 
and Morellos. Vigorous and very productive. 



THE CHERRY. 



483 



Fruit large, roundish regular. Stalk rather short, stout, set in a 
broad even regular cavity, usually grows in clusters. Skin rich dark, 
almost purplish black red. Flesh red, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild 
acid. Stone small. Very good or best. Middle to last July. 



Love Apple. 
Tomato. 



A Cherry from Spain of the Duke class. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse heart- shape, shallow sutures. Skin 
clear red. Flesh pale, tender, juicy. Good. 



Mayduke. 



Royal e Hative. 

Cherry Duke of some. 

Cerise Guigne. 

Coularde. 

De Hollande. 

D'Espagne. 

Griotte Grosse Noire. 

Griotte d'Espagne of some. 

Griotte Precoce of some. 



Early Duke. 
Large Mayduke. 
Morris Duke. 
Morris's Early Duke. 
Benham's Fine Early Duke. 
Thompson's Duke. 
Portugal Duke. 
Buchanan's Early Duke. 
Millet's Late Heart Duke. 



This invaluable early Cherry is one of the 
most popular sorts in all countries, thriving al- 
most equally well in cold or warm climates. 
This, the Black Heart, and the Bigarreau, are 
the most extensively diffused of all the finer 
varieties in the United States. And among all 
the new varieties none has been found to sup- 
plant the Mayduke. Before it is fit for table 
use, it is admirably adapted for cooking, and 
when fully ripe it is, perhaps, the richest of 
the subacid Cherries. In the gardens here, we 
have noticed a peculiar habit of this tree of 
producing very frequently some branches which 
ripen much later than the others, thus protract- 
ing for a long time the period in which its fruit 
is in use. The Mayduke is remarkable for its 
upright, or, as it is called, fastigiate head, es- Mayduke. 
pecially while the tree is young, in distinction 
to other sorts, which produce many lateral branches. 

Fruit roundish or obtuse heart-shaped, growing in clusters. Skin at 
first of a lively red, but when fully ripe of a rich dark red. Flesh red- 
dish, tender, and melting, very juicy, and at maturity rich and excellent 
in flavor. This fruit is most frequently picked while it is yet red, and 
partially acid, and before it attains its proper color or flavor. It begins 
to color, about New York, in favorable seasons, the last of May, and 
ripens during the first half of June. 

Mayduke is said to be a corruption of Medoc, the province in France 
where this variety (the type of all the class now called Dukes) is believed 
to have originated. 




484 



THE CHERRY. 



Morello. 

Milan. English Morello. 

Cerise du Nord. Large Morello. 

G-riotte Ordinaire du Nord. Dutch Morello. 
September Weichsel Grosse. Ronald's Large Morello. 

The Morello is a fine fruit. Its name is said to be derived from the 
dark purple color of its juice, which resembles that of the Morus or 
Mulberry. It is highly valuable for all kinds of preserves, and is an 
agreeable addition to a dessert. 

Fruit of pretty large size, round or slightly obtuse heart-shaped. 
Skin dark red, becoming nearly black when fully lipe. Flesh dark 
purplish red, tender, juicy, and of a pleasant subacid flavor when 
quite mature. Eipe 20th of July. 

The Common Morello of this country is a smaller variety of the 
foregoing, and a little darker in color. Little esteemed. 

Morello de Charmeux. 

This is a very late variety of the Morello, with a milder flavor, ripen- 
ing middle of August. 

Nouvelle Royale. 

This recently introduced variety of the Duke class of Cherries is 
stated to possess great size and beauty of fruit, while the tree is of a 
pyramidal form, very handsome when grown upon the Ma" ileb stock. 

Fruit large or very large, roundish, flattened at the stalk. Skin bril- 
liant glossy red, somewhat mottled with large dark red dots. Flesh ten- 
der, melting, juicy, sprightly, sweet, acid. 5th to 15th July. 

OSTHEIM. 

Zwerg Kirsche. Ostheimer "Weichsel. 

Frankische Wucher Kirsche. Ostheimer Kirsche. 

A small growing tree of the Morello class. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly compressed one side. Skin 
red, quite dark at maturity. Stalk long. Flesh liver-color, tender, 
juicy, rich, almost sweet subacid. Very good. Middle July. 

Paramdam. 
Baramdam. 

A tree of very dwarf habit. 

Fruit small, round, pale red. Flesh pale, tender, agreeable, lively 
acid. Middle July. (Hogg.) 

Plumstone Morello. 

Tree of slow growth, makes a fine pyramid. A productive, hardy, 
and valuable sort. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to heart-shape. Skin deep red. 
Stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender and straight, set in a hol- 
low of moderate depth. Flesh reddish, tender, juicy, and when well j 



THE CHERRY. 



485 



matured, of a sprightly and agreeable flavor. Good. Stone long and 
pointed. Ripe last of July and first of August. 



Reine Hortense. 



Monstreuse de Bavay. 
Lemercier. 



Belle de Bavay. 
Seize a la Livre. 



French origin, of Duke habit. 



Tree a healthy and handsome grow- 
er, productive, and a very desirable variety. 

Fruit very large, roundish elongated. Skin a ^ ^ 

bright lively red, somewhat marbled and mot- 
tled. Suture distinctly marked by a line without 
any depression. Flesh tender, juicy, very slightly 
subacid and delicious, best of its season. Ripe 
from the middle to the last of July. 

Royal Duke.' 
Eoyale Anglaise Tardive. 

Growth upright, compact head, branches less 
slender than Mayduke. Moderate bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, and distinctly oblate or 
flattened. Skin dark red. Flesh reddish, ten- 
der, juicy and rich. Good. Ripens in the last 
of June. 

Rumsey's Late Morello. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous. 
Ripens gradually through August and September. 
Not of much value except to the curious ama- 
teur. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. Color rich lively red. Flesh 
juicy, with too much acid for the table. 




Reine Hortense. 



Shannon. 

This is a Morello raised by Prof. Kirtland. 

Fruit slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction 
with stem, dark purplish red when ripe. Flesh tender, reddish purple, 
juicy, acid. Stone small. Stalk long, slender, inserted in an open 
cavity. Good. Season middle of July. 



Yail's August Duke. 

A very late Cherry, of the Duke class. Originated with Henry 
Yail, Esq., Troy, N. Y. Tree very productive, and of vigorous growth. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Stalk medium, in rather deep 
but narrow cavity. Skin rich bright red on the shaded side, and of a 
lively cornelian red in the sun. Flesh tender, subacid, much like the 
Mayduke in flavor. Yery good. Ripe the last week in July, and the 
first week or two in August. 



486 



THE CHEERY. 



OBNAMENTAL YAEIETIES. 

Chinese Double-Flowering. 

Yung To. Cerasus serrulata. Serrulated Leaved Cherry. 

This is a variety from China, with the leaves cut on the edges in 
the manner known as serrulate by botanists. Its flowers, which are 
borne in fascicles, are white, slightly tinged with pink, and nearly as 
double as those of the Large Double-Flowering. The tree considerably 
resembles the sour cherry-tree, and appears rather dwarfish in its 
growth. 

Dwarf Double-Flowering. 

Double -Flowering Kentish. Small Double-Flowering. 

Cerisier a Fleurs Doubles. 

This is a double-flowering variety of the sour or Kentish Cherry, 
and has the more dwarfish habit and smaller leaves and branches of that 
tree — scarcely forming more than a large shrub, on which account it is 
perhaps more suitable for small gardens. The flowers are much like 
those of the Large Double-Flowering, but they are not so regular and 
beautiful in their form. 

Large Double-Flowering. 

Double French Cherry. Merisier a Fleurs Doubles. 

Prunus cerasus pleno. Cerasus sylvestris, flore pleno. 

The double-blossomed Cherry bears no fruit, but whoever admires a 
beautiful flowering tree cannot refuse a place in his garden to this one, 
so highly ornamental. Its blossoms, which appear at the usual season, 
are produced in the most showy profusion ; they are about an inch and 
a half in diameter, and resemble clusters of the most lovely full double 
white roses. The tree has the habit and foliage of the Mazzard Cher- 
ries, and soon forms a large and lofty head. 

Yirgintan Wild Cherry. 

Wild Cherry of the United States. Cerasus Yirginiana. 

Cerisier de Yirginie. Yirginische Kirsche. 

Our native wild Cherry is too well known to need minute descrip- 
tion. It forms a large and lofty forest-tree with glossy, dark green 
leaves, and bears currant-like bunches of small fruit, which are palata- 
ble, sweet, and slightly bitter when fully ripe, at midsummer. They 
are, however, most esteemed for preparing cherry bounce, a favorite 
liqueur in many parts of the country, made by putting the fruit, along 
with sugar, in a demijohn or cask of the best old rum. 

The black wild Cherry ( C. serotina, Torrey and Gray), which ripens 
the first of September, is the best kind. The other species ( C. Yir- 
giniana), which is commonly known as the Choke Cherry, bears reddish 
colored fruit, which is more astringent, and ripens a month earlier. 



THE CURRANT. 



487 



Weeping, or All-saints. 

Ever-Flowering Cherry. C. vulgaris, semperflorens. 

Cerise de la Toussainte. Guignier a rameaux pendans. 

Cerise Tardive. Cerisier Pleurant. 

Cerise de St. Martin. St. Martin's Amarelle. 

Martin's WeichseL Monats Amarelle. 

Allerheiligen Kirsche. 

This charming little tree, with slender, weeping branches, clothed 
with small, almost myrtle-like foliage, is a very pleasing ornament when 
introduced on a lawn. Its fruit is a small, deep red Morello, which is 
acid, and in moist seasons is produced for a considerable period succes- 
sively. When grafted, as it generally is, about the height of one's 
head, on a straight stem of the common Mazzard, it forms a beautiful 
parasol-like top, the ends of the branches weeping half way down to the 
ground. 



SELECTIONS OF CHOICE CHERRIES FOB, FAMILY USE, 
TO RIPEN IN SUCCESSION. 

Early Purple Guigne, Belle d'Orleans, Mayduke, Bigarreau, Bock- 
port, Black Tartarian, Elton, Gov. Wood, Coe's Transparent, Osceola, 
Delicate, Downer's Late, Heine Hortense, Belle Magnifique, Kentish. 

The hardiest Cherries are the Kentish (or Early Bichmond), the 
Dukes, and the Morellos. These succeed well at the farthest limits, 
both North and South, in which the Cherry can be raised ; and when 
all other varieties fail, they may be depended on for regular crops. 



CHAPTEB XIY. 



THE CURRANT. 



Riles rubrum, Lin. Grossulacece, of botanists. 
Oroseillier commun, of the French; Die Johannisbeere, German ; Albesseboom, 
Dutch ; Ribes rosso, Italian ; and Grosella, Spanish. 

The name Currant is said to be derived from the resemblance in the 
fruit to the little Corinth grapes or raisins, which, under the name of 
Currants, are sold in a dried state in such quantities by grocers ; the latter 
word being only a corruption of Corinth, and the fruit of this little 
grape being familiarly known as such long before the common currants 
were cultivated. 

The Currant is a native of Britain, and the north of Europe, and is, 
therefore, an exceedingly hardy fruit-bearing shrub, seldom growing 



488 



THE CURRANT. 



more than three or four feet high. The fruit of the original wild 
species is small and very sour, but the large garden sorts produced by- 
cultivation, and for which we are chiefly indebted to the Dutch gardeners, 
are large, and of a more agreeable subacid flavor. 

The Black Currant (Hibes nigrum) is a distinct species, with larger 
leaves, and coarser growth, and which, in the whole plant, has a strong 
odor, disagreeable, at first, to many persons. 

TJses. The cooling acid flavor of the Currant is relished by most 
people, in moderate quantities, and the larger varieties make also a 
pretty appearance on the table. Before fully ripe, currants are stewed 
for tarts, like green gooseberries, and are frequently employed along 
with cherries or other fruits in the same way ; but the chief value of 
this fruit is for making currant jelly, an indispensable accompaniment to 
many dishes. Currant shrub, made from the fruit in the same manner 
as lemonade, is a popular summer drink in many parts of the country, 
and corresponds to the well-known Paris beverage, eau de groseilles. A 
sweet wine of very pleasant taste is made from their expressed juice, 
which is very popular among farmers, but which we hope to see dis- 
placed by that afforded by grapes, — which every one may make with 
less cost and trouble, and which is infinitely more wholesome, because it 
requires less additions, of any kind, to the pure juice. 

The fruit of the Black Currant is liked by some persons in tarts, but 
it is chiefly used for making a jam, or jelly, much valued as a domestic 
remedy for sore throats. 

The season when Currants are in perfection is midsummer, but it 
may be prolonged until October by covering the bushes with mats, or 
sheltering them otherwise from the sun. 

Propagation and Culture. Nothing is easier of culture than the 
Currant, as it grows and bears well in any tolerable garden soil. To 
propagate it, it is oidy necessary to plant in the autumn, or early in the 
spring, slips or cuttings, a foot long, in the open garden, where they 
will root with the greatest facility. The Currant should never be allowed 
to produce suckers, and, in order to insure against this, the superfluous 
eyes or buds should be taken out before planting it, as has been directed 
under the head of Cuttings. When the plants are placed where they 
are finally to remain, they should always be kept in the form of trees — 
that is to say, with single stems, and heads branching out a few inches 
from the ground. The after treatment is of the simplest kind ; thinning- 
out the superfluous wood every spring is all that is required here. 
Those who desire berries of an extra large size stop, or pinch out, the 
ends of all the strong growing shoots about the middle of June, when 
the fruit is two-thirds grown. This forces the plant to expeud all its 
strength in enlarging and maturing the fruit. And we may add to this, 
that it is better not to continue the cultivation of currant-trees after 
they have borne more than six or eight years, as finer fruit will be 
obtained, with less trouble, from young plants, which are so easily 
raised. 

For field culture many prefer to grow them from suckers, but when 
this mode is adopted, care should be taken to thin out the oldest 
branches annually, and dig in old manure about the roots. 

Insects and Diseases. Within a few years the Currant and 
Gooseberry have been affected by the ravages of an insect described by 
Dr. Asa Fitch, in his reports to the New York State Agricultural 



THE CURRANT. 



489 



Society, "under the name of Abraxis rihearia. The moths are of a 
dull nankeen yellow, and make their appearance in June — depositing 
their eggs upon the leaves. These soon change to small worms, and 
rapidly eat up the foliage. The best remedy yet known is, to dust 
thoroughly with powdered white hellebore. 

The Currant-borer, JPrenocerus supernatatus, is another insect that 
sometimes creates damage by boring its way through the centre of young 
shoots and thus destroying them. By examining the young shoots in 
winter, such as are injured or contain the worm will be found of a brown 
color or shrivelled. Cutting away soon checks them. 

There are, nominally, many sorts of Currants, but the following sorts 
comprise all at present known worthy of cultivation. 



CLASS I. 
RED AND WHITE CURRANTS. 
Attractor. 

A variety from France. Growth rather slow, spreading, very pro- 
ductive. Leaves small, sharply serrate or toothed, and three-lobed. 
Fruit medium, yellowish white. Bunches medium, short. 

Buist's Long-Bunched. 

Originated by Robert Buist, Philadelphia, Pa. A very vigorous 
upright grower, and very productive. 

Fruit of large size. Bunches very long, tapering, much like Bed 
Dutch in flavor and color. 

Champagne. 

Pheasant's Eye. Groseillier a Fruit Couleur de Chair. 

A large and handsome Currant, of a pale pink or flesh color, exact- 
ly intermediate in this respect between the Bed and White Dutch. It 
is quite an acid sort, but is admired by many for its pretty appearance. 

Cherry. 

A strong-growing variety, with stout, erect, short-jointed shoots. 
Leaves large, thick, and dark green. Not any more productive than 
other Currants, but a valuable one for market on account of its size. 

Fruit of the very largest size. Bunches short. Berries deep red, 
and rather more acid than Bed Dutch. 

Fertile de Palluau. 
A variety of rather recent introduction from France. A vigorous 



490 THE CURRANT. 

upright grower, productive. Fruit large. Bunches long, bright red, 
moderately juicy. 

Gondouin Red. 
Red Provens. 

From France. Red. Vigorous grower, very productive. 
Fruit not as large nor as good as Red Dutch, fails to ripen well, 
quite acid and worthless. 

Gondouin White. 

Fruit large, whitish yellow, quite sweet, more so than any other 
sort. Branches rather long, strong growth, productive. 

Knight's Early Red. 

The merit of this variety is in its ripening a few days earlier than 
other sorts. 

Knight's Large Red. 

Fruit very large, bright red. Bunches very large, very productive, 
an excellent sort. 

Knight's Sweet Red. 

This is not a sweet Currant, but is considerably less acid than other 
red Currants, not as sweet as White Dutch. 

Fruit nearly as large as Red Dutch, rather lighter in color. Pro- 
ductive. 

La Fertile. 

From France. A vigorous upright grower, and productive. 
Fruit large. Bunches long, dark red. Flavor similar to Red 
Dutch. 

La Hative. 
Hative de Bertin. 

A variety from France. Plant vigorous, foliage not as large as the 
cherry. 

Fruit large, dark red. Bunches medium length, tapering. In qual- 
ity about equal to Red Dutch. 

La Versaillaise. 

Macrocarpa. Caucase. 
Fertile d' Angers. Imperial Red. 

A variety from France. A very vigorous grower, with large, coarse 
foliage, productive. 

Fruit of the largest size, dark red. Bunches resembling Cherry Cur- ; 
rant, but occasionally longer. 

We have received this Currant under the various names above given, I 



THE CURRANT. 



491 



but have been unable to discover any difference. There may be dis- 
tinct sorts under these names, but we have failed to obtain them. 

Long-Bunched Red. 
G-rosse Rouge de Holland. 

Fruit large. Bunches long. Berries deep red, much like Bed Dutch, 
with a little larger clusters, and rather larger fruit. Very productive. 

Prince Albert. 

Moderately vigorous grower, large foliage, late in ripening, produc- 
tive and valuable. 

Fruit large, similar in color to Victoria. 

Bed Dutch. 

Large Red Dutch. Large-Bunched Red. 

New Red Dutch. Morgan's Red. 

Groseillier Rouge a Gros Fruit. 

An old, well-known sort, thrifty, upright growth, very productive. 
Fruit large, deep red, rich acid flavor, with clusters two or three 
inches long. 

Short-Bunched Bed. 

Much like Bed Dutch, with rather shorter bunches. 
Fruit not quite as large, but similar in quality. 

Striped-Fruited. 

Grosse Weiss und Rothgestreifte Johannesbeere. Silver- Striped. 

A fruit from Germany. Distinctly striped, small, poor bearer, and 
of no value except as a curiosity. Gloire des Sablons is similar to 
the above, and both without value except for ornament. 

Transparent. 
Blanc Transparent. 

A French Currant. 

Fruit very large, yellowish white, similar to White Grape in growth 
and fruit, and we are somewhat disposed to consider them identical. 
Very productive. 

Victoria. 

May's Victoria. Raby Castle. Houghton Castle. 

Goliath. Red Grape. Wilmot's Red Grape. 

A very excellent, rather late sort, with very long bunches of bright 
red fruit, and is an acquisition to this class of fruits. Berries as large 
as Bed Dutch. Bunches rather longer, of a brighter red, growth more 
slow, spreading, and very productive. Will hang on the bushes some 
two weeks longer than most Currants. 



492 



THE CURRANT. 



White Dutch. 

New White Dutch. Reeve's White. Dana's New White ? 

White Crystal. Morgan's White. White Leghorn. 

White Clinton. White Antwerp. 

This is precisely similar to Red Dutch in habit, but the fruit is 
larger, with rather shorter bunches, of a fine yellowish white color, with 
a very transparent skin. It is considerably less acid than the Red Cur- 
rants, and is therefore much preferred for the table. It is also a few 
days earlier. Very productive. 

White Grape. 

Imperial White. Imperial Blanc. 

Bunches moderately long. Berries very large, whitish yellow, sweet 
and good. Very productive. Branches more horizontal than White 
Dutch, and less vigorous. 

White Provence. 

A strong, upright growing variety, leaves often silvery edged. 
Fruit yellowish white. Bunch short, tapering. Not as productive 
or profitable as White Grape. 

CLASS H, 
BLACK CURRANTS. 
Bang Up. 

A variety similar, and no way superior, to the Black English. 

Black Grape. 

Ogden's Black Grape. 

Very much resembling Black Naples, but the plant, perhaps, a 
stronger and more vigorous grower. 

Black Naples. 

The Black Naples is a beautiful fruit, the finest and largest of all 
Black Currants, its berries often measuring nearly three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter. Its leaves and blossoms appear earlier than those of 
the Common Black, but the fruit is later, and the clusters, as well as 
the berries, are larger and more numerous. 

Common Black. 
Black English. Casis. 

The common Black English Currant is well known. The berries 
are quite black, less than half an inch in diameter, and borne in clus- 
ters of four or five berries. 



THE CRANBERRY. 



493 



Several varieties of Yellow and Black Currants, which we have re- 
ceived from Utah, have not fruited sufficiently for us to decide upon 
their values. 

Selection of Currants. Red Dutch, White Dutch, White Grape, 
La Versaillaise, Victoria, Cherry. 

Ornamental Varieties. There are several very ornamental species 
of Currant, among which we may here allude to the Missouri Currant 
(Ribes Aureum), brought by Lewis and Clarke from the Rocky Moun- 
tains, which is now very common in our gardens, and generally admired 
for its very fragrant yellow blossoms. Its oval blue berries, which are 
produced in great abundance, are relished by some persons. But there is 
a Large-Fruited Missouri Currant, a variety of this, which bears berries 
of the size of the Black Naples, and also some with yellow fruit of large 
size, almost equalling small cherries. 

The Red Flowering Currant (R. sanguineuvi) is a very beauti- 
ful shrub from the western coast of America, with foliage somewhat 
like that of the Common Black, but which bears very charming clusters 
of large light crimson blossoms in April. 

There are several other varieties, as R. sanguineum, n. pi., R. san- 
guineum atro-purpurea, and R. Gordon! They are not quite hardy 
enough to stand our winters without protection, but at the South will 
make a valuable addition to their shrubbery. 



CHAPTER XV. 

THE CRANBERRY. 

Oxy coccus, Arb. Brit. Ericaceae, of botanists. 
Airelle, of the French ; Die Moosebeere, German ; Veen bessen, Dutch ; 
Ossicocco, Italian. 

The Cranberry is a familiar trailing shrub, growing wild in swampy, 
sandy meadows and mossy bogs, in the northern portions of both hemi- 
spheres, and produces a round, red, acid fruit. Our native species ( 0. 
•macrocarpus), so common in the swamps of New England, and on the 
borders of our inland lakes, as to form quite an article of commerce, is 
much the largest and finest species ; the European Cranberry ( 0. palus- 
tris) being much smaller in its growth, and producing fruit inferior in 
size and quality. Also the Russian ( 0. viridis), a medium-sized va- 
riety. 

Of the 0. macrocarpus, there are three varieties : — The " Bell- 
shaped," which is the largest and most valued, of a very dark, bright 
red color. The " Cherry," two kinds, large and small ; the large one 
the best, of a round form, a fine dark red berry, nearly or quite equal 
to the Bell-shaped ; and the Bugle, Oval, or Egg-shaped, two kinds, 
large and small, not so high-colored as the Bell and Cherry — not so 
much prized, but still a fine variety. 

The value of the common Cranberry for tarts, preserves, and other 



culinary uses, is well known, and in portions of the country where it 
does not naturally grow, or is not abundantly produced, it is quite worth 
while to attempt its culture. Although, naturally, it grows mostly in 
mossy wet land, yet it may be easily cultivated in beds of peat soil, 
made in any rather moist situation ; and if a third of old thoroughly 
decayed manure is added to the peat, the berries will be much larger 
and of more agreeable flavor than the wild ones. A square of the size 
of twenty feet, planted in this way, will yield three or four bushels an- 
nually — quite sufficient for a family. The plants are easily procured, 
and are generally taken up like squares of sod or turf, and planted two 
or three feet apart, when they quickly cover the whole beds. 

In some parts of New England, low and coarse meadows, of no value, 
have been drained and turned to very profitable account by planting 
them with this fruit. In New Jersey, on Long Island, and elsewhere, 
large tracts of light sandy soils have been planted to Cranberries, and 
grown with profit and success. The Cranberry grows freely in light 
soils, but it is necessary to cover the surface, after ploughing, a depth 
of several inches, with clean sand. The average product is from eighty 
to one hundred bushels of cranberries, and the care they require after 
the land is once prepared- and planted is scarcely any at all, except in 
gathering. Some of the farms in Massachusetts yield large crops, 
partly from natural growth, and partly from cultivated plantations. 
The Cranberry grows wild in the greatest abundance on the sandy low 
necks near Barnstable, and an annual Cranberry festival is made of the 
gathering of the fruit, which is done by the mass of the population, who 
turn out on the day appointed by the authorities, and make a general 
gathering with their cranberry rakes, a certain portion of the crop be- 
longing, and being delivered, to the town. 

A laborer will gather about thirty bushels of the fruit in a day with 
a cranberry rake. 



CHAPTER XYI. 

THE FIG. 

Ficus Carica, L. Arb. Brit. TJrticacem, of botanists ; Figuier, of the French ; 
Fdgenbaum, German ; Fico. Italian ; Higuera, Spanish. 

This celebrated fruit-tree, whose history is as ancient as that of the 
world, belongs properly to a warm climate, though it may be raised in 
the open air in the Middle States, with proper care. 

In its native countries, Asia and Africa, near the sea coast it forms a 
low tree, twenty feet in height, with spreading branches, and large, 
deeply lobed, rough leaves. It is completely naturalized in the south 
of Europe, where its cultivation is one of the most important occupa- . 
tions of the fruit-grower. 

The fruit of the Fig-tree is remarkable for making its appearance, 
growing, and ripening, without being preceded by any apparent blossom. 
The latter, however, is concealed in the interior of a fleshy receptacle 



i 



THE FIG. 



495 



which is called, and finally becomes, the fiftiit. The flavor of the fig is 
exceedingly sweet and luscious, so much so as not to be agreeable to 
many persons when tasted for the first time ; but, like most fruits of 
this kind, it becomes a great favorite with all after a short trial, and is 
really one of the most agreeable, wholesome, and nutritious kinds of food. 
It has always, indeed, been the favorite fruit of warm countries, and the 
ideal of earthly happiness and content, as typified in the Bible, consists 
in sitting under one's own fig-tree. 

Its cultivation was carried to great perfection among the ancient 
Romans, who had more than twenty varieties in their gardens. But 
the Athenians seem to have prided themselves most on their figs, and 
even made a law forbidding any to be exported from Attica. Smug- 
gling, however, seems to have been carried on in those days, and a curi- 
ous little piece of etymological history is connected with the fig. The 
informers against those who broke this law were called sukophantai, 
from two words in the Greek, meaning the " discoverers of figs." And 
as their power appears also to have been used for malicious purposes, thence 
arose our word sycophant. The fig was first introduced from Italy 
about 1548, by Cardinal Poole, and to this country about 1790, by Wm, 
Hamilton, Esq. 

Propagation. This tree is very readily increased by cuttings taken 
off in the month of March, and planted in a light soil in a hot-bed, when 
they will make very strong plants the same season. Or they may be 
planted in a shady border in the open air, quite early in April, with tol- 
erable success. In either case the cuttings should be made eight or ten 
inches long, of the last year's shoots, with about half an inch of the old 
or previous year's wood left at the base of each. 

Soil and Culture. The best soil for the fig is one moderately deep, 
and neither too moist nor dry, as in the former case the plant is but too 
apt to run to coarse wood, and in the latter, to drop its fruit before it 
is fully ripe. A mellow calcareous loam is the best soil in this climate 
— and marl, or mild lime in compost, the most suitable manure. 

As in the Middle States this tree is not hardy enough to be allowed 
to grow as a standard, it is the policy of the cultivator to keep it in a 
low and shrub-like form, near the ground, that it may be easily covered 
in winter. The great difficulty of this mode of training, with us, has 
been that the coarse and over-luxuriant growth of the branches, when kept 
down, is so great as to render the tree unfruitful, or to rob the fruit of 
its due share of nourishment. Happily the system of root-pruning, re- 
cently found so beneficial with some other trees, is in this climate most 
perfectly adapted to the fig. Short-jointed wood, and only moderate 
vigor of growth, are well-known accompaniments of fruitfulness in this 
tree ; and there is uo means by which firm, well-ripened, short-jointed 
wood is so easily obtained as by an annual pruning of the roots — cutting 
off all that project more than half the length of the branches. In this 
way the fig-tree may be kept in that rich and somewhat strong soil ne- 
cessary to enable it to hold its fruit, and ripen it of the largest size, 
without that coarseness of growth which usually happens in such soil, 
and but too frequently renders the tree barren. The mode of perform- 
ing root-pruning we have already described, but we may add here that 
the operation should be performed on the fig early in November. "When 
this mode is adopted but little pruning will be necessary, beyond that 
of keeping the plant in a somewhat low and regular shape, short- 



496 



THE FIG. 



ening-in the branches occasionally, and taking out old and decaying 
wood. 

In winter the branches of the fig must be bent down to the ground, 
and fastened with hooked pegs, and covered with three or four inches 
of soil, as in protecting the foreign grape. This covering should be re- 
moved as soon as the spring is well settled. Below Philadelphia, 
a covering of straw, or branches of evergreens is sufficient — and south 
of Virginia the fig is easy of culture as a hardy standard tree. 

Two crops are usually produced in a year by this tree : the first, 
which ripens here in midsummer, and is borne on the previous season's 
shoots ; and the second, which is yielded by the young shoots of this 
summer, and which rarely ripens well in the Middle States. It is, there- 
fore, a highly advantageous practice to rub off all the young figs of this 
second crop after midsummer, as soon as they are formed. The conse- 
quence of this is to retain all the organizable matter in the tree, and to 
form new embryo figs where these are rubbed off, which then ripen the 
next season as the first crop. 

Ripening the Fruit. In an unfavorable soil or climate, the ripen- 
ing of the fig is undoubtedly rendered more certain and speedy by touch- 
ing the eye of the fruit with a little oil. This is very commonly prac- 
tised in many districts of France. " At Argenteuil," says Loudon, 
" the maturity of the latest figs is hastened by putting a single drop of 
oil into the eye of each fruit. This is done by a woman, who has a 
phial of oil suspended from her waist, and a piece of hollow rye straw 
in her hand. This she dips into the oil, and afterwards into the eye of 
the fig." 

We have ourselves frequently tried the experiment of touching the 
end of the Fig with the finger dipped in oil, and have always found the 
fruits so treated to ripen much more certainly and speedily, and swell 
to a larger size than those left untouched. 

There are forty-two varieties enumerated in the last edition of the 
London Horticultural Society's Catalogue. Few of these have, how- 
ever, been introduced into this country, and a very few sorts will com- 
prise all that is most desirable and excellent in this fruit. The follow- 
ing selection includes those most suitable for our soil and climate. 

Fruit nearly all ripen in August. 

CLASS I. 
RED, BROWN, OR PURPLE. 
Black Genoa. 

The fruit of this Fig is long obovate, that portion next the stalk being 
very slender. Skin dark purple, becoming nearly black, and covered 
with a purple bloom. Pulp bright red, flavor excellent. Habit of the 
tree moderately strong. 

Black Ischia. 
Early Forcing. Blue Ischia. 

One of the most fruitful sorts, and pretty hardy. 



THE FIG. 



497 



Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little flattened at the apex. Skin 
dark violet, becoming almost black when fully ripe. Flesh deep red, 
and of very sweet, luscious flavor. 

Brown Ischia. 
Chestnut. Chestnut-colored Ischia. 

A good variety, with, however, a rather thin skin, rendering it lia- 
ble to crack or burst open when fully ripe. It is hardy, of good habit, 
and a very excellent bearer. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate. Skin light or chestnut 
brown. Pulp purple, very sweet and excellent. 

Brown Turkey. 

Brown Italian. Large Blue. Italian. 

Brown Naples. Murrey. Lee's Perpetual. 

This is undoubtedly one of the very best for this country, and for 
open air culture, as it is perhaps the very hardiest, and one of the most 
regular and abundant bearers. 

Fruit large, oblong or pyriform. Skin dark brown, covered with a 
thick blue bloom. Flesh red, and of very delicious flavor. 

Brunswick. 

Madonna. Hanover. Brown Hamburg. Black Naples. 

Clementine. Bayswater. Red. 

One of the largest and finest purple Figs, well adapted for hardy 
culture. 

Fruit of the largest size, pyriform in shape, with an oblique apex. 
Eye considerably sunk. Stalk short and thick, of a fine violet brown 
in the sun, dotted with small pale brown specks, and, on the shaded 
side, pale greenish, yellow. Flesh reddish brown, slightly pink near the. 
centre, and somewhat transparent. Flavor rich and excellent. The 
only fault of this variety for open air culture is, that it is rather too 
strong in its growth, not being so easily protected in winter as more 
dwarfish sorts. 

Malta. 
Small Brown. 

A small, but very rich Fig, which will often hang on the tree until it 
begins to shrivel, and becomes " a fine sweetmeat." 

Fruit much compressed at the apex, and very much narrowed in 
towards the stalk. Skin light brown. Pulp pale brown, and of a 
sweet, rich flavor. Bipens later than the foregoing, about the last of 
August. 

Small Brown Ischia. 

A very hardy sort, which, in tolerably warm places south of Phila- 
delphia, will make a small standard tree in the open air, bearing pretty 
good crops, that ripen about the first of September. 



498 



THE FIG. 



Fruit small, pyriform, with a very short footstalk. Skin light brown. 
Pulp pale purple, of high flavor. Leaves more entire than those of the 
common Fig. 

Yiolette. 

A very good sort from the neighborhood of Paris, where it produces 
two crops annually. 

Fruit small, roundish obovate, flattened at the apex. Skin dark 
violet. Pulp nearly white, or a little tinged with red on the inside, 
and of pleasant flavor. 

VlOLETTE DE BORDEAUX. 
Bordeaux. 

A Fig which is much cultivated in France, being quite productive, 
though of inferior flavor to many of the foregoing sorts. 

Fruit large, pyriform, about three inches long and two in diameter. 
Skin deep violet when fully ripe, but at first of a brownish red. Pulp 
reddish purple, sweet, and good. 

CLASS II. 

FRUIT, WHITE, GREEN, OR YELLOW. 

Angelique. 
Concourelle Blanche. Melitte 

This little Fig is a very abundant bearer, and a pretty hardy sort. 

Fruit small, obovate. Skin pale greenish yellow, dotted with lighter 
colored specks. Pulp white, but only tolerably sweet. It will usually 
bear two crops. 

Large White Genoa. 

Fruit large, roundish obovate. Skin thin, pale yellow. Pulp red, 
and well flavored. 

Marseilles. 

White Marseilles. Ford's Seedling-. 

White Naples. White Standard. 

Pocock. Figue Blanche. 

A very favorite sort for forcing and raising under glass, but which 
does not succeed so well as the Brown Turkey and the Ischias for open 
culture. 

Fruit small, roundish obovate, slightly ribbed. Skin nearly white, 
with a little yellowish green remaining. Flesh white, rather dry, but 
sweet and rich. 

Nerii. 

A fruit rather smaller and longer than the Marseilles, and which, 
from a mingling of slight acid, is one of the most exquisite in its flavor. 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 



499 



Fruit small, roundish obovate. Skin pale greenish yellow. Pulp 
red. Flavor at once delicate and rich. This is a very favorite variety, 
according to Loudon, " the richest fig known in Britain." 

Pregussata. 

A sort lately introduced from the Ionian Isles into England. It is 
tolerably hardy, quite productive, and succeeds admirably under glass. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a good deal flattened. Skin purplish 
brown in the shade, dark brown in the sun. Pulp deep red, with a 
luscious, high flavor. Seeds unusually small. Ripens gradually, in 
succession. 

White Ischia. 
Green Ischia. 

A very small Fig, but one of the hardiest of the light-colored ones. 

Fruit about an inch in diameter, roundish obovate. Skin pale yel- 
lowish green, very thin, and, when fully ripe, the darker-colored pulp 
appears through it. Pulp purplish, and high flavored. A moderate 
grower and good bearer. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

THE GOOSEBERRY. 

Ribes Grossulana, Arb. Brit. Grossulacece, of botanists. 
Groseillier, of the French ; Stachelbeerstrauch, German ; Uva Spino, Italian ; 
Grosella, Spanish. 

The Gooseberry of our gardens is a native of the north of Europe, 
our native species not having much improved by garden culture. This 
low prickly shrub, which in its wild state bears small round or oval 
fruit, about half an inch in diameter, and weighing one-fourth of an 
ounce, has been so greatly improved by the system of successive repro- 
duction from the seed, and high culture by British gardeners, that it 
now bears fruit nearly or quite two inches in diameter, and weighing an 
ounce and a half. Lancashire, in England, is the meridian of the goose- 
berry, and to the Lancashire weavers, who seem to have taken it as a 
hobby, we are indebted for nearly all the surprisingly large sorts of mod- 
ern date. Their annual shows exhibit this fruit in its greatest perfec- 
tion, and a Gooseberry Book is published at Manchester every year, 
giving a list of all the prize sorts, etc. Indeed the climate of England 
seems, from its moistness and coolness, more perfectly fitted than any 
other to the growth of this fruit. Under our more clear and hot suns, 
however, the best varieties of English sorts do not succeed well, suffering 
from mildew of the fruit and foliage in nearly every location. A few 
varieties of the English sorts, and some few sorts of American origin, 
succeed, and their growth near large cities is considered quite profitable. 



500 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 



Uses. This fruit is, in the first place, a very important one in its 
green state, being in high estimation for pies, tarts, and puddings, com- 
ing into use earlier than any other. The earliest use made of it appears 
to have been as a sauce with green goose, whence the name, goose-berry. 
In its ripe state it is a very agreeable table fruit, and in this country, 
following the season of cherries, it is always most acceptable. Unripe 
gooseberries are bottled in water for winter use (placing the bottles, 
nearly filled, a few moments in boiling water, afterwards corking and 
sealing them, and burying them in a cool cellar, with their necks down- 
ward). They are also canned, the same as with cherries, peaches, and 
other fruits. 

As a luxury for the poor, Mr. Loudon considers this the most valu- 
able of all fruits, " since it can be grown in less space, in more unfavor- 
able circumstances, and brought sooner into bearing than any other." 

Propagation. Gooseberry plants should only be raised from cut- 
tings. New varieties are of course raised from seed, and the produc- 
tion of new American varieties of large size and fine quality affords a 
field of occupation which we should rejoice to see abundantly filled. 

In preparing cuttings select the strongest and straightest young shoots 
of the current year, at the end of October (or very early in the ensuing 
spring) ; cut out all the buds that you intend to go below the ground 
(to prevent future suckers), and plant the cuttings in a deep rich soil, 
on the north side of a fence, or in some shaded border. The cuttings 
should be inserted six inches deep, and from three to six or eight inches 
should remain above ground. The soil should be pressed very firmly 
about the cuttings, and, in the case of autumn planting, the cuttings 
should be inserted into the ground level with the upper buds, and then 
covered with a mulch of coarse manure, to be taken away in the fol- 
lowing spring, when they should be examined, and the earth pressed to 
render it firm again should the cutting have been raised by severe frost. 
After they have become well rooted — generally in a year's time — they 
may be transplanted to the borders, where they are finally to remain. 

Cultivation. The Gooseberry in our climate is very impatient of 
drought, and we have uniformly found that the best soil for it is a deep 
strong loam ; or at least whatever may be the soil, and it will grow in a 
great variety, it should always be deep — if not naturally so, it should 
be made deep by trenching and manuring. It is the most common 
error to plant this fruit shrub under the branches of other trees for the 
sake of their shade — as it always renders the fruit inferior in size and 
flavor, and more likely to become mouldy. On the contrary, we would 
always advise planting in an open border, as, if the soil is sufficiently 
deep, the plants will not suffer from dryness, and should it unfortu- 
nately be of a dry nature, it may be rendered less injurious by covering 
the ground under the plants with straw or litter. In any case a ricli 
soil is necessary, and as the Gooseberry is fond of manure, a pretty 
heavy top-dressing should be dug in every year around bearing plants. 
For a later crop a few bushes may be set on the north side of a fence 
or wall. 

For the Gooseberry, regular and pretty liberal pruning is absolutely 
necessary. Of course no suckers should be allowed to grow. In No- 
vember the winter pruning should be performed. The leaves now be- 
ing off, it is easy to see what proportion of the new as well as old wood 
may be taken away ; and we will here remark that it is quite impossible 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 



501 



to obtain fine gooseberries here, or anywhere, without a very thorough 
thinning out of the branches. As a general rule, it may safely be said 
that one-half of the head, including old and young branches (more espe- 
cially the former, as the best fruit is borne on the young wood), should 
now be taken out, leaving a proper distribution of shoots throughout 
the bush, the head being sufficiently thinned to admit freely the light 
and air. An additional pruning is, in England, performed in June, 
which consists in stopping the growth of long shoots by pinching out 
the extremities and thinning out superfluous branches ; but if the 
annual pruning is properly performed this will not be found necessary, 
except to obtain fruit of extraordinary size. 

We do not think that this fruit shrub can be said to bear well for 
more than a half-dozen years successively, when grown in the single 
stem or tree form. In large plantations of acres, and where cultivation 
is given by means of the horse and plough, the system of growing in the 
bush form is by many considered most profitable ; and when so done, 
all that is requisite, from year to year, for many years, is to cut away 
dead wood, head back vigorous shoots, and keep the form open. 

A succession of young plants should be kept up by striking some 
cuttings every season. 

Varieties. The number of these is almost endless, new ones being 
produced by the prize growers every year. The last edition of the 
London Horticultural Society's Catalogue enumerates 149 sorts consid- 
ered worthy of notice, and Lindley's Guide to the Orchard gives a list 
of more than seven hundred prize sorts. It is almost needless to say 
that many of these very closely resemble each other, and that a small 
number of them will comprise all the most valuable. 

The sorts bearing fruit of medium size are generally more highly 
flavored than the very large ones. We have selected a sufficient num- 
ber of the most valuable for all practical purposes. 

I. Red Gooseberries. 

Boardman's British Crown. Fruit very large, roundish, hairy, 
handsome and good. Branches spreading. 

Champagne. A fine old variety, of very rich flavor. Fruit small, 
roundish oblong, surface hairy, pulp clear; branches of very upright 
growth. 

Capper's Top Sawyer. Fruit large, roundish, pale red, hairy; 
rather late ; flavor very good. Branches drooping. 

Farrow's Boaring Lion. An immense berry, and hangs late. 
Fruit oblong, smooth ; flavor excellent ; branches drooping. 

Hartshorn's Lancashire Lad. Fruit large, roundish, dark red, 
hairy ; flavor very good ; branches erect. 

Keen's Seedling. Fruit of medium size, oblong, hairy; flavor- 
first-rate ; branches drooping. Early and productive. 

Leigh's Bifleman. Fruit large, roundish, hairy ; flavor first-rate ; 
branches erect. 

Melling's Crown Bob. Fruit large, oblong, hairy ; flavor first- 
rate ; branches spreading. 

Miss Bold. Fruit of medium size, roundish, surface downy ; flavor 
excellent; branches spreading. 



502 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 



Red Warrington. Fruit large, roundish oblong, haiiy; flavor 
first-rate ; branches drooping. 

II. Yellow Gooseberries. 

Buerdsill's Duckwing. Fruit large and late, obovate, smooth ; 
flavor good ; branches erect. 

Capper's Bunker Hill. Fruit large, roundish, smooth ; flavor 
good ; branches spreading. 

Gorton's Yiper. Fruit large, obovate, smooth ; flavor good ; 
branches drooping. 

Hill's Golden Gourd. Fruit large, oblong, hairy ; flavor good ; 
branches drooping. 

Part's Golden Fleece. Fruit large, oval, hairy ; flavor first-rate ; 
branches spreading. 

Prophet's Rockwood. Fruit large and early, roundish, hairy ; fla- 
vor good ; branches erect. 

Yellow Champagne. Fruit small, roundish, hairy ; flavor first- 
rate ; branches erect. 

Yellow Ball. Fruit of middle size, roundish, smooth ; flavor first- 
rate ; branches erect. 

III. Green Gooseberries. 

Collier's Jolly Angler. Fruit large and late, oblong, downy ; 
flavor first-rate ; branches erect. 

Berry's Greenwood. Fruit large, oblong, smooth ; flavor good ; 
branches drooping. 

Early Green Hairy (or Green Gascoigne.) Fruit small and 
early, round, hairy ; flavor excellent ; branches spreading. 

Edward's Jolly Tar. Fruit large, obovate, smooth ; flavor first- 
rate ; branches drooping. 

Glenton Green. Fruit of middle size, oblong, hairy ; flavor excel- 
lent ; branches drooping. 

Green Walnut. Fruit middle size, obovate, smooth ; flavor first- 
rate ; branches spreading. 

Hepburn Green Prolific. Fruit of middle size, roundish, hairy ; 
flavor first-rate ; branches erect. 

Massey's Heart of Oak. Fruit large, oblong, smooth ; flavor 
first-rate ; branches drooping. 

Parkinson's Laurel. Fruit large, obovate, downy ; flavor first- 
rate ; branches erect. 

Pitmaston Green Gage. Fruit small, and hangs long, obovate, 
smooth ; flavor rich and excellent ; branches erect. 

Wainman's Green Ocean. Fruit very large, oblong, smooth ; fla- 
vor tolerably good ; branches drooping. 

IV. White Gooseberries. 

Cleworth's White Lion. Fruit large and hangs late, obovate, 
downy ; flavor first-rate. Branches drooping. 

Crompton Sheba Queen. Fruit large, obovate, downy ; flavor first- 
rate. Branches erect. 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 



503 



Cook's White Eagle. Fruit large, obovate, smooth. Flavor first- 
rate. Branches erect. 

Capper's Bonny Lass. Fruit large, oblong, hairy. Flavor good. 
Branches spreading. 

Hapley's Lady of the Manor. Fruit large, roundish oblong, 
hairy. Flavor good. Branches erect. 

Saunders' Cheshire Lass. Fruit large and very early, oblong, 
downy. Flavor excellent. Branches erect. 

Woodward's Whitesmith. Fruit large, roundish oblong, downy. 
Flavor first-rate. Branches erect. 

Wellington's Glory. Fruit large, rather oval. Yery downy. 
Skin quite thin. Flavor excellent. Branches erect. 

White Honey. Fruit of middle size, roundish oblong, smooth. 
Flavor excellent. Branches erect. 

Taylor's Bright Yenus. Fruit of middle size, hangs a long time, 
obovate, hairy. Flavor first-rate. Branches erect. 

The following list of selected sorts, from one hundred varieties, is 
prepared by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England : — 



Atlas, late. 
Echo, late. 
Guido, very larg€ 



Bed Gooseberries. 

Huntsman, early. 
Hopley's Companion. 
Overall, late. 



Prince Albert, early. 
Prince Regent, early. 
Young Wonderful. 



White Gooseberries. 



Freedom. 
Lady Delamere. 



Ostrich, early. 
Queen Caroline. 



Smiling Beauty. 
Riley's Tallyho. 



Conquering Hero, late. 
Husbandman, late. 
Jolly Cutler, late. 
Riley's. 



Green Gooseberries. 

Elijah, early. 
Green River, late. 
Keepsake. 
Thumper, very late. 



Favorite. 
Independent. 
Profit, late. 
Wistastoa Hero, early. 



Yellow Gooseberries. 

Banks Dublin. Husbandman, late. Scorpion, early. 

Broom Girl. Marigold, early. Sovereign, early. 

Briton. Pilot, early. Teazer, late. 



AMERICAN VARIETIES. 



Downing. 

A seedling of Houghton, originated at Newburgh, K Y. Upright 
vigorous growing plant, very productive. 

Fruit somewhat larger than Houghton, roundish oval, whitish green 
with the rib veins distinct. Skin smooth. Flesh rather soft, juicy, 
very good. Excellent for family use. 



504 



THE GRAPE. 



Hobbs' Seedling. 

A variety claimed to have originated by O. J. Hobbs, of Randolph, 
Pa. It is light pale green, roundish, slightly oval, smooth. Flesh 
medium firmness. A good keeper, and nearly one-half larger than 
Houghton's. 

Houghton's Seedling. 

Originated with Abel Houghton, Lynn, Mass. A vigorous grower. 
Branches rather drooping, slender, very productive, generally free from 
mildew. A desirable sort. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to oval. Skin smooth, 
pale red. Flesh tender, sweet, and very good. 

Mountain Seedling. 

Originated with the Shakers at Lebanon, N. Y. Plant a strong 
straggling grower. An abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, the largest of any known American sort, long oval, dark 
brownish red, with long stalk. Skin smooth, thick. Flesh sweet. A 
good market sort. 

Pale Red. 

American Red. American Seedling. 

Robert's Sweet Water. Ohio Prolific. 

Ohio Seedling. St. Clair. 

Dutch Joe. Cluster. 

A variety of unknown origin. Bush more upright than Houghton. 
Slender wood. Yery productive. 

Fruit small or medium, or size of the Houghton ; darker in color 
when fully ripe. Hangs a long time upon the bush. Flesh tender, 
sweet, very good. 

Smith's Improved. 
Smith's Seedling. 

A new variety recently introduced. Grown from seed of the Hough- 
ton, by Dr. Smith, of Yermont, and in growth of plant more upright 
and vigorous than its parent ; the fruit is larger and somewhat oval in 
form, light green, with a bloom. Flesh moderately firm, sweet and good. 



CHAPTER XYIII. 

THE GRAPE. 

Vitis mnifera, L. Vitacece, of botanists. 
Yigne, of the French ; Weintrauben, German ; Vigna, Italian ; Vid, or Tina, 

Spanish. 

The history of the Grape is almost as old as that of man. Growing 
in its highest perfection in Syria and Persia, its luscious fruit, and the 



THE GRAPE. 



505 



unrivalled beverage which its fermented juice affords, recommended it 
to the especial care of the patriarchal tillers of the soil, and vineyards 
were extensively planted long before orchards or collections of other 
fruit-trees were at all common. 

The grapes of the old world are all varieties of the wine grape ( Vitis 
vinifera), which, though so long and so universally cultivated and natu- 
ralized in all the middle and southern portions of Europe, is not a na- 
tive of that continent, but came originally from Persia. From the lat- 
ter country, as civilization advanced westward, this plant accompanied 
it — first to Egypt, then to Greece and Sicily, and gradually to Italy, 
Spain, France, and Britain, to which latter country the Romans carried 
it about two hundred years after Christ. To America the seeds and 
plants of the European varieties were brought by numerous emigrants 
and colonists within the first fifty years after its settlement. 

The wild grapes of our own country are quite distinct species from 
the wine grape of Europe — are usual!}' stronger in their growth, with 
larger and more entire foliage, and, in their native state, with a pecu- 
liar foxy odor or flavor, and more or less hardness of pulp. These 
traits, however, disappear in process of cultivation, and we have reason 
to hope that we shall soon obtain from the wild type new varieties of 
high quality, and of superior hardiness and productiveness in this 
climate. 

The grape-vine is in all cases a trailing or climbing deciduous shrub, 
living to a great age, and, in its native forests, clambering over the tops 
of the tallest trees. In the deep rich alluvial soils of western America 
it is often seen attaining a truly prodigious size, and several have been 
measured on the banks of the Ohio the stems of which were three feet 
in circumference, and the branches two hundred feet long, enwreathing 
and festooning the tops of huge poplars and sycamores. In a culti- 
vated state, however, it is found that fine flavor and uniform produc- 
tiveness require the plants to be kept pruned within a small compass, 

Uses. The grape in its finest varieties, as the Hamburgh and the 
Muscat, is in flavor hardly surpassed by any other fruit in delicacy and 
richness, and few or none are more beautiful in the dessert. Dried, it 
forms the raisin of commerce, the most excellent of all dried fruits, every- 
where esteemed. And wine, the fermented juice, has always been the 
first of all exhilarating liquors. Some idea of the past consumption of 
this product may be formed from the fact that more than 500,000,000 
imperial gallons have been made in France in a single year ; and as a 
data to judge of its value we may add that, while a great proportion 
of the vin ordinaire, or common wine, is sold at 10 or 12 cents a bot- 
tle, on the other hand, particular old and rare vintages of Madeiras or 
Sherries will not unfrequently command twenty or thirty dollars a gal- 
lon. 

Soil. The universal experience in all countries has established the 
fact that a dry and warm soil is the very best for the vine. Where 
vineyards are cultivated, a limestone soil, or one compo-sed of decay- 
ing calcareous rocks, is by far the best ; but where, as in most gardens, 
the vine is raised solely for its fruit, the soil should be highly enriched. 
The foreign grape will scarcely thrive well here on a heavy soil, though 
our native varieties grow and bear well on any strong land ; but the 
essence of all that can be said in grape culture respecting soil is, that it 
be dry and light, deep and rich. Frequent top-dressings of well-rotted 



506 



THE GRAPE. 



manure should be applied to vines in open borders, and this should, 
every third or fourth year, be alternated with a dressing of slaked lime. 

Propagation. The grape-vine makes roots very freely, and is, 
therefore, easy of propagation. Branches of the previous or current 
year's wood, bent down at any time before midsummer, and covered with 
earth, as layers, root very freely, and make bearing plants in a couple 
of years, or very frequently indeed bear the next season. 

But the finer varieties of the vine are almost universally propagated 
by cuttings, as that is a very simple mode, and an abundance of the cut- 
tings being afforded by the annual trimming of the vines. 

When cuttings are to be planted in the open border, a somewhat 
moist and shaded place should be chosen for this purpose. The cut- 
tings should then be made of the young wood of the previous year's 
growth, cut into lengths about a foot long, and having two or three buds 
— one near the top, one at the bottom, and the third in the middle. 
Before planting the cutting, pare off its lower end smoothly, close below 
the buds, and finally plant it in mellow soil, in a slit made by the spade, 
pressing the earth firmly about it with the foot.* 

The rarer kinds of foreign grapes are usually grown by cuttings of 
shorter length, consisting only of two buds ; and the most successful 
mode is to plant each cutting in a small pot, and plunge the pots in a 
slight hot-bed, or place the cuttings at once in the mould of the bed itself. 
In either case they will make strong plants in the same season. 

But the most approved way of raising vine plants in pots is that of 
propagation by eyes, which we have fully explained in the first part of 
this work. This, as it retains the least portion of the old wood, is mani- 
festly the nearest approach to raising a plant from the seed, that most 
perfect of all modes with respect to the constitution of a plant. In the 
case of new or rare sorts, it offers us the means of multiplying them 
with the greatest possible rapidity. As the grape usually receives its 
annual pruning in autumn or winter, the cuttings may be reduced 
to nearly their proper length, and kept in earth, in the cellar, until the 
ensuing spring. The hardier sorts may be buried in the open ground. 

The foreign and the native grapes are very different in their habits in 
this climate, and therefore must be treated differently. The native 
sorts are cultivated with scarcely any further care than training up the 
branches to poles or a trellis, and are, on this account, highly valuable 
to the farmer ; while the European varieties are of little value in this 
climate except with especial care, and are therefore confined to the 
garden. 

1. Culture of the Foreign Grape. 

The climate of the temperate portion of this country, so favorable to 
all other fruits, is, unfortunately, not so for the foreign Grape. This re- 
sults, perhaps, from its variability, the great obstacle being the mildew, 

* In sandy or dry soils, to insure greater success, cover the upper end of the 
cutting with grafting-wax, or something of the kind, to prevent evaporation. 
The practice of growing grapes from single eyes, by making cuttings of one eye 
each, and callosing them in sand, in the cellar or pit, has been recently renewed. 
The cuttings are made of one eye each, placed in sand, in a cool cellar or shed, 
free from frost, and in spring planted out, covering the bud half an inch or so 
with soil, and over the whole spreading a mulch of tan-bark or sawdust one or 
two inches deep. 



THE GRAPE. 



507 



which, seizing upon the young fruit, prevents its further growth, causes 
it to crack, and renders it worthless. Unwilling to believe that this 
was not the fault of bad culture, many intelligent cultivators, and among 
them men of capital and much practical skill, have attempted vineyard 
culture with the foreign sorts in various sections of the country, under 
the most favorable circumstances, and have uniformly failed. On the 
other hand, the very finest Grapes are produced under glass, in great 
quantities, in our first-rate gardens. In the small yards or gardens of our 
cities, owing to the more uniform state of the atmosphere, the foreign 
Grape thrives pretty well ; and finally, in all gardens of the Middle 
States the hardier kinds may, under certain modes of culture, be made 
to bear good fruit. 

Without entering into any inquiries respecting the particular way in 
which the mildew (which is undoubtedly a parasitical plant) is caused, 
we will endeavor to state concisely some practical truths, to which our 
own observation and experience have led us, respecting the hardy cul- 
ture of the foreign Grape. 

In the first place, it is well known to gardeners here that young 
and thrifty vines generally bear one or two fair crops of fruit ; second, 
that as the vine becomes older, if it is pruned in the common mode 
(that is to say, the spurring-in mode of shortening the side branches, and 
getting fresh bearing shoots from main branches every year), it soon 
bears only mildewed and imperfect fruit ; and, finally, that the older 
and larger the vine, the less likely is it to produce a good crop. 

This being the case, it is not difficult to see that as the vine, like 
all other trees, is able to resist the attacks of disease or unfavorable 
climate just in proportion as it is kept in a young and highly vigorous 
state, it follows, if we allow a plant to retain only young and vigorous 
wood, it must necessarily preserve much of the necessary vigor of con- 
stitution. And this is only to be done, so far as regards training, by 
what is called the renewal system. 

The renewal system of training consists in an- 
nually providing a fresh supply of young branches, 
from which the bearing shoots are produced, cutting 
out all the branches that have borne the previous year. 
Fig. 37 represents a bearing vine treated in this man- 
ner, as it would appear in the spring of the year after 
having been pruned. In this figure a represents the 
two branches of last year's growth trained up for 
bearing the present year ; b, the places occupied by 
the last year's wood, which, having borne, has been Renewal Training, 
cut down to within an inch of the main arm, c. 
The present year, therefore, the two branches, a. will throw out side shoots, 
and bear a good crop, while the young branches will be trained up in the 
places of b, to bear the next year when a are in like manner cut down. 

This renewal training will usually produce fair fruit, chiefly, as it 
appears to us, because the ascent and circulation of the sap, being mainly 
carried on through young wood, is vigorous, and the plant is healthful 
and able to resist the mildew ; while, on the contrary, the circulation of 
the sap is more feeble and tardy through the more compact and rigid 
sap-vessels of a vine full of old wood.* 

* See Hoare on the Grape- Vine. 




508 



THE GRAPE. 



The above mode of training is very easily understood, but we may 
add here, for the benefit of the novice : 1st, that vines, in order that 
they may bear regularly and well, should always be kept within small 
bounds ; 2d, that they should always be trained to a wall, building, or 
upright trellis y * and 3d, that the leaves should never be pulled off to 
promote the ripening of the fruit. The ends of the bearing shoots may 
be stopped (pinched off) when the fruit is nearly half grown, and this 
is usually all the summer pruning that, under our bright sun, the grape- 
vine properly treated requires. 

Epllowing out this hint, that here the vine only bears well when it 
is young, or composed mainly of young wood, an intelligent cultivator 
near us secures every year abundant crops of the Chasselas by a system 
of renewal by layers. Every year, from his bearing vines, he lays down 
two or more long and clean shoots of the previous year's growth. These 
root freely, are allowed to make another season's growth, and then are 
made to take the place of the old plants, which are taken out ; and by 
this continual system of providing young plants by layers he always 
succeeds in obtaining from the same piece of ground fair and excellent 
grapes. 

Culture under Glass without Artificial Heat. The great 
superiority of this fruit when raised under glass, renders a vinery an 
indispensable feature in every extensive garden. Even without fire- 
heat grapes may, under our bright sun, be grown admirably ; the sud- 
den changes of the weather being guarded against, and the warmth and 
uniformity of the atmosphere surrounding the vines being secured. 
Cheap structures of this kind are now very common, and even the 
Muscat of Alexandria, and other sorts which are usually thought to 
require fire-heat, ripen regularly and well with moderate attention. 

A vinery of this kind may be erected so as to cost very little, nearly 
after the following manner : Its length may be thirty feet ; its width 
sixteen feet ; height at the front two feet ; at the back twelve feet. 
This part of the structure may all be built of wood, taking for the 
frame cedar or locust posts, setting them three and a half feet in the 
ground, the portion rising above the ground being squared to four or 
five inches. On these posts (which are placed six feet apart) nail, on 
both sides, matched and grooved planks, one and a quarter inches thick. 
The space between these planks not occupied by the post, fill in with dry 
tan, which should be well rammed down. The rafters should be fixed, 
and from three to four feet apart. The sashes forming the roof (which 
are all the glass that will be necessary) should be stationary, ventilation 
being given by small windows at the top of the back wall, fitted with 
hinges, to be opened or shut at pleasure by means of a pulley cord. The 
building will, of course, front the south, and the door may be at either 
end. 

The border for the grapes should be made partly on the inside and 
partly on the outside of the front wall, so that the roots of the vines 
may extend through to the open border. A trellis of wire should be 
fixed to the rafters, about sixteen inches from the glass, on which the 
vines are to be trained. Early in the spring the vines, which should be 
two-year-old roots, may be planted in the inside border, about a foot 
from the front wall, one vine below each rafter. 



* And never on an arbor, except for the purposes of shade. 



THE GRAPE. 



509 



Soil. The border should be thoroughly prepared and pulverized 
before planting the grapes. Two-thirds of mellow sandy loam, mixed 
with one-third of a compost formed of well-fermented manure, bits of 
broken charcoal, and a little lime rubbish, forms an excellent soil for 
the grape in this climate. If the soil of the garden is old, or is not of 
a proper quality for the basis of the border, it is best to prepare some 
for this purpose by rotting and reducing beforehand a quantity of 
loamy turf from the road-sides. The depth of the border need not ex- 
ceed two feet, but if the subsoil is not dry at all seasons it should be 
well drained, and filled up half a foot below the border with small stones 
or brick-bats. 

Pruning. Decidedly the best mode of pruning for a cold house, or 
vinery without fire-heat, is what is called the long or renewal mode, 
which we have already partially explained. Supposing the house to be 
planted with good young plants, something like the following mode of 
training and pruning may be adopted. The first season one shoot only 
is allowed to proceed from each plant, and this, at the end of the first 
season, is cut down to the second or third eye or bud. The year follow- 
ing two leading shoots are encouraged, the strongest of which is headed 
or stopped when it has extended a few joints beyond the middle of the 
house or rafter, and the weaker about half that length. In November 
these shoots are reduced, the strong one having four or five joints cut 
from its extremity, and the weaker one to the third eye from its lower 
end or place of origin. In the third season one leading shoot is laid in 
from each of these, the stronger one throwing out side shoots on which 
the fruit is produced, which side shoots are allowed to mature one 
bunch of grapes each, and are topped at one or two joints above the 
fruit. No side shoots are allowed to proceed from the weaker shoot, 
but it is laid in to produce fruit the ensuing season, so that, by the 
third season after planting, the lower part of the house or rafters is fur- 
nished with a crop of fruit proceeding from wood of the preceding year. 
At next autumn pruning the longest of these main shoots is short- 
ened about eighteen inches from the top of the rafter, and the next in 
strength to about the middle of the rafter, and all the spurs which had 
borne fruit are removed. Each vine is now furnished with two shoots 
of bearing wood, a part of old barren wood which has already produced 
fruit, and a spur near the bottom for producing a young shoot for the 
following year. In the fourth summer a full crop is produced, both in 
the lower and upper part of the house, the longer or oldest shoot pro- 
ducing fruit on the upper part of its length, and the shorter on its 
whole length ; from this last a leading shoot is laid in, and another to 
succeed it is produced from the spur near the bottom. At the next 
autumn pruning the oldest or longest shoot, which has now reached the 
top of the house, is entirely cut out and removed, and replaced by that 
which was next in succession to it, and this in its turn is also cut out 
and replaced by that immediately behind it, a succession of a yearly 
shoot being obtained from the lower part of the old stem. (Mcintosh.) 
This is decidedly the most successful mode for a vinery without heat, 
producing abundant and fair crops of fruit. Hoare, who is one of the 
most experienced and ingenious writers on the grape, strongly recom- 
mends it, and suggests that " the old wood of a vine, or that which has 
previously produced fruit, is not only of no further use, but is a positive 
injury to the fertility of the plant. The truth of this remark depends 



510 



THE GRAPE. 



on the fact that every branch of a vine which produces little or no 
foliage appropriates for its own support a portion of the juices of the 
plant that is generated by those branches that do produce foliage." 

Routine of Culture. In a vinery without heat this is compara- 
tively simple. As soon as the vines commence swelling their buds in 
the spring they should be carefully washed with mild soap-suds, to free 
them from any insects, soften the wood, and assist the buds to swell re- 
gularly. At least three or four times every week they should be well 
syringed with water, which, when the weather is cool, should always be 
done in the morning. And every day the vine border should be duly 
supplied with water. During the time when the vines are in blossom, 
and while the fruit is setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves 
must be suspended, and the house should be kept a little more closed 
and warm than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on 
any of the branches it may at once be checked by dusting them with 
flower of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the tem- 
perature rises in the house, beginning by opening the rear windows a 
little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing them 
in the same manner. To guard against the sudden changes of tempera- 
ture out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist and warm a 
state of the atmosphere within the vinery as is consistent with pretty 
free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great object of culture 
in a vinery of this kind. 

Thinning the fruit is a very necessary practice in all vineries, and 
on it depends greatly the flavor as well as the fine appearance and size 
of the berries and bunches. The first thinning usually consists in taking 
off all superfluous blossom-buds, leaving only one bunch in the large 
sorts, or two in the small ones, to each bearing shoot. The next thinning 
takes place when the berries are set and well formed, and is performed 
with a pair of scissors, taking care not to touch the berries that are left to 
grow. All this time one-third of the berries should be taken off with 
the point of the scissors, especially those in the centre of the cluster. 
This allows the remainder to swell to double the size, and also to form 
larger bunches than would otherwise be produced. Where the bunches 
are large, the shoulders should be suspended from the trellis by threads, 
in order to take off' part of the weight from the stem of the vine. The 
last thinning, which is done chiefly to regulate the form of the bunch, is 
done by many gardeners just before the fruit begins to color — but it is 
scarcely needed if the previous thinning of the berries has been thor- 
oughly done. 

The regular autumnal pruning is best performed about the middle 
of November. The vines should then be taken down, laid down on the 
border, and covered for the winter with a thick layer of straw or a slight 
covering of earth. 

Culture under Glass With Fire-heat. As the foreign Grape is 
almost the only fruit of temperate climates which cannot be raised in 
perfection in the open air in this climate, we shall give some concise 
directions for its culture in vineries with artificial heat. Those who 
only know this fruit as the Chasselas or Sweetwater appears, when 
grown in the open air, have little idea of the exceeding lusciousness, 
high flavor, size, and beauty of such varieties as the Black Hamburgh or 
Muscat of Alexandria, when well grown in a first-rate vinery. By the 
aid of artificial heat, which in this climate is, after all, chiefly required 



THE GRAPE. 



511 



in the spring and autumn, and to counteract any sudden cold changes 
of atmosphere, this most admirable fruit may easily be produced for the 
dessert from May till December. Indeed, by vineries constructed in 
divisions, in some of which vines are forced and in others retarded, some 
have Grapes nearly every month in the year. 

Construction of the Vinery. The vinery with fire-heat may be 
built of wood, and in the same simple manner as just described, with the 
addition of a flue above the surface of the ground, running close along 
the end, two feet from the front wall, and about a foot from the back 
wall, and returning into a chimney in the back wall over the furnace.* 

For the sake of permanence, however, a vinery of this kind is usu- 
ally built of brick ; the ends and front wall eight inches thick ; the back 
wall a foot thick — or eight inches, with occasional abutments to increase 
its strength. In fig. 38 
(I) is shown a simple plan 
of a vinery of this kind. 
In this the surface of the 
ground is shown at a, be- 
low which the foundation 
walls are sunk three feet. 
Above the surface the 
front wall, b, rises two 
feet, the back wall, c, 
twelve feet, and the width 
of the house is fourteen 
feet. On these walls are 
placed the rafters, from 
three to four feet distant. 

In the present example 
the flues are kept out of 
the way, and the space 
clear, by placing them in 
a square walled space di- 
rectly under the walk ; the 
walk itself being formed by an open grating or lattice, through which 
the heat rises freely. The arrangement of the flue will be better under- 
stood by referring to the ground plan (II). In this the furnace is indi- 
cated at cl, in the back wall ;f from this the flue rises gradually to e, 
whence it continues nearly the length of the house, and returning enters 
the chimney at /. For the convenience of shelter, firing, etc., it is usual 
to have a back shed, g, behind the back wall. In this shed may be a bin 
for wood or coals, and a sunk area (shown in the dotted lines around 
d,f), with steps to descend to the furnace and ash-pit. There are two 
doors, A, in the vinery at either end of the walk. 

* Heating by hot water is considered more successful in its results, because 
of enabling a more even and steady temperature to be maintained. The ex- 
pense is somewhat greater at first — but in the end, perhaps, most economical. 

f This furnace should be placed two feet below the level of the flue at <?, in 
order to secure a draught, after which it may be carried quite level till it enters 
the chimney. An air-chamber may be formed round it, with a register to admit 
heated air to the house when necessary. A furnace fourteen inches square and 
deep, with an ash-pit below, in which anthracite coal is burned, will be found a 
very easy and perfect mode of heating a house of this width, and thirty feet 
long. 




512 



THE GRAPE. 



The border should be thoroughly prepared previously to planting the 
vines, by excavating it two feet deep and filling it up with suitable com- 
post. This is best formed of one-half loamy turf, well rotted by having 
been previously laid up in heaps (or fresh and pure loamy soil from an 
old pasture or common) ; one-third thoroughly fermented horse or cow 
manure, which has lain in a turf-covered heap for three months ; and 
one-third broken pieces of charcoal and old lime rubbish : the whole to 
be thoroughly mixed together before planting the vines. 

The vines themselves should always be planted in a border prepared 
inside of the house ; and in order to give the vines that extent of soil 
which is necessary for them, the best cultivators make an additional 
border, twelve or fourteen feet wide outside, in front of the vinery. By 
building the foundation of the front wall on piers, within a couple of 
inches of the surface, and supporting the wall above the surface on slabs 
of stone reaching from pier to pier, the roots of the vines easily pene- 
trate to the border on the outside. 

The vines should be planted early in the spriug. Two-year-old 
plants are preferable, and they may be set eighteen inches from the front 
wall — one below each rafter, or, if the latter are over three feet apart, 
one also in the intermediate space. 

The pruning and training of the vines we have already described. 
The renewal system of pruning we consider the best in all cases. The 
spur system is, however, practised by many gardeners, with more or less 
success. This, as most of our readers are aware, consists in allowing a 
single shoot to extend from each root to the length of the rafters ; from 
the sides of this stem are produced the bearing shoots every year ; and 
every autumn these spurs are shortened back, leaving only one bud at 
the bottom of each, which in its turn becomes the bearing shoot, and 
is again cut back the next season. The fruit is abundantly produced, 
and of good flavor, but the bunches are neither so large nor fair, nor 
do the vines continue so long in a productive and healthy state as when 
the wood is annually renewed. 

The essential points in pruning and training the vine, whatever 
mode be adopted, according to Loudon, " are to shorten the wood to 
such an extent that no more leaves shall be produced than can be fully 
exposed to the light ; to stop all shoots produced in the summer that 
are not likely to be required in the winter pruning, at two or three 
joints, or at the first large healthy leaf from the stem where they 
originate; and to stop all shoots bearing bunches at one joint, or at 
most two, beyond the bunch. As shoots which are stopped generally 
push a second time from the terminal bud, the secondary shoots thus 
produced should be stopped at one joint. And if at that joint they push 
also, then a third stopping must take place at one joint, and so on as 
long as the last ter min al bud continues to break. Bearing these points 
in mind, nothing can be more simple than the pruning and training of 
the vine." 

When early forcing of the vines is commenced, the heat should be 
applied very gently for the first few days, and afterwards very gradually 
increased. Sixty degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer may be the 
maximum till the buds are all nearly expanded. When the leaves are 
expanded, sixty-five may be the maximum and fifty-five the minimum 
temperature. When the vines are in blossom, seventy-five or eighty in 
mid-day, with the solar heat, should be allowed, with an abundance of 



THE GRAPE. 



513 



air, and somewhat about this should be the average of mid-day tempera- 
ture. 

To insure a good crop of Grapes, we are satisfied that they must have 
— plenty of heat — plenty of air — plenty of moisture — severe thinning of 
bunches — and severe thinning of berries. The vines, also, must be pruned 
often, and kept free ; the wood never crowded. Great attention must 
be paid to the airing of the house, which must be done gradually, that 
there may be at no time a sudden change in the temperature. 

"With such attention, and the prerequisite of a rich border, on a dry 
subsoil, good crops of fine Grapes are always to be obtained. The vines 
require much moisture until they have completed their last swell, when 
the moisture should be withdrawn. 

Insects and Diseases. When properly grown under glass the Grape 
is a very vigorous plant, liable to few diseases. The bleeding which 
often hajDpens at the commencement of growth, usually ceases without 
doing harm when the foliage begins to expand. If excessive, it may be 
stopped by a mixture of three parts of cheese-parings and one part lime 
applied to the wound. The red spider, which sometimes infests vineries 
kept at a high temperature, is usually destroyed by coating over the 
flues with a wash of quick-lime and sulphur, after which the house must 
be kept closed for half a day. The smaller insects which occasionally 
prey on the young shoots are easily kept down by syringing the parts 
affected with a solution of whale-oil soap. 

Varieties. There are in the catalogue a vast number of names of 
Grapes, many of which belong to the same fruit. But there are really 
only twenty or thirty varieties which are at all worthy of cultivation in 
gardens. Indeed, the most experienced gardeners are satisfied with a 
dozen of the best sorts for their vineries. 

We will describe some of the finest foreign Grapes that have been 
introduced. 



Aleppo. 



Switzerland Grape. 
Striped Muscadine. 
Variegated Chassela3. 
Raisin Suisse. 



Raisin d'Aless. 
Chasselas panache. 
Maurillan panache. 
Maurillan noir panache. 



A very singular Grape, the berries being mostly striped with white 
and black in distinct lines. The foliage is also prettily striped in 
autumn. 

Bunches rather below medium size. Berries medium size, roundish. 
Skin thin, striped with white and dark red, or black. Flesh juicy, 
and of a rich and excellent flavor. 



Black Lisbon. 
Black Palestine. 
Meredith's Alicante. 
Alicantenivein. 
Schwarzer Spanischer. 



Alicante. 

Black St. Peters. 
Black Spanish. 
St. Peters. 
Blauer von Alicante. 



Black Portugal. 
Black Valentia. 
Espagnin Noir. 
Sanct Peter's Traube. 



An excellent late variety, which is large and showy, and hangs well. 

33 



514 



THE GRAPE. 



Bunches large, sometimes shouldered. Berries large, oval. Skin 
tough, rather thick, jet black, with a blue bloom. Flesh tender, juicy. 

Black Champion. 

Bunch large, long, shouldered. Berries large, roundish oval, deep 
black with a slight bloom. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich. Ripens 
earlier than Black Hamburgh. A good variety for a cold vinery. 



Black Morillon. 
Franc Pineau. 
Pineau. 

Baisin de Bourgne. 
Black Burgundy. 
Schwarzer. 



Black Cluster. 

Morillon noir. 
Auverna. 
Vrai Auvernas. 
Small Black Cluster. 
Bother. 



Auverne. 
Auvernas Bouge. 
True Burgundy. 
Burgunder. 
Early Black. 



This is readily distinguished from Miller's Burgundy, by the ab- 
sence of the down on its leaves. The fruit is very sweet and excellent. 

Bunches small, compact (i. e., berries closely set). Berries middle 
sized, roundish oval. Skin deep black. Juice sweet and good. Ripens 
in the open air about the 20th of September. 

Black Frontignan. 



Muscat Noir. 

Muscat Noir Ordinaire. 

Black Frontignac. 

Black Constantia of some. 

Muscat Noir de Jura. 



Sir "William Rowley's Black. 
Purple Frontignan. 
Purple Constantia. 
Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees. 



An excellent Grape, originally from the town of Frontignan, in 
France, where it and other similar sorts are largely cultivated for mak- 
ing the Muscadine or Frontignan wine. 

Bunches rather long. Berries of medium size, round, quite black. 
Skin thin. Flavor musky and rich. Ripens in October. A good bearer. 



Black Hamburgh. 



Warner's Black Hamburgh. 

Purple Hamburgh. 

Red Hamburgh. 

Brown Hamburgh. 

Dutch Hamburgh. 

Victoria. 

Salisbury Violet. 

Hampton Court Vine. 

Valentine's. 

Gibraltar. 

Frankendale. 

Black Frankenthall. 



Frankenthaler. 

Frankenthaler Gros Noir. 

Trollinger. 

Blue Trollinger. 

Troller. 

Welscher. 

Fleisch Traube. 

Hudler. 

Languedoc. 

Mohrendutte. 

Weissholziger Trollinger. 



The Black Hamburgh has long been considered the first of black 
'Grapes for the vinery, but it will very rarely perfect its fruit out of 
doors. Its very large size and most luscious flavor render it universally 

esteemed. 

Bunches large (about nine inches deep), and mostly with two shoul- 
ders, making it broad at the top. Berries very large, roundish, slightly 
inclining to oval. Skin rather thick, deep brownish purple, becoming 



THE GRAPE. 



515 



nearly black at full maturity. Flavor very sugary and rich. A good 
and regular bearer. 

Black Lombardy. 

West's St. Peters. Poonah. Raisin des Carmes. 

Raisin de Cuba. Money's. 

Bunches large and long, with shoulders. Berries large, roundish 
oval. Skin thin, very black at maturity. Flavor very rich and sugary. 
The leaves are rather small, and turn purple as the fruib ripens. It 
requires a pretty high temperature, and is then a great bearer. 

Black Morocco. 

Le Coeur. Ansell's Large Oval Black. 

Black Muscadel. Baisine d'Espagne. 

A large and showy Grape, ripening late, but requiring a good deal 
of heat. The blossoms are a little imperfect, and require to be fertilized 
with those of the Black Hamburgh, or some other hardy sort. 

Bunches large. Berries very large, oval, Skin thick, dark red. 
Flavor tolerably sweet and rich. 

Black Muscadine. 
Black Chasselas. Chasselas Noir. 

A pretty good black Grape, scarcely succeeding well, however, in the 
open air, and inferior to other sorts for the vinery. 

Bunches of medium size, compact. Berries roundish oval. Skin 
thick, black, overspread with a blue bloom. Juice sweet, and of pretty 
good flavor. 

Black Muscat of Alexandria. 

Red Muscat of Alexandria. Red Frontignac of Jerusalem. 

Muscat Hamburgh. 

Bunches large and shouldered. Berries large, oval. Skin thick, of 
a reddish color, becoming black at maturity. Flesh quite firm, with a 
rich musky flavor. Be quires a vinery with fire-heat. 

Black Prince. 

Boston. Sir A. Pytches' Black. 

Pocock's Damascus. Steward's Black Prince. 

The Black Prince is very highly esteemed. It is hardier than the 
Black Hamburgh, bearing profusely, with the easiest culture, in the 
vinery. 

Bunches long and not generally shouldered. Berries large, rather 
thinly set, oval. Skin thick, black, covered with a thick blue bloom, 
Flesh tender, juicy, rich sugary, sprightly. 

Black Sweetwater. 
Water Zoet Noir. 

Bunches small, compact. Berries small, round. Skin thin, with a 
sweet and pleasant juice. A second-rate, but rather hardy sort. 



516 



THE GRAPE. 



Black Tripoli. 

Black Grape from Tripoli. 

This Grape is said to be a large and very excellent one, ripening 
late, and well worthy of a place in the vinery. It requires some fire- 
heat. 

Bunches of medium size, shouldered, rather loose. Berries large, 
round, often slightly flattened. Seeds quite small. Skin thin, purplish 
black, slightly covered with bloom. Flesh tender and sweet, with a 
very high-flavored rich juice. 

Bowood Muscat. 

Tynningham Muscat. 

A new variety, claimed as a seedling from the Muscat of Alexandria 
which it closely resembles, but has rather shorter-jointed wood, and sets 
its fruit and bears well. 

i 

Burckhardt's Prince. 
Aramon. Platite Riche. Ugrie Noir. 

A late variety that hangs well. 

Bunches long, tapering. Berries medium, round, a few inclining to 
oval. Skin of a deep black color, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh 
rather firm, juicy, rich, piquant, vinous. 

Canon Hall Muscat. 

A variety differing from its parent, the Muscat of Alexandria, in 
being of stronger growth and more tapering bunches. Berries large, 
roundish oval, whitish, juicy, rich. Requires special care to grow it 
well. 

Chaptal. 

A French Grape, a great bearer, and adapted to a cold vinery. 
Bunches large and long. Berries large, round, amber color when 
ripe. Flesh sweet, juicy. 

Charlsworth Tokay. 

A variety from England, reputed to be of superior quality. 
Bunches long, compact. Berries large, oval. Skin thick, white. 
Flavor rich and excellent, with a Muscat perfume. 

Chasselas Musque. 
Musk Chasselas. Le Cour. St. Albans. 

A very delicious Grape, the highest flavored Chasselas, having much 
of the flavor of the Muscat of Alexandria. 

Bunches of medium size, long and rather loose. Berries middle 



THE GKAPE. 



517 



size, round. Skin thin, yellowish white. Flesh tender, with an abund- 
ant juice, of a rich musky flavor. Leaves smaller and deeper green 
than those of the Sweetwater or Muscadine. Requires heat. 

Chasselas Royal. 
A new and excellent Grape. 

Bunches short and thick, with shoulders. Berries large, round, 
pale amber color when ripe. A great bearer. (Rivers.) 

Chasselas Vibert. 
A strong grower, well suited to a cold vinery. 

Bunches long. Berries large, round, golden amber when ripe. Flesh 
juicy, rich. (Rivers.) 

Duchess of Buccleugh. 

A Grape of recent introduction, and highly praised. It is said to 
be a cross between the Muscat and Chasselas Musque. 

Bunches large, long, tapering, slightly shouldered. Berries medium, 
roundish. Early, and an abundant bearer. Suited for a hot or cold 
vinery. 

Early Black Bordeaux. 
One of the best very early sorts. 

Bunches medium, short, shouldered. Berries medium, round, quite 
black, with a thin bloom. Flesh tender, melting, rich, sweet. 

Early Black July. 

July Grape. Madeleine. Madeleine Noir. 

Raisin Precoce. Morillon Hatif. De St. Jean. 

Schwarzer Friihzeitiger. Burgunder. August Traube. 

Jacob's Traube. 

The earliest of Grapes, and chiefly valued for the dessert on that 
account. In the open air it ripens here the last of July, or early in 
August. The leaves are rather small, and light green above and be- 
neath. 

Bunches small and compact. Berries small, quite round. Skin 
thick, black, covered with a blue bloom. Flavor moderately sweet, but 
not rich or perfumed. 

Early Golden Frontignast. 
A variety adapted to hot or cold vineries. 

Bunch long, medium, not shouldered. Berries medium, round, yel- 
low, with minute dark dots. Flesh juicy, sprightly, melting, sweet. 

Early Saumur Frontignan. 

Muscat de Saumur. Muscat Hatif de Saumur. 

Madeleine Musquee de Courtiller. Precoce Musque. 

A very early variety, ripening well in a cold vinery. 

Bunches small, compact, shouldered. Berries medium, roundish 



518 



THE GRAPE. 



flattened. Skin thin, translucent amber color at maturity. Flesh 
juicy, with a pleasant, slight Muscat flavor. 



Early Silver Frontignan - . 

Bunch medium to large, shouldered. Berries large, roundish oval, 
whitish yellow, with a silver bloom. Flesh very tender, melting, rich, 
very juicy, and agreeable. An early and productive sort, suited to hot 
or cold vinery. 



Early Smyrna Frontignan. 

Muscat de Smyrne. Isaker Daisiko. 

One of the earliest sorts, well suited for a cold vinery. 
Bunches medium, well set, not shouldered. Berries medium, round, 
bright amber. Flesh melting, rich, juicy, delicious. 

Early White Malvasia. 

Morna Chasselas. Momair blanc. 

Early Chasselas. Le Melier. 

Grove End Sweet Water. Melier blanc. 

White Melier. Blanc de Bonneuil. 

Early Kienzheim. 

A nice early Grape, and a good bearer, which is in fact only an ear- 
lier variety of the Chasselas. It bears very well in the open air. 

Bunches, in size and form, much like those of the White Chasselas or 
Royal Muscadine. Berries round, yellowish white. Skin thin. Flesh 
sweet, juicy, and agreeable in flavor. Ripens in August. The leaves 
are pale green on the upper side, slightly downy below, cut into five 
rather deep lobes. 



Esperione. 

Turner's Black. Hardy Blue Windsor. 

Cumberland Lodge. 

The Esperione is a hardy, luxuriant, and prolific Grape, growing as 
well in the open air as the Muscadine, and even better in many situa- 
tions. 

Bunches large, shouldered, like the Black Hamburgh in size. Ber- 
ries round, or occasionally flattened, and often indented with a groove. 
Skin thick, dark purple, powdered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh ad- 
heres to the skin, of a pleasant, sprightly flavor, not very rich. 



Fintindo. 

This Grape is of Italian origin, brought to notice by M. De Bavay, 
of Yilvorde, who received it of Major Esperen, and is said to have been 
discovered by the French army in, Naples. Its growth is vigorous. 
Peduncle very stout. 

Bunch large, compact, and shouldered. Berries of the largest size, 
nearly round, slightly oval. Skin dark violet. Flesh abounds in a 
sugary juice, and has a peculiarly pleasant aroma. It has a resemblance 
to the Black Hamburgh, but is considerably earlier. 



THE GRAPE. 



519 



Foster's "White Seedling. 

A new variety, described as superior to the Royal Muscadine, and 
ripening at the same time. 

Bunches large, sets well. Berries above medium, roundish oval, yel- 
lowish amber. Flesh tender, melting, sweet, and rich flavored. Said to 
have the character of hanging without shrivelling. 

Golden Champion. 

A new variety but just introduced. It is described in the Gar- 
dener's Magazine as remarkably free and robust in growth, and of as 
easy culture as Black Hamburgh. 

Bunches large, of a slightly-tapering form, and heavily shouldered. 
Berries extra large, obovate or ovate, slightly pointed — in some instances 
almost round. Flesh firm, yet remarkably juicy, tender, and rich flavor. 

Golden Hamburgh. 
Busby's Golden Hamburgh. Stockwood Park Golden Hamburgh. 

A new white Grape of excellent quality. Requires careful cultiva- 
tion, as it soon decays after ripening. 

Bunches large, somewhat loose, shouldered. Berries large, round- 
ish oval, rich yellow. Skin thin. Flesh tender, juicy, rich, melting, 
sweet. 

Green's Prolific. 

A new variety, originated by W. R. Green, Newburgh, N. Y. Vine 
a strong grower, very productive, and sets well. 

Bunch large, long, shouldered, very compact. Berry medium, round, 
deep black,, blue bloom, raised a little at apex. Flesh juicy, melting, 
sweet, vinous. 

Grizzly Frontignan. • 

Red Frontignan. Muscat Gris. Grizzly Frontignac. 

Muscado Rosso. Red Constantia. Kiimmel Traube. 

Muscat Rouge. Grauer Muscateller. 

This delicious Grape requires to be grown in a vinery, when it is, to 
our taste, scarcely surpassed. 

Bunches rather long, with narrow shoulders. Berries round, of me- 
dium size, and growing closer upon the bunches than those of the White 
Frontignan. Skin thick, pale brown, blended with pink and yellow. 
Flesh very juicy, rich, musky, and high flavored. 

Gros Maroc. 
Marocain. 

An excellent variety, ripening after Black Hamburgh. A great 
bearer, well suited to a cold vinery. 

Bunches large, long, shouldered. Berries large, oval, covered with a 
thick bloom. Skin thick, deep reddish purple. Flesh tender, sweet, 
rich. 



Jura Muscat. 



Muscat Noir de Jura. 

A valuable Grape. Vine very prolific. 

Bunches long, tapering, slightly shouldered. Berries above medium 
oval, and well set. Skin purplish black or dark chocolate, with a thin 
blue bloom. Flesh solid, tender, juicy, richly flavored, with a fine Mus- 
cat aroma. 

Knight's Variegated Chasselas. 

Variegated Chasselas. 

A hybrid seedling, raised by Mr. Knight from the White Chasselas 
impregnated by the Aleppo. A curious and pretty fruit, but not first- 
rate in flavor. 

Bunches rather long, unshouldered. Berries below the middle size, 
round, loosely set. Skin quite thin, white, shaded with bluish violet, 
sometimes becoming purplish in the sun. Flesh tender, sweet, and plea- 
sant. 

Lady Downe's. 

Lady Downe's Seedling. 

This variety was grown from seed of the Black Morocco crossed by 
the Chasselas or Sweetwater. It is among the most valuable, ripening 
its fruit and hanging a long time — Hogg says, from August until 
March. 

Bunches large, rather loose, shouldered. Berries above medium, 
roundish oval. Skin rather thick, reddish purple, becoming quite black, 
with a delicate bloom. Flesh dull white, firm, sweet, and richly 
flavored. 

LOMBARDY. 

Flame-Colored Tokay. Khemish Red. Wantage. Red Grape of Taurida. 

The Lombardy is remarkable for the very large size of the bunches, 
which are frequently twelve to eighteen inches long. It is a handsome 
fruit, the berries thickly set (so much so as to need a good deal of thin- 
ning), and it requires fire-heat to bring it to full perfection. 

Bunches very large, handsomely formed, with large shoulders. Ber- 
ries large, roundish. Skin thick, pale red or flame-colored. Flesh firm, 
sweet, with a sprightly, very good flavor. 



Miller's Burgundy. 

Miller Grape. Miiller. Le Meunier. 

Mullevrebe. Morillon Taconne. Morone Farinaccio. 

Fromente. Pulverulenta. Aleatica du Po. 

Farineux noir. Sauvignien noir. jSoirin. 

A variety that ripens pretty well in the open air, and is readily 
known by the dense covering of cottony down which lines both sides of 
the leaves, whence the name Millers Grape. 

Bunches short, thick, and compact. Berries roundish oval, very 
closely set together. Skrn thin, black, with a blue bloom. Flesh ten- 
der, abounding with a sweet, high-flavored juice. Each berry contains 
two small seeds. 



THE GRAPE. 



521 



Muscat of Alexandria. 



Alexandrian Frontignan. 
Charlesworth Tokay Malaga. 
Muscat Escholata. 
Muscat G-rec. 
Muscat of Jerusalem. 
Muscat of Lunel. 
Muscat Romain. 



Moscatel Grordo Blanco. 

Pause Musquee. 

Passe Musquee. 

Tottenham Park Muscat. 

Uva Salamana. 

White Muscat of Alexandria. 

Muscat Esculata ? 



A well-known Grape which furnishes the Muscatel Raisins, from 
Spain. It requires a high temperature to ripen it thoroughly. 

Bunches very large, long, loose shouldered. Berries large, oval, unequal 
in size. Skin thick, pale amber, thin white bloom. Flesh firm, mode- 
rately juicy, sweet and rich, fine Muscat flavor. 



Pitmaston White Cluster. 

A pretty hardy Grape, raised in Pitmaston, England, from the 
Black Cluster, ripening rather earlier than the Sweetwater, of good 
quality, and well deserving a place where the foreign Grapes are culti- 
vated in the open air. 

Bunches of medium size, compact, and shouldered. Berries middle- 
sized, round. Skin thin, amber color, occasionally tinged with a little 
russet when fully ripe. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent. 



Primavis Fronttgnan. 

An early ripening variety that sets well and is productive. 

Bunches large, long, shouldered, berries medium to large, round, 
amber. Flesh rather solid, tender, juicy, sweet, and rich. One of the 
finest of the Muscat Chasselas family. Early. 



Bed Chasselas. 

Red Muscadine. Chasselas Rouge Foncee. 

Chasselas Rouge. Cerese Septembro. 

This Grape a good deal resembles the White Chasselas, except that 
the berries are slightly colored with red. Very rarely, when over ripe, 
they become a dark red. 

Bunches loose, not large. Berries medium size, round. Skin thin, 
at first pale green, but when exposed to the sun they become red. Flesh 
tender, sweet, and very good. 

Beeves' Muscadine. 
An excellent variety for the cold vinery. 

Bunches large, conical, loose, shouldered. Berries large, nearly 
round, amber color. Flesh tender, rich, juicy, sweet. 



Eoyal Muscadine. 

Amber Muscadine. Chasselas de Fontainebleau. 

Early White Teneriffe. D'Arbois. 

Golden Chasselas. Raisin de Champagne. 

"White Chasselas. Amiens. 

Chasselas dore. Campanella Bianca. 

Chasselas blanc. White Nice, or Xeres. 

A truly excellent Grape in all respects — one of the very best for 



522 



THE GRAPE. 



hardy culture in this climate, or for the vinery. It is everywhere 
highly esteemed, and is the Chasselas par excellence of the French. 

Bunches large and shouldered. Berries larger than those of the 
Sweetwater, round. Skin thin, at first greenish white, but turning to 
an amber color when fully ripe. Flesh tender, with a rich and delicious 
flavor. Bipens here about the 20th of September. Wood and foliage 
stronger than those of the Sweetwater. 

Scotch White Cluster. 

Blacksmith's 'White Cluster. Diamant. 

Laan Hatif. Diamant Traube. 

Van der Laan Precoce. 

This Grape was raised by a blacksmith of Edinburgh in 1812. 
Bunches of middle size, compact. Berries medium-sized, roundish 
oval. Skin white, thin. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent. 

Syrian. 

Jews. Palestine. Terra de la Promise. 

This is believed to be the Grape mentioned in the Scriptures as 
found by the Israelites on the brook of Eshcol, the bunches of which 
were so large as to be borne on a staff by two men. It is a very superb- 
looking fruit, and has been grown in this country to very large size. In 
England bunches of it have been produced weighing 19^- lbs. 

Bunches enormously large, and regularly formed, with broad shoul- 
ders. Berries large, oval. Skin thick, white at first, but becoming a 
tawny yellow or amber when at full maturity. Flesh firm and solid, 
moderately juicy and sweet, though not rich. Will hang till Christmas 
in a vinery. The wood and foliage are very large. 

Trebbiaxo. 

Trebbiano Bianco. Trebbiano Yero. Erbalus. TTgni Blanc. 

A variety that requires a tolerably high temperature, esrjecially 
during the fall months. It is a late sort, and hangs well. 

Bunches very large, broad, shouldered. Berries medium, roundish, 
oval. Skin thick, somewhat adhering to the flesh, whitish, with a deli- 
cate bloom. Flesh firm, sweet, rich. 

Trektham Black. 
Long Xoir d'Espagne. 

A fine variety, well suited to the cold vinery. It ripens with Black 
Hamburgh, but will hang plump and fresh long after that variety has 
shrivelled. 

Bunches large, tapering, and shouldered. Berries above medium, 
oval. Skin tough, jet black, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh melt- 
ing, juicy, rich, sugary, vinous. 



THE GRAPE. 



523 



Troveren Frontignan. 
Troveren. Muscat Troveren. Muscat Troveren Blanc. 



This, says Rivers, is one of, if not the finest of all the Frontignans. 
A great bearer, and with a rich Muscat flavor in the fruit. 

Bunches large. Berries very large, roundish oval, greenish, chang- 
ing to pale amber. Flesh firm and crackling, juicy, sweet, and acid. 
Requires fire heat. 

Tyningham Muscat. 

A late variety that sets well and is very productive. 

Bunches very large, double-shouldered. Berries large, oval, amber 
yellow, slight bloom. Flesh solid, juicy, sweet, and of a rich Muscat 
flavor. 



Verdelho. 

Yerdal. Verdilhio. Madeira Wine Grape. 

A vigorous growing Grape, of good quality, from Madeira, which is 
largely used in that island for making the best wines. 

Bunches rather small, loose. Berries small, rather unequal in size, 
and often without seeds. Skin thin, semi-transparent, yellowish green, 
a little tinged with russet when very ripe. J uice a little acid at first, 
but rich and excellent at maturity. 



White Frontignan. 

White Constantia. White Frontniac. Nepean's Constantia. 

Muscat Blanc. Raisin de Frontignan. Muscat Blanc de Jura. 

Moschata Bianca. Moscado Bianco. Moscatel Coinmun, 

Muscateller. Weisser Muscateller. Weisse Muscaten Traube. 

The White Frontignan is a very favorite Grape, as the many names 
quoted above, by which it is known in various parts of Europe, suffi- 
ciently prove. Its hardy habit, uniform productiveness in the vinery, 
and most luscious flavor, make it everywhere esteemed. 

Bunches of medium size, or pretty long, and without shoulders. 
Berries middle-sized, round, rather thickly set. Skin thin, dull white 
or yellow, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh tender, with a rich, per- 
fumed, musky flavor. 

White Hamburgh. 
White Lisbon. White Portugal. White Raisin. 

This is the Portugal Grape of commerce, which is so largely ex- 
ported to different parts of the world in jars. It is not a high-flavored 
though a very showy grape, and will hang a long time on the vines after 
maturity. It requires fire-heat. 

Bunches very large and loose. Berries large oval. Skin thick, 
greenish white. Flesh solid, sweet, and sometimes with a slight Muscat 
flavor. Bunches of this variety weighing over three pounds have been 
grown near Boston. 



524 



THE GRAPE. 



White Nice. 

A very large and showy fruit, and, in a vinery with fire-heat, a very 
excellent sort. M'Intosh, an English gardener of reputation, has grown 
bunches of this the White Nice to the enormous weight of eighteen 
pounds, and considers it " one of the noblest of grapes." 

Bunches very large, with loose shoulders. Berries roundish, medium 
size, thinly distributed over the shoulders and sides of the bunch. Skin 
thin, rather tough, greenish white, becoming, finally, a little yellowish. 
Flesh crisp, sweet, and of very good flavor. Leaves and wood very 
strong, the latter remarkably downy beneath. 

White Bessling. 

Schloss Johannisberg. Rudesheimerberg. Riessling. 

Petit Riessling. Grosser Riessling. Rossling. 

Kleiner Riessling. 

The most celebrated Grape of the Bhine, producing the celebrated 
Hock wines. 

Bunches of medium size, compact. Berries rather small, round. 
Skin thin. Elesh tender and juicy, with sweet and sprightly pleasant 
flavor. 

White Sweetwater. 

Early White Muscadine. White Muscadine. Early Sweetwater. 

Stillward's Sweetwater. Dutch Sweetwater. Chasselas Precoce. 

Chasselas Royal. Water Zoete Blanc. 

This Grape is better known and more commonly cultivated than any 
other in this country, although it is inferior to the Boyal Muscadine. 
It differs from the latter in having weaker wood, and open, loose 
bunches of a paler color. 

Bunches middle-sized, loose or open, usually with many small imper- 
fect berries, shouldered. Berries of the middle size, round. Skin thin, 
clear watery green, rarely becoming amber, except very fully exposed to 
the sun. Flesh crisp, watery, sweet, but not high-flavored. Bipens in 
the open air from the 20th to the last of August — a fortnight earlier 
than the Boyal Muscadine. 

White Tokay. 
Genuine Tokay. Gray Tokay. Tokai blanc. 

This is the fruit from which the delicious Tokay wine of Hungary 
is made. Its flavor is good, and its aroma peculiarly agreeable. 

Bunches of medium size, compact. Berries rounded oval, closely 
set. Skin thin, of a dull white. Flesh very delicate, sweet and per- 
fumed. 

Yeddo. 

A variety from Japan, introduced with high praise, but proved of 
little value. 

Bunches medium. Berries medium, brownish. Flesh rich and 
sweet. Not good enough for the vinery, and liable to mildew in the 
open air. 



THE GRAPE. 



525 



AMERICAN GRAPES. 

The better varieties of the native Grapes are among the most valua- 
ble of fruits in the Middle States. Hardy, vigorous, and productive, 
with a moderate amount of care they yield the farmer and the common 
gardener, to whom the finer foreign sorts, requiring much attention and 
considerable expense in culture, are denied, the enjoyment of an abun- 
dance of very good fruit. 

The grape region has been lately greatly extended by the addition of 
new varieties, which, in consequence of ripening their fruit much earlier 
than the Isabella and Catawba, are suited to two or three degrees of lati- 
tude farther north than the limit of the cultivation of these varieties. 

The garden culture of the hardy native grapes, although not very 
difficult, cannot be accomplished so as to give the fruit in perfection, 
without some attention to their habits and wants. The soil should be 
dry, deeply worked, and well enriched, always bearing in mind that it 
is an essential point to secure a perfectly open, sunny exposure, as it 
may always be assumed that with us no atmosphere can be too warm or 
bright for the grape ; for although it will make the most vigorous shoots 
in the shade of trees or buildings, yet the crops will be small, the fruit poor 
and uncertain, and the vines likely to fall a prey to mildew. 

In the second place, the vines should be kept within moderate bounds, 
and trained to an upright trellis. The Isabella and Concord are so 
rampant in their growth, when young, that the indulgent and gratified 
cultivator is but too apt to allow them to overbear ; the border should 
always be given to the exclusive occupancy of the vines, and the roots 
should be allowed space proportional to the branches they are to carry. 
By observing these directions, and not suffering the vines to overbear, 
they may be continued a long time in full vigor and productiveness. 

The system of pruning and training these grapes generally pursued 
is the upright mode, with the spur mode of training. The first season's 
growth of a newly planted vine is cut back to two buds the ensuing fall 
or spring. These two buds are allowed to form two upright shoots the 
next summer, which at the end of the season are brought down to a 
horizontal position, and fastened each way to the lower horizontal rail 
of the trellis, being shortened at the distance of three or four feet from the 
root — or as far each side as the plant is wished to extend. The next 
season, upright shoots are allowed to grow one foot apart, and these, as 
soon as they reach the top of the trellis, are also stopped. The next 
year, the trellis being filled with the vines, a set of lateral shoots will 
be produced from the upright leaders, with from one to three bunches 
upon each, which will be the first crop. The vine is now perfect, and, 
in the spur mode of pruning, it is only necessary at the close of every 
season, that is, at the autumnal or winter pruning, to cut back these 
lateral shoots or fruit-spurs to within an inch of the upright shoot from 
which they sprang, and a new lateral producing fruit will annually sup- 
ply its place, to be again cut out at the winter pruning. 

After several years' bearing, if it is found that the grapes fail in 
size or flavor, the vines should be cut down to the main horizontal 
shoots at the bottom of the trellis. They will then speedily make a new 
set of upright shoots which will produce very abundantly, as at first. 

It cannot be denied that the renewal system of training (507) is 



526 



THE GRAPE. 



certain of yielding always the largest and finest fruit, though not so 
large a crop — as half the surface of the vine is every year occupied with 
young wood, to take the place of that annually cut out. 

What we have already stated (509) respecting pruning will ap- 
ply equally well here. If the vine is fully exposed to the sun it will 
require very little summer pruning ; in fact, none, except stopping the 
young shoots three joints beyond the farthest bunch of grapes, at mid- 
summer — for the leaves being intended by nature to elaborate the sap, 
the more we can retain of them (without robbing the fruit unduly of 
fluids expended in making new growth) the larger and higher flavored 
will be the fruit ; careful experiments having proved that there is no 
more successful mode of impoverishing the crop of fruit than that of 
pulling off the leaves. 

Tn the axils of the leaves by the side of the buds which are to send 
forth shoots for next season's crops, branches called laterals push forth, 
which should be pinched off at the first leaf, and at the next leaf where 
they start again ; generally the second stopping will be sufficient. 

The annual pruning of the hardy grapes is usually performed during 
mild days in February or March — at least a month before vegetation is 
likely to commence. Many cultivators prefer to prune their vines in 
November, and, except for cold latitudes or exposures, this is undoubt- 
edly the better season. 

Vineyard Culture. The vineyard culture of the native grape is 
very simple. Strong, loamy, or gravelly soils are preferable — limestone 
and clay shale being usually the best — and a warm, open, sunny expo- 
sure being indispensable. 

In preparing the soil, if it is loamy or gravelly, a simple deep 
ploughing is all that is requisite ; but if it is clay, or underlaid with a clay 
hard-pan, the subsoil should be thoroughly broken to a depth of not less 
than sixteen inches. This, on most lands, can be done by means of a 
plough and team. Steep sidehills or slopes must of course be prepared by 
hand labor, digging and trenching the ground thoroughly with the 
spade. 

The vines are planted in rows, the distance from plant to plant vary- 
ing according as it is a strong and vigorous grower like Concord, or a 
moderate short-jointed grower like Delaware. The first are generally 
planted eight by eight feet or eight by ten feet apart, and the latter four 
by six feet ; while varieties of intermediate vigor are placed at six by 
eight feet. The renewal system of pruning is generally practised, and 
the vines are trained both on stakes and wire trellis, the latter being 
most generally considered as the best and most economical. 

The ordinary culture is as simple as that of a field of Indian com- — 
one man and horse with a plough, and the horse cultivator, being able 
to keep a pretty large surface in good order. The annual pruning is 
performed in autumn or winter, top-dressing the vines when it is neces- 
sary in the spring ; and the summer work, thinning, tying, and gather- 
ing being chiefly done by women and children. 

The summer work is one requiring some care and watchfulness, al- 
though attendant with light labor, and, as we have said, may be performed 
by women and children. In vineyard culture the long renewal system is 
most practised ; by it the vine the first year is permitted to make but one 
leading shoot, all the buds likely to form other shoots being rubbed off 
early in spring, or as soon as they have fully developed. The second 



THE GRAPE. 



527 



year this one cane, or the first year's growth, is cnt down to two buds, 
and these are grown to two long canes, all others, as the first year, being 
rubbed off. The third year one of these canes of the second year's 
growth is cut down to two buds, and the other to four buds — the former 
again permitted to make two good long stout canes, and the latter 
allowed to produce about four or six clusters of fruit, all the ground 
shoots being rubbed away. When the buds break in spring, as soon as 
they are about one inch long the bearing canes are to be examined, and 
all but one shoot at each axil be rubbed out, otherwise there will be a 
mass of small shoots and clusters without any perfect fruit. It is also 
in some varieties deemed advisable to rub out entire all the buds of each 
alternate joint, leaving only one-half the natural quantity to fruit. When 
this is done the winter pruning of the bearing cane should be somewhat 
longer than when each bud is allowed to fruit. 

The two buds or canes for the next year's fruiting are allowed to 
grow as long as they will, and are trained upright ; the other, on which 
the fruit is grown, is carried off at an angle of about forty-five degrees, 
and when it has made its shoots, set its fruit, and grown so that there are 
three or four leaves or joints beyond the fruit they are stopped by 
pinching, as we have advised in the training of foreign grapes, the only 
point of difference being in permitting our native sorts more liberty and 
foliage. The following season, or fourth year, the cane which has this 
year borne fruit is cut down to two buds, and the two canes of this year's 
growth are cut to four or more buds for fruit-bearing, and trained at an 
angle of forty-five degrees each way, while the two buds on the bearing 
cane of last year make canes for the succeeding year's bearing. 

Diseases and Insects. The mildew and rot are diseases which 
most affect the success of grape culture in this country. Many theories 
and suggestions as to their origin, cause, etc., have been promulgated 
and printed, but we feel that as yet no clear and full explanation or 
cause has been adduced. Sudden changes of temperature, a cold night 
or two in the month of August, a few days of foggy warm rain, followed 
by clear sunshine, often producing the disease, with serious results, with- 
out regard to the most thorough practices of prevention as advised by 
theorists. 

The beetles which sometimes infest the grape-vines in summer, 
especially the large brownish yellow vine beetle (Pelidnota punctata), 
and the grape-vine flea-beetle (Haltica chalybea), are very destructive to 
the foliage and buds, and the most effectual remedy is hand-picking 
when taken in time. 

Grafting the grape may be performed, and often quite successfully. 
Operators differ in their opinion as to the best season, some preferring 
the autumn, some early spring, and some quite late spring. But, what- 
ever time is taken, it must be remembered that the union of the graft 
and stock should always be covered with earth, leaving the top or upper 
bud of the graft level with the ground. 

Keeping. Grapes may be kept into mid-winter or even spring. 
They should be gathered in a dry day, laid in tiers of two bunches deep 
on shelves for a couple of days, then aired, and each bunch carefully 
wrapped in soft paper and packed in boxes, not over five or six inches 
deep, and laid away in a cool dry room. Another plan is to pack them 
in layers with fine soft hay, cut by a cutting machine into about inch- 
long bits, laying a layer of hay, then grapes, and then hay again. If 



528 



THE GRAPE. 



grapes are gathered before they are fully matured, they do not have as 
good flavor, nor are they as rich and sweet as when fully ripe. In han- 
dling, be careful to take them always by the stem. 



VARIETIES. 



Adirondac. 

The original vine of this Grape was discovered in the grounds of J. 
G. Witherbee, Port Henry, Essex Co., 1ST. Y., and was introduced 
to notice by J. W. Bailey, of Plattsburgh, N. Y. The growth and foliage 
is much like Isabella, but not as vigorous. 

Bunches large, compact, shouldered. Berries large, round. Skin 
thin, dark purplish black, covered with a delicate white bloom. Flesh 
very tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, sweet, not rich. Bipens a week or ten 
days earlier than Isabella. 

Agawam. 
Rogers' No. 15. 

Baised by E. S. Bogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine very vigorous, very 
productive, but subject to rot badly in unfavorable seasons. 

Bunch large, moderately compact, shouldered. Berry large, round- 
ish, dark red or maroon. Flesh almost tender, juicy, vinous, with a 
little of the native aroma. Bipens soon after the Concord. 



Albino. 
Garber's Albino. 
Baised by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa. 

Bunch small. Berry nearly round, slightly oval, yellowish or amber 
color. Flesh acid, tough, too late for the North. 

Alexander's. 

Schuylkill Muscadel. Winne. 

Muscadine. Schuylkill Madeira. 

Cape Grape. Constantia. 

Springmill Constantia. Black Cape. 

Clifton's Constantia. York Lisbon. 

Madeira, of York, Pa. ? Vevay. 

Tasker's Grape. Rotbrock, of Prince. 

This Grape, a natural seedling, was first discovered by Mr. Alex- 
ander, gardener to Gov. Penn, before the war of the Bevolution. It is 
not unfrequently found, as a seedling, from the wild Foxgrape, on the 
borders of our woods. 

Bunches rather compact. Berries of medium size, roundish oval. 
Skin thick, quite black. Flesh with a very firm pulp, but juicy, rather 
harsh. October. 

The White Cape is similar to above, differing only in its color, which 
is greenish white. 

Allair. 

Bunch small, loose. Berry medium, reddish brown. Flesh pulpy, 
harsh, poor. 



530 



THE GKAPE. 



Alvey. 
Hagar. 

Introduced by Dr. Harvey, of Hagerstown, Md. "Vine vigorous, 
moderately productive. 

Bunches above medium, long, and shouldered. Berries medium or 
small, roundish, black. Flesh tender, refreshing, vinous. Bipens 
middle to last of September. 

Archer. 

Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Bunch large. Berries medium, roundish, greenish white, amber 
in the sun, white bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet, pleasant. Very good. 
Nov. (Hort.) Bipens too late for the North. 



Arkansas. 

A small black variety from the Southwest, that is said to promise 
well for making of red wine. 

Bunch compact. Berry round, black. Flesh juicy, rich. Bipens 
with Catawba. 

Arcott. 

Besembles Cassady. Liable to cast its foliage. Skin thick. "Valu- 
able only for wine. (Miss. Bep.) 



Aughwick. 

A new variety, described as having originated with Wm. A. Fraker, 
Shirleysburgh, Huntingdon Co., Pa. 

Bunches and berries similar to Clinton in size and form and color. 
Flesh dark red, juicy, making a dark wine. We have not seen the 
Grape. 

August Pioneer. 

Origin unknown. It is one of the coarsest of native sorts, large, 
black, with a firm, hard, pulpy flesh, fit only for stewing. Middle 
of August. 

Autuchon. 
Arnold's No. 5. 

Originated in 1859, by Charles Arnold, Paris, C. W., from seed of 
Clinton crossed with Golden Chasselas. Leaf deeply lobed. 

Bunch quite long, moderately compact, often shouldered. Berries 
medium, greenish white with a golden tint when fully ripe. Skin thin. 
Flesh void of pulp, resembling White Chasselas, but more sprightly and 
rich. Bipens with Delaware. (C. Arnold, MS.) 

Baldwin le Noir. 
Originated at West Chester, Pa. 

Bunches small, rather loose. Berries small, quite dark, almost 
black. Flesh somewhat pulpy, brisk, rough acid. May do for wine ; 
not desirable for table use. October. 



THE GRAPE. 



531 



Barnes. 

Origin, Parker Barnes, Boston, Mass. 

Bunches shouldered. Berries medium, oval, black, sweet, good. 
September 5th, or nearly as early as Hartford. New. (Strong.) 

Barry. 
Rogers' No. 43. 

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine vigorous, produc- 
tive. 

Bunch rather large, short, broad, compact, often shouldered. Berry 
large, roundish, black. Flesh tender, nearly free from pulp, juicy, sweet, 
pleasant. Ripens about the time of Concord. 

Baxter. 

A late ripening variety from the South. 

Bunch long, loose. Berries small, black, juicy, not much pulp, but 
quite acid here at the North. May be better South. Very late in 
ripening. 

Bird's Egg. 

Bunch long, pointed. Berry long oval, whitish, with brown specks. 
Flesh pulpy. Only good. Curiosity. 

Black Hawk. 

Originated at Lebanon, Pa., from 'seed of Concord vine. Strong, 
vigorous, hardy. 

Bunch medium to large. Berry large, nearly round. Flesh some- 
what pulpy, like its parent. Comparatively new and untested. 

Black July. 

Lincoln. Sherry. McLean. 

Devereux. Thurmond. Husson. 

Sumpter. Hart. Lenoir, incorrectly. 

Blue Grape. Tuley. 

Origin uncertain. A small black Grape, a half-hardy vine, not an 
early bearer. 

Bunches small, compact. Berries small, dark bluish black. Flesh 
tender, juicy, vinous, somewhat prized South for wine. 

Bland. 

Bland's Virginia. Bland's Madeira. Red Scuppernong of some. 

Bland's Pale Red. Powell. 

The Bland does not ripen well North, except in favorable situations, 
and should always be planted in a warm exposure. It is said to have 
been found on the eastern shore of Virginia, by Col. Bland of that State. 

Bunches rather long, loose, and often with small imperfect berries. 
Berries round, on long stalks, hanging rather thinly. Skin thin, at first 
pale green, but pale red when ripe. Flesh slightly pulpy, of a pleasant, 
sprightly, delicate flavor, and with little or no musky scent, but a slight 
astringency. Ripens late. 



532 



THE GKAPE. 



Blood's Black. 

A native fox Grape, healthy, hardy, and productive of fruit, quite 
harsh and foxy. 

Bunches short, compact, shouldered. Berry round, black. Bipens 
about with Hartford, and inferior. 

Blue Favorite. 

A Southern Grape that does not ripen well North. Vine vigorous, 
productive. 

Bunch above medium. . Berries medium, round, blue black, sweet, 
vinous, much coloring matter. Bipe South early in September, and 
there said to be much esteemed for wine-making. 

Blue Imperial. 

Origin uncertain. Yine vigorous, free from mildew, not productive. 
Bunches medium, short. Berry large, round, black. Flesh with a 
hard acid centre or pulp. Bipens with Hartford. Inferior. 

Brandywine. 

Origin, Wilmington, Del. 

Bunch large, shouldered, rather compact. Berry oval, greenish 
white. Flesh tender. Middle September. (Gar. Mon.) 

Brant. 
Arnold's No. 8. 

Baised by Charles Arnold, Paris, C. W., from seed of Clinton 
fructified with mixed foreign pollen. Yine strong, healthy grower. 
Foliage of a dark reddish green, deeply lobed. Smooth on both sides. 

Bunch and berry medium, black. Flesh free from pulp, very juicy, 
sweet, and, when perfectly ripe, rich and aromatic. Bipens early. (C. 
Arnold, MS.) 

Brinckle. 

Baised by Peter Baabe, near Philadelphia. Yine tender. 
Bunch large, rather compact, sometimes shouldered. Berries round, 
black. Flesh slightly pulpy, vinous, saccharine. Good. Bipens Sept. 

Brown. 

Yery much like Isabella, and ripens with it. 

Burroughs. 
From Yermont. Yine allied to the Clinton. 

Bunch small. Berry round, black, thick bloom. Flesh harsh, acid, 
austere. Bipens a little earlier than Isabella. 

Burton's Early. 
A large early, poor Fox Grape. Unworthy culture. 

Camden. 

Of the fox class. 

Bunch medium. Berry large, greenish white. Flesh with a hard 
centre, acid, poor. 



THE GRAPE. 



533 



Canada. 
Arnold's No. 16. 

Raised from seed of Clinton crossed with pollen of Black St. Peter's. 
Yine and foliage somewhat like Clinton. The fruit also resembles Clinton 
in appearance of bunch, but larger berry. 

Bunch and berry above medium, shouldered. Skin thin, black, with 
a fine bloom. Flesh free from pulp, juicy, with a distinct foreign flavor, 
and aromatic. Bipens with Concord. (Chas. Arnold, MS.) 

Carter. 

Of a foxy character. Berries round, large, almost black. Bipens 
with Isabella, and inferior. 

Cassady. 

An accidental seedling that sprang up in P. H. Cassady's yard, in 
Philadelphia. 

Bunches medium size, tolerably compact, and sometimes shouldered. 
Berry below medium, round, greenish white, with occasionally a faint 
salmon tint, and thickly covered with white bloom. Flesh juicy, little 
pulp, pleasant, peculiar honey sweet. 

Catawba. 

Red Muncy. Catawba Tokay. Saratoga ? 

Michigan. Fancher ? 

This excellent native Grape was first introduced to notice by Major 
Adlum, of Georgetown, D. C, and was found by him in Maryland. 

The Catawba is too late in ripening for general cultivation in the 
Eastern and Northern States ; but where it does succeed few Grapes are 
its superior. Clay shale soils appear to give most richness to the fruit ; 
but very handsome clusters are grown in gravelly or sandy soils. It is 
a popular and profitable market sort. Vine hardy and productive. 

Bunches of medium size, somewhat loose, shouldered. Berries 
round (or sometimes slightly oval), pretty large. Skin rather thick, 
pale red in the shade, but pretty deep red in the sun, covered with a 
lilac bloom. Flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, very sweet, with an aromatic, 
rich, musky flavor. Pipe from the 1st to the middle of October, and 
should be allowed to hang till fully ripe. 

Mead's Seedling, and Mammoth Catawba, and Pceschel's Mammoth 
are claimed as seedlings of the Catawba ; but they are so nearly identical 
as not to require distinct descriptions. The Zane, White Catawba, 
Pond's Seedling, James' Seedling, Clermont, also belong to this class. 

Challenge. 

Raised by Rev. Asher Moore, from a cross between Concord and 
Royal Muscadine. Yine hardy and thrifty. 

Bunches short, compact, shouldered. Berries rather large, round, 
pale red like Catawba. Flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet. Ripens 
before Concord. (W. F. Basset.) 

Charter Oak. 

A very large, coarse, native Fox Grape, quite worthless except for size. 



534 



THE GRAPE. 



Chippewa. 

A variety found growing on the banks of the Chippewa Creek, and 
described in 1858 by Wm, H. Read. 

Bunches good size, compact, heavily shouldered. Berries medium, 
black, covered with bloom. Flesh tender, melting, sweet, and excellent. 
We have never seen the vine or heard of it since the first above-pub- 
lished description in the " Country Gentleman." 

Clara. 

A chance seedling in grounds of Peter Raabe, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Vine rather tender. 

Bunch medium, loose, shouldered. Berry medium, roundish, pale 
yellow, translucent. Flesh tender, juicy sweet. A fine amateur sort. 
Ripens with Catawba. 

Claret. 

A seedling of Chas. Carpenter, Kelly Island, O. Yine vigorous. 
Bunch and berry medium, claret red, acid. Not valuable. 

Clinton. 
Worthington. 

Origin uncertain, said to have originated in Western New York. 
Growth vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Bunch medium, shouldered, long and narrow, somewhat irregular, 
but compact. Berries round, rather below medium size, black, covered 
with a thick bloom, juicy, with some acidity and toughness in its pulp, 
but with a brisk vinous flavor. Colors early, but does not fully ripen 
until quite late, or after frost. 

Clover Street Black. 

A seedling raised by Jacob Moore, from Diana crossed by Black 
Hamburgh. 

Bunches large, compact, shouldered. Berries large, roundish, black, 
with a dark violet bloom. Flesh tender, sweet. Yine moderately vig- 
orous. Ripens with Concord. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Clover Street Red. 
Same origin as the preceding. 

Bunches larger than Diana, loose, occasionally with a similar long 
stalk or shoulder appended to the top. Berries large, roundish oval, 
crimson when fully ripe, with a slight Diana flavor. Yine a strong 
grower. Ripens with Diana. (Hov. Mag.) 

Columbia. 

This Grape is said to have been found by Mr. Adlum on his farm 
at Georgetown, D. C. A vigorous grower, productive. 

Bunch small, compact. Berry small, black, with a thin bloom, with 
very little hardness or acidity in its pulp, not high-flavored, but pleas- 
ant and vinous. Ripe last of September. 




Concord. 



CONCORD. 



This fine hardy native Grape was raised from seed by E. W. Bull, 
Concord, Mass. It is of very healthy, vigorous habit, and productive. 

Bunch rather compact, large shouldered. Berries large, globular, 
almost black, thickly covered with bloom. Skin rather thick, with 
more of the native pungency and aroma than the Isabella, which it re- 
sembles, but does not quite equal in quality. Flesh somewhat buttery, 
moderately juicy, sweet, with considerable toughness and acidity in its 
pulp. It is more hardy than the Isabella, and ripens about ten days 
earlier, consequently it is a very valuable variety for a large northern 
range where the Isabella does not ripen. It is very popular, but as a 
market sort the fruit, if left to ripen before gathered, does not carry well 
long distances, and is liable to drop from the bunch after a few days. 

Conqueror. 

A cross between Concord and Boyal Muscadine, grown by Bev. 
Asher Moore. Vine hardy, thrifty, productive. 

Bunches rather long, loose, shouldered. Berries medium to large, 
somewhat pear-shaped, glossy, black, with a fine bloom. Flesh slightly 
pulpy, juicy, sweet. Bipens with Concord. New. (W. F. Bas- 
sett, MSS.) 

Cornucopia. 
Arnold's No. 2. 

Baised in the year 1859, by Charles Arnold, from seed of Clinton, 
crossed with St. Beters. Yine very healthy and vigorous. Leaves 
large, dark green, smooth on both sides. "Wood short-jointed. Very 
productive, and a long keeper. 

Bunch large, compact, shouldered. Berry above medium, very 
black, with a fine bloom. Skin thin. Flesh juicy, no pulp. Bipens 
with Concord, which ripens early. (C. Arnold, MSS.) 

Cottage. 

This is a new variety, originated with E. ~VV. Bull, and by him de- 
scribed as : 

Fruit black, and ripening two weeks before Concord. 

Cowan. 
McCowan. 

A native. 

Bunch and berry medium, black, rather harsh and austere. Not 
desirable. 

Crevelling. 
Catawissa Bloom. Bloomburg. 
Columbia County. Laura Beverly ? 

Claimed to be of Bennsylvania origin. Vine hardy and vigorous, 
moderately productive. It has imperfect blooms, but is said to be quite 
productive when grown side by side with Concord. 

Bunch medium to large, long, loose, shouldered. Berries medium, 
nearly round, black, with a blue bloom. Flesh tender, very little pulp, 
juicy, sweet, and moderately rich, more so than Concord. Bipens soon 
after Hartford Brolific. 



THE GRAPE. 



537 



Croton. 

A new variety, originated by Stephen Underhill, Croton Point, 1ST. Y., 
from seed of Delaware crossed by Chasselas. The vine is a fine grower, 
hardy. 

Bnnch medium, shouldered, moderately compact. Berries small to 
medium, light greenish yellow. Skin thin. Flesh juicy, sprightly, 
sweet, pleasant, rich. Ripens about with Hartford Prolific. 

Cunningham. 
Long. 

Said to have originated with Jacob Cunningham, Prince Edward Co., 
Va. Yine vigorous healthy. A variety of value for wine, South and 
Southwest. 

Bunch medium, brownish, compact, often, not always, shouldered. 
Berries small, round, black. Flesh juicy, rich. Not quite hardy at the 
North, and ripens later than Catawba. 

Cuyahoga. 
Wemple . 

A chance seedling found and grown by Wemple, Collamer, 

Cuyahoga Co., O. Yine strong grower, requires a warm sandy soil and 
exposure to make it desirable at the North ; but when well grown is 
of fine quality. South it casts its foliage, and is not valuable. 

Bunch medium, compact. Berry medium, dull greenish amber 
when fully ripe. Flesh tender, juicy, rich, vinous, sweet. Ripens with 
Catawba or a little later. 

Cynthiana. 
Red River. 

Of unknown origin, said to be Kansas. A distinct and valuable 
variety for making of red wine South and West, or wherever the Catawba 
will ripen. Yine very vigorous, hardy, and productive. It much re- 
sembles Norton's Yirginia, and is perhaps superior. 

Bunches moderately compact, shouldered. Berries small, round, 
black, blue bloom. Flesh juicy, the juice not quite as dark in color as 
Norton's Yirginia. 

Dana. 

A seedling grown by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass., and 
described in the " Massachusetts Horticultural Transactions." 

Bunch medium, shouldered, compact, with a peculiar red stem. 
Berries rather large, nearly round, red, with a rich heavy bloom, so 
that when fully ripe they appear almost black. Flesh as free from 
pulp as Delaware ; not so sweet, but more spirited and vinous, yet 
not acid. Ripe last of September. 

Delaware. 

Heath. Italian Wine. 

The precise origin of this Grape is not known. It was found many 
years since in the garden of Paul H. Provost, Frenchtown, Hunterdon 
Co., N. J. It is moderately vigorous in growth, with short-jointed; 



538 



THE GEAPE. 



wood. Quite hardy, requires rich, soil, open, and well drained, to pro- 
duce the finest of fruit. One of our most, if not the most, valuable sorts 
for general cultivation. Very productive. 




Delaware. 



Bunch small, very compact, and generally shouldered. Berries 
rather small, round. Skin thin, of a beautiful light red, very translu- 
cent. It is without hardness or acidity in its pulp, exceedingly sweet, 
but sprightly, vinous, and aromatic. 



THE GRAPE. 



539 



Detroit. 

This variety is supposed to be a seedling. It was found in a garden 
in Detroit, Mich. Not having seen the fruit, we copy from description 
in the Horticulturist : " Yine very vigorous and hardy. Foliage re- 
sembling Catawba. Wood short-jointed. 

" Bunches large, compact. Berries very dark, rich brown claret, with 
a light bloom, round and regular. Flesh with very little pulp, rich 
and sugary. Bipens earlier than Catawba." 

Diana. 

A seedling of the Catawba, raised by Mrs. Diana Crehore, of Bos- 
ton. It is a very fine fruit when well ripened, but while it colors early, 
does not ripen much, if any, earlier than Catawba. It is a very vigor - 
ous vine, requiring much room and long pruning, and increases in pro- 
ductiveness and good quality as the vines get age. It does not require 
a very rich soil. 

Bunches large, very compact, and heavy, not properly shouldered, 
but often having a small bunch appended by a long branch of the 
peduncle. 

The color is a fine reddish lilac, thickly covered with bloom. The 
berries round. The fruit when fully ripe abounds in fine rich juice, 
vinous, and aromatic, from which all the offensive native odor has dis- 
appeared. It hangs long on the vines, is not injured by severe frosts, 
and keeps admirably for winter use. 

Diana Hamburgh. 

Originated from seed of Diana, crossed with Black Hamburgh, by 
Jacob Moore, Rochester, N. Y. Yine a fair grower, with short-jointed 
wood, tolerably healthy, sometimes disposed to mildew. We have seen 
but little of it, and think it not suited for out-door culture. 

Bunch large, moderately compact, shouldered. Berries roundish 
oval, rich red, with a bloom. Flesh tender, sweet, somewhat aromatic, 
like Diana. Bipens nearly with Isabella. 

Dracut Amber. 

Originated by J. W. Manning, Dracut, Mass. Yine very vigorous, 
of the Fox Grape class, productive. 

Bunch large, compact, often shouldered. Berry large, round. Skin 
thick. Flesh quite pungent and foxy. Ripens about with Concord. 

Early Hudson. 

A round black Grape, early, and of little value, except as a curiosity, 
inasmuch as some of the berries contain no seed. 

Elizabeth. 

Originated on the farm of Joseph Hart, near Rochester, 1ST. Y., and 
described in the Rural New Yorker. 

Bunches large, compact. Berries large, roundish oval, greenish 
white, with a slight purple tinge in the sun. Flesh rather pulpy, acid. 



540 



THE GRAPE. 



Elsingburgh. 

Smart's Elsingburg. Elsenborough. Elsinboro. 

" A very nice little Grape for the dessert, perfectly sweet and melt- 
ing, without pulp, originally brought from a township of this name in 
Salem Co., N. J. It is not a great deal larger than the common Frost 
Grape in the size of the berry. A moderate, but regular bearer, ripens 
well, and much esteemed by many for the table. 

Bunches pretty large, loose, and shouldered. Berries small, round. 
Skin thin, black, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh entirely without 
pulp, melting, sweet, and excellent. The leaves are deeply five-lobed, 
pretty dark green, and the wood rather slender, with long joints. 

Emily. 

Raised by Peter Raabe, near Philadelphia. 

Bunch large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered. Berry be- 
low medium, from three-eighths to one-half an inch in diameter, round, 
pale red. Flesh very juicy, with little or no pulp. Tender vine. 

EUMELAN. 

A chance seedling, originated at Fishkill, N. Y. Tine hardy, pro- 
ductive, and ripens early. 

The bunch of good size, compact, shouldered. Berry medium size, 
nearly round, of a deep purple or bluish black color, covered with a 
light bloom. Flesh tender, melting, ripening to the centre, sweet, 
sprightly, vinous. 

Flora. 

Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Bunch small, compact. Berry small, roundish oval, purplish red. 
Flesh somewhat pulpy, acid at centre, juicy, vinous. Bipens about with 
Isabella. Vine hardy and productive. 

Franklin. 

Vine much the habit and growth of Clinton. ]Sot as good a bearer. 
Bunch small, not very compact. Berry small, black, juicy, quite 
acid, austere. Unworthy. 

Garrigues. 

Raised by Edward Garrigues, Kingsessing, Philadelphia, A vigor- 
ous grower, hardy and productive, very much resembles Isabella, and no 
doubt a seedling of it. Bipens a few days earlier. 

Goethe. 
Rogers' No. 1. 

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Vine vigorous, productive, 
and has more of the foreign character in it than any other of his seed- 
lings. It does not ripen here, except in favorable seasons. It is said to 
succeed well South and Southwest. 



THE GRAPE. 



541 



Bunch large, moderately compact, shouldered. Berry very large, 
oval, yellowish green, often blotched with dull red. Flesh tender to 
the centre, juicy, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. 

Golden Clinton. 
King. 

A seedling of Clinton, and resembles that variety, except in color of 
fruit, which is yellowish white. Not as productive as Clinton. 

Graham. 

An accidental seedling, introduced by William Graham, of Philadel- 
phia. 

Bunch of medium size, shouldered, not compact. Berry half an 
inch in diameter, round, purple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, con- 
tains little or no pulp, and abounds in juice of agreeable flavor. A 
poor grower and bearer. 

Hall. 

A variety grown by David Hall, of XJrbana, O. Berries medium, 
dark, almost black, better than Clinton, not equal to Isabella, but ear- 
lier. May be better South. 

Hartford Prolific. 

Seneca ? Framingham. 

Raised by Mr. Steel, of Hartford, Conn. Hardy, vigorous, and pro- 
ductive. 

Bunch large, shouldered, rather compact. Berry large, globular, 
with a good deal of the native perfume. Skin thick, black, covered 
with a bloom. Flesh sweet, moderately juicy, with considerable tough- 
ness and acidity in its pulp. Pipe among the very earliest. An early 
variety for marketing, but too liable to drop its fruit from the bunch as 
soon as fully ripe. 

Hattie. 

There are two Grapes under this name. One originated with Mrs. 
N. R. Haskell, Monroe, Mich. Is a medium-sized bunch, rather 
long and loose. Berries medium, slightly oval, bright clear red, trans- 
lucent, with a bloom. Flesh juicy, with little pulp, pleasantly vinous, 
not rich. Ripens with Concord. The other Hattie, or Hettie, is of un- 
known origin. Bunch small. Berry black. Flesh somewhat pulpy, 
a poor grower and bearer, but ripens early. 

Herbemont. 

Warren. Warrenton. 
Herbemont's Madeira. Neil Grape. 

Origin claimed for many localities, but not yet fully ascertained. It is, 
however, a Southern Grape, a vigorous grower, a good bearer, and particu- 



542 



THE GRAPE. 



larly fitted for those Southern latitudes that are liable to injury from 
late frosts in spring, as it flowers very late. It is highly esteemed as a 
wine grape in Missouri, Tennessee, and other Southern and Southwestern 
sections. At the North it does not ripen its fruit except in warm, shel- 
tered situations. 

Bunch large and compact, shouldered. Berries below medium, 
round, dark blue or violet, covered with a thick light bloom. Skin 
thin, which is filled with a sweet, rich, vinous aromatic juice of so little 
consistence that it cannot be called flesh. 

HlNE. 

Originated with Jason Brown, of Put-in-Bay, O., from seed of 
Catawba. 

Bunch large, compact, slightly shouldered. Berries medium, round, 
irregular in size, dark claret red. Flesh juicy, rich and sweet, slightly 
pulpy. Ripens about with Concord. 

Howell. 

Origin unknown. 

Bunch and berries medium, oval, black. Skin thick. Flesh with 
firm pulp, pleasant. Good. Middle September. 

Hudson. 

Originated in the garden of Mr. Calkins, Hudson, N". Y. Growth 
similar to Isabella. 

Bunch and berry much the same, but less sprightly and not quite so 
rich. 

Hyde's Eliza. 

Originated with Eliza Hyde, Catskill, 1ST. Y. Yine moderately 
vigorous, and productive. 

Bunch medium, compact, often with a small shoulder. Berry 
medium size, round, black, covered with a thin, light bloom. Flesh 
tolerably juicy, somewhat buttery, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Ripe 
a few days before Concord. 

Iona. 

Originated by Dr. C. W. Grant, Iona Island, 1ST. Y. Yine vigorous, 
productive. A superior grape when in perfection. 

Bunch medium to large, shouldered, sometimes double-shouldered. 
Berries medium, roundish oval, light clear red, fine bloom. Skin thin. 
Flesh soft, tender to the centre, juicy sweet, vinous. Ripens a few 
days after Delaware, and continues a long time in use. 

Isabella. 

Paign's Isabella. Christie's Improved Isabella. 

Woodward. Sanbornton ? 

Payne's Early. 

This very popular Grape, a native of South Carolina, was brought 
to the North and introduced to the notice of cultivators about the year 




Iona. 



544 



THE GRAPE. 




Israella. 



THE GRAPE. 



545 



1818, by Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, the wife of George Gibbs, Esq., in honor 
of whom it was named. Its great vigor, hardiness, and productiveness, 
with the least possible care, have caused it to be most widely dis- 
seminated. It is, perhaps, a little more hardy, and ripens earlier than 
the Catawba. 

Bunches of good size — five to seven inches long, rather loose, 
shouldered. Berries oval, pretty large. Skin thick, dark purple, 
becoming at last nearly black, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh tender, 
with some pulp, which nearly dissolves when fully mature ; juicy, sweet 
and rich, with slight musky aroma. 

This Grape is frequently picked as soon as it is well colored, and 
long before it is ripe. 

Many seedlings of the Isabella have been grown, differing very 
little in form, size, or quality of fruit, or in growth and productiveness, 
and therefore we prefer to class them as sub-varieties. They are Clo- 
anthe, Aiken, Bichmond, Baker, Bogue's Eureka, Sanbornton, Wright's 
Isabella, Lee's, &c, &c. 

ISRAELLA. 

Originated with Dr. C. W. Grant, of lona Island, 1ST. Y. Yine 
vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact. Berries large, 
slightly oval. Skin rather thin. Mesh tender, juicy, free from pulp, 
sweet. Bipens soon after Hartford Prolific. 

IVES. 

Ives' Seedling-. Ives' Madeira. Kittredge. 

Baised by Henry Ives, of Cincinnati. Yine vigorous, productive. 
Has lately come into pretty high repute as a valuable wine Grape in its 
native locality. 

Bunch medium size, compact, shouldered. Berry medium, black, 
roundish oval. Flesh with some pulp, juicy, sweet, a little too harsh 
for table use. Bipens with Isabella. 

KlLVINGTON. 

Origin unknown. 

Bunch medium, tolerably compact. Berry small, round, dull red, 
with a bloom. Flesh pulpy, half tender, vinous. 

Kingsessing. 

Bunch long, loose, shouldered. Berry medium, round, pale red, 
with a bloom. Flesh pulpy. 

Kitchen. 

Seedling from Franklin. 

Bunch and berry medium. Berry round, black. Flesh acid, juicy. 

Labe. 

Bunch rather small, short, oblong. Berries medium, loosely set, 
black. Flesh half tender, pulpy, sharp sweet. 

35 



546 



THE GRAPE. 



Lake. 
Iden, 

Bunch and berry small, black, early, acid, harsh. 

Lenoir. 

This Grape takes its name from Lenoir Co., N. C. It has been con- 
founded with Black July, but is distinct, as shown in foliage. The 
foliage of this has lobed leaves. 

Bunch medium, compact, shouldered. Berry small, round, dark, 
almost black. Flesh tender, vinous, juicy, sweet. A good variety 
South, but too late in ripening for the North. 

Lindley. 
Rogers' No. 9. 

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine vigorous, very pro- 
ductive. 

Bunch medium, rather long, compact. Berry medium, roundish, 
red or reddish. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. Ripens 
a little before the Concord. 

Logan. 

Supposed origin, Ohio. Yine a moderate grower and bearer. 
Bunches medium, shouldered. Berries roundish oval, black. Flesh 
juicy, sweet, some pulp at centre. Ripens just after Hartford Prolific. 

Louisa. 

Raised by Samuel Miller, Calmdale, Lebanon Co., Pa. ; hardy, vig- 
orous grower. 

Bunch medium, rather compact, occasionally shouldered. Berry 
round, inclining to oval, black, with a blue bloom similar to Isabella, 
and ripe a few days earlier. 

Louisiana. 

A variety from Louisiana, by some considered a native ; others say 
it is foreign. George Husman says : 

" It can hardly be distinguished from the Rulander in appearance, 
but has a more sprightly flavor. Ripens at the same time." 

Lydia. 

A chance seedling, originated on Kelly Island, and introduced by 
Chas. Carpenter. Yine about with Isabella in growth and hardihood, 
but not a good bearer. 

Bunches short, compact, roundish. Berries large, greenish white, 
tinge of yellow when fully ripe. Skin thick. Flesh juicy, rich, sweet, 
with very little pulp, and free of native aroma. Ripens with Delaware. 



tiie gkape. 547 
Lyman. 

Origin unknown. A Northern variety, said to have been brought 
from Quebec upwards of fifty years ago. Hardy and productive. 

Bunch small, rather compact. Berry round, medium or below, black, 




Martha. 



covered with a thick bloom, similar in flavor to Clinton, and ripens 
about the same time. 

Sherman and McNeil are varieties grown from the above, but hardly 
to be distinguished from it. McCoun is another of this class. 



548 



THE GRAPE. 



Manhattan. 
Originated near New York. A poor bearer. 

Bunches small. Berries medium, round, greenish white, with a 
bloom. Flesh sweet, rather pulpy. 

Marion. 

Origin unknown. 

Bunch large, compact. Berries roundish oval, purplish black, tough 
centre, austere. Colors early, but ripens late. 

Martha. ^ * 

Raised by Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Mo. The habit of the vine is 
much like Concord, but it has not yet been tested, as we think, sufficiently 
to decide on its productiveness. 

Bunches medium, not very compact, shouldered. Berry large, 
roundish, greenish yellow, with a bloom. Flesh similar to Concord, 
perhaps a little sweeter. A promising new sort, ripening a few days 
earlier than Concord. 



Mary. 

Raised by Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island. Yine hardy, strong 
grower. Fruit ripens too late for the North. 

Bunch medium, moderately compact. Berries medium, round, 
greenish white, with a bloom. Flesh tender, slight pulp, juicy, sweet, 
brisk flavor. 



Mary Ann. 

Raised by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa. An early Grape, hardy. 
Not equal to Isabella. 

Bunch medium, moderately compact, shouldered. Berry medium, 
oval, black, pulpy acid, foxy. Ripens about with Hartford. 

Massasoit. 
Sogers' No. 3. 

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine moderately vigor- 
ous, productive. 

Bunch medium, rather loose, short, shouldered. Berry large, round, 
claret red. Flesh tender, juicy. Ripens before Concord. 



Maxatawney. 

Originated at Eagleville, Montgomery Co., Pa., in 1844. Yine 
healthy, vigorous, hardy, and productive. Requires a warm situation at 
the North, but Southwest proves one of the finest of White Grapes. _ 

Bunch medium, not generally shouldered, somewhat loose, occasion- 
ally compact. Berries medium, roundish oval, greenish white, with an 
amber tint when ripe. Flesh tender, not pulpy, very sweet and deli- 
cious. Ripens last of September. 



the grape. 549 

Merrimack, 
Rogers' No. 19. 

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine very vigorous, very 
productive. 

Bunch rather large, short, and broad, compact. Berry large, round, 




Mottled. 



black, with a slight bloom. Flesh tender nearly to the centre, juicy, 
sweet, and very much like the Wilder, and ripens at the same time. 



550 



the grape. 
Miles. 



Origin, Westchester Co., Pa. Yine a moderate grower, hardy, and 
productive. 

Bunch, small, rather compact. Berry small, round, black. Flesh 
tender, slight pulp at centre, brisk vinous, pleasant. Ripens among the 
earliest, but does not hang long. 

Missouri. 
Missouri Seedling. 

A native sort, with short-jointed wood, and only moderate grower. 

Bunch small, moderately compact. Berries small, round, nearly black. 
Flesh juicy, rather pulpy, vinous, pleasant when well ripened. Bipens 
about with Isabella. 

Modena. 

A new variety, raised by A. J. Caywood, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 
from seed of the Concord. 

Bunch medium. Berries medium, roundish, black, something like 
Concord, but richer in saccharine. Ripens about with Concord. 

Montgomery. 

Merritt's Seedling-. 

A variety of undoubted foreign parentage. It is a large, showy 
bunch, and matures tolerably well in the open ground while the plants 
are young. 

Mottled. 

A seedling grown by Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island, O. Yine 
hardy, very short-jointed. A profuse bearer, ripening with Delaware. 
It will hang a long time after ripe, and keeps unusually well. 

Bunch medium, slightly shouldered, close, compact. Berries round, 
medium size, maroon red, with spots that when held to the light give 
it a mottled appearance, hence its name. Flesh tender. Pulp small. 
Juice sweet, rich, vinous, abundant. 

Mount Lebanon. 
Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. 

Bunch larger than Northern Muscadine. Berry round, reddish. 
Flesh pulpy, tough, sweet, perhaps a little better than Northern Mus- 
cadine. 

Neff 
Keuka. 

Origin, on the farm of Mr. Neff, near Keuka, on Crooked Lake, 
New York. 

Bunch medium. Berry medium, dark copper red. Flesh pulpy, 
and somewhat foxy. Good native. Early. 

NONANTUM. 



A new seedling, grown by Francis Dana, near Boston, and de 
scribed as : 



THE GRAPE. 



551 



" Bunch small, shouldered. Berry good size, oval, similar to Isa- 
bella. Entirely free from pulp. Good flavor." 

North America. 
Vine vigorous, unproductive. 

Bunch small, shouldered. Berry round, black, juicy. Ripens about 
with Hartford Prolific. 

North Carolina. 

North Carolina Seedling. 

Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact. Berry large, black, 
oblong, pulpy, but sweet and good. Ripens only a few days after 
Hartford Piolific. Yine very productive, hardy, and healthy. Strong 
grower. (Husman.) 

Northern Muscadine. 

Raised by the Shakers, at New Lebanon, Columbia Co., N. Y. 

Bunches small, short, compact. Berry large, round, chocolate or 
brownish red. Skin thick, with a pungency and odor common to the 
"Wild Fox Grape, and is a very little, if any, improvement on it. The 
berries fall from the bunch as soon as ripe, which is about two weeks 
before Isabella. 

Norton's Yirginia. 
Norton's Seedling-. 

A variety introduced by Dr. D. N. Norton, of Richmond, Ya. It is a 
most productive Grape in garden or vineyard, bearing very large crops 
(especially at the South, where many kinds rot) in all seasons. It is 
valued for making a red wine. 

Bunch medium, shouldered, somewhat compact. Berries small, 
round. Skin thin, dark purple. Flesh tender, with a brisk, rather 
rough flavor. Ripens with Catawba. 

Ohio. 

Cigar-Box Crape. Jack. Black Spanish Alabama. 

Longworth's Ohio. McCandless. Jacquez. 

The origin of tliis Grape is unknown. It is said to have been 
brought from the Straits of Gibraltar, in 1805, to Oakland, Ala. Yine 
vigorous, long-jointed, not hardy at the North. 

Bunches large and long, from six to ten inches, and often fifteen 
inches in length, rather loose, tapering, shouldered. Berries small, 
round. Skin thin, purple, with a blue bloom. Flesh tender and melt- 
ing, without any pulp, brisk and vinous. 

Onondaga. 

Originated in Fayetteville, Onondaga Co., N. Y., with Lewis Hue- 
ber, from a cross between Diana and Delaware. 

Bunches about the size and form of Diana, compact. Berry medium, 



552 



THE GRAPE. 



amber color when ripe. Flesh delicate, sweet, rich, without any of the 
native aroma. Ripens with Delaware. (W. Brown Smith, MSS.) 

i 

Oporto. 

A strong, vigorous growing vine, should be long pruned to produce 
well. 

Bunch small, slightly shouldered. Berries medium, round, black. 
Flesh purple, pulpy, austere. 

Osmond. 

A seedling from the Franklin, by O. T. Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. 
Bunch and berry small, round, black, blue bloom. Flesh vinous, 
harsh. 

Othello. 

Canadian Hamburgh. Arnold's No. 1. Canadian Hybrid. 

Raised in 1859, by Charles Arnold, Canada West. A good, strong 
grower and very productive. Leaves deeply lobed, smooth. 

Bunches large, shouldered, compact. Berries large, round. Flesh 
solid, crisp, free from pulp, juicy, sprightly. Ripens with Delaware. 

Pauline. 

Burgundy of Georgia. Bed Lenoir. 

A Southern Grape, of little value at the North, where it does not 
ripen or grow well. 

Bunch large, long, tapering, shouldered. Berries small, very com- 
pact, copper color or violet, with a lilac bloom. Flesh brisk vinous, 
sweet, aromatic at the South. 

Perkins. 

Vine vigorous, productive. 

Bunch medium, compact, shouldered. Berry full medium, roundish 
oval, light red at first, becoming quite copper color at maturity, 
covered with a light bloom. Flesh rather pulpy, foxy, showy. Ripens 
before Isabella. 

Pollock. 

Raised by Mr. Pollock, Tremont, N. Y. 

Bunches large as Concord, compact. Berries large, dark purple or 
black. Flesh free of pulp, vinous, not too sweet. (Strong.) 

Raabe. 

Raised by Peter Raabe. "Vine moderately vigorous, not profitable. 

Bunches small, compact, rarely shouldered. Berry below medium 
size, round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom. Flesh very juicy, 
with scarcely any pulp. Ripens about with Concord. 



THE GRAPE. 



553 



Rebecca. 

Originated in the garden of E. M. Peake, of Hudson, N. Y. Vine 
moderately vigorous, a nice amateur Grape. Succeeds finely in some 
localities. 




Rebecca. 



Bunches medium, very compact, rarely shouldered. Berries of full 
medium size, roundish oval, strongly adhering to the peduncle. Color 
light green in the shade, auburn or golden in the sun, and covered with 
a light bloom, considerably translucent. Flesh of some consistence, 
juicy, sweet, and delicious, with a perceptible native perfume, but very 
agreeable. Ripens with Isabella, and keeps well. 



554 



THE GRAPE. 



Rentz. 

Origin, Cincinnati, O. 

Bunch large, loose. Berry round, purplish red. Flesh pulpy, foxy. 
May do for wine. 

St. Catherine. 

Raised by James W. Clark, Framingham, Mass. 
Bunch large, rather compact. Berries large, chocolate color, rather 
sweet, tough, foxy. Not of much value. 

St. Genevieve. 
Rulander. Amoureux. Red Elbert. 

An old Southern variety, and valuable in the South and South- 
west. Yine vigorous, short-jointed, does not succeed North. 

Bunch medium to small, shouldered, compact. Berry small, round- 
ish oval, dark purple or black, teuder, juicy, sweet, and rich at the South, 
where it ripens last of July. 

Sale m. 
Rogers' No. 22. 

9 Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Vine healthy, vigorous, 
and productive. We have not fruited it sufficient to express a decided 
opinion of it, more than it promises well. 

Bunch large, short, and broad, compact. Berry large, round, a shade 
or two darker in color than Catawba. Flesh tender, juicy, nearly free 
from pulp, sweet, aromatic, and well-flavored. Ripens soon after Dela- 
ware. 

Scuppernong. 

Bull or Bullet. Roanoke. Yitis Vulpina. 

American Muscadine. Vitis rotundif olia. 

The Scuppernong Grape is a very distinct Southern species, found 
Growing wild, from Virginia to Florida, and climbing the tops of the 
limest trees. It is easily known from every other Grape by the small 
Erze of its leaves, which are seldom over two or three inches in diameter, 
and by their being glossy and smooth on both the under and upper sur- 
faces. These leaves are roundish and coarsely serrated, and the young 
shoots are slender ; the old wood is smooth, and not shaggy, like that of 
most vines. 

We have made several trials with the Scuppernong Grape, but find 
it quite too tender for a Northern climate, being killed to the ground by 
our winters. At the South it is a very hardy, productive, and excellent 
wine grape. The White and Black Scuppernong scarcely differ, except 
in the color of the fruit. The tendrils of each correspond in hue with 
the fruit. 

Bunches small, loose, seldom composed of more than six berries. 
Berries round, large. Skin thick, light green in the white, dark red in 



555 



THE GRAPE. 



the black variety. Flesh quite pulpy, except when very thoroughly 
ripe, juicy and sweet, but with a strong musky scent and flavor. 




Salem. 



Sheppard's Delaware. 
Raised from seed of Catawba by J. K Sheppard, in 1853, from whom, 



556 



THE GRAPE. 



with its history, we received it. The vine and fruit are similar in all 
respects to Delaware. 

Shurtleff's Seedling. 

Raised many years ago by Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass. We 
copy Coles' description : 

" Bunches large. Berries medium, oval. Skin thick, lilac. Flesh 
of a sweet rich flavor. Ripe early September." 

Taylor's Bullet. 

A variety introduced by Judge Taylor, of Henry Co., Ky. It is 
a very strong, rampant grower, and requires long space and training 
to produce good fruit. Confined to single stakes or low trellis it does 
not set well at the North, but does better South. 

Bunches small, short, compact, shouldered. Berries small, greenish 
white to pale amber, round, sweet, and nearly free from pulp. Ripens 
about with Isabella. 

Telegraph. 
Christine. 

This variety was found in a yard near Philadelphia, Pa. A hardy 
arid vigorous vine. Fruit of fair quality, ripening early or about with 
Hartford Prolific. 

Bunch above medium to large, compact. Berry large, round, black. 
Flesh juicy, with some pulp, similar in quality to Hartford Prolific. 

To Kalon. 

Wyman. Carter. SpofEord Seedling. The Beautiful. 

Raised by Dr. SpofFord, of Lansingburgh, N. Y. Vine vigorous, 
hardy, and productive, but is inclined to rot, and does not ripen well. 

Bunches large and shouldered. Berries varying in form from oval 
to oblate, very dark in color and profuselv covered with bloom. Its 
fruit, when ripe, is very sweet, buttery, without foxiness in its aroma, 
or but little toughness or acidity in its pulp. Ripens a little earlier than 
Catawba. 

Una. 

Originated with E. W. Bull, Concord, Mass., who describes it as 
hardy and prolific. Earlier than Concord, and the berries pure white, 
changing to golden amber. 

Underhill. 

Underhill's Seedling-. Underhill's Celestial. 

Originated at Charlton, Saratoga Co., N. Y., by Dr. A. K. Under- 
hill. It is an improved variety of Fox Grape, large and showy. Yine 
hardy. 

Bunch large. Berries large, round. Skin thick, clear dark red, 
without bloom. Flesh pulpy, hard at centre, sweet. Ripens about with 
Concord. 



THE GRAPE. 



557 



Union Tillage. 

Shaker Grape. Ontario. Imitation Hamburgh. 

Origin claimed among the Shakers of Union Tillage, O. It is 
perhaps the largest berry of any good native Grape. Tine very vigor- 
ous and coarse grower, but a little tender at the North— requires pro- 
tection. 

Bunches large, compact, shouldered. Berries very large, round, 
deep black, slight bloom. Flesh, when fully ripened, without any hard- 
ness, juicy, vinous, pleasant, not rich. Ripens with Isabella. 

Urban a. 

Bunch medium, short, shouldered. Berry medium to large, round, 
white, yellowish in the sun, juicy, vinous acid, hard centre, aromatic 
skin. Ripens about with Isabella. 

Tenango. 
Miner's Seedling-. 

An old variety, said to be cultivated by the French at Fort Te- 
nango, on the Alleghany river, some eighty years since. A very vigor- 
ous grower, and hardy. 

Bunch compact, of a fine lilac color, with the toughness of pulp 
belonging to the native varieties, but with a peculiar aromatic flavor. 
Ripens earlier than Catawba. 

Walter. 

Originated with A. J. Caywood, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., from seed of 
Delaware crossed with Diana. As yet it has only been fruited in the 
hands of its originator, where it promises to be valuable. 

Bunch medium, shouldered, moderately compact. Berries me- 
dium, round, light red. Flesh juicy, sweet, not quite tender at the 
centre. Ripens about with Concord. 

Wilder. 
Rogers' No. 4. 

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Tine vigorous, very pro- 
ductive. This is one of the best of Rogers' seedlings, adheres well. The 
bunch keeps well after it is gathered, and is a promising variety for 
market. 

Bunch large, compact, shouldered, sometimes double-shouldered. 
Berry large, round, black, slight bloom. Flesh tender nearly to the 
centre, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. Ripens about the time of 
Concord. 

Wilmington. 

Originated on the farm of Mr. Jeffries, near Wilmington, Del. Tine 
very vigorous, hardy. 

Bunches large, loose, sometimes shouldered. Berries large, round, 



558 



THE GRAPE. 



inclining to oval, greenish white, or when fully ripe, yellowish. Flesh 
acid, pungent, not desirable at the North, may be better South. Ripens 
late. 0* 

Winslow. 

This originated in the garden of Charles Winslow, Cleveland, O. 
The vine resembles Clinton, is hardy and productive ; the fruit matures 
very early, and is less acid than Clinton. 

Bunch medium, compact. Berries small, round, black. Flesh red- 
dish tinge, some pulp, vinous, sweet, juicy. 

Wyoming Red. 
Hopkins Early Red. 

The origin of this Grape is uncertain. It is said to have been found 
in the Wyoming Yalley, Pa. The leaf and wood are described as simi- 
lar to Delaware, only more vigorous. The fruit is also similar in color, 
but the berries are larger, and by some thought richer in quality. 

Another Grape has been described as Wyoming, the fruit of which is 
black. We have not seen either of the above. 

York Madeira. 

Canby's August. Large German. Marion Port. 

Black German. Small German. German Wine. 

Wolfe. Monteith. Tryon. 

Supposed origin, York Co., Pa. Yine hardy, short-jointed, mode- 
rately vigorous and productive. 

Bunch medium, compact, shouldered. Berry medium, roundish, 
black, sweet, sprightly, pleasant. Colors early, but does not ripen quite 
as early as Isabella. 



SELECTION OF VARIETIES. 

The Grape varies so much in its values when grown in different lo- 
calities, that it is difficult to make a selection of varieties. The Concord 
has proved almost universally successful, but is not a grape of high char- 
acter. Wilder, or Rogers' No. 4, is a better grape, and so far a suc- 
cess when grown. 

Delaware and Mottled are two sorts of fine quality, hardy vines, but 
the Delaware especially requires rich soil and good cultivation. Rebec- 
ca and Allen's Hybrid are varieties among the White Grapes, most valua- 
ble, so far as tested, for private gardens. 

Adirondac, Iona, Isabella, Massasoit, or Rogers' No. 3, Crevelling, 
Catawba, Isabella, Elsingburgh, Maxatawney, are valuable fruits, and 
where they are found to succeed, and ripen well, should be freely planted. 



THE MELON. 



559 



CHAPTER XIX. 

THE MELON. 

Cucumis Melo, L. Cucurbitacem, of botanists . 
Melon, of the French ; Melona, German ; Meleon, Dutch ; Melone, Italian, 
and Melon, Spanish. 

The Melon (or Muskmelon) is the richest and most luscious of all 
herbaceous fruits. The plant which bears this fruit is a trailing annual, 
supposed to be a native of Persia, but which has been so long in cultiva- 
tion in all warm climates that it is quite doubtful which is its native 
country. 

The climate of the Middle and Southern States is remarkably favor- 
able for it — indeed far more so than that of England, France, or any 
of the temperate portions of Europe. Consequently Melons are raised as 
field crops by market gardeners, and in the month of August the finest 
citrons or green-fleshed Melons may be seen in all the markets of the 
States in immense quantities. Warm dry soils are peculiarly favor- 
able to the growth of Melons, and even at low prices the product is so 
large that this crop is one of the most profitable. 

Culture. The culture of the Melon is very easy in all except 
the most northern portions of the United States. Early in May a 
piece of rich, light soil is selected, well manured, and thoroughly dug or 
prepared by deep ploughing and harrowing. Hills are then marked out, 
six feet apart each way. These hills are prepared by digging a foot 
deep and two feet across, which are filled half full of good, well-rotted 
manure. Upon the latter are thrown three or four inches of soil, and 
both manure and soil are then well mixed together. More soil, well 
pulverized, is now thrown over the top, so as to complete the hill, mak- 
ing it three inches higher than the surface. Upon this plant eight or 
ten grains of seed, covering them about half an inch deep. 

When the plants have made two rough leaves, thin them so as to 
leave but two or three to each hill. Draw the earth nicely around the 
base of the plants with the hoe. In case the striped bug ( Galereuaca 
vittala) attack the plants, which it often does, the best remedy is to 
hand-pick them early in the morning and then draw earth up even with 
the base of the leaves. The cucumber flea-beetle is kept off by dusting 
the vines early in the morning, daily, for a period, while they are yet 
moist with dew, using either dry fine soil, soot, or plaster. 

As soon as the runners show the first blossom-buds, stop them by 
pinching out the bud at the extremities. This will cause an increased 
production of lateral shoots, and add to the size of the fruit. Nothing 
more is necessary but to keep the surface free from weeds, and to stir 
the soil lightly with the hoe, in field culture. In gardens, thinning the 
fruit, and placing bits of slate or blackened shingles under each fruit, 
improve its size and flavor. 

To retain a fine sort of Melon in perfection, it should be grown at 
some distance from any other sort, or even from any of the cucumber 
family, otherwise the seeds of the next generation of fruit will be spoiled 
by the mixture of the pollen. 

Varieties. A large number of varieties are enumerated, but many 



560 



THE MELON. 



of these do not succeed without extra care, which their quality is not 
found to repay. Indeed what is popularly known as the Citron Melon, 
one of the finest of the green-fleshed class, is the greatest favorite with all 
American gardeners. It is high-flavored, uniformly good, very produc- 
tive, and in all respects adapted to the climate. 

Melons have become so intermingled during the past ten or fifteen 
years that it is almost impossible at this time to classify them, as was 
once done. As before said, however, the Citron or Fine Netted, being 
types of the Green-Fleshed, are among the highest flavored and most 
delicate. 



Allen's Superb. 

A variety of the Nutmeg, a trifle larger than the old Nutmeg, round, 
considerably netted. Flesh green, and sweet. Esteemed as profitable 
for market growing. 

Alvord's Hybrid. 

This variety varies much in form, from round to oval. Color of 
skin pale whitish green, deeply ribbed, moderately netted, sometimes 
almost smooth. Rind moderately thick. Flesh whitish green Good 
but not rich. Ripens medium season. 

Beechwood. 

Fruit of medium size, quite dark green, roundish oval. Skin 
greenish yellow. Flesh green, very sweet. A fine variety for growing 
in frames under glass. 

Christiana. 

Originated in Beverly, Mass. Requires a little extra care, but when 
well grown one of the finest. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, yellowish green. Flesh yellow, sweet 
rich, juicy. Ripens early. 

Green Citron. 

This is much the finest Melon for general culture. 

Fruit rather small, roundish, flattened at the end, regularly ribbed 
and thickly netted. Skin deep green, becoming pale greenish yellow at 
maturity . Rind moderately thick. Flesh green, firm, rich, and high- 
flavored. Ripens pretty early and bears a long time. 

Ispahan. 

This is large, handsome, with flesh of a light sulphur yellow, not rich 
or sweet. 

Jenny Lind. 

A variety somewhat resembling the foregoing, but not quite as large 3 
of a rich, delicious sweet flavor. Ripens quite early and produces abun- 
dantly. 



THE MELON. 



561 



Large Musk Cantelope. 

An old and well-known variety, hardly worth growing except for 
its size. 

Fruit large, long oval, deeply ribbed. Flesh thick, light salmon 
color, sweet, juicy. It is early and productive, and often used for mak- 
ing mango pickles. 

Nutmeg. 

An old variety, often seen impure, but when in perfection very 
melting and excellent. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin very thickly netted, pale green, 
slightly but distinctly ribbed. Kind rather thin. Flesh pale green, 
very melting, sweet and good, with a high musky flavor. Medium sea- 
son. 

Persian. 

There are several sorts under this name. The best among them has 
long oval-shaped fruit, with a thin and delicate skin, and flesh quite 
tender, juicy, rich, and sweet. Medium season. 

Pine-Apple. 

A dark-green oval Melon, of medium size, rough-netted. Flesh 
thick, firm, j uicy, and sweet. 

Skillman's Fine Netted. 

Earliest of the green-fleshed Melons, small, rough-netted, flattened 
at the ends. Flesh green, very thick, firm, sugary, and of the most deli- 
cious flavor. 

White Japan. 
Comparatively new. Originally from J apan. 

Fruit small to medium, ribbed, sometimes slightly netted, color 
creamy white. Flesh thick, juicy, sweet, and well-flavored. 

Besides the foregoing there are Winter Melons from the South of 
Europe, very commonly cultivated in Spain, which, if suspended in a 
dry room, may be kept till winter. The Green, Valencia, and the 
Dampsha are the three principal sorts ; they are oval, skin netted, flesh 
white, sugary, and good. 



CHAPTER XX. 

THE WATER-MELON. 

Cucurbita citrullus, L. Cucurbitacece, of botanists. 
Pasteur, of the French ; Wasser Melone, German ; Cocomero, Italian. 

The Water-melon is a very popular and generally cultivated fruit 
.n this country. The vine is a training annual of the most vigorous- 



562 



THE WATER-MELON. 



growth, and the fruit is very large, smooth, and green, with a red or yel- 
low core. Though far inferior to the Melon in richness, its abundant 
cooling juice renders it very grateful and refreshing in our hot midsum- 
mer days. Immense fields of the Water-melon are raised, and their cul- 
ture is very easy throughout all the Middle and Southern States. 

The cultivation of the Water-melon is precisely similar to that of the 
melon, except that the hills must be eight feet apart. The finest crops 
we have ever seen were grown upon old pieces of rich meadow land, 
the sod well turned under with the plough at the last of April, and the 
melons planted at once. 

The following are its best varieties : — 



Apple-Seeded. 



Medium roundish, slightly oval, dark rich green. Bind thm Flesh 
scarlet, crisp, sweet, and very good. Early and prolific. Seeds very 
small, dull reddish brown. A nice little melon, but only desirable for 



the amateur. 



Baugh. 



Beceived from Kentucky. . . 

Fruit large, long oval, pale green. Flesh red, nearly solid, juicy, 
sweet. Bind thin. Bather early. Seeds reddish. 



Black Spanish. 
A rich and very excellent Water-melon. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Skin very dark, blackish green 
slightly marbled. Bind moderately thick. Flesh red, solid, rich, and 
very sweet. A late variety. 



Bradford. 



Originated in South Carolina. 

Fruit large, oblong. Skin usually dark green, with gray longitudinal 
stripes, mottled and streaked with green. Bind half an inch thick. 
Flesh red to the centre, with a fine sugary flavor, of the best quality. 

Carolina. 

The large common variety. 

Fruit very large, oblong. Skin dark green and white marbled Bind 
thick. Flesh deep red, hollow at the centre, sweet and good. Seeds large 

bla °There is also a sub-variety, with pale yellow flesh and white seeds. 

Clarendon. 
Origin, Clarendon District, South Carolina. 

Lark oblong. Skin mottled gray, with dark-green longitudina 
stripes. Bind half an inch thick. Flesh scarlet to the centre, with i 
suo-ary and exquisite flavor, « best " quality. Seeds yellow, with a blacl 



THE WATER-MELON. 



563 



stripe around the edge, and from one to three black spots on each side ; 
the form and number corresponding on the two sides. 

Citron Water-melon. 

This is a small, round, pale green, marbled sort, ripening late, and 
esteemed by many for preserving. 

Ice-Cream. 

A fine variety, large, round, early and prolific. Skin very light 
green. Bind rather more than half an inch thick. Flesh white, crisp, 
sugary, and excellent. Seeds white. 

Imperial. 

A remarkably fine-flavored and very productive sort, from the Me- 
diterranean. Keeps a long time after it is ripe. 

Fruit of medium size, nearly round. Skin pale green and white, 
marbled. Bind remarkably thin. Flesh solid to the centre, light red, 
crisp, rich, and high-flavored. Seeds quite small, reddish brown. 

Mountain Sprout. 

Large, long oval, strip'ed with light and dark green. Flesh scarlet, 
a little open in the centre. Bind thin. Seeds light fawn-color, one of 
the best. 

Mountain Sweet. 

Similar to the above, except it often has a mammelonne neck. 
Flesh rather more solid, and of excellent flavor. This is grown exten- 
sively for the markets. 

Odell's Large White. 

Very large, round. Skin gray, with green network. Bind three- 
quarters of an inch thick. Flesh pale red, of a very good quality. 
Keeps a long time after being gathered. 

Originated with Col. A. G. Sumner, South Carolina. 

Orange. 

Peculiar for the division of its flesh from the rind, medium size, 
roundish oval, light green, with shades of darker green. Bind half an 
inch thick. Flesh red, not very solid, of good quality, but not equal 
to Mountain Sweet and Imperial. 

Bavenscroft. 

Origin, South Carolina. 

Large, oblong, dark green, faintly striped, and marked with lighter 
green. Bind half an inch thick. Flesh red to the centre, with a deli- 
cious sugary flavor, of the best quality. Seeds cream-color, having 
i brown stripe around the edge. 



564 



THE MULBERRY. 



SOUTER. 

Large, oblong, sometimes roundish. Skin peculiarly marked with 
grayish dots, and pale and dark green stripes. Enid half an inch thick. 
Flesh deep red to the centre. Flavor sugary and delicious, of the 
best quality. Seed cream white, with a faint russet stripe around 
the edge. Very productive. 

Originated in South Carolina. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

THE MULBERRY. 



Moms, Tourn. Urticacew, of botanists. 
Murier, of the French; Maulbeerbaum, German ; Mow, Italian ; Morel, Spanish. 

The Mulberry is a hardy, deciduous fruit-tree, but little cultivated 
in this country, though it is really a very considerable acquisition to our 
list of summer fruits, and every garden of considerable size ought to 
contain one or two trees. The fruit ripens in J uly, very soon after the 
season of cherries. It is rarely picked from the trees, as it falls as soon 
as ripe, and it is therefore the custom to keep the surface below it m 
short turf, and the fruit is picked from the clean grass. Or, if the sur- 
face is dug ground, it may be sown thickly with cress seed six weeks 
previously to the ripening of the fruit, which will form a temporary 
carpet of soft verdure. . T \L 

The Black Mulberry, or English Mulberry (Morns nigra, L.), is 
a verv celebrated old fruit-tree, originally from Asia, more or less com- 
nionlv cultivated in all parts of Europe, but yet quite rare m this country. 
Its growth is slow, and it seldom attains a height of more than twelve 
or fifteen feet, forming a low, branching tree, with lobed leaves, but , it * 
very Ion- lived, and there is a specimen in England, at the seat of the 
Duke of Northumberland, 300 years old. In this country it is scarcely 
hardy enough north of New York, except in sheltered situations. An 
occasional extreme cold winter kills them; they are also subject tc 

° an The a fruif is incomparably larger and finer than that of the Red Mul- 
berry, being an inch and a half long, and nearly an inch across-black 
and of delicious flavor. m 

Everbearing. Originated here from seed of the Multicaulis. Tiec 
very vigorous and very productive, an estimable variety, and surpasses 
by none except the Black English, and possesses the same rich subacio 
flavor. It continues in bearing a long time. 

Fruit cylindric, one and a quarter of an inch long and nearly hal 
an inch in diameter. Color maroon, or an intense blue black at ful 
maturity. Flesh juicy, rich, sugary, with a sprightly vinous flavoi 
Hick's Everbearing, from Kentucky, is similar to the above. 

Johnson, a seedling from Ohio. Fruit very large, oblong cylindric 
blackish color, subacid, and of mild, agreeable flavor. Growth of th 
wood strong and irregular. Leaves uncommonly large. 



THE NECTARINE. 



565 



The Bed Mulberry (Morns rubra, L.) is a native species, more or 
less common in our woods, with large, rough, heart-shaped or lobed 
leaves. The fruit is about an inch long, and very pleasant and palatable, 
though much inferior to the Black English. It bears transplanting 
well, or is easily raised from seed, and may, undoubtedly, be greatly im- 
proved by repeated reproduction in this way. As it forms a large orna- 
mental tree, with a fine spreading head, forty feet high, it is well deserv- 
ing a place on the lawn, or near the house, in ornamental plantations. 

There are many varieties of the "White Mulberry, commonly cultivated 
for silk, but which produce fruit of no value. 

The best soil for the Mulberry is a rich, deep, sandy loam. The tree 
requires little or no pruning, and is of very easy culture. It is usually 
propagated by cuttings, three feet long, planted in the spring, half their 
depth in the ground ; cuttings made of pieces of the roots will also send 
up shoots and become plants. 



CHAPTEB XXII. 

( 

THE NECTARINE. 

1 

Persica vulgaris (v.) Lcevis, Dec. Rosacea}, of Botanists. 

i The Nectarine is only a variety of the peach with a smooth skin 
\ (Peche Usse, or Brugnon, of the French). In its growth, habit, and 
general appearance, it is impossible to distinguish it from the peach- 
itree. The fruit, however, is rather smaller, perfectly smooth, without 
■i down, and is one of the most wax-like and exquisite of all productions 
. for the dessert. In flavor it is perhaps scarcely so rich as the finest 
5 peach, but it has more piquancy, partaking of the noyau or peach-leaf 
a flavor. 

3 The Nectarine is known in Northern India, where it is called moondla 
varoo (smooth peach). It appears to be only a distinct, accidental variety 
o of the peach, and this is rendered quite certain since there are several 
; well-known examples on record of both peaches and nectarines having 
>been produced on the same branch — thus showing a disposition to re- 
bturn to the natural form. Nectarines, however, usually produce necta- 
mnes again on sowing the seeds ; but they also occasionally produce 
! peaches. The Boston Nectarine originated from a peach-stone. 

The Nectarine appears a little more shy of bearing in this country 
j than the peach, but this arises almost always from the destruction of 

the crop of fruit by the curculio, the destroyer of all smooth-skinned 
stone fruit in sandy soils. It is quite hardy here wherever the peach 

[I will thrive, though it will not generally bear large and fine fruit, unless 
I) the branches are shortened-in annually, as we have fully directed for the 
i 1 peach-tree. 

With this easy system of pruning, good crops are readily obtained 
: wherever the curculio is not very prevalent. 

1 The culture of the Nectarine is in all respects precisely similar to 
that of the peach, and its habits are also completely the same. 



566 



THE NECTARINE. 



VARIETIES. 

The same characters are used as in describing peaches, for which 
the reader is referred to that part. 

Albert. 

A variety raised by Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, England. 
It is one of the finest of Nectarines, but requires a warm location and 
soil to ripen it well. 

Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, round. Skin greenish white, with a pale red cheek. 
Flesh pale red next the stone, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. Separates 
freely from the stone. Season middle of August. 

Balgowan. 

Balgone. De Balgone. 

A variety allied to Yiolette Hative, but more hardy and vigorous. 
Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, roundish, inclining to ovate. Skin pale green, 
mottled with red on the shaded side, covered with deep bright red next 
the sun. Flesh greenish, veined with red at the stone, rich, melting. 
Season middle August. (Hogg.) 

Boston. 

Lewis's. Perkins' Seedling. 

This American seedling was raised from a peach-stone by Mr. T. 
Lewis, of Boston. The fruit, though not of high flavor, is excellent, the 
tree very hardy and productive, and one of the best for general standard 
culture. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large and handsome, roundish oval. Skin bright yellow, with 
very deep red cheek, shaded oft' by a slight mottling of red. Flesh yel- 
low to the stone (which is small and pointed), sweet, though not rich, 
with a pleasant and peculiar flavor. Separates from the stone. Ripe 
first of September, 

Broomfield. 

Lewis (incorrectly of some). 

A handsome clingstone Nectarine, of second quality. It is an acci- 
dental seedling, which sprang up in the garden of Henry Broomfield, 
Esq., of Harvard, Mass. Leaves with obscure, reniform glands. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish. Skin rather dull yellow, with a dull or rather 
dingy red cheek. Flesh yellow, and adheres closely to the stone, juicy, 
rather pleasant, but not high-flavored. First to the middle of Septem- 
ber. 

Chauviere. 
A variety originated in France. 



THE NECTARINE. 



567 



Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at base. Skin smooth, colored 
with carmine or deep purple and dotted with gray in the sun. Flesh 
white, firm, juicy, vinous, aromatic, freestone. Season last of August. 
(Alb. Pom.) 

DOWNTON. 

The Downton is a seedling raised by Mr. Knight. It is in quality, 
appearance, and season, an intermediate variety between the Violette 
Hative and the Elruge, ripening a few days earlier than the latter. 
Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin pale green, with a deep violet red 
cheek. Flesh pale green, slightly red at the stone ; melting, rich, and 
very good. Separates from the stone. Ripens about the 25th of August. 

Due du Tellier's. 

Due Tilliers. Duke de Tilley. 

Due de Tello. Du Tilly's. 

A very excellent Nectarine, considerably resembling the Elruge, but 
a much greater bearer. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblong, being slightly narrowed at the 
top, and broad at the base or stalk. Skin pale green, with a marbled 
purplish-red cheek. Flesh greenish white, pale red at the stone, melt- 
ing, juicy, sweet, and good. Separates from the stone. Last of August. 

Early Newington. 

Early Black Newington. Lucombe's Black. 

New Dark Newington. Lucombe's Seedling. 

New Early Newington. Early Black. 

Black. 

The Early Newington is one of the best of clingstone Nectarines. It 
is not only a richer flavored fruit than the old Newington, but it is 
larger, dark-colored, and earlier. Leaves serrated, without glands. 
Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish ovate, a little enlarged on one side of the 
suture, and terminating with an acute swollen point at the top. Skin 
pale green in its ground, but nearly covered with bright red, much 
marbled and mottled with very dark red, and coated with a thin bloom. 
Flesh greenish white, but deep red at the stone, juicy, sugary, rich, and 
very excellent. Beginning of September. 

Elruge. 

Common Elruge. Anderson's. 
Claremont. Temple's. 
Oatlands. Peterborough. 
Spring Grove. 

The Elruge is everywhere esteemed as one of the very finest Necta- 
rines. It is an English variety which has been a good while cultivated, 
and, with the Yiolette Hative, is considered indispensable in every col- 
lection. In this country, when the young wood is annually shortened-in f 
it bears good crops on standard trees, which ripen finely. 



568 



THE NECTARINE. 



Without this precaution, like almost all other Nectarines, the fruit 
is small, poor, and ripens imperfectly. Leaves with reniform glands. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval, the suture slight except at the 
top, where it is distinctly marked. Skin with a pale-green ground, but 
when fully exposed it is nearly covered with deep violet, or blood-red, 
dotted with minute brownish specks. Flesh pale green to the stone, or 
slightly stained there with pale red ; melting, very juicy, with a rich, 
high flavor. Stone oval, rough, of a pale color. Separates from the 
stone. Last of August and beginning of September. 

Fairchild's. 
Fairchild's Early. 

A very small, indifferent sort, only valued for its earliness, arid 
scarcely worth cultivating. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit small, about an inch and a fourth in diameter, round, slightly 
flattened at the top. Skin yellowish green, with a bright red cheek. 
Flesh yellow to the stone, rather dry, with a sweet, but rather indiffer- 
ent flavor. Separates from the stone. Beginning of August. 

Feligny. 

De Feligny. Du Hainaut. 

Leaves with coarse serratures and reniform glands. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin smooth, carmine red on rich 
yellow, reddish gray in sun. Flesh white, shaded with purplish red 
next the stone, juicy, vinous, perfumed. Early September. (An. Pom.) 

Galopin. 

A variety from Belgium. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened next the stem. Skin thick, firm, yel- 
low, covered with violet in the sun. Flesh greenish, tinted with red, 
juicy, slightly acid, sugary. August. (Yerg.) 

Gathoye. 

From Belgium. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish. Skin yellowish green, marbled 
with reddish purple. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet. August. 
(Verg.) 

Golden. 

Orange. Fine Gold-fleshed. 

An old English variety. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish ovate. Skin of a fine bright, waxen 
yellow color, with a small scarlet cheek. Flesh orange yellow, firm, 
juicy, sweet, and tolerably good. It ripens about the 10th of Septem- 
ber. Clingstone. 



THE NECTARINE. 



569 



Hardwicke. 
Hardwicke's Seedling-. 

Was raised at Hardwicke House, in Suffolk, England, and has the 
reputation of being " one of the best and hardiest of Nectarines, and a 
very excellent bearer." Leaves with globose glands. 

Fruit very large, roundish, inclining to oval, and resembling the 
Elruge. Skin pale green, with a deep violet red cheek. Flesh pale 
green, slightly marked with red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, and 
high-flavored. End of August. Freestone. 

Hunt's Tawny. 

Hunt's Large Tawny. Hunt's Early Tawny. 

This is the best very early Nectarine. It is a very distinct sort, 
with serrated leaves, and was originated in England about fifty years 
ago. It is worthy of general cultivation, as it is not only early but hardy, 
and an abundant bearer. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit nearly of medium size, roundish ovate, being considerably nar- 
rowed at the top, where there is a prominent swollen point ; and the 
fruit is slightly enlarged on one side of the suture. Skin pale orange, 
with a dark-red cheek, mottled with numerous russety specks. Flesh 
deep orange, juicy, melting, rich, and very good. Separates from the 
stone. It ripens from the 5th to the 15th of August. 

Lord Napier. 
New. Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. 

Fruit medium, pale cream-color, with a red cheek. Flesh melting. 
Separating from the stone. Glands kidney-shape. Flowers large. Ripens 
first week in August. (Rivers.) 

MUFFRUM. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit small, roundish, deep suture half round. Skin smooth, golden 
yellow, shaded and dotted with rich purplish red. Flesh yellow, rich, 
juicy, sweet. Separates from the stone. Early September. (Alb. 
Pom.) 

Murrey. 

Murry. Black Murry. 

The Murrey is an old English Nectarine, which, though of good 
quality, is rather a poor bearer. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish ovate, slightly swollen on one side 
of the suture. Skin pale green, with a dark-red cheek. Flesh greenish 
white, melting, sweet, and of good flavor. Stone almost smooth. Sepa- 
rates freely. Ripens about the 20th of August. 



570 



THE NECTARINE. 



Newington. 

Scarlet Newington. Anderson's. 

Scarlet. Anderson's Round. 

Old Newington. Rough Roman. 

Smith's Newington. Brugnon de Newington. 

French Newington. D'Angleterre. 
Sion HiU. 



A very good clingstone Nectarine, of English origin. It should be 
allowed to hang on the tree till it begins to shrivel, when the flavor is 
much improved. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit rather large, roundish. Skin pale greenish yellow, nearly cov- 
ered with red, marbled with dark red. Flesh firm, pale, but deep red 
next the stone, juicy, sw r eet, and rich, w r ith an excellent vinous flavor. 
Ripens about the 10th of September. 



New White. 

Neat's White. Flanders. 
Cowdray White. Emerton's New White. 

Large White. 

The New White is a fine light-skinned variety. Leaves with reni- 
form glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit rather large, nearly round. Skin white, with occasionally a 
slight tinge of red when exposed. Flesh white, tender, very juicy, with 
a rich, vinous flavor. The stone is small. Separates freely. Ripens 
early in September. 

Old White. 

This Nectarine is supposed to have been introduced from Asia into 
England about sixty years ago. It is much like the foregoing in flavor, 
perhaps a little richer, but it is less hardy and productive. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Skin white, slightly tinged with 
red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and rich. Separates freely from the 
stone. Early in September. 



Peterborough. 
Late Green. Vermash. 

This is the latest Nectarine known. It is rather small, and of infe- 
rior quality, and scarcely deserves cultivation except to make complete 
a large collection. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather small, roundish. Skin mostly green, or slightly tinged 
with dingy red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white to the stone, 
somewhat juicy, and of tolerable flavor. Separates freely from the stone. 
It ripens early in October. 

Pine-Apple. 
Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. 



THE NECTARINE. 



571 



Fruit large, nearly oval, pointed. Color deep orange and crimson. 
Ripens a week later than Pitmaston Orange. (Rivers.) 

Pitmaston Orange. 
Williams' Orange. Williams' Seedling. 

The Pitmaston Orange, which is considered the best yellovj-Reshed 
Nectarine, was raised in 1816 by John Williams, of Pitmaston, near 
Worcester, England. The tree is vigorous. Leaves with globose 
glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish ovate, the base (towards the stalk) being broad, 
and the top narrow, and ending in an acute swollen point. Skin rich 
orange yellow, with a dark brownish-red cheek, streaked at the union 
of the two colors. Flesh deep yellow, but red at the stone ; melting, 
juicy, rich, sweet, and of excellent flavor. The stone is rather small, 
separates freely. Ripens middle and last of August. 

Red Roman. 

Old Roman. Brugnon Violette Musquee. 

Roman. Brugnon Musquee. 

The Red Roman is a very old European variety, having been enu- 
merated by Parkinson in 1629. It is one of the richest and best of 
clingstone Nectarines. The tree healthy and productive. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened at the top. Skin greenish 
yellow, with a brownish, muddy red cheek, which is somewhat rough, 
and marked with brown russety specks. Flesh firm, greenish yellow, 
and deep red at the stone, juicy, with a rich, high vinous flavor. Ri- 
pening early in September. 

Rivers' Orange. 

New variety, produced by Thomas Rivers, England, from seed of 
Pitmaston Orange. It is described as much resembling its parent, 
but higher flavored, and ripening a week or so later. The tree is a 
great bearer, robust, and hardy. Leaves with uniform glands. Flow- 
ers large. 

Rivers' White. 

Originated in 1857, by Thomas Rivers, England. 

Fruit large, roundish. Skin smooth, whitish, with slight shades of red 
in sun, white bloom. Flesh melting, juicy, vinous. Glands reniform. 
Flowers large. Earlier than New White. 

Stanwick. 

A new late variety. At the South, probably, it will prove an ac- 
quisition. 

It was grown in England from a stone brought from Syria, and is 
described in the . Journal of the London Horticultural Society as above 
medium size, roundish oval, slightly heart-shaped at base. Skin pale 



572 



NUTS. 



greenish white, shaded into deep rich violet in the sun. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and without the slightest trace of prussic 
acid flavor. 



Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from seed 
of Yiolette Hative fertilized by Stanwick. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened at top. Skin greenish yellow, crim- 
son on the sunny side. Flesh rich, sweet, one of the best. Glands re- 
niform. Flowers small. Middle of August. New. 



The Yiolette Hative, or Early Violet Nectarine, everywhere takes 
the highest rank among Nectarines. It is of delicious flavor, fine ap- 
pearance, hardy, and productive. Externally the fruit is easily con- 
founded with that of the Elruge, but it is readily distinguished by its 
dark-colored stone, and the deep red flesh surrounding it. The fruit is 
usually rather darker colored. It is of French origin, and has been long 
cultivated. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers rather small. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, narrowed slightly at the top, where it 
is also marked with a shallow suture. Skin pale yellowish green in the 
shade, but when exposed nearly covered with dark purplish red, mot- 
tled with pale-brown dots. Flesh whitish, but much rayed with red at 
the stone. The latter is roundish, the furrows not deep, and the sur- 
face reddish brown. The flesh is melting, juicy, rich, and very high- 
flavored. It ripens about the last of August. 

The Yiolette Ghosse (Thomp.) resembles the foregoing in leaves and 
flowers, and general appearance. The fruit is, however, larger, but not 
so richly flavored. 

Selection of choice hardy Nectarines for a small Garden. — Yiolet 
Hative, Elruge, Hardwicke, Hunt's Tawny, Boston, Roman, New 



Victoria. 



Violette Hative. 



Early Violet. 
Violet. 

Early Brugnon. 

Brugnon Red at the Stone. 

Hampton Conrt. 

Large Scarlet. 

New Scarlet. 

Aromatic. 



Petite Violette Hative. 
Brugnon Hatif. 
Violette Anger villi 'res. 
Violette Musqut'e. 
Lord Selsey's Elruge. 
Violet Red at the Stone. 
Violet Musk. 



White. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



SUTS. 



The Chestnut ( Castanea vesca, "W. ; Chdtaignier, of the French ; 
Kastanienhaum, German; Castagno, Italian) is one of our loftiest 



NUTS. 



573 



forest-trees, common in most parts of the United States and Europe, and 
bearing excellent Nuts. The foreign variety best known in this country- 
is the Spanish Chestnut, with fruit nearly as large as that of the Horse- 
Chestnut, and which is excellent when boiled or roasted. It thrives 
very well here, but is not quite hardy to the north or east of this. One 
or two English varieties have been produced, of considerable excellence, 
among which the Downton is considered the best. The French cultivate 
a dozen or more varieties of greater or less excellence, but though some 
of them have been introduced, we have not yet fairly tested them in this 
country. 

The Chinquapin, or Dwarf Chestnut, common in some parts of the 
Middle and Southern States, is a dwarf species of the chestnut, usually 
growing not more than six to ten feet high, and bearing fruit of half 
the size of the common chestnut, with the same flavor. It is worth a 
place in a small fruit-garden as a curiosity. 

All the chestnuts are very easily cultivated in any good, light soil, 
and may be propagated by grafting and by sowing the seeds. 

The European Walnut (Juglans regia, L. ; Noger, of the French ; 
Walnussbaum, German ; Noce, Italian ; and No gal, Spanish), better 
known here as the Madeira Nut, is a fine lofty growing tree, with a 
handsome spreading head, and bearing crops of large and excellent nuts, 
enclosed like those of our native black walnut in a simple husk. It 
stands the winter very well here, and to the south of this it would un- 
doubtedly be a profitable fruit to plant for the market. The fruit in a 
green state is very highly esteemed for pickling, and the great quantities 
of the ripe nuts annually imported and sold here, prove the estimation 
in which they are held for the table. There are several varieties re- 
puted to be of rather finer quality, which, however, have not displaced 
the original species, even in the gardens of Europe, and have not yet 
borne fruit here. 

This tree is usually propagated by the seed, and transplanted from 
the nurseries when from three to six feet high. But it may also be 
grafted, with due care, on the common hickory-nut. A number of dis- 
tinct varieties have been produced from seed and perpetuated by grafting. 
Among them the following are regarded as of the most value : — ■ 



Dwarf Prolific. 

Early-Bearing. Fertile. Precocious. 

This is a dwarf-growing and very early bearing variety, very desi- 
rable for small fruit-gardens, as it may in our Northern States be easily 
protected in winter. The trees commence bearing when not more than 
three feet high, and, like the common walnut, it reproduces itself nearly 
always from seed. 

Large-Fruited. 

Double. French. De Jauge. 

This is the largest of all, and of little value except as its size makes 
it attractive, or its shell may be of value for forming toys. 



574 



NUTS. 



Thin-Shelled. 
A Coque Tendre. 

This is an oblong-shaped nut with a tender shell, well filled, one of 
the best. 

The Filbert (Noisette, of the French ; Haselstaude, German ; Ave- 
llano, Spanish) is an improved variety of the common hazel-nut of the 
woods of Europe ( Corylus avellana, L.). The fruit is three or four 
times as large as that of our common hazel-nut, and from its size and 
excellent flavor is admired for the dessert. The old Spanish filbert, 
common in many of our gardens, is a worthless, nearly barren variety ; 
but we have found the better English sorts productive and excellent in 
this climate, and at least a few plants of them should have a place in all 
our gardens. They are generally raised from layers, made in the spring, 
but they may also be grafted readily on the common hazel-nut, or the 
Spanish nut. When planted out they should not be permitted to sucker, 
and should be kept in the form of bushes with low heads, branching 
out about two feet from the ground, and they should be annually pruned 
somewhat like the gooseberry, so as to preserve a rather thin, open head, 
shortening back the extremities of the young shoots one-half, every 
spring. 

The following are the best filberts known : — 

Cosford. Nut large, oblong. Husk hairy. Shell remarkably thin, 
and kernel of excellent flavor. A good bearer. 

Frizzled. Easily known by its handsome, deeply cut husk. Nut 
of medium size, oval, compressed. Husk hairy. Shell thick. Kernel 
sweet and good. 

Lambert (Kentish Cob, Filbert Cob). This is perhaps the best of 
all the nuts, some of them being an inch or more in length. Husk 
nearly smooth. Nut large, oblong, and somewhat compressed. Shell 
pretty thick, of a brown color. Kernel full and rich. A great bearer. 

Pearson's Prolific (Dwarf Prolific, Nottingham Prolific). Nut 
medium size, obtusely ovate. Shell rather thick. Kernel full. 

Purple Filbert (Purple-leaved). This is an ornamental shrub, as 
well as productive of excellent fruit. Its fruit is much like the Red 
Filbert, but the foliage is of a deep purple or red color. 

Northamptonshire Prolific. Ripens early. Nut of medium size, 
oblong. Husk hairy. Shell thick. 

Red Filbert. Easily known from other sorts by the crimson skin 
of the kernel. Fruit of medium size, ovate. Shell thick. Kernel 
with a peculiar, excellent flavor. 

White Filbert. Resembles the last, but with a light yellow or 
white skin. The tree is also quite bushy. Nuts ovate. Husk long and 
tubular. 

The English generally call those varieties with long husks, filberts 
(full-beards), and those with short husks, simply nuts. 

The Hickory- Nut ( Gary a alba), or shell-bark, the Black Walnut 
(Jugla.ns nigra), and the Butternut (J~. cinerea), are native nut-bearing 
trees, common in our forests, and too well known to need description 
here. There are occasionally found in the woods accidental varieties 
of the shell-bark hickory of much larger size and finer flavor than the 



THE OLIVE. 



575 



common species, which are highly worthy of cultivation, as we confess, 
to our own taste, this nut is much superior to the European walnut. 
There is indeed no doubt that, with a little care in reproduction by 
seed, the shell-bark may be trebled in size, and greatly improved in 
flavor. 



CHAPTER XXIY. 

THE OLIVE. 

Oka Europea, L. ; Oleince, of botanists. 
Olivier, of the French ; Oehlbawn, German ; Ulwo, Italian ; Oliuo, Spanish. 

The Olive, which, as Loudon justly remarks, furnishes, in its invalu- 
able oil, the cream and butter of Spain and Italy, will undoubtedly one 
day be largely cultivated in our Southern States. 

The uses and value of the olive-oil are still comparatively unknown 
in this country. In the South of Europe it is more valuable than bread, 
as, to say nothing of its wholesomeness, it enters into every kind of 
cookery, and renders so large a quantity of vegetable food fit for use. 
A few olive-trees will serve for the support of an entire family, who 
would starve on what could otherwise be raised on the same surface of 
soil ; and dry crevices of rocks, and almost otherwise barren soils in the 
deserts, when planted with this tree, become flourishing and valuable 
places of habitation. 

The olive is a native of the temperate sea-coast ridges of Asia and 
Africa ; but it has, time out of mind, been cultivated in the South of 
Europe. It is a low evergreen tree, scarcely twenty feet high, its head 
spreading, and clothed with stiff, narrow, bluish-green leaves. Its dark 
green or black fruit is oval, the hard fleshy pulp enclosing a stone. In 
a pickled state the fruit is highly esteemed. The pickles are made by 
steeping the unripe olives in lye-water, after which they are washed 
and bottled in salt and water, to which is often added fennel, or some 
kind of spice. The oil is made by crushing the fruit to a paste, pressing 
it through a coarse hempen bag into hot water, from the surface of 
which the oil is skimmed off. The best oil is made from the pulp alone : 
when the stone also is crushed, it is inferior. 

Propagation and Culture. A very common mode of propagating 
the olive in Italy is by means of the uovoli (little eggs). These are 
knots or tumors, which form in considerable numbers on the bark of 
the trunk, and are easily detached by girdling them with a pen-knife, 
the mother-plant suffering no injury. They are planted in the soil like 
bulbs, an inch or so deep, when they take root and form new trees. It 
is also propagated by cuttings and seeds. The seedlings form the 
strongest and thriftiest trees ; they are frequently some months in vege- 
tating, and should therefore be buried an inch deep in the soil as soon 
as ripe. 

The wild American olive ( Olea Americana, L.) or Devil-wood, a tree 



i 



576 



THE ORANGE FAMILY. 



that grows more or less abundantly as far north as Virginia, will 
undoubtedly prove a good stock on which to ingraft the European 
olive. It is of a hardier habit, and, though worthless itself, may become 
valuable in this way. 

The olive-tree commences bearing five or six years after being 
planted. Its ordinary crop is fifteen or twenty pounds of oil per annum, 
and the regularity of its crop, as well as the great age to which it lives, 
renders an olive plantation one of the most valuable in the world. 
With respect to its longevity we may remark, that there is a celebrated 
plantation near Terni, in Italy, more than five miles in extent, which, 
there is every reason for believing, has existed since the time of Pliny. 

The Olive is not a very tender tree. It will thrive farther north 
than the orange. The very best sites for it are limestone ridges, and 
dry, crumbling, limestone rocky regions always produce the finest oil. 
The t»ee, however, thrives most luxuriantly in deep, rich, clayey loams, 
which should be rendered more suitable by using air-slaked lime as 
manure. It requires comparatively little pruning or care when a plan- 
tation is once fairly established. 

Varieties. There are numberless varieties enumerated in the 
French catalogues, but only a few of them are worth the attention of 
any but the curious collector. The common European Olive is, on the 
whole, much the best for general cultivation, yielding the most certain 
and abundant crops. 

The sub-variety most cultivated in France is the Long-leaved Olive 
( Olea, e. longifolia), with larger and longer leaves ; the fruit nearly of 
the same size as that of the common olive. 

The favorite sort in Spain is the Broad-leaved Olive ( Olea e. lati- 
folia). Its fruit is nearly double the size of the common Olive, and 
yields an abundance of oil, but the latter is so strong in flavor as to be 
more relished by the Spaniards than by strangers. 

The Olivier a Fruit Arrondi ( Olea spherica, N. Duh.) is a hardy 
French variety, which, in a moist, rich soil, yields most abundant crops 
of fine oil. 

The Olivier Picholine {Olea 6blonga,T$. Duh.) yields the fruit 
most esteemed for pickling. It grows quite readily in any tolerable soil, 
and is one of the hardiest varieties. 

The Olivier Pleureur ( Olea eranimorpka, N. Duh.), or Weeping 
Olive, is one of the largest and finest trees. Its branches are pendent, 
its fruit excellent, and the oil pure and abundant. It is a very hardy 
sort, and grows best in damp valleys. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

the orange family. 

Citrus, L. Aurantiacece, of botanists. 

The Orange family includes the common orange ( Citrus aurantiuin) ; 
the Lemon ( C. limonum) ; the Lime ( C. limetta) ; the Shaddock ( C. 



THE ORANGE FAMILY. 



577 



decumana) ; and the Citron ( G. medico) ; all different species, with the 
same general habit. 

The Orange, a native of Asia, is the most attractive and beautiful 
of fruit-trees, with its rich, dark evergreen foliage and its golden fruit ; 
and it may well therefore enjoy the reputation of being the Golden Ap- 
ple of the Hesperides. When to these charms we add the delicious fra- 
grance of the blossoms, surpassing that of any other fruit-tree, it musk 
be conceded that, though the orange must yield in flavor to some other 
fruits, yet, on the whole, nothing surpasses an orange grove, or orchard, 
in its combination of attractions — rich verdure, the delicious aroma of 
its flowers, and the great beauty of its fruit. 

The south of Europe, China, and the West Indies, furnish the lar- 
gest supplies of this fruit. But it has, for a considerable time, been cul- 
tivated pretty largely in Florida, and the orange groves of St. Augustine 
yield large and profitable crops. Indeed the cultivation may be extended 
over a considerable portion of that part of the Union bordering on the 
Gulf of Mexico ; and the southern part of Louisiana, and part of Texas, 
are highly favorable to orange plantations. The Bitter Orange has be- 
come quite naturalized in parts of Florida, the so-called Wild Orange 
seedlings furnishing a stock much more hardy than those produced by 
sowing the imported seeds. By continually sowing the seed of these 
Wild Oranges, they will furnish stocks suited to almost all the Southern 
States, which will in time render the better kinds grafted upon them 
comparatively hardy. 

North of the latitude where, in this country, the orange can be 
grown in groves or orchards, it may still be profitably cultivated with 
partial protection. The injury the trees suffer from severe winters 
arises not from their freezing — for they will bear, without injury, severe 
frost — but from the rupture of sap-vessels by the sudden thawing. A 
mere shed, or covering of boards, will guard against all this mischief. 
Accordingly, towards the south of Europe, where the climate is pretty 
severe, the orange is grown in rows against stone walls or banks, in ter- 
I raced gardens, or trained loosely against a sheltered trellis ; and at the 
{ approach of winter they are covered with a slight movable shed, or 
frame of boards. In mild weather the sliding doors are opened, and 
| air is admitted freely — if very severe, a few pots of charcoal are placed 
I within the enclosure. This covering remains over them four or five 
i months, and in this way the orange may be grown as far north as Bal- 
timore. 

Soil and Culture. The best soil for the orange is a deep rich 
loam. In propagating them, sow, early in the spring, the seeds of the 
j naturalized or wild bitter orange of Florida, which gives much the har- 
I diest stock. They may be budded in the nursery-row the same season, 
or the next, and for this purpose the earliest time at which the opera- 
tion can be performed (the wood of the buds being sufficiently firm), the 
greater the success. Whip or splice grafting may also be resorted to 
early in the spring. Only the hardiest sorts should be chosen for 

I orchards or groves ; the more delicate ones can be grown easily with 
slight covering in winter. Fifty feet is the maximum height of the 
orange in its native country, but it rarely forms in Florida more than a 
compact low tree of twenty feet. It is better, therefore, to plant them 
! so near as partially to shade the surface of the ground. 

Insects. The orange plantations of Florida have suffered very- 

37 



578 



THE ORANGE FAMILY. 



severely from tlie attacks of the scale insect ( Coccus hisperiduni), 
which in some cases has spread over whole plantations, and gradually 
destroyed all the trees. It is the same small, oval, brownish insect, so 
common in our greenhouses, which adheres closely to the bark and 
underside of the leaves. A wash of sal soda or potash water, applied with 
a brush to the bodies and limbs of the trees, is the most certain and suro 
remedy for destroying this insect that we have known. Repeating this 
once or twice will probably effectually rid the trees of the scaled insect. 

Varieties. From among the great number of names that figure in 
the European catalogues, we select a few of those really deserving atten- 
tion in each class of this fruit. 



The Orange. 

The Orange ( Oranger, French ; Pomeranzenbaum, German ; Arancio, 
Italian ; and JSTaranjo, Spanish) is, on the whole, the finest tree of the 
genus. Its dark-green leaves have winged foot-stalks, its fruit is round, 
with an orange-colored skin. It is one of the longest lived fruit-trees, 
as an instance of which we may quote the celebrated tree at Versailles, 
called "the Grand Bourbon," which was sown in 1421, and is at the 
present time in existence, one of the largest and finest trees in France. 

The fruit of the orange is universally esteemed in its ripe state. 
The bitter orange is used for marmalades ; the green fruits, even when 
as small as peas, are preserved, and used in various ways in confection- 
ery ; the rind and pulp are used in cooking ; and the orange flowers, dis- 
tilled, give the orange-flower water, so highly esteemed as a perfume 
and in cookery. 

Besides the Common Sweet Orange, the most esteemed sorts are 
the Maltese and the Blood^Red, both of excellent flavor, with red 
pulp. The Mandarin orange is a small, flattened fruit, with a thin rind 
separating very easily from the pulp, frequently parting from it of itself, 
and leaving a partially hollow space. It comes from China, and is 
called there the Mandarin, or noble orange, from its excellent quality. 
The flesh is dark orange-colored, juicy, and very rich. 

The Bergamot orange has small flowers and pear-shaped fruit. The 
leaves, flowers, and fruit being peculiarly fragrant, it is highly esteemed 
by the perfumer, and yields the bergamot essence. " The rind, first 
dried and then moistened, is pressed in moulds into small boxes for hold- 
ing sweetmeats, to which it communicates a bergamot flavor." 

The Havana or common sweet orange is a well-known fruit, of good 
size and moderately rough rind, pulp well filled with delicious juice. 

The St. Augustine oranges are a large variety of the Havana, much 
better than those brought from Cuba. 

The St. Michael's orange is a small fruit, the skin pale yellow, the 
rind thin, the pulp often seedless, juicy, and lusciously sweet. It is 
considered the most delicious of all oranges, and the tree is a most 
abundant bearer. 

The Seville, or bitter orange, is the hardiest of all the varieties, en- 
during very hard frosts without injury. It has the largest and most 
fragrant flowers ; the pulp, however, is bitter and sharp, and is valued 
chiefly for marmalades. The Double Bigarade is a French variety of 
this species, with fine double blossoms. 



THE ORANGE FAMILY. 



579 



Besides the above, the Fingered, Sweet-skinned, Pear-shaped, and 
Hibbed oranges, are the most striking sorts — all chiefly cultivated by 
, curious amateurs. 

LEMONS. 

The Lemon (ZAmonier, of the French and German ; IAmone, Italian ; 
Limon, Spanish) has longer, paler leaves than the orange, the footstalks 
of which are naked or wingless ; the flowers tinged with red externally, 
and the fruit is oblong, pale yellow, with a swollen point, and usually an 
acid pulp. Its principal use is in making lemonade, punch, and other 
cooling acid drinks. 

Besides the common Lemon, there is an Italian variety, called the 
Sweet Lemon, the pulp of which is sweet and good. 



THE LIME. 

The Lime {Limettier, of the French) differs from the Lemon by its 
smaller, entirely white flowers, and small, roundish, pale yellow fruit, 
with a slight protuberance at the end. The acid, though sharp, is scarcely 
so rich and high as that of the lemon, and is used for the same purposes. 
The green fruit i# more esteemed than any other for preserving. The 
Italians cultivate a curiously marked variety called Porno oV Adamo, in 
which Adam is said to have left the marks of his teeth. 



THE CITRON. 

The Citron ( Cedratier, of the French ; Citronier, German ; Cedrato, 
Italian) is one of the finest growing trees of this family, with large, ob- 
long, wingless leaves, and flowers tinged with purple externally. The 
fruit, shaped like that of the lemon, is much larger, of a yellow color, 
warted and furrowed externally. The rind is very fragrant and very 
thick, the pulp is subacid, and is used in the same way as that of 
the lemon. It is chiefly valued, however, for the rich sweetmeat or pre- 
serve, called citron, made from the rind. 

The Madras citron is considered the largest and best variety. 



THE SHADDOCK. 

I 

The Shaddock (Pampelmous, French ; Arancio massimo, Italian) 
may be considered a monstrous orange, with a comparatively tasteless 
i pulp. It is a native of China and Japan, and has its name from Dr. 
i Shaddock, who first carried it to the West Indies. The leaves are 
winged, like those of the orange, the flowers white, and the fruit globu- 
• lar. Its size is very large, as it often weighs six or eight pounds. The 
J pulp is sweetish, or subacid, and the juice is rather refreshing. It is, 
I however, more showy than useful, and certainly makes a magnificent 
appearance in a collection of tropical fruits. 



580 



THE PEACH. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

THE PEACH. 

Persica vulgaris, Dec. Bosacece, of botanists. 
Pecker, of the French ; Pfirschbaum, German ; Pertickkeboom, Dutch ; Persico, 
Italian ; and el Melocoton, Spanish. 

The Peach-tree is a native of Persia and China, and was brought 
from the former country to Italy by the Romans in the time of the Emperor 
Claudius. It was considerably cultivated in Britain as early as the 
year 1550, and was introduced to this country by the early settlers 
somewhere about 1680. From Persia, its native country, its name in all 
languages — Persico — Pecher — Peach — has evidently been derived. 

The peach is a rather small fruit-tree, with narrow, smooth, serrated 
leaves, and pink blossoms. It is more tender and of shorter duration than 
most other of the fruits usually grown in temperate climates. It is never 
raised in England, and not generally in France, without the aid of walls. 
Even at Montreuil, near Paris, a village whose whole population is 
mainly employed in cultivating the peach for market, it is grown entire- 
ly upon white-washed walls. China and the United States are, there- 
fore, the only temperate countries where the peach and the apple both 
attain their highest perfection in the open orchard. The peaches of 
Pekin are celebrated as being the finest in the world, and of double the 
usual size. 

It is a curious fact in the history of the peach, that with its delicious 
flavor were once coupled, in the East, certain notions of its poisonous 
qualities. This idea seems vaguely to have accompanied it into Europe, 
for Pliny mentions that it was supposed that the king of Persia had sent 
them into Egypt to poison the inhabitants, with whom he was then at war. 
As the peach and the almond are closely related, it has been conjectured 
by Mr. Knight that the poisonous peaches referred to were swollen al- 
monds, which contain a considerable quantity of prussic acid. But it is 
also worth remarking that the peach-tree seems to hold very much the same 
place in the ancient Chinese writings that the tree of knowledge of the 
old Scriptures, and the golden Hesperides apples of the heathens, do in 
the early history of the western nations. The traditions of a peach- 
tree, the fruit of which when eaten conferred immortality, and which 
bore only once in a thousand years — and of another peach-tree of 
knowledge, which existed in the most remote period, on a mountain 
guarded by a hundred demons, the fruit of which produced death — are 
said to be distinctly preserved in some of the early Chinese writings. 
Whatever may have been the nature of these extraordinary trees, it is cer- 
tain that, as Lord Bacon says, " not a slip or sucker has been left behind." 
We must therefore content ourselves with the delight which a fine 
peach of modern times affords to the palate and the eye. 

We believe there is at the present time no country in the world 
where the peach is grown in such great quantities as in the United 
States. North of a line drawn from the Mohawk river to Boston, 
comprising most of the Eastern States, they do not indeed flourish well, 
requiring some artificial aid to produce regular crops ; but in all the 
Middle, Southern, and Western States, they grow and produce the 



THE PEACH. 



581 



heaviest crops in every garden and orchard. Thousands of acres are 
devoted to this crop for the supply of the markets of our large cities. 
The market price usually varies according to the abundance of the crop, 
and to the earliness or lateness of the season at which they are offered. 
Many growers have orchards of from 10,000 to 100,000 trees of dif- 
ferent ages, and send to market in good seasons as many bushels of fruit 
from the bearing trees. When the crop is not universally abundant, 
the profits are very large ; if the contrary, they are often very little. 

The very great facility with which the peach grows in this country, 
and the numerous crops it produces, almost without care, have led to a 
carelessness of cultivation which has greatly enfeebled the stock, and, 
as we shall presently show, has in many places produced a disease pecu- 
liar to this country. This renders it necessary to give some additional 
care and attention to the cultivation of the peach ; and with very tri- 
fling care this delicious fruit may be produced in great abundance for 
many successive years. 

Uses. Certainly no one expects us to write the praises of the peach 
as the most delicious of fruits. " To gild refined gold " would be a 
task quite as necessary, and if any one doubts the precise rank which 
the peach should take among the different fruits of even that cornuco- 
pian month — September — and wishes to convince us of the higher flavor 
of a Seckel or a Belle Lucrative pear, we will promise to stop his mouth 
and his argument with a sunny-cheeked and melting " George the 
Fourth," or luscious " Rareripe ! " No man who lives under a warm 
sun will hesitate about giving a due share of his garden to peaches, if 
he have no orchard ; and even he who lives north of the best Indian corn 
limits ought to venture on a small line of espalier for the sake of the 
peach. In pies and pastry, and for various kinds of preserving, the 
peach is everywhere highly esteemed. At the South and West a consid- 
erable quantity of peach brandy is annually distilled from them, but we 
believe by no means so much as formerly. Hogs are fattened, in such 
districts, on the refuse of the orchard and distillery. 

In most parts of the country where peaches are largely cultivated 
the fruit is dried, and in this state sent to market in very large quanti- 
ties. The drying is performed, on a small scale, in spent ovens ; on a 
large scale, in a small drying-house heated by a stove, and fitted up with 
ventilated drawers. These drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of 
laths, or narrow strips sufficiently open to allow the air to circulate 
through them, are filled with peaches in halves. They are cut in two 
without being peeled, the stones taken out, and the two halves placed 
in a single layer with the skin downward. In a short time the heat of 
the drying-house will complete the drying, and the drawers are then 
ready for a second filling. Farther south they are spread upon boards 
or frames, and dried in the sun merely ; but usually with the previous 
preparation of dipping the peaches (in baskets) for a few minutes in 
boiling water before halving them. 

The leaf of the peach, bruised in water and distilled, gives the peach 
water, so much esteemed by many for flavoring articles of delicate cook- 
ery ; and steeped in brandy or spirits, they communicate to it the fla- 
.vor of Noyau. Indeed a very good imitation of the celebrated Noyau 
is made in this way, by using the best white brandy, which, after being 
thus flavored, is sweetened with refined sugar mixed with a small quan- 
tity of milk, and afterwards decanted. 



582 



THE PEACH. 



Propagation. The peach is the most easily propagated of all fruit- 
trees. A stone planted in the autumn will vegetate in the ensuing 
spring, grow three or four feet high, and may be budded in August or 
September. Two years from this time, if left undisturbed, it will usu- 
ally produce a small crop of fruit, and the next season bear very abun- 
dantly, unless the growth is over-luxuriant. 

In nursery culture it is customary to bury the peach-stones in 
autumn, in some exposed spot, in thick layers covered with earth. 
Here they are allowed to lie all winter. As early in the spring as the 
ground is in fine friable condition, the stones are taken out of the ground, 
cracked, and the kernels sown in mellow prepared soil, in the nursery 
rows where they are to grow. They should be covered about an inch 
deep. Early in the following September they will be fit for budding. 
This is performed with great ease on the peach, and grafting is there- 
fore seldom or never resorted to in this country, except at the South. 
The buds should be inserted quite near the ground. The next season 
the stock should be headed back in March, and the trees will, in good 
soil, grow to the height of a man's head in one year. This is by far 
the best size for transplanting the peach — one year old from the bud. 

In England the plum stock is universally employed. The advantage 
gained thereby is, a dwarfer and neater habit of growth for their walls. 
In Erance, some of the best cultivators prefer the almond stock. 
Healthy peach stocks afford the most natural foundation for the growth 
of standard orchard trees. At the same time we must protest against 
the indiscriminate employment of peach-stones from any and every source. 
With the present partially diseased state of many orchards in this coun- 
try, this is a practice to be seriously condemned ; and more especially as, 
with a little care, it is always easy to procure stones from sections of 
country where the Yellows is not prevalent. 

Eor rendering the peach quite dwarf, the Mirabelle plum stock is 
often employed abroad. 

Soil and Situation. The very best soil for the peach is a rich, 
deep, sandy loam ; next to this, a strong, mellow loam ; then a light, 
thin, sandy soil ; and the poorest is a heavy, compact clay soil. We are 
very well aware that the extensive and profitable appropriation of thou- 
sands of acres of the lightest sandy soil in New J ersey and Delaware, 
has led many to believe that this is the best soil for the peach. But 
such is not the fact, and the short duration of this tree in those districts 
is unquestionably owing to the rapidity with which the soil is impover- 
ished. We have, on the contrary, seen much larger, finer, and richer 
flavored peaches produced for a long time successively on mellow loam, 
containing but little sand, than upon any other soil whatever. 

It is a well-founded practice not to plant peach orchards successively 
upon the same site, but always to choose a new one. Erom sixteen to 
twenty-five feet apart may be stated as the limits of distance at which 
to plant this tree in orchards, more space being required in warm cli- 
mates and rich soils than under the contrary circumstances. North of 
New York it is better always to make plantations in the spring, and it 
should be done pretty early in the season. South of that limit it may 
usually be done with equal advantage in the autumn. 

In districts of country where the fruit in the blossom is liable to be 
cut off by spring frosts, it is found of great advantage to make planta- 
tions on the north sides of hills, northern slopes or elevated grounds, in 



THE PEACH. 



583 



preference to warm valleys and southern aspects. In the colder ex- 
posures the vegetation and blossoming of the tree is retarded until after 
all danger of injury is past. Situations near the banks of large rivers 
and inland lakes are equally admirable on this account, and the blossoms 
are not injured once in a dozen years; while on level grounds, dis- 
tant but a little way, they are destroyed every fourth or fifth season. 

With regard to the culture of peach orchards, there is a seeming 
disparity of opinion between growers at the North and South. Most of 
the cultivators at the South say, never plough or cultivate an orchard 
after it has borne the first crop. Ploughing bruises the roots, enfeebles 
the trees, and lessens the crop. Enrich the ground by top-dressings, and 
leave it in a state of rest. The best northern growers say, always keep 
the land in good condition, mellow and loose by cultivation, and crop it 
very frequently with the lighter root and field crops. Both are correct, 
and it is not difficult to explain the seeming difference of opinion. 

The majority of the peach orchards south of Philadelphia, it will be 
recollected, grow upon a thin, light soil, previously rather impoverished. 
In such soils it is necessarily the case that the roots lie near the sur- 
face, and most of the food derived by them is from what is applied to 
the surface or added to the soil. Ploughing, therefore, in such soils, 
wounds and injures the roots, and cropping the ground takes from it the 
scanty food annually applied or already in the soil, which is not more 
than sufficient for the orchard alone. In a stronger and deeper soil the 
roots of the peach-tree penetrate farther, and are mostly out of the 
reach of serious injury by the plough. Instead of losing by being 
opened and exposed to the air, the heavier soil gains greatly in value by 
the very act of rendering it more friable, while at the same time it has 
naturally sufficient heart to bear judicious cropping with advantage 
rather than injury to the trees. The growth and luxuriance of an orchard 
in strong land, kept under tillage, is suprisingly greater than the same 
allowed to remain in sod. The difference in treatment, therefore, should 
always adapt itself to the nature of the soil. In ordinary cases, the dura- 
tion of peach orchards in the light sandy soil is rarely more than three 
years in a bearing state. In a stronger soil, with proper attention to the 
shortening system of pruning, it may be rjrolonged to twenty or more 
years. 

Pruning. It has always been the prevailing doctrine in this country 
that the peach requires no pruning. It has been allowed to grow, to 
bear heavy crops, and to die, pretty much in its own way. This is very 
well for a tree in its native climate, and in a wild state ; but it must be 
remembered that the peach comes from a warmer country than ours, and 
that our peaches of the present day are artificial varieties. They owe 
their origin to artificial means, and require therefore a system of culture 
to correspond. 

In short, we view this absence of all due care in the management of 
the peach-tree, after it comes into hearing ', as the principal original cause 
of its present short duration, and the disease which preys upon it in 
many of the older parts of the country. We therefore earnestly desire 
the attention of peach-growers to our brief hints upon a regular system 
of pruning this valuable tree. Of course we speak now of common 
standard trees in the orchard or garden. 

A peach-tree, left to itself after being planted, usually comes into 
bearing the third or fourth year, and has a well-shaped rounded head, 



584 



THE PEACH. 



full of small bearing branches, and well garnished with leaves. It must 

be borne in mind that the fruit is 
only borne on the young shoots of 
the previous summer's growth. In a 
young tree these are properly distri- 
buted throughout. But in a couple of 
seasons, the tree being left to itself, 
the growth being mostly produced at 
the ends of the principal branches, the 
young shoots in the interior of the 
head of the tree die out. The conse- 
quence is, that in a short time the 

A peach-tree without pruning, as com- interior of the tree is filled with long 

moniy seen. lean branches, with only young shoots 

at their extremities. Any one can 
see that such a tree can be provided with but half the number of 
healthy, strong shoots for bearing, that one would have if filled through- 
out with vigorous young wood. The sap flows tardily through the 
long and rigid branches, and not half leaves enough are provided to 
secure the proper growth of the fruit. And, finally, all the fruit which 
the tree yields being allowed to remain at the ends of the branches, they 
often break under its weight. 

Now, we propose to substitute for this what is generally known as 
the shortening-in system of pruning. We affirm, both from its constant 
success abroad, and from our own experience and observation in this 
country, that, putting its two diseases out of the question, the peach may 
be continued in full vigor and production, in any good soil, for from ten 
to thirty years. 

Let us take a healthy tree in the orchard or garden, in its first blos- 
soming year. It is usually about six to eight feet high, its well-shaped 
head branching out about three feet * from the ground. It has never yet 
been trimmed, except to regulate any deformity in its shape, and this is 
so much the better. 

At the end of February, or as early in the spring as may be, we com- 
mence pruning. This consists only of shortening-in, i.e., cutting off half 
the last yearns growth over the whole outside of the head of the tree, 
and also upon the inner branches. As the usual average growth is from 
one to two feet, we shall necessarily take off from six to twelve inches. 
It need not be done with precise measurement ; indeed, the strongest 
shoots should be shortened back most, in order to bring up the others, 
and any long or projecting limbs that destroy the balance of the head 
should be cut back to a uniform length. This brings the tree into a 
well-rounded shape. By reducing the young wood one-half, we at the 
same moment reduce the coming crop one-half in number. The remain- 
ing half, receiving all the sustenance of the tree, are of double the size. 
The young shoots, which start out abundantly from every part of the 
tree, keep it well supplied with bearing wood for the next year, while 
the greater luxuriance and size of the foliage, as a necessary conse- 
quence, produces larger and higher flavored fruit, f Thus, while we have 

* We think low heads much preferable to high ones on many accounts. They 
shade the root, and are more within reach both for pruning and gathering. 

f It is well, in shortening -back, to cut off the shoot close above a icood-bud 
rather than a blossom-bud. Few persons are aware how much the size and 




THE PEACH. 



585 




A peach-tree pruned by the shorten- 
ing-in mode. 



secured against the prevalent evil, an over-crop, we have also provi- 
ded for the full nourishment of the present year's fruit, and induced a 
supply of fruit-bearing shoots throughout the tree for the next season. 

This course of pruning is followed regu- 
larly, every year, for the whole life of the 
tree. It is done much more rapidly than 
one would suppose ; the pruned wounds are 
too small to cause any gum to flow ; and it 
is done at the close of winter, when labor 
is worth least to the cultivator. 

The appearance of a tree pruned in 
this way, after many years of bearing, is a 
very striking contrast to that of the poor 
skeletons usually seen. It is, in fact, a fine 
object, with a thick, low, bushy head, filled 
with healty young wood, and in the summer with an abundance of dark- 
green, healthy foliage and handsome fruit. Can any intelligent man 
hesitate about adopting so simple a course of treatment to secure 
such valuable results ? We recommend it with entire confidence to the 
practice of every man in the country that cultivates a peach-tree. 
After he has seen and tasted its good effects, we do not fear his laying 
it aside.* 

Training the peach-tree against walls or espaliers is but little prac- 
tised in this country. Espalier and cordon training, on a small scale, 
is, however, highly worthy of the attention of persons desiring this fruit 

beauty of the fruit depend on the size and vigor of the leaves. We have seen 
two peach-trees of the same age side by side, one unpraned, and the other regu- 
larly short ened-in, and both bearing about four bushels. That of the latter was, 
however, of double the size, and incomparably finer. 

* Our attention has been drawn to the following remarkable .examples of the 
good effects of regular pruning, which we translate from the leading French 
journal of horticulture. We ask the attention of our readers to these cases, 
especially after perusing our remarks on the Yellows and its cause. 

'*M. Duvilliers laid before the Royal Society of Horticulture an account of 
some old peach-trees that he had lately seen at the Chateau de Villiers, near 
Ferte-Aleps (Seine-et-Oise). These trees, eight in number, are growing upon a 
terrace wall, which they cover perfectly, and yield abundant crops. The gar- 
dener assured M. Duvilliers that they had been under his care during the thirty 
years that he had been at the chateau ; that they were as large when he first saw 
them as at present, and that he supposed them to be at least sixty years old. We 
cannot doubt (says the editor) that it is to the annual pruning that these peach- 
trees owe this long life ; for the peach-trees that are left to themselves in the latitude 
of Paris never live beyond twenty or thirty years. M. Duvilliers gave the accu- 
rate measurement of the trunks and branches of these trees, and stated, what it 
is more interesting to know, that although all their trunks are hollow, like those 
of old willows, yet their vigor and fertility are still quite unimpaired." {Annates 
de la SociHe d' Horticulture, tome xxx. p. 58.) 

In volume 25, page 67, of the same journal, is an account of a remarkable 
peach-tree in the demesne of M. Joubert, near Villeneuve le Roi (dopartement 
de l'Yonne). It is trained against one of the wings of the mansion, covers a 
large space with its branches, and the circumference of its trunk, taken at some 
distance from the ground, is two feet and a half. It is knoion to be, actually, of 
more than 93 years' growth, and is believed to be more than 100 years old. It is 
still in perfect health and vigor. It is growing in strong soil, but it has been 
regularly subjected to a uniform and severe system of pruning, equivalent to 
our shortening-in mode. Where can any peach-tree of half this age be found 
in the United States, naturally a much more favorable climate for it than that 
of France ? 



58G 



THE PEACH. 



in the colder parts of the country, where it does not succeed well as a 
standard. Everywhere in New England excellent crops may be pro- 
duced in this way. Full directions for training the peach en espalier 
and cordon, with illustrations, are given in pages 42 and 43. 

Cordon or low fan training is practised by some cultivators at the 
North, and in sections where the crop of the peach is uncertain by reason 
of extreme cold in winter or late spring frosts destroying the buds. 
When the cordons or low fans are kept within one to two feet from the 
ground the trees may be readily protected in winter by covering with 
corn-stalks, straw, or brush of evergreens. 

Insects and Diseases. For a considerable time after the peach was 
introduced into America, it was grown everywhere south of the 40° of 
latitude, we may say literally, without cultivation. It was only necessary 
to plant a stone in order to obtain in a few years, and for a long time, 
an abundance of fruit. Very frequently these chance seedlings were of 
excellent quality, and the finer grafted varieties were equally luxuriant. 
Two maladies have appeared within the last twenty years, which, because 
they are little understood, have rendered this fine fruit-tree compara- 
tively short-lived and of little value. These are the Peach-borer and 
the Yellows. 

The Peach-borer or Peach-worm (^Egeria exitiosa, Say) does great 
mischief to this tree by girdling and devouring the whole circle of bark 
just below the surface of the ground, when it soon languishes and 
dies. 

The insect in its perfect state is a slender, dark-blue, four-winged 
moth, somewhat like a wasp. It commences depositing its eggs in the 
soft and tender bark at the base of the trunk, usually about the last of 
June, but at different times from June to October. The egg hatches 
and becomes a small white borer or grub, which eventually grows to three- 
fourths of an inch long, penetrates and devours the bark and sap wood, 
and, after passing the winter in the tree, it enfolds itself in a cocoon 
under or upon the bark, and emerges again in a perfect or winged form 
in June, and commences depositing its eggs for another generation. 

It is not difficult to rid our trees of this enemy. In fact, nothing is 
easier to him who is willing to devote a few moments every season to 
each tree. The eggs which produce the borer, it will be recollected, 
are deposited in the soft portion of bark, just at the surface of the 
earth. Experience has conclusively proved that if a quantity of leached 
ashes, charcoal, or even common soil, be heaped to the height of one foot 
around the trunk of each tree at the end of May, and suffered to remain 
till October, the peach-borer will not attack it. It has been tried most 
successfully in large orchards, where the protected trees have long re- 
mained sound, while those unprotected have been speedily destroyed by 
the borer. The remedy undoubtedly lies chiefly in covering the most 
vulnerable portion of the tree from the attack of the insect. These 
mounds or heaps of earth, ashes, etc., should be spread over the surface 
every autumn on approach of winter, thus exposing the larvae of the in- 
sect, if any have entered the tree, to cold and destruction. 

Another simple remedy is in spring to first draw away a little earth 
from the crown of the tree, then wrap the body up, one foot from the 
ground, with strong coarse paper, securing it with tying, and replace 
the earth. 

Many careful and rigid cultivators prefer a regular examination of 



THE PEACH. 



587 



the trees every spring and autumn. On removing the earth for a few 
inches, the appearance of gum or castings quickly indicates where the 
borer has made his lodging. A few moments with the knife will then 
eradicate the insect for the season. 

The Yellows. This most serious malady seems to belong exclu- 
sively to this country, and to attack only the peach-tree. Although it 
has been the greatest enemy of the peach-planter for the last thirty 
years, — rendering the life of the tree uncertain, and frequently spreading 
over and destroying the orchards of whole districts, — still little is 
known of its nature, and nothing with certainty of its cause. Many 
slight observers have confounded it with the effects of the peach-borer, 
but all persons who have carefully examined it know that the two are 
totally distinct. Trees may frequently be attacked by both the yellows 
and the borer, but hundreds die of the yellows when the most minute 
inspection of the roots and branches can discover no insect or visible 
cause. Still we believe proper cultivation will entirely rid our gardens 
and orchards of this malady ; and this belief is in part borne out by 
experiments under our own inspection. In order to combat it suc- 
cessfully, it is necessary that the symptoms should be clearly under- 
stood. 

Symptoms. The Yellows appears to be a constitutional disease, no 
external cause having yet been assigned for it. Its infallible symptoms 
are the following : — 

1. The production upon the branches of very slender ', wiry shoots, a 
few inches long, and bearing starved diminutive leaves. These shoots 
are not protruded from the extremities, but from latent buds on the 
main portions of the stem and larger branches. The leaves are very 
narrow and small, quite distinct from those of the natural size, and are 
either pale yellow or destitute of color. 

2. The premature ripening of the fruit. This takes place from two 
to four weeks earlier than the proper season. The first season of the 
disease it grows nearly to its natural size ; the following season it is not 
more than half or a fourth of that size ; but it is always marked exter- 
nally (whatever may be the natural color) with specks and large spots 
of purplish red. Internally the flesh is more deeply colored, especially 
around the stone, than in the natural state. 

Either of the foregoing symptoms (and sometimes the second ap- 
pears a season in advance of the first) are undeniable signs of the Yel- 
lows, and they are not produced by the attacks of the worm or other 
malady. "We may add to them the following additional remarks : — 

It is established beyond question, that the Yellows can always be 
propagated by budding or grafting from a diseased tree ; that the stock, 
whether peach or almond, also takes the disease, and finally perishes ; 
and that the seeds of the diseased trees produce young trees in which 
the Yellows sooner or later breaks out. To this we may add that the 
peach, budded on the plum or apricot, is also known to die with the 
Yellows. 

Yery frequently only a single branch, or one side of a tree, will be 
affected the first season. But the next year it invariably spreads 
through its whole system. Frequently trees badly affected will die the 
next year. But usually it will last, growing more and more feeble 
every year, for several seasons. The roots, on digging up the tree, do not 
appear in the least diseased. 

i 



588 



THE PEACH. 



The soil does not appear materially to increase or lessen the liability 
to the Yellows, though it first originated, and is most destructive, in 
light, warm, sandy soils. 

Lastly, it is the nearly universal opinion of all orchardists that the 
Yellows is a contagious disease, spreading gradually, but certainly, from 
tree to tree through whole orchards. It was conjectured by the late 
William Prince that this takes place when the trees are in blossom, the 
contagion being carried from tree to tree in the pollen by bees and 
the wind. This view is a questionable one, and it is rendered more 
doubtful by the fact that experiments have been made by dusting the 
pollen of diseased trees upon the blossoms of healthy ones without 
communicating the Yellows. 

We consider the contagious nature of this malady an unsettled 
point. Theoretically, we are disinclined to believe it, as we know 
nothing analogous to it in the vegetable kingdom. But on the other 
hand it would appear to be practically true, and for all practical pur- 
poses we would base our advice upon the supposition that the disease is 
contagious. For it is only in those parts of the Atlantic States where 
every vestige of a tree showing the Yellows is immediately destroyed, 
that we have seen a return of the normal health and longevity of the 
tree. * 

Cause of the Yellows, iso writer has yet ventured to assign a 
theory, supported by any facts, which would explain the cause of this 
malady. We therefore advance our opinion with some diffidence, but 
yet not without much confidence in its truth. 

We believe the malady called the Yellows to be a constitutional taint 
existing in many American varieties of the Peach, and produced, in the 
first place, by bad cultivation and the consequent exhaustion arising 
from successive over-crops. Afterwards it has been established and 
perpetuated by sowing the seeds of the enfeebled tree, either to obtain 
varieties or for stocks. 

Let us look for a moment into the history of the Peach culture in 
the United States. For almost a hundred years after tins tree was in- 
troduced into this country it was largely cultivated, especially in Vir- 
ginia, Maryland, and New Jersey, as we have already stated, in perfect 
freedom from such disease, and with the least possible care. The great 

* The following- extract from some remarks on the Yellows by that careful 
observer, Noyes Darling, Esq. , of New Haven, Ct. , we recommend as worthy the 
attention of those who think the disease contagious. They do not seem to 
indicate that the disease spreads from a given point of contagion, but breaks 
out in spots. It is clear to our mind that in this, and hundreds of other 
similar cases, the disease was inherent in the trees, they being the seedlings of 
diseased parents. 

" When the disease commences in a garden or orchard containing a consider- 
able number of trees, it does not attack all at once. It breaks out in patches 
which are progressively enlarged, till eventually all the trees become victims to 
the malady. Thus, in an orchard of two and a half acres, all the trees were 
healthy in 1827. The next year two trees on the west side of the orchard, within 
a rod of each other, took the Yellows. In 1829, six trees on the east side of the 
orchard were attacked ; five of them standing within a circle of four rods 
diameter. A similar fact is now apparent in my neighborhood. A fine lot of 
200 young trees, last year in perfect health, now show disease in two spots near 
the opposite ends of the lot, having exactly six diseased trees in each patch con- 
tiguous to each other ; while all the other trees are free from any marks of dis- 
ease. " — Cultivator. 



THE PEACH. 



589 



natural fertility of the soil was unexhausted, and the land occupied by- 
orchards was seldom or never cropped. Most of the soil of these 
States, however, though at first naturally rich, was light and sandy, and 
in course of time became comparatively exhausted. The peach-tree, 
always productive to an excess in this climate, in the impoverished soil 
was no longer able to recruit its energies by annual growth, and gra- 
dually became more and more enfeebled and short-lived. About 1800, 
or a few years before, attention was attracted in the neighborhood of 
Philadelphia to the sudden decay and death of the orchards without 
apparent cause. From Philadelphia and Delaware the disease gradually 
extended to New Jersey, where, in 1814, it was so prevalent as to 
destroy a considerable part of all the orchards. About three or four 
years later it appeared on the banks of the Hudson (or from 1812 to 
1815), gradually and slowly extending northward and westward to the 
remainder of the State. Its progress to Connecticut was taking place at 
the same time, a few trees here and there showing the disease, until it 
became well known (though not yet generally prevalent) throughout 
most of the warmer parts of New England. 

It should be here remarked, that though the disease had been con- 
siderably noticed in Maryland and the Middle States previously, yet it 
was by no means general until about the close of the war of 1812. At this 
time wheat and other grain crops bore very high prices, and the failing 
fertility of the peach orchard soils of those States was suddenly still 
more lowered by a heavy system of cropping between the trees without 
returning anything to the soil. Still the peach was planted, produced a 
few heavy crops, and declined from sheer feebleness and want of sus- 
tenance. As it was the custom with many orchardists to raise their 
own seedling trees, and as almost all nurserymen gathered the stones in- 
discriminately for stocks, it is evident that the constitutional debility of 
the parent trees would naturally be inherited to a greater or less degree 
by the seedlings. Still the system of allowing the tree to exhaust itself 
by heavy and repeated crops in a light soil was adhered to, and genera- 
tion after generation of seedlings, each more enfeebled than the former, 
at last produced a completely sickly and feeble stock of peach-trees in 
those districts. 

The great abundance of this fruit caused it to find its way more or 
less into all the markets on the sea-coast. The stones of the enfeebled 
Southern trees were thus carried north, and, being esteemed by many 
better than those of home growth, were everywhere more or less 
planted. They brought with them the enfeebled and tainted constitu- 
tion derived from the parent stock. They reproduced almost always 
the same disease in the new soil ; and thus, little by little, the Yellows 
spread from its original neighborhood, below Philadelphia, to the whole 
northern and eastern sections of the Union. At this moment, 1845, it 
is slowly but gradually moving West ; though the rich and deep soils of 
the Western alluvial bottoms will, perhaps, for a considerable time, even 
without care, overpower the original taint of the trees and stones re- 
ceived from the East. 

Let us now look a little more closely into the nature of this enfeebled 
state of the peach-tree which we call the Yellows. 

Every good gardener well knows that if he desires to raise a healthy 
and vigorous seedling plant, he must select the seed from a parent 
plant that is itself decidedly healthy. Lindley justly and concisely re- 



590 



THE PEACH. 



marks : " All seeds will not equally produce vigorous seedlings ; but the 
healthiness of the new plant will correspond with that of the seed from 
which it sprang. For this reason it is not sufficient to sow a seed to 
obtain a given plant ; but in all cases, when any importance is attached 
to the result, the plumpest and healthiest seeds should be selected, if the 
greatest vigor is required in the seedling, and feeble or less perfectly 
formed seeds, when it is desirable to check natural luxuriance." * 

Again, Dr. Van Mons, whose experience in raising seedling fruit-trees 
was more extensive than that of any other man, declares it as his 
opinion that the more frequently a tree is reproduced continuously from 
seed, the more feeble and short-lived is the seedling produced. 

Still more, we all know that certain peculiarities of constitution 
or habit can be propagated by grafting, by slips, and even by seeds. 
Thus the variegated foliage, which is a disease of some sort, is propagated 
forever by budding, and the disposition to mildew of some kinds of 
peaches is continued almost always in the seedlings. That the peach- 
tree is peculiarly constant in any constitutional variation, the Nectarine 
is a well-known proof. That fruit-tree is only an accidental variety of 
the peach, and yet it is continually reproduced with a smooth skin from 
seed. 

Is it not evident, from these premises, that the constant sowing of 
the seeds of an enfeebled stock of peaches would naturally produce a 
sickly and diseased race of trees f The seedlings will at first often 
appear healthy, when the parent had been only partially diseased, but 
the malady will sooner or later show itself, and especially when the tree 
is allowed to produce an over-crop. 

That poor soil and over-bearing will produce great debility in any 
fruit-tree, is too evident to need much illustration. Even the apple, 
that hardiest orchard tree, requires a whole year to recover from the 
exhaustion of its powers caused by a full crop. The great natural luxu- 
riance of the peach enables it to lay in new fruit-buds while the branches 
are still loaded with fruit, and thus, except in strong soil, if left to itself, 
it is soon enfeebled. 

There are some facts in our every-day observation which may be 
adduced in proof of this theory. In the first place, the varieties of this 
tree always most subject to this disease are the yellow peaches • and they, 
it is well known, also produce the heaviest crops. More than nine- 
tenths of the victims, when the disease first appeared, were the yellow- 
fleshed peaches. On the other hand, the white-fleshed kinds (those white 
and red externally) are much more rarely attacked ; in some parts of the 
country never. They are generally less vigorous, and bear more mod- 
erate crops. And it is well worth remarking that certain fine old sorts, 
the ends of the branches of which have a peculiar mildewed appearance 
(such as the old Red Rareripe, the Early Anne, &c), which seems to 
check the growth without impairing the health, are rarely, if ever, 
attacked by the Yellows. Slow-growing and moderately productive 
sorts, like the Nutmeg peaches, are almost entirely exempt. We know 
an orchard in the adjoining county where every tree has gradually died 
with the Yellows, except one tree which stood in the centre. It is the 
Red Nutmeg, and is still in full vigor. It is certainly true that these 
sorts often decay and suddenly die, but we believe chiefly from the neg- 



* Theory of Horticulture. 



THE PEACH. 



591 



lect which allows them to fall a prey to the Peach-borer. Indeed the 
frequency with which the Borer has been confounded with the Yellows 
by ignorant observers, renders it much more difficult to arrive at any 
correct conclusions respecting the contagious nature of the latter 
disease.* 

It may be said, in objection to these views, that a disease which is only 
an enfeeblement of the constitution of a tree, would not be sufficient to 
alter so much its whole nature and duration as the Yellows has done that 
of the peach. The answer to this is, that the debility produced in a 
single generation of trees probably would not have led to such effects, 
or to any settled form of constitutional disease. But it must be borne 
in mind that the same bad management is to a great extent going on to 
this day, the whole country over. Every year, in the month of August, 
the season of early peaches, thousands of bushels of fruit, showing the 
infallible symptoms of the Yellows, — a spotted skin, &c, — are exposed 
and sold in the markets. Every year more or less of the stones of these 
peaches are planted, to produce, in their turn, a generation of diseased 
trees, and every successive generation is even more feeble and sickly 
than the last ! Even in the North, so feeble has the stock become in 
many places, that an excessive crop of fine fruit is but too frequently 
followed by the Yellows. In this total absence of proper care in the 
selection both of the seed and the trees, followed by equal negligence 
of good cultivation, is it surprising that the peach has become a tree 
comparatively difficult to preserve, and proverbially short-lived ? 

Abroad, it is well known that the peach is always subjected to a 
regular system of pruning, and is never allowed to produce an over- 
crop. It is not a little singular, both that the Yellows should never 
have originated there, and that, notwithstanding the great number of 
American varieties of this fruit that have been repeatedly sent to Eng- 
land and are now growing there, the disease has never extended itself, 
or been communicated to other trees, or even been recognized by English 
or French horticulturists. We must confess, these facts appear to us 
strong proofs in favor of our opinion as to the nature and origin of the 
malady. 

Hemedy for the Yellows. It may seem to many persons a difficult 
task to rid ourselves of so wide-spread a malady as this, yet we are con- 
fident that a little perseverance and care will certainly accomplish it. 
In the present uncertainty with regard to its contagious nature, it is 
much the wisest to reject " the benefit of the doubt," and act upon the 
principle that it is so. We know at the present moment several gardens 
where the trees are maintained in good health by immediately rooting 
out and destroying every tree as soon as it shows marked symptoms of 
the malady. 

1. We would therefore commence by exterminating, root and branch, 
every tree which has the Yellows. And another tree should not be 
planted in the same spot without a lapse of several years, or a thorough 
removal of the soil. 

2. The utmost care should be taken to select seeds for planting from 
perfectly healthy trees. Nurserymen, to secure this, should gather them 

* All knowledge relating to the Yellows appears to us as much in obscurity 
as when this was written. In our experience no one variety seems more liable 
to be attacked than another, the most vigorous trees being as often affected as 
those of moderate growth. — C. D. 



592 



THE PEACH. 



from the latest ripening varieties, or procure them from districts of the 
country where the disease is not known. 

3. So far we have aimed only at procuring a healthy stock of trees. 
The most important matter remains to be stated — how to preserve them, 
in a healthy state. 

The answer to this is emphatically as follows : pursue steadily, from 
the first bearing year, the shortening-in system of pruning already ex- 
plained. This will at once secure your trees against the possibility of 
over-bearing and its consequences, and maintain them in vigor and pro- 
ductiveness for a long time.* It will, in short, effectually prevent the 
Yellows where it does not already exist in the tree. To whoever will 
follow these precautions, pursue this mode of cultivation, and adopt at 
the same time the remedy for the Borer already suggested, we will con- 
fidently insure healthy, vigorous, long-lived trees, and the finest fruit. 
Will any reasonable man say that so fine a fruit as the peach does not 
fully merit them ? 

Whether the system of shortening-in and careful culture will pre- 
vent the breaking out of the Yellows, when constitutionally latent in 
the tree, we will not yet undertake to say. In slight cases of the dis- 
ease we believe that it may. Of one thing, however, we are certain : it 
has hitherto failed entirely to reclaim trees in which the malady had 
once broken out. Neither do we know of any well-attested case of its 
cure, after this stage, by any means whatever. Such cases have indeed 
been reported to us, and published in the journals, but, when investi- 
gated, they have proved to be trees suffering by the effects of the borer 
only. 

A planter of peach-trees must, even with care, expect to see a few 
cases of Yellows occasionally appear. The malady is too widely ex- 
tended to be immediately vanquished. Occasionally trees having the 
constitutional taint will show themselves where least suspected ; but 
when the peach is once properly cultivated these will every day become 
more rare, until the original health and longevity of this fruit-tree is 
again established. 

The Curl is the name commonly given to a malady which often at- 
tacks the leaves of the peach-tree. It usually appears in the month of 
May or June. The leaves curl up, become thickened and swollen, with 
hollows on the under and reddish swellings on the upper side, and 
finally, after two or three weeks, fall off. They are then succeeded by a 
new and healthy crop of foliage. Although it does not appear mate- 
rially to injure either the tree or the crop, yet it greatly disfigures it for 
a time. 

Innumerable seedlings have been produced in this country, and 
some of them are of the highest excellence. It is very desirable to re- 
duce the collection of peaches to reasonable limits, because, as this fruit 
neither offers the same variety of flavor nor the extent of season as the 
apple and pear, a moderate number of the choicest kinds, ripening from 

* The following- remarks, directly in point, are from. Loudon's last work : 
" The effect of shortening the shoots of the peach is not merely to throw more 
sap into the fruit, but to add vigor to the tree generally by increasing the 
power of the roots relatively to the branches. The peach being a short-lived 
tree, it has been justly remarked by Mr. Thompson, were it allowed to expend all its 
accumulated sap every year, it would soon exhaust itself and die of old age." — Su- 
burban Horticulturist. 



THE PEACH. 



593 



the earliest to the latest, is in every respect better than a great variety, 
many of which must necessarily be second-rate. 

It is worthy of remark, that most of our American varieties of the 
first quality have proved second-rate in England. This is owing to the 
comparative want of sun and heat in their climate. Indeed, our finest 
late peaches will not ripen at all except under glass, and the early 
varieties are much later than with us. On the other hand, many of the 
best European sorts are finer here than in England, and we have lately 
endeavored to introduce all of the foreign sorts of high quality. 

In the description of peaches and nectarines the form and outlines 
of many kinds are so nearly similar that we are obliged to resort to other 
characteristics to distinguish the varieties. The two most natural 
classes into which the kinds of this fruit are divided are freestones and 
clingstones (melters and pavies, of the English) ; the flesh of the former 
parting freely from the stone, that of the latter adhering. 

Next to this, the strongest natural distinction is found in the leaves 
of the peach. At the base of the leaves of certain kinds are always 
found small glands, either round and regular, or oblong and irregular, 
while the leaves of certain other kinds have no glands, but are more 
deeply cut or serrated on the margin. These peculiarities of the foliage 
are constant, and they aid us greatly in recognizing a variety by forming 
three distinct classes, viz. : — 




Characters in the leaves of peaches. 



1. Leaves serrated and without glands, a. 2. Leaves with small 
round or globose glands, b. 3. Leaves with large, irregular, reniform 
glands, c. 

This distinction of leaves is valuable, because it not only assists us 

38 , 



when we have the fruit before us, but it may be referred to, for the sake 
of verifying an opinion, at any time during the season of foliage. 

There is also another class of characteristics to be found in the blos- 
soms, which is constant and valuable, though not so much so as that of 
the leaves, because it can only be referred to for a few days in the 
spring. The blossoms afford two well-marked subdivisions : 1st. 
Large flowers, always red in the centre, and pale at the margin ; 2d. 
Small flowers, tinged with dark at the margin.* 

The most desirable peaches for market-growers in this country are 
very early and very late kinds. These command double the price in 
market of kinds ripening at the middle season. For New England and 
the North only the earliest kinds are desirable, as the late ones seldom 
mature well. 

In describing peaches we have embodied their character as Free- 
stones or Clingstones in the text descriptive. 

Raising Peaches in Pots. The uncertainty of peach culture in the 
open air has become so common in many sections where once the crop 
was as sure as that of the apple, that many persons are resorting to or- 
chard houses, or artificial in-door culture, both for supply of families and 
also as a profitable item of fruit-growing for market. 

" Two modes are adopted : one without fire-heat, the crop maturing 
a little earlier than in common orchards ; the other, where by the use of 
fire-heat the fruit is obtained two or three months earlier than in open 
ground." The former mode has been successfully prosecuted by Messrs. 
Ellevanger and Barry, Rochester, N. Y. ; and the following, written by 
P. Barry and published in Thomas' American Fruit Cidturist, we copy : 

" We have now fruiting in wooden boxes, ten by ten inches, fifty-three 
varieties of peaches, eleven varieties of nectarines, and seven of apricots. 

" Age, Potting, and Soil. The trees are now three years from the 
bud. They were taken up in the fall of 1861 ; heeled-in and covered 
during winter ; potted early in spring — March, I think ; soil a mix- 
ture of about three parts yellow sandy loam and one part of old hot- 
bed manure. 

" Summer Care. After potting they were kept in a cool house, 
partly covered with glass, until they had made shoots four or five 
inches long, and the danger of cold weather over. They were then 
plunged to the rim of the boxes in an open border until the fall. They 
were carefully watered when necessary during summer, and the shoots 
kept as much as possible in uniform vigor by pinching. 

" Pruning. When potted the yearling trees were cutback to six or 
eight inches, and in some cases to four inches, or only two or three 
buds above the union of bud and stock, the object being to grow them 
in the form of bushes. We now find that those cut back farthest are 
the best trees. [Fig. 350 represents the yearling tree ; Fig. 351 the 
same, cut back ; Fig. 352 the tree set in a pot ; and Fig. 353, the same 
after a year's growth.] 

" Wintering. On the approach of very cold weather, or just before 
the freezing of the ground so as to prevent out-door work, they were 

* Lindley makes a third division, embracing a few sorts with blossoms of an 
intermediate size . But it is of no practical value, as any doubt as to which of 
the two divisions any blossom belongs is immediately set at rest by the color of 
the blossom. 



THE PEACH. 



595 



removed to a shed, where they were plunged, as they had been during 
summer, up to the edges of the tubs. to 

"Spring Treatment. On the return of mild spring weather 
abundance of air was admitted, and they remained there till 1st May, 
when they were placed under glass, the buds at this time being about to 
expand. Here they were kept till the 15th of June, at which time the 
fruits were set, and all danger of cold to affect the foliage past. 

" Ventilation and Watering. During the period they were under 






'lass, May 1st to June 15th, the principal points of management were 
ventilation, which was ample, and watering— the latter being one of the 
nost important points in the treatment of all trees and plants in pots 
.areless watering will ruin any plant, no matter how skilfully or care- 
ully other points may be managed. Daily watering is necessary and 
is soon as out of bloom, a free use of the syringe night and morning ' 

" bummer Treatment. On the 15th June, when all danger of cold 
ras over, and the fruits set, they were removed from the glass cover- 
ng and plunged in an open but sheltered 'border, and mulched with 
id hot-bed manure. Since that time they have received no care but 
catering, except an occasional pinch to regulate the growth of shoots. 

" There has not been a single leaf curled on any one of all these 
rees, showing conclusively that the curl is due to unfavorable changes 
1 weather. Each tree now is a bush about two and a half feet high 
nd occupies about three feet square of space. ' 

" The first winter we had potted trees we kept them in a cellar, but 
lost of the buds dropped, and we changed to the cool dry shed' the 
oxes plunged, and this has been successful." 

In houses where fire-heat is used, and the fruit brought forward so 
s to ripen in May and onward, the pots are either immersed in beds 
t tan bark over the flues or heating pipes, or placed on platforms or 
leives, the pot containing the tree inside of one, two, or three sizes 



596 THE peach. 

larger, and the space between filled with moss ; this serves to keep the 
roots at a more even temperature than would be the case were they to 
stand without this double potting. The trees are generally prepared by 
training one or two years before being brought into fruit, forming a head 
at about one foot to sixteen or eighteen inches of stem. This is done by 
a systematic system of pinching or summer pruning, removing the end 
of each shoot as fast as it grows to form three or four leaves._ lhis 
pinchincr gives to the head a compact round form, and supplies it with 
numerous spurs or bearing shoots. The trees or pots are kept m the 
house all winter, and the thermometer in no instance allowed to go be- 
low zero, as the buds are more easily affected than those of out-door cul- 
ture. It is usual to commence heating by artificial means about the 
middle of January, increasing it as the season advances and the natural 
growing season and influence of the sun's rays are increased, giving 
all the time attention to reducing the temperature at night and increas- 
ing it by day, as in the natural life out of doors. Great heat may be 
maintained in a peach-house, but it must be always accompanied by ? . 
abundant watering, or the trees will be liable to drop their fruit before 
mature Some growers place their trees in warm, sheltered situations i 
out of doors a few days before fall ripening, believing it affects and in- 
creases the flavor of the fruit. 

Growing peaches in pots without the aid of glass structures or lire- 
heat has also been successfully practised. The trees are prepared, 
pruned, and grown the same as for house culture, and during the grow-a 
in* season the pots are plunged in the open ground in a warm, sheltered!, 
position in the garden, due attention being given to watering. Just 
before the approach of severe winter, say about the middle of Novem- 
ber they are removed into a cool, light cellar or pit frame, there tcfcl 
remain during winter. In spring they are returned to the garden, anck 
should there be any sign of frost or cold, to injure the blooms they art 
protected by means of a cloth awning, arranged so that it can be drawr 
over them at a moment's notice. 

VARIETIES. 

The varieties of peach are almost innumerable, new seedlings beim 
produced in this country with great facility, and, after being heralded foi 



a season, are suffered to pass out of existence and then^ places occupie( 
with still later productions. A few of the old sorts remain as good to 
day as when this work was first written, and occasionally a new variet; 
is found of superior merits. In the following pages descriptive we havjL 
endeavored to record all of much value, omitting many which are infcfflt 
rior, and others perhaps that, although good, were not sufficiently so t, 
make them desirable, and therefore they are rare to be found in any ooJt 



A Bec. 

Mignonne a Bec. Pourpree a Bec. 

This is a new variety, ripening ear]y in August. The leaves hav 
globose glands. Flowers large. 



THE PEACH. 597 

Fruit large, roundish, uneven in its outline, having a bold blunt 
nipple at the apex. Suture shallow, highest on one side. Skin thin, 
of a lemon yellow, with crimson cheek. Flesh white, slight tinge of red 
jnext the stone, tender, melting, sweet. Freestone. (Hogg.) 

Abricotee. 

; Yellow Admirable. Grosse Jaune Tardive. D'Abricot. 

Apricot Peach. Admirable Jaune. D'Orange. (Orange Peach. ) 

The Apricot Peach (or Yellow Admirable, as it is more frequently 
palled) is an old French variety, but little cultivated in this country, 
though deserving of attention in the Middle States. It ripens very late, 
,and is thought to have a slight apricot flavor. It grows with moderate 
rigor, and bears abundantly. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
arge. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, with a small suture running on one side 
mly. Skin clear yellow all over, or faintly touched with red next the 
J 'iun. Flesh yellow, but a little red at the stone, firm, rather dry, with 
i> sweet and agreeable flavor. Stone small. Ripens at the beginning of 
October. 

Acton Scott. 

d 6 The Acton Scott is an English Peach, raised by Mr. Knight. It is 
in excellent early fruit, and will thrive and ripen well at the North. 
^Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit of medium size, rather narrow and depressed at the top, with 
shallow suture. Skin rather woolly, pale yellowish white, with a mar- 
bled bright red cheek. Flesh pale quite to the stone, melting, sugary, 
nd rich, with sometimes a slight bitter flavor. Middle of A ugust. 

Albert's Late Rareripe. 
A Southern variety. Glands globose. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture slight. Skin not very downy, yellow- 
sh white, sprinkled with red dots and a marbled red cheek. Flesh pale, 
ight red at the stone, juicy, sweet. Freestone. September. (White.) 

11 (i 

{ j Alexandra. 

Alexandra Noblesse. Seedling Noblesse. 

t 'j 

fThis variety was raised by Thomas Rivers, from the Old Noblesse, 
?nd, unlike the old variety, the tree is not subject to mildew. Glands 
llobose. Flowers large. 

Fruit of the largest size, round, and marked with a deep suture. 
3 kin covered with a rough down, pale, with a few clusters of red dots 
a the side next the sun. Flesh white, quite pale at the stone, tender, 
lelting, juicy, rich, vinous. Freestone. Early in August. (Hogg.) 

Alida. 

Originated with Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island, O. 
Fruit large, round, dark red. Flesh yellow, juicy, good. September. 



598 



THE PEACH. 



Allen. 

An old sort, cultivated in Massachusetts. It has the habit of repro- 
ducing itself true from seed. 

Fruit small, roundish, white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, 
pleasant. Freestone. 

Amelia. 

Stroman's Carolina. Rayzer's June. Nonesuch of North Carolina. 
Orangeburg. Sally's Peach. 

This Peach originated with Mr. Stroman, in Orangeburg District, 
S. C. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Suture large and deep, extending nearly 
round. Skin pale whitish yellow, shaded and marbled with crimson in 
the sun, downy. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, vinous. Free- 
stone. Last of August. Ripens at the South with Early York. 

Amelia. 

This fine large Peach originated with George Husman, Hermann, Mo. 
It is much like Columbia, but later in ripening. Leaves with indistinct 
globose, almost reniform glands. 

Fruit large, round. Suture well defined, deepest towards the apex, 
which has a rounded point. Skin rich yellow, marbled with dull red. 
Flesh thick, rich, juicy, sweet. Ripe a few days later than Columbia. 
Freestone. (Hort.) 

Aremie. 

Origin, Pomaria, S. C. 

Fruit very large. Flesh yellow, juicy, high-flavored. 10th August. 
Clingstone. (Sumner's MS.) 

Astoe. 

An American Peach, which originated in New York. It is good, 
but hardly first-rate ; not very productive. Flowers large. Leaves 
with globose glands. 

Fruit large, rather flattened or broad, and slightly sunk at the top. 
Suture well marked. Skin pale yellowish white, with a deep red cheek. 
Stone small. Flesh melting, very juicy, sweet, and of excellent flavor. 
Ripens the last week in August. Freestone. 

Atwood. 

Originated with Roscius Atwood, Newberry, S. C. 

Fruit large. Quality best, productive. Clingstone. (Sumner's MS.) 

Austin's Late Red. 
Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, oblong, white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, 
vinous, and well-flavored. Clingstone. Ripens middle of October. (P. 
J. Berckman, MS.) 



THE PEACH. 



599 



Baldwin's Late. 
Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, oblong, with a distinct swollen point. Skin greenish 
white, with a slight red cheek. Flesh very firm, juicy, melting, and 
well-flavored. Freestone. Ripe the last of October at the South. Dis- 
seminated by Dr. Baldwin, of Montgomery. (White's Gard.) 

Barrington. 

Buckingham Mignonne. Colonel Ausley's. 

A handsome, very fine, and very hardy English Peach. The tree is 
vigorous and healthy. The fruit ripens at the medium season, about a 
week after the Boyal George. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers 
large. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to ovate, and rather pointed at the 
top, with a moderate suture on one side. Skin pale yellowish white, 
with a deep-red marbled cheek. Flesh but slightly tinged with red at 
the stone, melting, juicy, very rich, and of the first quality. Stone 
rugged, dark brown. Beginning of September. Freestone. 

Batchelder. 

Origin, Haverhill, Mass. Hardy and productive ; said to produce 
the same from seed. 

Fruit large, round. Skin white, with a deep blush. Flesh white, 
melting, juicy, very pleasant vinous flavor. Last of September. (Cole.) 

Baugh. 
Leaves with reniform glands. 

Fruit medium, roundish, terminated with a small point. Suture 
obscure. Skin pale yellow, almost white, with a slight blush towards 
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, pure white at the stone, melting and 
juicy, with a sweet, pleasant flavor. Separates from the stone. Bipens 
the first of October. (White's Gard.) 

Belle Bausse. 

Belle Bauce. Pourpree Vineuse. Vineuse Hative. 

Pourpree Hative Vmeuse. Vineuse de Fromentin. 

This delicious Peach is a variety of Grosse Mignonne, but larger, and 
ripens ten days later. Glands globose. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, somewhat flattened at extremities. Suture distinct, 
higher on one side than the other. Skin thin and delicate, covered 
with fine down, highly colored almost over the entire surface with deep 
red. Flesh white, with a rosy tint round the stone, tender, melting, 
vinous. Freestone. Early September. 

Belle Chevreuse. 
Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit elongated, with a bold nipple at summit. Skin downy, yel- 



600 



THE PEACH. 



lowish, marbled with red in the sun. Suture distinct. Flesh whitish 
yellow, red at stone, sweet, and juicy. September. (Hogg.) 

Belle de Beaucaike. 

A Southern variety. Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, with protruding point. Suture shallow. Skin 
light yellowish green, with cheek slightly reddened. Flesh pale greenish 
yellow, red at the stone, a little coarse, melting, rich. Freestone. Bipe 
last of July, South. (White's Gard.) 

Belle de Doue. 
Belle de Douai. 

A large melting Peach, an early variety of Bellegarde. Flesh vinous, 
rich flavored. Freestone. Glands globose. Flowers small. Middle 
August. (Hogg.) 

Belle de la Croix. 

A new Peach raised at Bordeaux. Glands reniform. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large, round. Flesh sweet and rich. Middle August. (Hogg.) 

Belle de Yitry. 
Admirable Tardive. Bellis. 

This is not the Belle de Yitry of most of our gardens, which is the 
Early Admirable / it is quite distinct, also, from the Late Admirable y 
but is the Belle de Yitry described by Duhamel, and is a very firm- 
fleshed and excellent French variety, little known in this country. 
Leaves serrated without glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit middle size, rather broad, with a deep suture, and the top 
depressed. Skin pale yellowish white, tinged and marbled with bright 
and dull red. Flesh rather firm, red at the stone, melting, juicy, and 
rich. Bipens here the last of September. Freestone. 

Belle et Bon^e. 

A foreign variety. Leaves without glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture deep. Skin downy, clear yellow, shaded 
with bright red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, highly perfumed. 
Freestone. August. (An. Pom.) 

Bellegarde. 

Galande. Red Magdalen. 

Noir de Montreuil. Brentford Mignonne. 

French Royal George. Ronald's Mignonne. 

Smooth-leaved Royal George. Early Garlande. 

Early Royal George. Belle de Fillemont. 

This very excellent French Peach is the one most highly esteemed 
by the Montreuil growers, who supply the Paris markets, and it is 



THE PEACH. 



GOl 



equally valued by the English. It is also one of the handsomest and 
most delicious fruits here. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, round, and regular, the suture shallow, the top slightly 
hollowed, and having a little projecting point. Skin pale yellowish 
green, with a rich red cheek, often streaked with darker purple. Flesh 
slightly marked with red at the stone, a little firm, but very melting, 
juicy, rich, and high-flavored. Stone rather large. End of August and 
first of September. Freestone. 

Bergen's Yellow. 

One of the best of the yellow-fleshed Peaches, but not a good bearer, 
and therefore unprofitable. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large (often measuring nine inches in circumference), globular, 
depressed, and broad ; the suture well marked, and extending more than 
half round. Skin deep orange, dotted with some red, and with a very 
broad, dark-red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, melting, juicy, and of rich 
and luscious flavor. Ripens at the beginning of September. Free- 
stone. 

Blanton Cling. 
Yellow Blanton Cling 1 . 

Leaves large. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, and shaped like Lemon Cling, with the same projecting, 
swollen point. Skin rich orange, with a slightly reddened cheek. Flesh 
orange yellow, firm, but full of a delicious vinous juice. Later and 
better than Lemon Cling. Reproduces itself from seed. Ripens 10th 
August. (White's Gard.) 

Blood Clingstone. 
Indian Blood. Claret Clingstone. Blood Cling. 

The Blood Clingstone is a very large and peculiar fruit, of no value 
for eating, but esteemed by many for pickling and preserving ; the flesh 
very red, like that of a beet. This is an American seedling, raised many 
years ago from the French Blood Clingstone — Sanguinole a Chair 
Adherente. It is a much larger fruit than the original sort, which has 
large flowers ; otherwise they are the same in all respects. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit often very large, roundish oval, with a distinct suture. Skin 
very downy, of a dark, dull, clouded, purplish red. Flesh deep red 
throughout, firm and juicy — not fit for eating. September to October. 

There is a French Blood Freestone {Sanguinole, Sanguine, Car- 
dinale, or JBetrave, Duh., Thomp.) of the same nature, and used for the 
same purpose as this, but smaller in size, and not equal to it for cooking. 
Leaves without glands. 

There is also a Blood Freestone, raised by John M. Ives, Salem, 
Mass., which is of medium size. Blood red throughout. Tree hardy 
and a good bearer. 

Bonne Gros de Noisette. 
Originated with M. Noisette, Paris, France. 



602 



THE PEACH. 



Fruit large, roundish, depressed. Suture deep. Skin nearly smooth, 
white, with faint marblings of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, 
red at the stone, juicy, vinous, aromatic. Freestone. September. 

Bordeaux Clixg. 

Raised in New Bordeaux, Abbeville District, S. C, from a stone 
brought from Bordeaux. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, oblong or oval, a little one-sided. Suture shallow. 
Skin very downy, lemon yellow, with a red cheek. Flesh yellow, red 
at the stone (to which it clings), juicy, melting. A showy market sort. 
First of August. (Win. N. White, MS.) 

Brevoort. 

Brevoort's Morris.. Brevoort's Seedling Melter. 

One of the richest and most delicious of American Peaches, and one 
of the favorite sorts for garden cultivation. It was raised by Henry 
Brevoort, of New York. Bears regular, moderate crops. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium or large, round and rather broad, with a distinct su- 
ture, deep at the top. Skin pale yellowish white, often a little dingy, 
with a bright red cheek. Flesh rather firm, slightly red at the stone, 
rich, sugary, and high-flavored. Freestone. First of September. 

Briggs. 

Origin, Declham, Mass. Hardy and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture continued almost round it. Skin white, 
nearly covered with bright red. Flesh white, tinged with red at the 
stone, very juicy, of a rich, sweet, slightly vinous flavor. Freestone. 
From first to middle of September. (Cole.) 

Cable's Late. 

Cable's Late Melocoton. 

Originated with E. Cable, Cleveland, O. A seedling of the Bed 
Cheek Melocoton, and resembles Crawford's Late, somewhat larger, and 
ripening a little earlier. Tree a good bearer. Freestone. (Elliott.) 

Cambridge Belle. 
Hovey's Cambridge Belle. 
Raised by Hovey & Co., Boston, Mass. 

Fruit large, roundish. A beautiful Peach, with a clear waxen skin, 
and a blush on the exposed side, and of a rich, brisk, delicious flavor. 
Freestone. Pipe early in September. (Hov. Mag.) 

Canary. 

An American variety. Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong. Skin thin, beautiful bright yellow. 
Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, rich, and good. July, South ; August, 
North. Freestone. 



THE PEACH. 



003 



Carpenter's White. 

Raised by William S. Carpenter, New York City. Tree vigorous 
and productive, with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large and round. Skin white, with a slight shade of green. 
Flesh white to the stone, juicy, melting, and of good flavor. Sepa- 
rates from the stone. Ripens about the middle of October. 

Catherine. 
Congress. 

The Catherine Cling is an old English variety, of excellent quality, 
but not, we think, equal to the Large White Clingstone, a native seed- 
ling, so much esteemed in the Middle States. Leaves with reniform 
glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, more swollen on one side than the other, 
and terminated by a small swollen point at the top. Skin pale yellowish 
green, much sprinkled with red dots, the exposed cheek of a bright 
lively red;, streaked with darker red. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but 
dark red at the stone, to which it adheres very closely, juicy, rich, and 
good. Middle and last of September. 

Chancellor. 

Chancelliere. Stewart's Late Galande. 

Noisette. Edgar's Late Melting. 

Late Chancellor. 

The Chancellor is said to have been originated by M. de Seguier, 
of Paris, then Chancellor of France. Leaves with reniform glands. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit large, oval, with a well-marked suture. Skin pale yellowish 
white, with a dark crimson cheek. Flesh very deep red next the stone, 
melting, and possessing a rich vinous flavor. Stone oblong. Freestone. 
Middle of September. 

Chinese Cling. 
Reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, globular. Sides compressed. Suture quite shallow. 
Skin creamy white, shaded and marbled with fine red. Flesh white, 
red at the stone (which is adherent), very juicy, melting, with a rich, 
excellent vinous flavor. Ripens first to middle of September ; at the 
South, from the middle of July to the first of August. 

Christiana. 
Originated at Pomaria, S. C. 

Fruit large, beautiful. Flesh white to the stone. Flavor delicious. 
Freestone. September. (Sumner's MS.) 

Clemence Isaure. 

A new French Peach. Leaves with large reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 



604 



THE PEACH. 



Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture well marked. Skin covered 
with a gray down, whitish yellow, deep purple in the sun. Flesh deep 
yellow, purplish next the stone. Freestone. September. (Yerg.) 

Clinton. 

A native variety, of second-rate flavor. Leaves with globose glands. 
Flowers large. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little depressed at the top, but 
nearly without suture. Skin pale yellowish white, with a red cheek 
marked by broken stripes of dull red. Flesh scarcely stained at the 
stone, juicy and good. Last of August. Freestone. 

Cole's Early Red. 

An American Peach, which is a very fruitful and excellent variety 
for market culture. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, with but little suture. Skin pale 
in the shade, but nearly all covered with red, becoming dark red on the 
sunny side. Flesh melting, juicy, rich, and very sprightly. Beginning 
to the middle of August. Freestone. 

Columbia. 

Indian Peach. Pace. Mulatto. 

The Columbia is a singular and peculiar Peach. It was raised by 
Mr. Coxe, the author of the first American work on fruit-trees, from a 
seed brought from Georgia. It is a very excellent fruit, which every 
amateur will desire to have in his garden. The tree is not a very rapid 
grower, and bears only moderate crops, being, of course, all the less 
subject to speedy decay. The young wood is purple. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, globular, broad and much depressed, the suture distinct, 
extending half way round. Skin rough and rather thick, dull dingy 
red, sprinkled with spots and streaks of darker red. Flesh bright yel- 
low, of the texture, as Coxe remarks, of a very ripe pine-apple, rich, 
juicy, and of very excellent flavor. Ripens from the beginning to the 
middle of September. Freestone. 

Columbus, June. 
Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium to large, flattened or slightly hollowed at the apex. 
Suture shallow. Skin pale yellowish white, with a rich red cheek. 
Flesh slightly red at the stone, melting, juicy, and high-flavored, excel- 
lent. Ripens here in Georgia 20th June. Free. (White's Gard.) 

Comet. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, of England, from the Salway. Glands 
reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, round. Skin pale yellow, with a crimson cheek. Flesh 
pale yellow, separating freely from the stone, juicy, melting. Early 
October. (Hogg.) 



THE PEACH. 



605 



COMTESSE DE HaINAUT. 

Originated in Belgium. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture distinct, not deep. Skin covered with 
a light down, clear yellow, red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, red 
at the stone, juicy, melting. Stone large. Freestone. September. 
(An. Pom.) 

Cooledge's Favorite. 

Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe. 

Tins most popular early New England Peach was raised from seed 
by Mr. J. Cooledge, of Watertown, Mass. It is unusually productive, 
and a very bright-colored handsome Peach, of excellent quality ; and its 
hardiness renders it valuable at the North. Leaves with globose glands. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish (the suture prominent at the top only), but 
rather the largest on one side. Skin clear, smooth, white, with a fine 
crimson mottled cheek. Flesh very melting and juicy, with a rich, 
sweet, and high flavor. Middle of August. Freestone. 



■ Counts'. 

Originated with H. H. Counts, Lylesford, S. C. 
Fruit large, white, with red cheek. Flesh white, rich, juicy, supe- 
rior. Clingstone. (Sumner, MS.) 

Crawford's Early. 

Early Crawford. Crawford's Early Melocoton. 

This is the most splendid of all early yellow-fleshed Peaches, and is 
scarcely surpassed by any other variety in size and beauty of appear- 
ance. As a market fruit it is perhaps the most popular of the day. It 
was originated by William Crawford, Esq., of Middletown, N". J. The 
tree is vigorous, very fruitful, and hardy. Leaves with globose glands. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, oblong, the swollen point at the top prominent ; 
the suture shallow. Skin yellow, with a fine red cheek. Flesh yellow, 
melting, sweet, rich, and very excellent. It ripens here the last week 
in August. Freestone. 

Crawford's Late. 
Crawford's Superb Malacatune. 

Crawford's Late Melocoton, from the same source as the foregoing, is 
one of the most magnificent American Peaches. We think it deserving 
of universal cultivation. As a splendid market fruit it is unrivalled, 
and its size and beauty will give it a place in every garden. Leaves 
with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, roundish, with a shallow but distinct suture. 
Skin yellow, with a fine dark-red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, but red 
at the stone, juicy and melting, with a very rich and excellent vinous 
flavor. Ripens from the 20th to the last of September. Freestone. 



606 



THE PEACH. 



Crimson Galande. 
Crimson Mignonne. 

Glands globose. Flowers small. Fruit medium, roundish, faint 
suture, pitted at apex. Skin almost covered with dark crimson, nearly- 
black. Flesh tender, melting, blood red at the stone, juicy, rich. Free- 
stone. (Hogg.) 

Crockett's Late "White. 

A late-maturing white Peach, originated in New Jersey, where it is 
popular as a market sort. Leaves with reniform glands. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong. Skin greenish white, occasionally 
some red in sun. Flesh pale, sweet, not very juicy. Last September. 
Freestone. (Gar. Mon.) 

Dagmar. 

A new Peach raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Glands globose. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit round, marked with a shallow suture, deepest at apex. Skin 
tender, very downy, pale straw-color, nearly covered with minute crim- 
son dots, giving a mottled appearance. Flesh white, very tender, melt- 
ing, juicy, rich, vinous, sweet. Freestone. August. (Hogg.) 

De Beurre. 

A French Peach. Leaves without glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium, oval, depressed at apex. Skin easily detached from 
the flesh, covered with a short, fine down, whitish yellow, washed with 
brownish red in the sun. Flesh fine, melting, purplish next the stone, 
sweet, vinous. August. Freestone. (Verg.) 

De Boxlez. 
A Belgian variety. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, round, depressed. Suture deep. Skin downy, yellow- 
ish, deeply colored with red in the sun. Flesh firm, yellowish, red at 
the stone. September. Freestone. (Alb. Pom.) 

Desse Tardive. 
Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, round, flat at top, deep suture next the stalk. Skin 
pale yellow, faint tinge of rosy red next the sun. Flesh greenish white, 
slightly tinged with red next the stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Septem- 
ber. Freestone. (Hogg.) 

De Zelhern. 

Fruit medium, round. Suture deep, large. Skin downy, yellow, more 
or less colored with bright red. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet. 
August. Freestone. (Alb. Pom.) 



THE PEACH. 



G07 



Doctor Hogg. 

Originated with Thomas Rivers, England. It is described as the 
largest early Peach known. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, round. Suture distinct. Skin lemon yellow, dotted with 
crimson, and a crimson cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, some- 
what firm, but melting and juicy, stained with red at the stone. Last 
of July or early August. Freestone. 

D'OlGNES. 

Originated in Belgium. Leaves serrated. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish. Suture large and shallow. Skin 
downy, greenish yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, 
much colored around the stone, melting, juicy. September. Freestone. 
(An. Pom.) 

Donahoo Cling. 

From Mr. Donahoo, Clark Co., Ga. Glands reniform. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit very large, roundish. Suture quite deep on one side, and visi- 
ble entirely around the fruit. Apex depressed. Skin creamy white, 
dotted and tinged with red in the sun. Flesh white to the stone, 
exceedingly juicy, rich, and luscious. Ripens from 10th to 20th Sep- 
tember. 

Double Montagne. 
Double Mountain. Montague. Montauban. 

A Peach much resembling the Noblesse, of French origin. Leaves 
serrated, without glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, but somewhat narrower at the top. 
Skin pale greenish white, with a soft red cheek, which is marbled with 
darker red at maturity. • Flesh white to the stone, very delicate and 
melting, with a plentiful and high-flavored juice. Stone ovate and 
rugged. Middle of August. Freestone. 

Druid Hill. 

Originated by Lloyd N. Rogers, Esq., of Druid Hill, near Balti- 
more. The tree is unusually vigorous, the shoots and leaves very large, 
and it bears abundantly. The very late season of its maturity renders 
it valuable, as most of the luscious sorts are then gone. Leaves with 
globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish ; the cavity of the stalk rather narrow, the su- 
ture very slight, and the swollen point distinct, but scarcely prominent. 
Skin pale greenish white, clouded with red on the sunny side. Flesh 
greenish white, purple at the stone, very juicy and melting, with an 
exceedingly rich, high vinous flavor. Stone long and rather compressed, 
much furrowed. Ripens from the 20th of September to the 1st of 
October. Freestone. 



608 



THE PEACH. 



Duff Yellow. 

Glands globose. Flowers small. An excellent early market Peach. 

Fruit very large, round, with a sharp point. Skin yellow, with a 
red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, and pretty well flavored, a little acid, 
red at the stone. Clingstone. Bipens early in July. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Duperron. 

A seedling of M. Duperron. Promises of value. Leaves with glo- 
bose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish, depressed at end. Suture shal- 
low. Skin downy, golden yellow, more or less washed with pale red. 
Flesh yellow. Clingstone. October. 

Dwarf Orleans. 
Italian Dwarf. 

This variety, introduced many years since, and described by Win. 
Prince, in 1828, has recently been brought out anew under the name of 
Italian Dwarf. It forms a diminutive tree of about two feet in height, 
is a slow grower, with short-jointed wood, suited as a curiosity for pot- 
growing. Leaves long. Flowers large. 

The fruit is nearly as large as the Nutmeg Peach. White flesh, 
juicy. Freestone. 

Early Admirable. 
Admirable. Belle de Vitry. L' Admirable. 

A very excellent French Peach, wrongly known by many in this 
country as the Belle de Yitry, which is a distinct variety. We find it 
early, and very prolific. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit not quite round. Skin pale yellowish white, with a lively red 
cheek. Flesh red next the stone, melting, and juicy, with a good, rich, 
sweet flavor. Middle of August. 

Early Albert. 

An early Peach raised by Thomas Bivers, of England. Glands glo- 
bose. Flowers small. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, frequently one side of suture higher 
than the other, pitted at apex Skin greenish yellow, shaded with deep 
crimson. Flesh white, tender, melting, with a faint brick red tinge next 
the stone, rich juicy. Freestone. Last of July. (Hogg.) 

Early Alfred. 

Baised by Thomas Bivers, from seed of Hunt's Tawny Nectarine. 
Glands globose. Flowers large. 

Fruit rather large, marked with a deep suture. Skin straw-color, 
mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh white, melting, vinous, rich. 
Early August. (Hogg.) 



THE PEACH. 



609 



Early Anne. 

Anne. Green Nutmeg. 

The Early Anne is an old and familiar English sort. The tree is 
of slender growth. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers large, 
nearly white. 

Fruit rather small, round. Skin white, with a faint tinge of red 
next the sun. Flesh white to the stone, soft, melting, sweet, and of 
pleasant flavor. Last of July and first of August. 

Fay's Early Anne, a seedling of the above, by Lincoln Fay, of Chau- 
tauque Co., N. Y., is larger and better. Ripens a week or two later, 
and just before Early York (serrate). Skin whitish, sometimes slightly 
tinged with red. Flesh white, juicy, melting, and very good. 

Early Beatrice. 

This Peach, says its originator, Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, 
England, is the earliest sort known, ripening from 5th to 1 1th of July. 
Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium size, with a marbled red cheek. Flesh melting, very 
juicy. 

Early Chelmsford. 
Mammoth. 

Leaves glandless. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture clear round, deep on one side. Skin 
white, with a bright red cheek. Flesh white, very melting and juicy, 
of a very delicious, slightly vinous flavor. Freestone. 20th to last of 
August. 

Early Grosse Mignonne. 
Grosse Mignonne Hative . Mignonne Hative. 

This is a very fine Peach, ripening early in August. Glands globose. 
Flowers large. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pitted at apex. Nipple one side, and shal- 
low suture. Skin with a pale red cheek in the sun, dotted thickly with 
bright crimson dots. Flesh white, veined with red, very juicy, vinous^, 
sweet. Freestone. (Hogg.) 

Early Louise. 

Seedling of Thomas Rivers. Glands reniform. Flowers smalL 
Fruit medium, bright red. Flesh melting, juicy, excellent. Free- 
stone . July 1 2th to 1 6th. (Rivers' Cat.) 

Early Malden. 

Raised by James Dougall, Canada West. Flowers smalL Leaves 
glandless. 

Fruit medium, roundish, one side enlarged. Suture distinct on one 
side. Skin whitish, mostly shaded with red in the sun.- Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, sprightly. Freestone. Middle of August. 

39 



610 



THE PEACH. 



Eakly Newington Freestone. 

Newington Peach. Smith's Early Xewington. 

Early Newington. Smith's Newington. 

This is a large and exceedingly high-flavored early Peach ; indeed 
we consider it without a superior at its season. It is quite distinct 
from the other Newingtons, wliich are clings and rather late, while this 
is early and generally parts from the stone, though it frequently hap- 
pens that some of the fruit on the same tree adheres partially or wholly 
to the stone ; and this peculiarity (common, so far as we know, to but 
one other kind) is one of its constant characteristics. The tree is only a 
moderate bearer. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, round, with a distinct suture, and one-half the 
fruit always the larger. Skin pale yellowish white, dotted and streaked 
with red, the cheek a rich red. Flesh white, but red at the stone, to 
which many particles adhere. If not fully ripe it has the habit of a 
cling. Flesh juicy, melting, with a rich vinous flavor. Ripens directly 
after the Early York, about the 24th of August. 

Early Rivers. 
Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, pale straw-color, with a delicate pink cheek. Flesh 
melting, remarkably rich and racy. Middle J uly. (Rivers' Cat.) 

Early Silver. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, in 1857, from seed of the "White Nec- 
tarine. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit very large, roundish ovate, sometimes a nipple at the apex. 
Skin cream-color, with a slight blush in the sun. Flesh white, melting, 
juicy, brisk. Middle August. Freestone. (Hogg). 

Early Sweet Water. 
Sweet Water. Large American Nutmeg. 

It is an American Peach, raised from a stone of the Early Anne. 
The tree is thrifty and productive, with pale shoots, and nearly wliite 
blossoms. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit of medium size, sometimes large, roundish, with a slight 
suture. Skin pale white, very seldom with a faint blush when fully 
exposed. Flesh white, slightly stained at the stone, melting, juicy, 
.sweet, and of very agreeable flavor. Ripe about the 8th of August. 
-Stone small. 

Early Sweet Water (Prince's) is distinct from this, and, Mr. 
Prince says, equally valuable. 

Early Tillotson. 

The Early Tillotson was first introduced to notice by J. J. Thomas, 
•of Macedon, Wayne Co. It is considered a native of that part of the 
>State. 

This has not succeeded well here, and most cultivators at the North 
have discontinued it. It mildews badly, grows slowly, and is not pro- 



THE PEACH. 



Gil 



ductive. At the South it is one of their very best early peaches, and 
in many localities it has proved fine. Leaves deeply serrated, without 
glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, round. Skin nearly covered with red, the 
ground color, pale yellowish white, being thickly dotted with red, and 
the exposed cheek being a dark red. Flesh whitish, but red at the 
stone, to which, though a freestone, it partially adheres, melting, juicy, 
with a rich, highly excellent flavor. It ripens the middle of August. 

Early Victoria. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Much like its parent, Early 
York. 

Early York. 

Early Purple. Ponrpree Hative. Serrate Early York. 

The Early York has long been the most popular of early Peaches in 
this country. It is at least a week earlier than the (true) Royal George, 
more melting and juicy, though not quite so rich, and deserves a place 
in every garden. In unfavorable soil, the ends of the branches are a 
little liable to mildew ; but the tree is very hardy and productive. 
There are one or two newer seedlings raised from this, and bearing the 
same name, in ISTew Jersey, which are rather more thrifty for the 
orchard, but do not possess the high flavor of the old kind. They are 
easily known from it by the absence of glands in the leaves and by the 
large flowers of the true sort. It is quite distinct from the Red Rare- 
ripe, which is large, broader, deeply marked with a suture, later in 
ripening and richer flavored. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flow- 
ers large. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, inclining a little to ovate, with a 
slight suture only. Skin very thin, pale red, thickly dotted over a pale 
ground in the shade, but quite dark red in the sun. Flesh greenish 
white, remarkably tender and melting, full of rich, sprightly juice. 
Ripens about the 18th of August. 



Eastburx. 
Eastburn's Choice. 

American. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow, with red on the sunny side. 
Flesh yellowish, red near the stone, juicy. Freestone. September. 
(Elliott.) 

Eaton's Golden. 

Origin, North Carolina. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit above medium, round. Suture shallow. Skin golden yellow, 
with occasionally a few faint pink spots near the base. Flesh golden 
vellow, sweet, juicy, with a marked apricot flavor. Clingstone. Ripe 
middle of September. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Eliza Peach. 



Origin, Philadelphia. Leaves large, with reniform glands. 



612 



THE PEACH. 



Fruit medium, round, terminating in a nipple. Skin yellow, with 
a mottled red cheek. Flesh yellow, red at the stone. Last of Sep- 
tember. Freestone. 

Elmira Cling. 

Originated with M. W. Phillips, Mississippi. Glands reniform. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit large, oval, depressed. Suture rather shallow on one side. 
Skin white, with a greenish yellow tinge, quite downy. Flesh white, 
tinged with red at the stone, to which it adheres. Sweet and good. 
Early in August. 

Emperor of Russia. 
Cut-Leaved. Serrated. New Cut-Leaved. Unique. 

A very rich and fine-flavored Peach, raised by Mr. Floy, in 1812. 
Its growth is slow, and its shoots are inclined to become mildewed. It 
is rather a shy bearer. The leaves are very deeply cut, or serrated 
on the edges. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish and broad, with one half more swollen than 
the other. Skin downy, dull yellowish white, with a dark-red cheek. 
Flesh yellowish white, rather firm, rich, and high-flavored. Last of 
August. 

Ernoult. 

This is a singularly formed and colored Peach, from Belgium. Leaves 
with globose glands. 

Fruit large, roundish, depressed. Suture shallow in the middle of 
the fruit, deeper at ends, and peculiarly wrinkled pit at apex. Skin 
downy, clear yellow, shaded with deep reddish purple in the sun. Flesh 
white, some red next the stone, melting, juicy, rich. Freestone. (An. 
Pom.) 

Exquisite. 

A variety that originated in Georgia. Glands globose. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Nipple at apex. Skin 
yellow, mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh deep yellow, red at 
stone, tender, melting, juicy, vinous. September. 

Favorite. 
Favorite Red. 

A capital orchard fruit, of large size, hardy, and a most abundant 
bearer. It is a very good native Peach, though not of high flavor. 
Leaves with obscure globose glands, often with none. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large, oblong or oval. Skin white, rather downy, much cov- 
ered with red, which becomes a very dark red when fully exposed in 
the sun. Flesh red at the stone, a little firm, but juicy, with a good, 
vinous, but not rich flavor. Second week in September. 



THE PEACH. 



613 



Flater's St. John. 
Yellow St. John. 

A new variety, of Southern origin, said to be one of the most pro- 
mising of the early varieties. 

Fruit large, somewhat resembling Early Crawford, but deeper color. 
Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet. Freestone. Ripens a little before Early 
Tillotson. (E. R. Hunley, MS.) 

Flewellen Cling. 

Fruit large, globular, depressed at the apex. Skin downy, yel- 
lowish white, mostly overspread with shades of red, dark dull purplish 
red in the sun, the lighter tints of red somewhat in stripes. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres, very juicy, 
sweet, and high-flavored. A desirable early cling for the South. First 
of August. 

Fox's Seedling. 

A good and productive late Peach, a native of New Jersey. Leaves 
with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit round, a little compressed. Cavity at the stalk narrow. Skin 
white with a red cheek. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet, and good. Mid- 
dle of September. Freestone. 

Freeman. 

This Peach originated in South Pass, 111., and was brought to no- 
tice by Parker Earle. It is there esteemed as highly valuable for late 
market, ripening considerably later than the Smock. Leaves with 
globose glands. 

Fruit large, round, yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh yellow, red 
next the stone, juicy. Freestone. 

Fruitland. 
Fruitland Seedling. 
A new variety, originated at Augusta, Ga. 

Fruifc large, obovafce to a point, greenish white, with a pale mottled 
red cheek. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, vinous, a little red at the 
stone. Freestone. Early September. (P. J. Berckman's Cat.) 

FULKERSON. 
Fulkerson's Early. 

Originated with R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland, O. Hardy and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, obtuse, rounded. Sides irregular, unequal. Suture 
half round. Skin whitish, rich red cheek. Flesh whitish yellow, tinged 
with red at the pit, juicy, rich, sweet, and high-flavored. Freestone. 
20th August. (Elliott.) 



614 



THE PEACH. 



Gaylord. 

Originated by Dr. M. W. Phillips, Mississippi. Glands globose. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit large to very large, round, with a sharp point. Skin roseate, 
with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, rich, and superior. Freestone. 
Ripe middle of August. (P. J. B., MS.) 

George the Fourth. 

This is certainly the most popular Peach for garden culture in the 
United States. It is large, bears regular and moderate crops, is of the 
highest flavor, and the tree is unusually hardy and vigorous, succeeding 
well in all parts of the country. No garden should be without it. The 
original tree stood in the garden of Mr. Gill, Broad Street, New York. 
Leaves large, with globose glands, often obscure. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, round, deeply divided by a broad suture, and one half 
a little larger than the other. Skin pale yellowish white, finely dotted 
with bright red, and deepening into a rich dark-red cheek on one side. 
Flesh pale, marked with red at the stone (which is small), melting, very 
juicy, with a remarkably rich, luscious flavor. Ripens the last of 
August. Freestone. 

Goode's October. 

Belongs to the Indian type. Origin, South Carolina. 

Fruit large, round or slightly oblong. Skin white, veined with red, 
and quite downy. Flesh white, with red near the stone, very juicy, 
vinous subacid. Clingstone. Pipe early October. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Gorgas. 

Originated with Benjamin Gullis, Philadelphia. Growth vigorous. 
Leaf glandless. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, Avith a small swollen point at the apex. 
Skin yellowish white, clouded and blotched with red on the exposed sur- 
face ; dull greenish on the shaded parts. Suture indistinct. Flesh whitish, 
slightly stained at the stone, juicy. Freestone. Middle September. 

Great Eastern. 

Origin, Fruitland Nursery, Augusta, Ga. A very large fruit. 
Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, round, sometimes a little flattened. Skin greenish 
white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, and well-flavored. Pipe 
middle of July. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Gregory's Late. 

A very late variety. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 
Fruit large, ovate, pointed. Skin pale green, with a dark red cheek. 
Flesh melting, vinous, sweet. Early October. Freestone. (Hogg.) 

Green Catharine. 
Origin uncertain. Glands globose. Flowers small. 



THE PEACH. 



615 



Fruit large, roundish. Skin pale green, with a red cheek only when 
exposed to the sun. Flesh greenish white, red at the stone, very juicy, 
melting, and very good flavor. Freestone. Requires a warm season to 
bring it to perfection. Eipe from the first to middle of September. 



Grosse Mignonne. 



Royal Kensington. 
Grimwood's Royal George. 

New Royal George. 

Large French Mignonne. 
French Mignonne. 
Swiss Mignonne. 
Purple Avant. 
Early Purple Avant. 
Early May. 
Early Vineyard. 



Neil's Early Purple. 
Johnson's Early Purple. 
Mignonne. 
Veloutee de Merlet. 
Pourpree de Normandie. 
La Royale. 
Pourpree Hative. 
Ronald's Seedling Galande. 
Royal Sovereign. 
Superb Royal. 



The Grosse Mignonne is certainly the " world-renowned " of Peaches. 
It is everywhere esteemed as one of the most delicious of varieties. 
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish, always somewhat depressed, and marked with 
a hollow suture at the top. Skin pale greenish yellow, mottled with 
red, and having a purplish-red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, marked 
with red at the stone, melting, juicy, with a very rich, high, vinous fla- 
vor. Stone small, and very rough. Middle of August, before the 
Royal George. Freestone. 



Haines' Early Red. 

An early Peach, originated in New Jersey, of very fine flavor, and 
so hardy and productive as to be a popular orchard fruit. Leaves with 
globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, round, depressed at the top, with a well- 
marked suture extending round the fruit, which, is always one half larger 
than the other. Skin pale white, marked with red, and nearly covered 
with deep red. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, melting, sweet, 
and well-flavored. Middle of August. 

Hale's Early. 
Early German. 

This very early and profitable market Peach was originated in Sum- 
mit Co., O., by a German, and was first distributed imder the name 
Early German. The tree is quite hardy and productive, maturing the 
earliest of any good sort. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium size, nearly round. Skin greenish, mostly covered 
and mottled with red when ripe. Flesh white, melting, juicy, rich, 
sweet. Freestone. Last of July. 



Harker's Seedling. 



Origin, New Jersey. Glands globose. Flowers small. 
Fruit large, roundish, mostly covered with red. Flesh yellowish, 
sweet, juicy. Early September. Freestone. (Elliott.) 



616 



THE PEACH. 



Hastings' Rareripe. 

Origin unknown. Globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit above medium, round, often a little flattened. Skin yellowish 
white, having a purplish-red cheek on the sunny side, shaded off with 
specks of the same color. Productive, juicy, and of delicious flavor. 
Middle of September. Freestone. 
■ 

Hatch. 

Originated with S. O. Hatch, Franklin, Conn. Hardy and valuable 
at the North. Glands globose. 

Fruit roundish, pointed. Suture shallow. Skin deep yellow blush 
in the sun. Flesh yellow, melting, sweet, and excellent. Freestone. 
First of September. (Cole.) 

Hative de Fereieres. 

An early French variety. Leaves without glands. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture shallow ; one side a little enlarged. 
Skin white, nearly covered with rich red. Flesh white, slightly tinged 
at the stone, juicy, melting, with a sweet, rich, vinous flavor. Freestone. 
Ripe last of August, just after Early York. 

Heath. 

Heath Clingstone. Fine Heath. TYhite English. Eed Heath. 

The most superb and most delicious of all late Clingstones. It 
seldom ripens in New England, but here, and to the southward, it is 
one of the most valuable kinds, of very large size, and the very finest 
flavor. 

Coxe informs us that this is a seedling produced in Maryland from 
a stone brought by Mr. Daniel Heath from the Mediterranean ; and it 
is frequently still propagated from the stone, without variation. The 
tree is vigorous, long-lived, and moderately productive ; with the short- 
ening-irt mode of pruning, the fruit is always large and fine, otherwise 
often poor. This tree is well deserving of a place on the espalier rail, or 
wall, at the North. Leaves nearly smooth on the edges, with reniform 
glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, oblong, narrowing to both ends, and terminating at 
the top with a large swollen point; the suture distinct on one side. 
Skin downy, cream-colored white, with a faint blush or tinge of red in 
the sun, or a brownish cheek. Flesh greenish white, very tender and 
melting, exceedingly juicy, with the richest, highest, and most luscious 
flavor, surpassed by no other variety. It adheres very closely to the 
stone. It ripens in October, and frequently keeps for a month after 
being gathered. 

Henry Clay. 

A Southern Peach, introduced and described in the Horticulturist by 
Rev. A. B. Lawrence, WoodA-ille, Miss. < 

Fruit very large. Skin deep purple in the sun, shading to bright 



THE PEACH. 



617 



pink and creamy white. Flesh grayish white, delicate, tender, peculiar 
flavor, partaking slightly of pine-apple and strawberry. First of August ; 
September at the North. Freestone. 

Hoffner. 
Hoffner's Seedling-. 

Originated near Cincinnati, O. Glands globose. 
Fruit medium to large, roundish. Skin greenish white, red in the 
sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicy. August. Freestone. 

Honey. 
De Montigny. 

This is undoubtedly a variety that reproduces itself from seed with 
great exactness. The one grown mostly in this country was raised by 
Charles Downing, many years since, from seed brought from China and 
presented to him. 

Hogg describes a Honey as having originated at the " Jardin des 
Plantes," and from Chinese seed. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit small, oval, compressed, with a pretty deep suture along one 
side, and turning the point to the opposite side, giving it the appearance 
of a beak. Skin whitish yellow, washed and marbled with fine red in 
the sun. Flesh creamy white, fine, juicy, melting, with a peculiar 
honeyed, rich, delicious sweet flavor. Freestone. Last of August 

Horton's Delicious. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, depressed at apex, point 
very small, and within the depression. Suture shallow. Skin mode- 
rately downy, of a rich creamy white, with a faint blush in the sun. 
Flesh white to the stone, with the exact flavor of a Heath Cling. From 
first to middle of October. (Clingstone.) 

Hull's Athenian. 
From Henry Hull, Jr., Athens, Ga. 

Fruit very large, oblong, depressed at apex. Suture a mere line. 
Skin very downy, yellowish white, marbled with dull red in the sun. 
Flesh white, pale red at the stone, rather firm and rich. October. 
Clingstone. 

Hyslop. 
Hyslop's Clingstone. 

Origin unknown. An American variety, hardy and productive. 
Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval. Skin white, with a crim- 
son cheek. Flesh very juicy, melting, with a rich vinous flavor. Ad- 
heres to the stone. First of October. 



618 



THE PEACH. 



Incomparable. 

Pavie Admirable. Late Admirable Cling. 

• 

Larger than the Catherine, which it resembles. Leaves with reni- 
form glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, one side enlarged. Skin pale yellowish white, 
light red on the exposed side. Flesh yellowish white, red at the stone, 
juicy, melting, and of agreeable flavor. Last of September. 

Jackson Cling. 
Raised by Mrs. L. A. Franklin, Athens, Ga. 

Fruit large, oblong, with a very large, swollen point. Skin rich 
dark yellow, covered with dark red in the sun. Flesh rather firm, 
orange yellow, and dark red at the stone ; juicy, sprightly. Last of 
August. 

Jacq/ues' Rareripe. 
Jacques' Yellow Rareripe. 

Origin, Massachusetts. A large yellow Peach of medium quality, 
and productive. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, compressed. Suture shallow. Skin dark 
yellow, mostly shaded with dull red. Flesh yellow, red at the stone, 
juicy, slightly subacid. Freestone. Middle of September. 

Jane. 

Baxter's Seedling, No. 1. Irish Jane. 

Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellowish-white, with a red 
cheek. Good. Last of September. Freestone. 

Jones' Early. 

Raised by S. T. Jones, Staten Island, N. Y. Globose glands. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture shallow, distinct, extending 
around the fruit. Skin yellowish white, tinged with pale red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish white, slight red at the stone, juicy. Middle of August. 
Freestone. 

Jones' Large Early. 
Raised by S. T. Jones. Glands reniform. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened at each end. Suture deep, one half 
a little larger than the other. Skin delicate white, broadly shaded with 
deep crimson in the sun. Flesh white, pink at the stone, very juicy, 
rich, sprightly, and delicious. Freestone. Middle of August. (Hov. 
Mag.) 

Jose Sweet. 
Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture deep. Skin greenish white, with 
a dull red cheek, juicy, delicious. Last September. Freestone. 



THE PEACH. 



619 



Julia. 

Origin, South Carolina. 

Fruit medium, white, with a slight red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, 
vinous. One of the best late sorts for the South. November. Free- 
stone. (P. J. Berckman's Cat.) 

Kenrick's Heath. 
Freestone Heath. Heath Free. White Heath. 

A large, showy, oblong Peach, often growing to the largest size, and 
a very hardy tree, but the quality of the fruit is only second-rate. 
This sort, which is a native of New England, is vigorous, and bears 
large crops. It is quite distinct from the celebrated Heath Cling. 
Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, oblong, with a slight suture, and a small swollen 
point at the top. Skin pale greenish white, with a purplish red cheek. 
Flesh greenish white, deep red at the stone, a little coarse, melting, 
quite juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Middle of September. 

Lady Palmerston. 

One of Thomas Rivers' new varieties, and described by him as hav- 
ing reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, greenish yellow, marbled with crimson. Flesh pale 
yellow, melting. Very good. Ripe last of September. 

Lady Parham. 

Originated with Thomas Affleck. Glands reniform. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit medium, roundish, one side larger than the other, depressed 
at the summit. Suture distinctly marked, the swollen point small. 
Skin yellowish white, downy. Flesh pale, red at the stone, firm, rich, 
vinous. Middle of October. Freestone. 

La Grange. 

The La Grange is a white freestone Peach, of very -late maturity, 
large size, and fine flavor. It was originated from seed in the garden 
of Mr. John Flulse, Burlington, N. J. 

Its late period of maturity, its color, its productiveness, and size, 
have given it quite a reputation among the extensive growers of New 
Jersey, and it is undoubtedly a most valuable fruit, not only for the 
table, but for preserving at the most desirable period for this purpose, 
late in the season. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, oblong, shaped somewhat like the Heath Cling. Skin 
greenish white, with occasionally some red on the sunny side. Flesh 
pale, juicy, melting, very rich, sweet, high-flavored, and delicious. Last 
of September and beginning of October. Freestone. 

Large Early York. 
Honest John. New York Eareripe. 

A valuable variety, so much like Haines' Early and "Walter's Early 



620 



THE PEACH. 



that it is difficult to decide whether they are not identical. Leaves 
with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit above medium, roundish. Skin whitish, with marblings and 
dots of red, clear rich red-cheek in the sun. Flesh almost white, fine- 
grained, juicy, rich, mild, excellent. Freestone. Last of August. 

Large "White Clingstone. 

New York White Clingstone. Williamson's New York. 

Selby's Cling. 

The Large "White Clingstone is one of the most popular of this class 
of Peaches. We think it superior to the Catherine and Old Newington, 
and only surpassed in flavor by the Oldmixon Cling and the Heath 
Cling. 

This variety was raised by David Williamson, in New York. The 
light color and excellent quality of this fruit render it the greatest 
favorite for preserving in brandy or sugar. It bears regular and good 
crops. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, round, the suture slight, and the swollen point at the 
top small. Skin white (inclining to yellow only when over-ripe), dotted 
with red on the sunny side, or with a light-red cheek when fully exposed. 
Flesh whitish, tender, very melting, full of juice, which is very sweet, 
luscious, and high-flavored. Beginning and middle of September. 

Late Admirable. 

La Royale. Judd's Melting. 

Peche Royale Motteux's. 

Teton de Venus. Pourpree Tardive, ) incorrectly 

French Bourdine. Late Purple, \ of some. 

" The Late Admirable " is one of those delicious sorts that, origina- 
ting a long time ago in France, have received the approval of the best 
cultivators everywhere. It is hardy and productive in this climate. 
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, roundish, inclining to oval, with a bold suture 
dividing the fruit pretty deeply all round, and a small, acute, swollen 
point at the top. Skin pale yellowish green, with a pale red cheek, mar- 
bled with darker red. Flesh greenish white, but red at the stone, very 
juicy, melting, and of delicate, exquisite flavor. Middle of September. 

Late Red Rareripe. 

Prince's Red Rareripe. 

This American fruit is one of the finest of Peaches. Its large size, 
and its productiveness and vigor, unite to recommend it to universal 
favor. The rather grayish appearance of the fruit serves to distinguish 
it, at first sight, from all others. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large and heavy, roundish oval. Suture depressed only at the 
top, where the swollen point is distinctly sunken. Skin downy, pale 
grayish yellow, thickly marbled and covered with reddish spots ; the 
cheek dull, deep red, distinctly mottled with fawn-colored specks. Flesh 
white, but deep red at the stone, very juicy, melting, and of rich, high 
flavor. First to the 10th of Sej^tember. Freestoue. 



THE PEACH. 



621 



Late Yellow Alberge. 

October Yellow. Algiers Yellow. Algiers "Winter. 

A very late Clingstone, originally introduced from the South of 
France, but now abandoned. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
large. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval. Skin downy, green, becoming 
yellow. Flesh yellow to the stone, very firm, rather juicy, sweet. 
October. 

Lemon Clingstone. 

Kennedy's Carolina. Long Yellow Pine-apple. 

Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone. Pine-apple Clingstone. 

Largest Lemon. Yellow Pine-apple. 

Allison. 

The Lemon Clingstone is one of the largest and most beautiful of all 
the yellow-fleshed clings. It is originally a native of South Carolina. 
There are now many seedlings reproduced from it. This is a very pro- 
ductive, hardy tree. Leaves long, with reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large, oblong, narrowed at the top, and having a large, pro- 
jecting, swollen point, much like that of a lemon. Skin fine yellow, 
with a dark brownish-red cheek. Flesh firm, yellow, slightly red at the 
stone, adhering firmly, with a rich, sprightly, vinous, subacid flavor. 
Middle and last of September. 

Lenoir. 

Fruit medium, round, with one side projecting. Skin white, smooth, 
washed and splashed with red. Flesh white, juicy, perfumed. Free- 
stone. Pipe middle August. 

Leopold I. 

A Belgian Peach. Leaves serrated, with slight reniform glands. 
Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture well marked. Skin downy, clear 
yellow, shaded with red in the sun. Flesh fine, melting, juicy. Sep- 
tember. Freestone. 

Lincoln. 

Origin, Lincoln, Mass. Yery hardy and productive. Glands globose. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture large. Skin rich yellow, mostly 
covered with dark purplish red, much downy. Flesh yellow, with a 
tinge of red at the stone, juicy, of a very rich, sweet, and excellent 
flavor. Freestone. From first to last of September. 

Lord Palmer ston. 

This is another of Thomas Pavers' new sorts, grown, as he says, from 
seed of the Princess of Wales, and resembling in size its grandparent, 
the Monstrous Pa vie of Pompone. Glands globose. Flowers large. 

Fruit very large. Skin whitish, with a pink cheek. Flesh firm, yet 
melting, juicy, and rich. Middle to end of September. 



622 



THE PEACH. 



Lyon. 

An accidental seedling, originating on the grounds of George Hus- 
man, Hermann, Mo. 

Fruit rather large, round, somewhat irregular, largest on one side. 
Suture slight, marked with a red streak. Skin smooth, little down, yel- 
lowish white, nearly covered and marbled with beautiful red, becoming 
deep purple in the sun. Flesh veined with red, deep red at the stone, 
juicy, sweet, vinous. " One of the best among thirty of my varieties." 
Early August. Freestone. (Husman, MS.) 

Madame d'Andrimont. 

Originated in Belgium. Leaves glandless. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish, depressed at ends. Suture shallow. Skin 
downy, pale yellow, bright red in the sun. Flesh white, marbled with 
bright purple next the stone. August. Freestone. (Yerg.) 

Madeleine de Courson. 

Red Magdalen. French Magdalen. Madeleine Rouge. 

True Eed Magdalen. Rouge Paysanne. 

The Red Magdalen of Courson is a favorite old French Peach. Leaves 
serrated, without glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit of medium size, or rather below it, round, flattened, with a 
deep suture on one side. Skin pale yellowish white, with a lively red 
cheek. Flesh white, slightly red at the stone, juicy, and melting, with 
a ricji, vinous flavor. Middle and last of August. Freestone. 

Malta. 

Peche Malte. Malte de Normandie. Italian. Belle de Paris. 

An old European Peach. The tree is not a great bearer. The fruit 
of the Malta keeps well after being gathered. Leaves serrated, without 
glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit of rather large size, roundish, flattened, with a broad, shallow 
suture on one side. Skin pale dull green, marked on the sunny side 
with broken spots and blotches of dull purple. Flesh greenish, with a 
little dark red at the stone, very juicy and melting. Last of August. 
Freestone. 

Merriam. 

Glands globose. 

Fruit very large, short oval. Skin light yellow, bright red cheek. 
Flesh yellow, red at the stone, melting, very juicy, of a sweet luscious 
flavor. First of October. (Cole.) 

MlGNONNE DUBARLE. 

Glands globose. Flowers large. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, inclining to oval. Mpple at apex. 
Suture distinct. Skin nearly covered with bright red in the sun. Flesh 
tender, melting, juicy, rich. Middle August. Freestone. (Hogg.) 



THE PEACH. 



623 



Mrs. Hunley. 

Origin, Fruitland Nursery, Augusta, Ga. Glands reniform. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit medium to large, one-sided, pale yellow, with occasionally a 
little red near the base. Flesh yellow, rich, melting. Ripens last of 
September. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Mrs. Poinsette. 

Origin, South Carolina. Tree vigorous and productive. Globose 
glands. 

Fruit large, globular, with a regular suture. Skin yellowish, inclin- 
ing on the exposed side to a brownish tint, veined with red. Flesh of 
rich yellow, juicy, melting, and of first quality, partially adherent. 
Pipens from 1st to 12th of August in South Carolina. (William 
Summer.) 

Montgomery's Late. 

Southern origin. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, round, depressed at apex. Suture shallow, but distinct. 
Skin downy, yellowish white, dotted with red, and having a dull red 
cheek. Flesh pale white, red at the stone, very juicy, melting. 
Pipens the first of September, continues nearly all the month. Free- 
stone. 

Molden's White. 

Origin, Molden Mountain, on the Chesapeake. A fine white Peach, 
valuable for its lateness. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Skin creamy white, 
rarely with a tinge of red. Flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet, 
melting. Pipe last of September. Freestone. 

Moore's Favorite. 

Origin, garden of H. P. Moore, Chelsea, Mass. Tree hardy, vigo- 
rous. Glands globose. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture round the fruit. Skin white, with a 
broad, bright blush. Flesh white, fine, juicy, of a rich vinous flavor. 
Stone small, free. September 1st to 15th. (Cole.) 

Moore's June. 

Origin, Athens, Ga. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit below medium, globular. Suture shallow. Skin yellowish, 
with red dots and marblings, and deep red in the sun. Flesh white, 
marbled with red from the skin to the stone in the darker-colored ones, 
but red only at the stone where grown in the shade ; juicy, vinous. Last 
of June and first of July. Freestone. 

Morrisania Pound. 

Hoffman's Pound. Morrison's Pound. 

A very large variety, originated many years ago, by Martin Hoff- 
man, but first disseminated from the garden of Gouverneur Morris, of 



624 



THE PEACH. 



Morrisania, near New York. It is a good fruit, but its place has been 
taken, of late, by other more popular sorts. Leaves with globose glands. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit very large and heavy, nearly round. Skin dull greenish 
white, with a brownish-red cheek. Flesh pale yellow, firm, juicy, 
sugary, and rich in flavor. Ripens the middle and last of September. 
Freestone. 

Morris's Red Rareripe. 
Morris Red. Red Rareripe. Large Red Rareripe. 

This very popular and well-known American Peach has been justly 
esteemed for its acknowledged good flavor, beauty, and productiveness. 
Leaves with small globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little depressed at the top, with a moder- 
ately well-marked suture. Skin fine pale greenish white, a little 
dotted, and with a lively, rich red cheek. Flesh pale greenish white, 
quite red at the stone, very melting and juicy, with a sweet and rich 
flavor. Last of August. Freestone. 

Morris's White Rareripe. 

Morris's White. White Melocoton 

White Rareripe. Cole's White Melocoton. 

Luscious White Rareripe. Freestone Heath. 

Lady Ann Steward. Morris's White Freestone. 

Morris's White Rareripe, a native, is the most popular and well- 
known white Peach, and is everywhere cultivated in this country, 
either under this or some of the other names quoted above. It is 
a rich fruit in a warm climate, but is not quite so high flavored at the 
North or East. The tree is vigorous and healthy, and bears fair crops. 
In some sections tender and variable in quality. Leaves with reniform 
glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Suture only of moderate depth, swollen 
point small. Skin rather downy, greenish white on all sides at first, 
but white with a creamy tint when fully ripe, and, when fully exposed, 
sometimes with a slightly purple cheek. Flesh white to the stone, a 
little firm, melting juicy, sw r eet, and rich. Middle of September. 

Napoleon. 

Supposed to have originated near Macon, Ga. Glands reniform. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit medium to large, round, very downy. Skin almost dark 
red. Flesh pink, veined with red, juicy, rich. Freestone. Ripens last 
of July. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Nectarine Peach. 

Raised from stone of a Dutch Nectarine, by Thomas Rivers. Glands 
reniform. Flowers large. 



THE PEACH. 



625 



Fruit large. Skin smooth. Flesh melting, rich, peculiar, fine flavor. 
Middle September. (Rivers' Cat.) 

ISTivette. 

Nivette Veloutee. Veloutee Tardive. Dorsetshire. 

The Nivette is an excellent French variety, much resembling the 
Late Admirable. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval. Suture shallow, and the 
top slightly depressed. Skin pale green, with a lively red cheek. Flesh 
pale green, but deep red at the stone, juicy, melting, and very rich. 
Beginning and middle of September. 

Noblesse. 

Vanguard. Mellish's Favorite. Lord Montague's Noblesse. 

An English Peach, esteemed wherever known, as one of the largest 
and most valuable varieties. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers 
large. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, a little narrowed at the top, and ter- 
minated by an acute swollen point. Skin slightly downy, pale green 
throughout, marked on the cheek with delicate red, clouded with darker 
red. Flesh pale greenish white to the stone, melting, very juicy. Last 
of August. Freestone. 

Oldmixon Clingstone. 
Oldmixon Cling. 

The Oldmixon Clingstone is certainly one of the highest flavored of 
all Peaches known in this country, where it is raised in perfection, and 
should have a place in every good garden. Indeed we consider this,, 
the Large White Cling, and the Heath Cling, as being the sorts among 
the most desirable of this class of Peaches for small collections. Leaves 
with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. The suture distinct only at the top, on 
one side of which the fruit is slightly enlarged. Skin yellowish white 
dotted with red, or with a red cheek, varying from pale to lively red. 
Flesh pale white, very melting and juicy, with an exceedingly rich, lus- 
cious, high flavor. First of September. 

Oldmixon Freestone. 
Oldmixon Clearstone. 

A large American Peach, of late maturity and rich flavor. It was, 
we believe, raised either from a stone of the Catherine Cling or the 
Oldmixon Cling, the latter having been brought to this country many 
years ago by Sir John Oldmixon. It bears good crops, and is a valuable 
variety for market or garden. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large, roundish or slightly oval, one side swollen, and the 
suture visible only at the top. Cavity but slightly sunk at the stalk. 
Skin pale yellowish white, marbled with red, the cheek a deep red. 
Flesh white, but quite red at the stone, tender, with an excellent rich,, 
sugary, and vinous flavor. Beginning of September. 

40 



,626 



THE PEACH. 



Old Newington. 
Newington. Large Newington. 

A celebrated English Clingstone, which has been in cultivation more 
than two hundred years, and still is perhaps the best in the English cli- 
mate. Although excellent, it is not so generally esteemed here as the 
Large White Cling and Oldmixon Clingstone. Leaves serrated, without 
glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish, the suture slight. Skin pale yellowish white, 
with a fine red cheek, marked with streaks of darker red. Flesh pale 
yellowish white, deep red at the stone, to which it always adheres very 
firmly; melting, juicy, and rich. Ripens about the 15th of September. 

Orange Clingstone. 

The Orange Cling is a very large, handsome, and excellent fruit, 
somewhat resembling the Lemon Cling in color, but globular in form, 
rather richer in flavor, and quite a distinct sort. Leaves large, serrated, 
without glands Flowers small. 

Fruit large, round, the suture distinctly marked, and extending 
nearly round the fruit, swollen point at the top, none. Skin deep orange, 
with a rich dark-red cheek. Flesh dark yellow, rather firm, juicy, with 
rich, vinous flavor. September. 

Osceola. 

Origin, Macon Co., Ga. Belongs to the Indian type. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium, round. Suture medium, golden yellow, with an 
orange cheek, and a few reddish veins. Flesh yellow, stained and 
streaked with dull red, sweet, pleasant. Freestone. Last of Sep- 
tember. 

Owen. 

Owen's Lemon Rareripe. 

Origin, garden of J. Owen, Cambridge, Mass. Glands globose. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture large. Skin rich yellow, mostly 
covered with dark red or purplish red in the sun. Flesh yellow, red at 
the stone, tender, very juicy, of a delicious saccharine and slightly sub- 
acid flavor. Freestone. Middle to last of September. 

There is another Owen, originated in Habersham Co., Ga., which is 
described as having globose glands. 

Fruit medium. Skin creamy white, downy. Flesh white to the 
stone, juicy, melting, sweet, and rich. Freestone. September. 



Pavie de Pompone. 



Monstrous Pomponne. 
Monstrous Pavie. 
Pavie de Pomponne Grosse. 
Pavie Monstrueux. 

A large old French Clingstone. 
The tree is of very strong growth, 
ers large. 



Pavie Rouge de Pomponne. 
Pavie Camu. 
Gros Melocoton. 
Gros Persique Rouge. 

The fruit is very solid in flesh. 
Leaves with reniform glands. Flow- 



THE PEACH. 



627 



Fruit very large, roundish oval, with a well-marked suture extend- 
ing to the top, and terminating there in an obtuse swollen point. Skin 
yellowish white, a good deal covered with the broad very deep red color 
of its cheek. Flesh firm, yellowish white, deep red at the stone, to 
which it adheres very firmly, and which is rather small, juicy. Flavor 
sweet and good. First of October. 

Picquet's Late. 

Originated with Antoine Picquet, Bell Air, Ga. Glands reniform. 
Flowers large. 

Fruit large to very large, round, sometimes a little flattened and one- 
sided. Skin yellow, with a red cheek. Flesh yellow, melting, sweet, 
rich, and perfumed. Very good. Freestone. Early September. (P. 
J. B., MS.) 

Poole's Large Yellow. 

Poole's Late Yellow Freestone. 

A very large Peach, of the Melocoton family. Leaves with reniform 
glands. 

Fruit large, roundish, with suture. Skin deep yellow, dark-red 
cheek. Flesh yellow, but red at the stone, juicy. Last of September. 
Freestone. 

President. 

One of the best of our Peaches, and a capital variety. Originated, 
several years ago, on Long Island. Leaves with globose glands. Flow- 
ers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, the suture shallow. Skin very downy, 
pale yellowish green, with a dull red cheek. Flesh white, but deep red 
at the stone, very juicy, melting, rich, and high-flavored. Stone very 
rough. Middle of September. Freestone. 

President Church. 

Raised by the Eev. A. Church, President of Franklin College, Ga. 
Glands reniform. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval. Suture shallow, often a 
mere line, with a small point at the apex, which is rarely depressed. 
Skin pale red in the shade, beautifully mottled and washed with dark 
red in the sun. Flesh white, pale red at the stone, very juicy, melting. 
Freestone. Ripe middle September. 

Prince of Wales. 

A late Peach grown from seed of Pitmaston Orange Nectarine, by 
Thomas Rivers, England. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, roundish, rather flattened. Skin downy, green in 
shade, but dark red in sun. Flesh greenish white, stained with red 
J next the stone, tender, melting, juicy. Middle September. Freestone. 
! (Hogg.) 



628 



THE PEACH. 



Prince's Climax. 

Originated on the farm of George Mitchell, Flushing, Long Island ; 
very productive. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin yellow, with a crimson cheek, and two- 
thirds mottled with crimson. Mesh yellow, very rich, aromatic, pine- 
apple flavor ; adheres to the stone. Ripens the middle and end of Sep- 
tember. 

Prince's Excelsior. 

Originated with William R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island. 

Fruit large, round. Suture slight, little abortive mamelon. Skin 
creamy white, shaded with crimson. Flesh yellow, rich, aromatic, sweet 
and rich ; separates freely from the stone. Ripens middle of October. 

Prince's Paragon. 
Tree very vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin yellowish green, shaded with red. Flesh 
juicy, luscious, and fine flavor. Separates from the stone. Ripens 
about the middle of September. (Win. R. Prince, MS.) 

Princess of Wales. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, from seed of Pavie de Pompone. Glands 
globose. Flowers large. 

Fruit very large, round, terminated by a nipple. Skin cream-colored, 
very slightly shaded with blush. Flesh melting, juicy, rich, deep red at 
the stone. Freestone. October. (Hogg.) 

PUCELLE DE MaLINES. 

A foreign variety not much known here. Leaves without glands. 
Flowers large. 

Fruit large, round. Suture distinct. Skin downy, yellow, becom- 
ing red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, stained with red round the 
stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Early September. Freestone. 

Ray. 

Originated by Dr. H. Ray, of Yallobusha Co., Miss. Glands reniform. 
Fruit medium, roundish, with a nipple. Skin cream white, spotted 
with purple. Flesh juicy. Late in August. South. (Gar. Mon.) 

. « 

Raymackers. 
A foreign variety. Leaves serrated. 

Fruit large, round. Suture deep at ends. Skin downy, clear yel- 
low, largely colored with carmine. Flesh white, melting, vinous. Sept. 
Freestone. (Alb. Pom.) 



THE PEACH. 



629 



Red-Cheek Melocoton. * 

Malagatune. Yellow Malocoton. 

Malacatune. Yellow Malagatune. 

Hogg's Melocoton. Red Cheek Malocoton. 

The Melocoton (or Malagatune, as it is commonly called) is almost 
too well known to need description. Almost every orchard and garden 
in the country contains it, and hundreds of thousands of bushels of the 
fruit are raised and sent to market in this country every year. It is a 
beautiful and fine fruit in favorable seasons, though in unfavorable ones 
the acid frequently predominates somewhat in its flavor. It is an 
American seedling, and is constantly reproducing itself under new forms, 
most of the varieties in this section having, directly or indirectly, been 
raised from it ; the finest and most popular at the present time being 
Crawford's Early and Late Melocotons, both greatly superior, in every 
respect, to the original Melocoton. 

Pettit's Imperial, Middleton's Imperial, Scott's Nonpareil, and Tice, 
are seedlings of this variety, but not sufficiently distinct and valuable 
to merit cultivation. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, with a swollen point at the top. Skin 
yellow, with a deep red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, 
juicy, melting, with a good, rich, vinous flavor. First of September. 
Freestone. 

Red Nutmeg. 

Avant Rouge. Red Avant. 

Avant Peche de Troyes. Brown Nutmeg. 

Early Red Nutmeg. 

The Red Nutmeg is a very small and inferior Peach, which has long 
been cultivated solely on account of its earliness. It is now seldom 
seen in our gardens, being abandoned for better sorts. It is desirable, 
however, in a complete collection. The tree grows slowly, and is of 
dwarf habit. Leaves small, with reniform glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit small, roundish, with a distinct suture, terminating in a small, 
round, swollen point at the top. Skin pale yellow, with a bright, rich 
red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, red at the stone, with a sweet and 
rather pleasant flavor. Middle and last of J uly. Freestone. 

Red Rareripe. 
Large Red Rareripe, of some. Early Red Rareripe. 

This Peach strongly resembles the Royal George, and we believe it 
an American seedling from that variety, which is, however, distinct, and 
superior in flavor. 

It must be observed, that this is totally different both from the 
Early York and Morris's Bed Rareripe, with which it is often con- 
founded by some. The fruit is larger, broader, and a week later than 
the first ; and its serrated leaves, and different flavor, separate it widely 
from the latter. Ends of the branches sometimes slightly mildewed. 
Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small. 



* Melocoton is the Spanish for Peach. 



630 



THE PEACH. 



Fruit rather large, globular, but broad, depressed, and marked with 
a deep, broad suture, extending nearly round the whole fruit. Skin 
white, mottled, and marked with numerous red dots, and the cheek of a 
rich dark red. Flesh whitish, but red at the stone, melting, juicy, very 
rich and high-flavored. Middle and last of August. Freestone. 

Reeves' Favorite. 

Raised by Samuel Reeves, Salem, N. J. A hardy and productive 
kind. Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, with a swollen point. Skin 
yellow, with a fine red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, 
juicy, melting, with a good, -vinous flavor. Freestone. Middle of Sep- 
tember. 

Reike Des Vergers. 

Monstrueuse de Doue. Orchard Queen. 

An old French Peach but little known in this country. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, narrowing a little at stem end. Suture nearly 
round. Skin whitish, mostly covered with dull deep purplish red in the 
sun. Flesh whitish red at the stone, juicy, melting, vinous. Last Sep- 
tember. Freestone. 

Rivers' Early York. 
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium. Skin marbled with red. Flesh melting, juicy, Nec- 
tarine flavor. Not liable to mildew. Early August. Freestone. 
(Rivers' Cat.) 

Rodman's Red. 
Kodman's Cling. 

An American Clingstone, not of the richest quality but very showy 
for market. Leaves with, reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Skin mostly covered with fine red. 
Flesh white, juicy, rather firm, vinous. Last of September. 

Rose Aromatic. 

Originated with J. F. Nesmith, Indian Town, S. C. 

Fruit medium, oblong. Suture distinct, one side enlarged. Skin 
yellow with dark orange cheek, washed with red, very downy. Flesh 
white, red near the stone, rather dry, with a peculiar rose aromatic per- 
fume. Freestone. Ripe last of July. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Rose bank. 

Raised by James Dougall, Windsor, Canada West. Tree healthy, 
moderate bearer. 

Fruit large, round. Suture deep. Skin greenish white, with a 
beautiful dark red mottled cheek. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, rich, 
and excellent. Separates from the stone. Last of August. 



THE PEACH. 



631 



Royal Charlotte. 

New Royal Charlotte. Lord Fauconberg's Mignonne. 

Grirnwood's Royal Charlotte. Madeleine Rouge Tardive. 

New Early Purple. Madeleine Rouge a Moyenne Fleur. 

Lord Nelson's. Madeleine a Petite Fleur. 

A very excellent Peach, and a favorite variety with all European 
gardeners. Its leaves are more coarsely and deeply serrated than those 
of other varieties. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, inclining to ovate, being rather broader at the 
base than at the top ; the suture of moderate size. Skin pale greenish 
white, with a deep red marbled cheek. Flesh white, but pale red at the 
stone ; melting, juicy, rich, and excellent. Beginning of September. 
Freestone. 



Royal George. 

Early Royal George. Red Magdalen. 

Millet's Mignonne. Madeleine Rouge a Petite Fleur. 

Lockyer's Mignonne. French Chancellor, incorrectly, of some. 

Griffin's Mignonne. Early Bourdine, " " 

Superb. Double Swalsh, " " 

Few of the early Peaches surpass in flavor and beauty the Royal 
George. It is one of the finest European varieties. It is a regular and 
moderate bearer. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit above the middle size, or rather large, globular, broad, and de- 
pressed, the suture deep and broad at the top, and extending round two- 
thirds of the fruit. Skin pale or white, thickly sprinkled with red dots, 
and the cheek of a broad, rich, deep red, slightly marbled. Flesh whit- 
ish, but very red at the stone, melting, juicy, very rich, and of the high- 
est flavor. From the 20th to the last of August. Freestone. 

Scott's Early Red. 

Scott's Early Red is a variety of a very excellent flavor, and a pro- 
lific bearer, which was received from New Jersey. Leaves with ob- 
scure globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little depressed, the suture dis- 
tinctly marked, but not deep. Skin pale greenish white, but much 
covered with red, which is mottled with fawn-colored dots. Flesh whitish, 
very juicy, with a rich and luscious flavor. Middle of August. Freestone. 



Scott's Magnate. 

A noble variety of the Red Rareripe. Glands reniform. 

Fruit very large, round, depressed. Skin pale yellow, with a dark- 
red cheek. Flesh white, luscious, and well-flavored. Ripens early in 
September. (Prince's MS.) 

Scott's Nectar. 

Another very fine seedling from the Red Rareripe. Glands globose. 

Fruit large, round, somewhat depressed. Color red shaded on pale 
yellow ground, and bright red next the sun. Flesh white, very sweet, 
and of the highest flavor. Ripens early in September. (Prince's MS.) 



632 



THE PEACH. 



Scott's October. 

Originated with Jacob C. Lyons, Columbia, S. C. 
Fruit medium to large, pale dingy lemon yellow. Flesh firm, with a 
lemon flavor. Last of October. Clingstone. (Sumner, MS.) 

Shanghae. 

Trees of this variety and Chinese Cling were sent to this country 
by the late Mr. Winchester, while British Consul at Shanghae. Tree 
vigorous. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, oval, truncate. Suture distinct, extending from the base 
to beyond the apex, deepening very much at the apex, so as to form quite 
a cavity. Skin greenish yellow, quite downy, sometimes a little mottled 
or shaded with pale red. Flesh greenish yellow, very melting, juicy, 
adhering to the stone, with a high, vinous flavor. Ripens from first to 
middle of September. At the South, last of July and first of August. 

Smith's Favorite. 

Grown by Calvin Smith, Lincoln, Mass. Glands reniform. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture deep. Skin yellow, mostly covered 
with deep rich red. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet. Freestone. Middle to 
last of September. (Cole.) 

Smith's Newington. 
Early Newington. Smith's Early Newington. Eariy Newington. 

This is one of the best early Clingstone Peaches. The Early Newing- 
ton of our gardens as generally known (see Early Newington Freestone), 
is earlier and a very much finer variety, with reniform glands ; being a 
partial Clingstone, out most frequently parting from the flesh, has quite 
supplanted it. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit middle-sized, rather oval, narrower at the top, and one half a 
little enlarged. Skin pale straw-color, with a lively red cheek streaked 
with purple. Flesh firm, pale yellow, but light red at the stone, to which 
it adheres closely; juicy, and of very good quality. Last of August. 

Smock Freestone. 
St. George. 

This was originated by Mr. Smock, of Middleton, N. J. Leaves 
with reniform glands. 

Fruit large, oval, narrowed towards the stalk, and rather compressed 
on the sides. Skin light orange yellow, mottled with red, or often with 
a dark-red cheek when fully exposed. Flesh bright yellow, but red at 
the stone, moderately juicy and rich. Ripens last of September and 
first of October. 

Snow. 

The snow Peach is a remarkably fair and beautiful fruit, of Ameri- 
can origin. The fruit and blossoms are white, and the foliage and wood 
of a light green. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, globular. Suture faintly marked, except at the top. 



THE PEACH. 



633 



Skin thin, clear, beautiful, white on all sides. Flesh white to the 
stone, juicy and melting, with a sweet, rich, and sprightly flavor. Be- 
ginning of September. Freestone. 

Stephenson Cling. 
From Thomas Stephenson, Clark Co., Ga. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture distinct. Skin very downy, of a 
creamy tint, shaded with flesh-color — the tint deepening in the sun to a 
dark, dull, purplish red where fully exposed. Flesh white, somewhat 
tinged with red, and deep red at the stone. Flesh very tender, melting, 
juicy. September first. 

Stetson's Seedling. 

Raised by N. Stetson, Bridgewater, Mass. Globose glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture indistinct. Skin greenish white, 
marbled and shaded with crimson in the sun. Flesh white, pink at the 
stone, very melting, juicy, brisk, rich. Freestone. Ripens from middle 
to last of September. (Hov. Mag.) 

Strawberry. 
Rose. 

The Strawberry Peach we received from the late Thomas Hancock, 
of Burlington, N. J. It is esteemed one of the very finest early 
varieties for orchard culture in that State. It is quite distinct from 
the Early York. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, the cavity at the stem deeply sunk, the 
suture extending half round. Skin marbled with deep red over almost 
the whole surface. Flesh whitish, melting, j uicy, rich, and of very deli- 
cious flavor. Middle of August. 

Stump the World. 

A native of New Jersey, large and showy, and profitable for market 
growing. Flowers small. Glands globose. 

Fruit very large, roundish, a little oblong. Skin creamy white, with 
a bright red cheek. Suture shallow, rather more than half round. 
Flesh white, juicy, and high-flavored. Last of September. Freestone. 

Sturtevant. 

Raised from seed by E. T. Sturtevant, Cleveland, O., in 1826. It is 
one of, if not the, best yellow-fleshed Peaches grown. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, compressed. Broad shallow su- 
ture half round, followed by a dark line. Skin downy, rich yellow, 
mostly covered with dark rich red, very dark in the sun. Flesh yellow, 
red at the stone. Stone very small. Freestone. Last of August to 
first of September. (Elliott.) 

Sumner's Early. 
Fruit medium to large, beautiful blush. Flesh white, firm, bears 



634 



THE PEACH. 



transportation well. Early and valuable for market. Freestone. 
(Sumner's MS.) 

Sumner's White Free. 
From South Carolina. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, nearly round, slightly depressed. Sides unequal. Suture 
large, half round. Skin whitish green, a shade of red in sun, downy. 
Flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet. Last of August, early Septem- 
ber. 

Susquehanna. 
Griffith Malacotune. Griffith. Griffith Mammoth. 

Originated with Mr. Griffith, on the banks of the Susquehanna. A 
large, handsome fruit, and a favorite in that section. 

Fruit large, nearly globular. Suture half round. Skin rich yellow, 
with a beautiful red cheek, nearty covering the whole surface. Flesh 
yellow, sweet, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Ripens from the first to 
the middle of September. Freestone. 

Tinley's October. 

Origin, Macon, Ga. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium, slightly oblong, white, with a light wash of red. 
Flesh white, juicy, vinous, very good. Ripe middle of October. (P. 
J. B., MS.) 

Tippecanoe. 

Hero of Tippecanoe. 

A large and handsome Clingstone, originated by George Thomas, of 
Philadelphia. Its lateness and beauty render it a valuable kind. 
Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. The shoots dark pur- 
plish red. 

Fruit very large, nearly round, a little compressed on the sides. 
Skin yellow, with a fine red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, with a good 
vinous flavor. It ripens from the 20th to the last of September. 

Titus. 

Originated with Mrs. Sarah Titus, Philadelphia. 

Fruit large, roundish. Skin fair yellow, with a rich cheek. Flesh 
yellow, red next the stone, juicy. Maturity middle to last of Septem- 
ber. Freestone. 

Troth's Early Red. 

A New Jersey Peach, valued as an early sort, profitable for market. 
Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin whitish, bright red in the sun. Flesh 
white, red at the stone, juicy, sweet. Freestone. Ripens early in 
August. 



THE PEACH. 



635 



Tufts' Rareripe. 

Originated with Bernard Tufts, Billerica, Mass. Yery hardy, vigo- 
rous, and productive. Glands globose. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin yellowish, with a bright red cheek. 
Flesh yellow, melting, very sweet and luscious. Freestone. Middle to 
last of September. (Cole.) 

Yan Buren's Golden Dwarf. 

An accidental seedling found in the grounds of J. Yan Buren, Clarks- 
ville, Ga. The habit of this is somewhat dwarfed, and it is well suited 
for pot culture. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, pointed at apex. Skin golden yel- 
low, with a crimson cheek in sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sprightly. 
Clingstone. September to early October. 

Yan Zandt's Superb. 

Originated in the garden of R. B. Yan Zanclt, Long Island. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit medium size, oval. Skin nearly smooth, white, delicately 
marbled with red, giving it a waxen hue ; the beauty and smoothness 
of the skin approximate in appearance to that of a nectarine. Flesh 
melting and delicious ; separates from the stone. Ripens in August. 

Walburton Admirable. 

An English variety, which is found very good here. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture medium. Skin greenish white, finely 
shaded with dark red in the sun. Flesh white, a little stained at the 
stone, juicy, melting, with a rich sweet flavor. Middle and last of Sep- 
tember. Freestone. 

Walter's Early. 

Walter's Early is esteemed as one of the most popular early varie- 
ties for orchards in New Jersey, where it originated. It is remarkably 
well adapted to the light sandy soil of that State, bearing abundant 
crops of excellent fruit. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish. Skin white, with a rich red cheek. Flesh 
whitish, a little touched with red at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet, and 
of very agreeable flavor. Ripens about the 20th of August. 

Ward's Late Free. 

A fine late American variety, vigorous and productive, valuble for 
market. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to oval. Skin white, with a 
beautiful crimson cheek. Flesh white, slightly tinged with red at the 
stone, juicy, melting, rich, and excellent. Freestone. First of 
October. 

Washington. 

Washington Bed Freestone. 

The Washington is a handsome and very delicious Peach, of American 
origin. It was named and first introduced to notice by Michael Floy, 



636 



THE PEACH. 



New York. The fruit ripens late ; the tree is vigorous, hardy, and pro- 
ductive, and it is altogether a valuable variety. Leaves with globose 
glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, broad, depressed, with a broad, deep suture extending 
nearly round it. Skin very thin, yellowish white, with a deep crimson 
cheek. Flesh pale yellowish white, very tender, juicy, and melting, 
with a sweet, rich, and luscious flavor. It often adheres slightly to the 
stone, which is quite small. Middle of September. Freestone 

Washington Clingstone. 

An American variety, juicy and sweet. It is neither handsome nor 
prepossessing externally. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin yellowish green, marked with 
gray specks, and with a slight tinge of red on the sunny side. Flesh 
very juicy, tender, and melting, with a very sweet and luscious flavor. 
Last of September. 

White Ball. 

Originated in Massachusetts. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
large. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly depressed. Suture medium, half 
round. Skin greenish white, shaded and marbled with red in the sun. 
Flesh white to the stone, juicy, melting, sweet. Early September. 
Freestone. 

White-Blossomed Incomparable. 
White Blossom. Willow Peach . 

This is a native fruit, of second quality, much inferior both in flavor 
and appearance to the Snow Peach. Leaves with reniform glands. 
Flowers large, white. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin fair, white throughout. Flesh white to the 
stone, melting, juicy, pleasant. September. 

White Imperial. 

The White Imperial is a fruit of most estimable quality. This fine 
Peach originated in the garden of David Thomas, of Cayuga Co., N. Y., 
long known for his skill and science as an amateur horticulturist. 
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, broad, depressed, hollowed at the summit, with 
a wide, deep cavity at the stem ; the suture moderately deep, and the 
fruit enlarged on one of its sides. Skin yellowish white, with only a 
slight tinge of red next the sun. Flesh nearly white, very melting and 
juicy, of a very delicate texture, and the flavor sweet and delicious. 
Ripens last of August. Freestone. 

White Magdalene. 

Madeleine Blanche. Madeleine Blanche de Loisel. Montagne Blanche. 

A foreign variety. Leaves without glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base. Suture deep. Skin 



THE PEACH. 



637 



slips easily from the flesh, yellowish white in the shade, marked with 
red in the sun. Flesh white, with yellowish veins, and red next the 
stone. Juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. Pipe middle August. Freestone. 

White Nutmeg. 

Early White Nutmeg-. 

The White Nutmeg is the smallest of Peaches, the flavor is inferior, 
and it is only esteemed by curious amateurs as ripening a few days 
earlier than any other variety. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flow- 
ers large. 

Fruit very small, rather oval, with a deep suture extending a little 
more than half round. Skin white, or rarely with pale blush. 
Flesh white to the stone, with a sweet and slightly musky, pleasant 
flavor. Ripens about the 10th or 15th of July. Freestone. 

White Pace. 

A Southern Peach, a variety of the Indian or Pace Peach, but 
with a comparatively white skin. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet. 
August. Freestone. 

Violet Hative. 

English Galand. Hardy Galand. 

A variety of Bellegarde. Glands globose. Flowers small. 
Fruit similar to Bellegarde, but smaller and paler in color. 

Yellow Albekge. 

Alberge Jaune. Gold-Fleshed. Red Alberge. 

Peche Jaune. Yellow Rareripe. Golden Mignonne. 

Purple Alberge. 

The Yellow Alberge is an old French variety, and one of the earliest 
of the yellow-fleshed Peaches. It is, no doubt, the original sort from 
which our Melocotons and Yellow Rareripes have sprung in this coun- 
try. It has only a second-rate flavor, except in rich, warm soils, and 
is not comparable to the Yellow Bareripe in size or quality. Leaves 
with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, with a well-marked furrow running 
half round. Skin yellow, with a deep purplish-red cheek. Flesh 
yellow, but deep red at the stone, soft, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant 
vinous flavor. Middle of August. Freestone. 

The Posanna, Alberge Jaune lardif of many French gardens, and 
Yellow Alberge of some gardens here, differs from the above only in 
having reniform glands and ripening ten or twelve days later. Flavor 
second-rate. 

Barnard's Early and Yellow Honest John are probably identical, 
or, if seedlings, so near like the parent, Yellow Alberge, as to be un- 
worthy particular attention. 



638 



THE PEACH. 



Yellow Rareripe. 

Large Yellow Rareripe. Marie Antoinette. 

Red and Yellow Rareripe. Cutter's Yellow. 

One of the finest very early yellow-fleshed Peaches. It is an A meri- 
can seedling, and well deserves the extensive cultivation it receives both 
in the orchard and garden. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, the suture slightly depressed, extending more 
than half round, the swollen point at the top small. Skin deep orange 
yellow, somewhat dotted with red, the cheek rich red, shaded off in 
streaks. Flesh deep yellow, but red at the stone, juicy, melting, with a 
rich and excellent vinous flavor. Ripens from the 25th to the 30th of 
August. Stone small. Freestone. 

CURIOUS OR ORNAMENTAL VARIETIES. 

Double-Blossomed. 

Double-Flowering Peach. Pecher a Fleurs Doubles. 

Rose-Flowering. Pecher a Fleurs Serni- Doubles. 

The Double-Blossomed Peach is, when in full bloom, one of the gay- 
est and most beautiful of fruit-trees, and blooming with its lovely com- 
panion, the Double-Flowering Cherry, finds a place in all our pleasure- 
grounds and ornamental plantations. Its flowers are of a lively rose color, 
nearly full double, and so thickly disposed on the branches as to be very 
striking and showy. They are produced at the usual season, or a few 
days later. This sort is rendered more dwarf for shrubberies by bud- 
ding it upon the Mirabelle or the Cherry Plum stock. The leaves 
have reniform glands. 

The fruit, which is sparingly produced, is roundish oval, pale green- 
ish yellow, faintly tinged with red. Freestone, and of indifferent flavor. 

The Crimson or Camellia-flowered, with large double-flowers of 
a rich crimson hue, especially attractive and showy, the Carnation- 
flowered, with flowers striped like a carnation, and the Variegated- 
flowered, with flowers of different hues on the same tree, are among 
the more recent introductions, and, grouped with the older varieties, are 
very effective. 

Flat Peach of China. 
Chinese Peach. Java Peach. Peen To. 

A very singular variety, from China, where the gardeners affect all 
manner of vegetable curiosities. The fruit is of small size, about two 
inches in diameter, and so much flattened at the ends that only the skin 
and the flat stone remain, the fleshy part being crowded on either side. 
The tree is of rather dwarfish habit, and holds its leaves very late. The 
fruit is of very good flavor, and is well worthy of a place in the gardens 
of the curious. * Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit small, so much flattened as to form a deep hollow at both ends, 
having at the top a singular broad, rough, five-angled eye. Skin pale 

* Should any one of our amateurs now possess it, we shall be much gratified 
to receive buds of it. 



THE PEAK. 



639 



yellowish green, mottled with red on one side. Flesh pale yellow, with 
a circle of red round the stone (from which it separates), sweet, juicy, 
with a slight noyau flavor. Beginning of September. 



Weeping Peach. 
Reid's Weeping Peach. 

A peculiar variety, with pendent, weeping branches, and a habit 
much like that of the weeping ash. It was originated by the late Wm. 
Reid. To display itself to advantage it should be grafted six or eight 
feet high, on the clean stem of a peach or plum stock. Reniform glands. 
Flowers large. 

Selection of choice Peaches, to furnish in succession. Freestones : 
Hale's Early, Early York (serrate), Early Newington, Cooledge's Favor- 
ite, George the Fourth, Grosse Mignonne, Crawford's Early, Crawford's 
Late, Oldmixon Free, Morris' White, Yan Zandb's Superb, Ward's 
Late Free, Noblesse, Late Red Rareripe, Druid Hill. Clingstones : 
Large White, Oldmixon and Heath Clings. 



SELECTION OF VARIETIES FOR THE SOUTH. 



With no actual personal knowledge of the success and value of 
varieties at the South, we have compiled the following list from a 
summing up of majorities of leading Southern pomologists in their 
favor. 



Amelia. 
Columbia. 
Crawford's Early. 



Freestones. 

Early Tillotson. 
Grosse Mignonne. 
Lady Parham. 
Stump the World. 



Picquet's Late. 
President Church. 
Susquehanna. 



Clingstones. 

Chinese. Heath. Oldmixon. 

Eaton's Golden. Lemon. Tinley's October. 

Washington. 



CHAPTER XXYII. 



THE pear. 



Pyrus communis, L. Bosacem, of botanists. 
Poirier, of the French ; Birnebaum, German ; Peer, Dutch ; Pero, Italian ; 

and Per a, Spanish. 



The Pear is undeniably the favorite fruit of modern times and 
modern cultivators. Indeed, we believe the Pear of modern times, 



640 



THE PEAK. 



thanks to the science and skill of horticulturists, is quite a different 
morsel for the palate from the pear of two or three centuries ago. In 
its wild state it is one of the most austere of all fruits, and a choke- 
pear of our fields, really a great improvement on the wild type, seizes 
one's throat with such an unmerciful gripe as to leave behind it no 
soothing remembrances of nectar and ambrosia. 

So long ago as the earliest time of the Romans the pear was con- 
siderably cultivated. It was common in Syria, Egypt, and Greece, and 
from the latter country was transplanted into Italy. " Theophrastus 
speaks of the productiveness of the old pear-trees, and Virgil mentions 
some pears which he received from Cato. Pliny in his 15 th book de- 
scribes the varieties in cultivation in his time as exceedingly numer- 
ous ; and mentions a number which were named after the countries 
from which they were received. Of all pears, he says, the Costumine 
is the most delicate and agreeable. The Palernian Pear was esteemed 
for its juice ; and the Tibernian, because it was preferred by the Em- 
peror Tiberius. There were i proud pears,' which were so called be- 
cause they ripened early and would not keep, and £ winter pears,' pears 
for baking, as at the present day." None of these old Eoman varieties 
have been handed down to us, and we might believe some of them ap- 
proached the buttery lusciousness of our modern pears, did not Pliny 
pithily add, most unfortunately for their reputation, " all pears whatso- 
ever are but a heavy meat, unless they are well boiled or baked." 

In fact, the really delicious qualities of this fruit were not devel- 
oped until about the seventeenth century. And within the last sixty 
years the pear, subjected to constant production from seed by Tan 
Mons and his followers, and to hybridizing or crossing by Mr. Knight 
and other English cultivators, appears at length to have reached almost 
the summit of perfection in beauty, duration, and flavor. Of Professor 
Van Mons and his labors of a whole life, almost devoted to pears, we 
have already spoken in our first chapter. Prom among the 80,000 
seedlings raised by himself, and the many thousands reared by other 
zealous cultivators abroad, especially in Belgium — the Eden of the pear- 
tree — there have been selected a large number of varieties of high excel- 
lence. In this country wo are continually adding to the number, as, 
in our newer soil, the pear, following the natural laws of successive re- 
production, is constantly appearing in new seedling forms. The high 
flavor of the Seckel Pear, an American variety, as yet unsurpassed in 
this respect by any European sort, proves the natural congeniality of 
the climate of the Northern States to this fruit. 

The pear-tree is not a native of North America, but was introduced 
from the other continent. In Europe, Western Asia, and China it 
grows wild, in company with the aj)ple, in hedges and woody wastes. 
In its wild state it is hardier and longer lived than the apple, making a 
taller and more pyramidal head, and becoming thick in its trunk. There 
are trees on record abroad of great size and age for fruit-trees. M. 
Bosc mentions several which are known to be near 400 years old. 
There is a very extraordinary tree in Holme Lacy, Herefordshire, Eng- 
land — a perry pear — from which were made, more than once, 15 hogs- 
heads of perry in a single year. In 1805 it covered more than half an 
acre of land, the branches bending down and taking root, and, in turn, 
producing others in the same way. Loudon, in his work on trees, says 
that it is still in fine health, though reduced in size. 



THE PEAR. 



G41 



One of the most remarkable pear-trees in this country is growing 
in Illinois, about ten miles north of Vincennes. It is not believed to 
be more than forty years old, having been planted by Mrs. Ockletree, 
about 1805. The girth of its trunk one foot above the ground is twelve 
feet, and at nine feet from the ground, six and a half feet ; and its 
branches extend over an area ninety-four feet in diameter. In 1834 
it yielded 184 bushels of pears; in 1840 it yielded 140 bushels. It is 
enormously productive always ; the fruit is pretty large, ripening in 
early autumn, and is of tolerable flavor. 

The tree came into bearing at the fifteenth year from its planting, 
but grafts from it produce in about four or five years. Like the Dix, 
it is almost thornless, and it is remarkable that no blight of any kind 
has ever affected it. 

The Stuyvesant Pear-Tree, which was destroyed in 1867, was ori- 
ginally planted by the old governor of the Dutch colony of New York, 
more than two hundred years ago, on what was once his farm, but is 
now part of the city, quite thickly covered with houses. 

Along the St. Clair river, below Detroit, and on the banks of the 
Mississippi, near St. Louis, are found many large old pear-trees vying 
in health and vigor with those of recent planting. 

Uses. The great value of the Pear is as a dessert fruit. Next to 
this, it is highly esteemed for baking, stewing, preserving, and marma- 
lades. In France and Belgium the fruit is very generally dried in 
ovens, or much in the same way as we do the apple, when it is quite an 
important article of food. 

Dessert pears should have a melting, soft texture, and a sugary, 
aromatic juice. Kitchen pears, for baking or stewing, should be large, 
with firm and crisp flesh, moderately juicy. 

The juice of the pear, fermented, is called Perry. This is made 
precisely in the same way as cider, and it is richer, and more esteemed 
by many persons. In the midland counties of England, and in various 
parts of France and Germany, what are called Perry Pears — very hardy 
productive sorts, having an austere juice — are largely cultivated for this 
purpose. In several places in our Eastern States, we understand, perry 
is now annually made in considerable quantities. The fruit should be 
ground directly after being gathered, and requires rather more isinglass 
(say \\ oz. to a barrel) to fine it, on racking, than cider. In suitable 
soil the yield of perry to the acre is usually about one-third more than 
that of cider. 

The wood of the Pear-tree is heavy and fine-grained, and makes, when 
stained black, an excellent imitation of ebony. It is largely employ- 
ed by turners for making joiners' tools. The leaves will dye yellow. 

Gathering and Keeping the Fruit. The pear is a peculiar fruit 
in one respect, which should always be kept in mind : viz., that most 
varieties are much finer in flavor if picked from the tree and ripened in, 
the house, than if allowed to become fully matured on the tree. There 
j are a few exceptions to this rule, but they are very few. And, on the 
j other hand, we know a great many varieties which are only second oir 
third-rate when ripened on the tree, but possess the highest and rich- 
est flavor if gathered at the proper time and allowed to mature in the 
house. This proper season is easily known, first, by the ripening of a 
few full-grown but worm-eaten specimens, which fall soonest from the' 
tree ; and, secondly, by the change of color and the readiness of the^ 

41 



642 



THE PEAR. 



stalk to part from its branch on gently raising the fruit. The fruit 
should then be gathered — or so much of the crop as appears sufficiently 
matured — and spread out on shelves in the fruit-room. 

So important is the ripening of pears in the house, that most ama- 
teurs of this fruit find it to their advantage to have a small room set apart 
and fitted up with shelves in tiers, to be used solely as a fruit-room. 

In absence of any room specially devoted to the purpose, shallow 
drawers, say four inches deep, and from one and a half to two feet 
in diameter, should be procured, and into the bottom of each lay a soft 
woollen cloth, then a layer of pears, but so that they may not touch each 
other ; then over them lay another soft woollen cloth, and place the drawers 
in a cool dry room. In a period varying from three days to as many 
weeks, according to the variety, the fruit will be found to have ripened 
to a delicious richness, and to have taken on a high golden color, seldom 
or never obtained when allowed to ripen on the tree. Some persons use 
the common husks called " shorts," from the flouring-mills, to cover the 
pears in place of the woollen cloths, and with perhaps equally good re- 
sults, but it is not as neat or convenient a practice. 

Many sorts which, ripened in the sun and open air, are rather dry, 
when ripened within doors are most abundantly melting and juicy. 
They will also last for a considerably longer period if ripened in this 
way — maturing gradually, as wanted for use, and being thus beyond 
the risk of loss or injury by violent storms or high winds. 

Winter dessert pears should be allowed to hang on the tree as long 
as possible, until the nights become frosty. They should then be wrap- 
ped separately in paper, packed in kegs, barrels, or small boxes, and 
placed in a cool, dry room, free from frost. Some varieties, as the 
D'Aremberg, will ripen finely with no other care than placing them in 
barrels in the cellar like apples. But most kinds of the finer winter 
dessert pears should be brought into a warm apartment for a couple of 
weeks before their usual season of maturity. They should be kept 
covered, to prevent shrivelling. Many sorts that are comparatively 
tough, if ripened in a cold apartment, become very melting, buttery, and 
juicy when allowed to mature in a room kept at the temperature of 60 
or 70 degrees. 

Propagation. The finer sorts of pears are continued or increased 
by grafting and budding, and the stocks on which to work are either 
seedlings or suckers. Sucker stocks have usually such indifferent roots, 
they are so liable to produce suckers continually themselves, and are so 
much less healthy than seedlings, that they are now seldom used by good 
cultivators ; though, if quite young and thrifty, they will often make 
good stocks. 

Seedlings, however, are by far the best stocks for the pear in all 
cases ; and seedlings from strong-growing, healthy pears, of common quality 
■ — such as grow about most farmers' gardens — are preferable for stocks to 
those raised from the best varieties, being more hardy and vigorous. 

As it is usually found more difficult to raise a good supply of seedling 
pear-stocks in this country than of any other fruit-tree, we will here re- 
mark that it is absolutely necessary, to insure success, that two points be 
observed. The first is, to clean and sow the seed as soon as may be after 
the fruit is well matured ; the second, to sow it only in deep rich soil. 
It should be previously trenched — if not naturally deep — at least twenty 
inches or two feet "deep, and enriched with 'manure or compost mixed 



THE PEAR. 



643 



with ashes. This will give an abundant supply of nutriment to the 
young seedlings the first year, Avithout which they become starved and 
parched, after a few inches' growth, by our hot and dry summer, when 
they frequently fall a prey to the apliis and other insects at the root and 
top. A mellow, rich soil, whose depth insures a supply of moisture, 
will give strong seedlings, which are always, at two years' growth, fit to 
go into the nursery-rows for budding ; while a dry, thin soil will seldom 
produce good stocks, even in half a dozen years. 

The seeds should be sown precisely like those of the apple, in broad 
drills, and the treatment of the stocks, when planted in the rows for bud- 
ding, is quite similar. Budding is almost universally preferred by us for 
propagating the pear, and this tree takes so readily that very few failures 
can happen to an experienced hand. About the first of August, in this 
latitude, is the proper season for performing this operation. 

We may add here, that one-year-old pear seedlings are often winter- 
killed when the autumn Las not been such as to ripen the wood tho- 
roughly. A few branches of evergreens, or some slight covering laid 
along the rows will prevent this. Or they may be laid in by the heels 
in a sheltered place. 

The thorn makes very good stocks for the pear, except that if grafted 
above ground the tree is often apt to be broken off at the point of 
union by high winds. This is obviated by grafting a little below the 
surface. Grafting on the thorn is a very useful practice for strong 
clayey soils, as on such stocks the pear may be grown with success, 
when it would not otherwise thrive. It also comes rather earlier into 
bearing. The mountain ash is thought by some to be a valuable stock 
for light sandy soils, but care should be taken that the graft or bud be 
inserted low down near the crown of the stock, so that when transplanted 
the whole of the stock can be covered with soil, otherwise the borer will 
soon destroy it. The pear is sometimes budded on the apple, but it is 
then usually very short-lived. 

For rendering the pear dwarf \ the Quince stock is almost universally 
used, as the pear unites readily with it, becomes quite dwarf in habit, 
and bears very early. Some large-growing pears — as the Duchess of 
Angouleme — extremely liable to be blown off the tree, bear much better 
on the quince stock, and others are considerably improved in flavor by 
it. The dwarf pear, however, it must be confessed, rather belongs to 
the small garden of the amateur than to the orcbardist, or him who de- 
sires to have regular large crops and long-lived trees. The dwarf tree 
is usually short lived, seldom enduring more than fifteen or twenty years 
in bearing — but it is a pretty and economical way of growing a good 
many sorts, and getting fruit speedily, in a small garden.* 

The pear, not being very abundantly supplied with fibrous roots, 
should never be transplanted, of large size, from the nursery. Small 
thrifty plants, five or six feet high, are much to be preferred. 

Soil, Situation, and Culture. The best soil for this fruit-tree is 
a strong loam of moderate depth on a dry subsoil. The pear will, in- 

* Whether the Pear can be successfully cultivated on the Quince for market 
Is yet a debatable question ; some growers, owing perhaps to soil and climate, 
having succeeded satisfactorily, while others have entirely failed. That dwarfs 
are a great acquisition to the garden where large standards are inadmissible is 
| unquestioned. "We believe the promise of some varieties on quince warrants the 
expectation that they will be found profitable for general cultivation. 



644 



THE PEAR. 



deed, adapt itself to as great a variety of soils as any fruit-tree, but in 
unfavorable soils it is more liable to suffer from disease than any other. 
Soils that are wet during any considerable portion of the year, are en- 
tirely unfit for the pear-tree ; and soils that are over-rich and deep, like 
some of the Western alluvials, force the tree into such over-luxuriant 
growth that its wood does not ripen, and is liable to be killed by winter 
blight. Soils that are too light, on the other hand, may be improved by 
trenching if the subsoil is heavier, or by top-dressing with heavy muck 
and river mud if it is not. 

In a climate rather cold for the pear, or on a cold soil, it is advan- 
tageous to plant on a Southern slope; but in the Middle States, in warm 
soils, we do not consider a decidedly Southern exposure so good as other 
rather cooler ones. 

The Pear succeeds so well as an open standard, and requires so little 
care for pruning — less, indoed, in the latter respect than any other 
fruit-tree — that training is seldom thought of except for dwarfs, or in the 
gardens of the curious or skilful. The system of quenouille or distaff 
training, an interesting mode of rendering trees very productive in a 
small space, we have already fully described in p. 40, as w T ell as root- 
pruning for the same purpose in p. 36. 

The manner of growing and training dwarfs in this country, on a 
large scale, for orchards, is, however, more as bushes or low-headed trees 
than as pyramids, quenouille, or espalier ; and while the same general 
principles are maintained, it is necessary to head back the leading shoot 
more severely ; and unless time can be given in the summer season to 
checking the growth, and forming a thick, round, open head by means 
of summer pinching, then, in order to maintain health and vigor in 
dwarfs, they must be annually shortened back from one-half to two- 
thirds of the preceding year's growth. The best time for thi s is imme- 
diately at the close of winter. 

In orchard culture the pear is usually planted about thirty feet 
distant each way ; in fruit-gardens, where the heads are somewhat kept 
in by pruning, twenty feet is considered sufficient by many. 

Pear-trees in a bearing state, where the growth is no longer luxu- 
riant, should have, every autumn, a moderate top-dressing of manure, 
to keep them in good condition. This, as it promotes steady and 
regular growth, is far preferable to occasional heavy manuring. 

Diseases. As a drawback to the otherwise easy cultivation of 
this fine fruit, the pear-tree is, unfortunately, liable to a very serious 
disease called the pear-tree blight or fire blight, appearing irregularly, 
and in most parts of the country ; sometimes in succeeding seasons, 
and again only after a lapse of several years ; attacking sometimes 
only the extremities of the limbs, and at other times destroying the 
whole tree ; producing, occasionally, little damage to a few branches, 
but often also destroying, in a day or two, an entire large tree ; this 
disease has been, at different times, the terror and despair of pear- 
growers. Some parts of the country have been nearly free from it, 
while others have suffered so much as almost to deter persons from 
extending the culti vation of this fine fruit. For nearly a hundred 
years its existence has been remarked in this country, and all notions 
of its character and origin have been so vague as to lead to little prac- 
tical assistance in removing or remedying the evil. 

Careful observations for several years past, and repeated comparison 



THE PEAR. 



G45 



of facts with accurate observers in various parts of the country, have 
led us to the following conclusions : — 

1st. That what is popularly called the pear blight, is, in fact, two 
distinct diseases. 

2d. That one of these is caused by an insect, and the other by sud- 
den freezing and thawing of the sap in unfavorable autumns. The first we 
shall therefore call the insect blight, and the second the frozen-sap blight. 

1. The Insect Blight. The symptoms of the insect blight are as 
follows : In the month of June or July, when the tree is in full luxuri- 
ance of growth, shoots at the extremities of the brandies, and often 
extending down two seasons' growth, are observed suddenly to turn 
brown. In two or three days the leaves become quite black and dry, 
and the wood so shrivelled and hard as to be cut with difficulty with a 
knife. If the branch is allowed to remain, the disease sometimes extends 
a short distance farther down the stem, but usually not much farther 
than the point where the insect had made his lodgment. The insect 
which causes this blight was first discovered by the Hon. John Lowell, of 
Boston, in 1816, and was described by Professor Peck under the name of 
Scolytuspyri. It is very minute, being scarcely one-tenth of an inch 
long ; and it escapes from the branch almost as soon as, by the wither- 
ing of the leaves, we are aware of its attack ; hence it is so rarely seen 
by careless observers. In the perfect state it is a very small beetle, 
deep brown, with legs of a paler color. Its thorax is shori , convex, 
rough in front, and studded with erect bristles. The wing-covers are 
marked with rows of punctured points, between which are also rows of 
bristles, and they appear cut off very obliquely behind. 

This insect deposits its egg some time in July or August, either be- 
hind or below a bud. Whether the egg hatches at once, we are not 
aware, but the following spring the small grub or larva bores through 
the sap-wood or tender alburnum, beginning at the root of the bud, and 
burrows toward the centre of the stem. Around this centre or pith it 
forms a circular passage, sometimes devouring it altogether. By thus 
perforating, sawing off, or girdling, internally, a considerable portion of 
the vessels which convey the ascending sap, at the very period when the 
rapid growth of the leaves calls for the largest supply of fluid from the 
roots, the growth and the vitality of the branch are checked, and finally 
extinguished. The larva about this time completes both its transforma- 
tion and its passage out, and, in the beetle form, emerges, with wings, 
into the air, to seek out new positions for laying its eggs and continuing 
its species. The small passage where it makes its exit may now more 
easily be discovered, below or by the side of the bud, resembling a hole 
bored with a needle or pin. 

It is well to remark here that the attack of this blight insect is not 
confined to the Pear, but in some parts of the country we have observed 
it preying upon the Apple and the Quince in the same manner. In the 
latter tree, the shoots that were girdled were shorter, and at the extremi- 
ties of the branches only ; not leading, therefore, to such serious conse- 
quences as in the Pear. 

The ravages of the insect blight, we are inclined to think, do not ex- 
tend much below the point where the insect has deposited its egg, — a 
material point of difference from the frozen-sap blight, which often 
poisons the system of the whole tree if allowed to remain, or if origin- 
ally very extensive. « 



646 



THE PEAR. 



The remedy for the insect blight is very distinct. It is that origin ally- 
suggested by Mr. Lowell, which we and many others have pursued with 
entire success, when the other form, of the disease was not also present. 
The remedy consists, at the very first indications of the existence of the 
enemy, in cutting off and burning the diseased branch, a foot below the 
lowest mark of discoloration. The insect is usually to be found at the 
bottom of this blackened point, and it is very important that the 
branches be removed early, as the Scolytus is now about emerging from 
his burrow, and will speedily escape us, to multiply his mischief else- 
where. If there is much appearance of the insect blight, the tree 
should be examined every noon, so long as there are any indications of 
disease, and the amputated branches carried at once to the fire. 

2. The Frozex-sap Blight. We give this term to the most for- 
midable phase of this disease that affects the pear-tree. Though it is by 
ordinary observers often confounded in its affects with the insect 
blight, yet it has strongly characteristic marks, and is far more fatal in 
its effects. 

The symptoms of the frozen-sap blight are the following : First. 
The appearance, at the season of winter or spring pruning, of a thick 
clammy sap, of a sticky nature, which exudes from the wounds made" 
by the knife ; the ordinary cut showing a clean and smooth surface. 

Second. The appearance in the spring, on the bark of the trunk or 
branches, often a considerable distance from the extremities, of black, 
shrivelled, dead patches of bark. 

Third. early summer months the disease fully manifests itself 
by the extremities shrivelling, turning black, and decaying, as if sud- 
denly killed. If these diseased parts are cut off, the inner bark and 
heart-wood will be found dark and discolored some distance below 
where it is fresh and green outside. If the tree is slightly affected 
only, it may pass off with the loss of a few branches ; but if it has been 
seriously tainted, the disease, if not arrested, may, sooner or later, be 
carried through the whole system of the tree, which will gradually de- 
cline or entirely perish. 

To explain the nature of this disease we must first premise that, in 
every tree, there are two currents of sap carried on : 1st, the upward 
current of sap, which rises through the outer wood (or alburnum), to 
be digested by the leaves ; 2d, the downward current, which descends 
through the inner bark (or liber), forming a deposit of new wood on its 
passage down.* 

Now let us suppose, anterior to a blight season, a very sudden and 
early winter succeeding a damp and warm autumn. f The summer having 
been dry, the growth of trees was completed early, but this excess of 
dampness in autumn forces the trees into a vigorous second growth, 
Avhich continues late. While the sap-vessels are still filled with their 
fluids, a sharp and sudden freezing takes place, or is, perhaps, repeated 
several times, followed, in the daytime, by bright sun. The descend- 
ing current of sap becomes thick and clammy, so as to descend with 

* Being distributed towards the centre of the stem by the medullary rays 
which communicate from the inner bark to the pith. 

f Which always happens previously to a summer when the blight is very 
prevalent, and will be remembered by all as having been especially the 
case in the autumn of 1843, which preceded the extensive blight of the next 
season. . 



THE PEAR. 



647 



difficulty ; it chokes up the sap- vessels, freezes and thaws again, loses its 
vitality, and becomes dark and discolored, and in some cases so poison- 
ous as to destroy the leaves of other plants when applied to them. 
Here, along the inner bark, it lodges, and remains in a thick, sticky 
state all winter. If it happens to flow down till it meets with any ob- 
struction, and remains in any considerable quantity, it freezes again 
beneath the bark, ruptures and destroys the sap-vessels, and the bark 
and some of the wood beneath it shrivels and dies. 

In the ensuing spring the upward current of sap rises through its 
ordinary channel, — the outer wood or alburnum, — the leaves expand, and, 
for some time, nearly all the upward current being taken up to form 
leaves and new shoots, the tree appears flourishing. Toward the begin- 
ning of summer, however, the leaves commence sending the downward 
current of sap to increase the woody matter of the stem. This current, 
it will be remembered, has to pass downward through the inner bark or 
liber, along which still remain portions of the poisoned sap, arrested 
in its course the previous autumn. This poison is diluted, and taken up 
by the new downward current, distributed toward the pith, and along 
the new layers of alburnum, thus tainting all the neighboring parts. 
Should any of the adjacent sap-vessels have been ruptured by frost, so 
that the poison thus becomes mixed with the still ascending current of 
sap, the branch above it immediately turns black and dies, precisely as 
if poison were introduced under the bark. And very frequently it is 
accompanied with precisely the odor of decaying frost-bitten vegetation.* 

The foregoing is the worst form of the disease, and it takes place 
when the poisoned sap, stagnated under the bark in spots, remains 
through the winter in a thick, semi-fluid state, so as to be capable of 
being taken up in the descending current of the next summer. When, 
on the other hand, it collects in sufficient quantity to freeze again, burst 
the sap-vessels, and afterwards dry out by the influence of the sun and 
wind, it leaves the patches of dead bark which we have already described. 
As part of the woody channels which convey the ascending sap probably 
remain entire and uninjured, the tree or branch will perhaps continue to 
grow the whole season and bear fruit, as if nothing had happened to it, 
drying down to the shrivelled spots of bark the next spring. The eflect 
in this case is precisely that of girdling only, and the branch or tree 
will die after a time, but not suddenly. 

From what we have said, it is easy to infer that it would not be diffi- 
cult, on the occurrence of such an autumn, when sudden congelation 
takes place in unripened wood, to predict a blight season for the following 

* We do not know that this form of blight is common in Europe, but the 
following- extract from the celebrated work of Duhamel on fruit-trees, published 
in 1768, would seem to indicate something very similar a long time ago. 

"The sap corrupted by putrid water, or the excess of manure, bursts the 
cellular membranes in some places, extends itself between the wood and the 
bark which it separates, and carries its poisonous acrid influence to all the 
neighboring parts, like a gangrene. When it attacks the small branches, they 
should be cut off ; if it appears in the large branches or body of the tree, all the 
cankered parts must be cut out down to the sound wood, and the wound covered 
with composition. If the evil be produced by manure or stagnant water (and it 
may be produced by other causes), the old earth must be removed from the 
roots, and fresh soil put in its place, and means taken to draw off the water 
from the roots. But if the disease has made much progress on the trunk, the 
tree is lost."— Trdite cles Arbres Fruitiers, vol. 11, p. 100. 



648 



THE PEAR. 



summer. Such has several times been done, and its fulfilment may be 
looked for with certainty in all trees that had not previously ripened 
their wood.* 

So also it would and does naturally follow, that trees in a damp, rich 
soil, are much more liable to the frozen-sap blight than those upon a 
drier soil. In a soil over-moist or too rich, the pear is always liable to 
make late second growths, and its wood will often be caught unripened 
by an early winter. For this reason this form of blight is vastly more 
extensive and destructive in the deep rich soils of the Western States 
than in the drier and poorer soils of the East. And this will always be 
the case in over-rich soils, unless the trees are checked in their luxuri- 
ance by root-pruning. 

Again, those varieties of the pear which have the .habit of maturing 
their wood early, are very rarely affected with the frozen-saj^ blight. 
But late-growing sorts are always more or less liable to it, especially 
when the trees are young, and the excessive growth is not reduced by 
fruit-bearing. Every nurseryman knows that there are certain late- 
growing sorts which are always more liable to this blight in the nursery. 
Among these we have particularly noticed the Passe Colmar and the Eo- 
relle, though when these sorts become bearing trees they are not more 
liable than many others. The Seckel pear is less subject to blight than 
others, which we attribute entirely to its habit of making short-jointed 
shoots, and ripening its wood very early. 

To distinguish the blight of the frozen-sap from that caused by the 
attack of the Scolytus pyri is not difficult. The effects of the latter 
cease below the spot where the insect has perforated and eaten its bur- 
row in the branch. The former spreads gradually down the branch, 
which, when dissected, shows the marks of the poison in the discolora- 
tion of the inner bark and the pith, extending down some distance below 
the external marks of injury. If the poison becomes largely diffused in 
the tree, it will sometimes die outright in a day or two ; but if it is only 
slightly present, it will often entirely recover. The presence of black, 
dry, shrivelled spots of bark on the branches, or soft sappy spots, as well 

* Since the above was written, we have had the pleasure of seeing a highly 
interesting article by the Rev. H. W. Beecher, of Indiana, one of the most in- 
telligent observers in the country. Mr. Beecher not only agrees in the main 
with us, but he fortifies our opinion with a number of additional facts of great 
value. We shall extract some of this testimony, which is vouched for by Mr. 
B. , and for the publication of which the cultivators of pears owe him many 
thanks. 

"Mr. R. Ragan, of Putnam Co., Ind., has for more than twelve years 
suspected that this disease originated in the fall previous to the summer on which 
it declares itself. During the last winter Mr. Ragan predicted the blight, as 
will be remembered by some of his acquaintances in Wayne Co. , and in his pear- 
orchards he marked the trees that would suffer, and pointed to the spot which 
would be the seat of the disease, and his prognostications were strictly verified. 
Out of his orchard of 200 pear-trees, during the previous blight of 1832, only 
four escaped, and those had been transplanted, and had, therefore, made little 
or no growth. 

"Mr. White, a nurseryman near Mooresville, Ind., in an orchard of over 
150 trees, had not a single case of blight in the year 1844, though all around 
him its ravages were felt. What were the facts in this case ? His orchard is 
planted on a mould-like piece of ground, is high, of a sandy, gravelly soil: 
earlier by a week than nursery soils in this country ; and in the summer of 1843, 
his trees grew through the summer, ripened and shed their leaves early in the 
fall, and during the warm spell made no second growth." 



THE PEAR. 



649 



as the appearance of thick clammy sap in winter or spring pruning, are 
the infallible signs of the frozen-sap blight. 

The most successful remedies for this disastrous blight, it is very evi- 
dent, are chiefly preventive ones. It is, of course, impossible for us to 
avoid the occasional occurrence of rainy, warm autumns, which have a 
tendency to urge the trees into late second growth. The principal 
means of escaping the danger really lies in always studiously avoiding a 
wet soil for the fruit-tree. Very level or hollow surfaces, where heavy 
early autumnal rains are apt to lie and saturate the ground, should also 
be shunned. And any summer top-dressing or enriching calculated 
to stimulate the tree into late growth is pernicious. A rich, diy 
soil is, on the whole, the best, because there the tree will make a good 
growth in time to ripen fully its wood, and will not be likely to make 
second growth. A rich, wot soil will, on the contrary, serve continu- 
ally to stimulate the tree to new growth. It is in accordance with this 
that many persons have remarked, that those pear-trees growing in com- 
mon meadow land were free from blight in seasons when those in the 
rich garden soils were continually suffering from it. 

The first point, then, should be to secure a rich, but dry, well-drained 
soil. Cold aspects and soils should be avoided, as likely to retard the 
growth and ripening of the wood. 

The second is to reject, in blighted districts, such varieties as have 
the habit of making wood late, and choosing rather those of early habit, 
which ripen the wood fully before autumn. 

Severe summer-pruning, should it be followed by an early winter, 
is likely to induce blight, and should therefore be avoided. Indeed, 
we think the pear should always be pruned in winter or early spring. 

As a remedy for blight actually existing in a tree, we know of no 
other but that of freely cutting out the diseased branches at the ear- 
liest moment after it appears. The amputation should be continued as 
far down as the least sign of discoloration and consequent poisoning 
is perceptible, and it should not be neglected a single day after it mani- 
fests itself. A still better remedy, when we are led to suspect, during 
the winter, that it is likely to break out in the ensuing summer, is that 
of carefully looking over the trees before the buds swell, and cutting out 
all branches that show the discolored or soft sappy spots of bark that 
are the first symptoms of the disease. 

Finally, as a preventive, when it is evident, from the nature of the 
season and soil, that a late autumnal growth will take place, we recom- 
mend laying bare the roots of the trees for two or three weeks. Boot- 
pruning will always check any tendency to over-luxuriance in particu- 
lar sorts, or in young bearing trees, and is therefore a valuable assist- 
ance when the disease is feared. And the use of lime in strong soils, 
as a fertilizer, instead of manure, is worthy of extensive trial, because 
lime has a tendency to throw all fruit-trees into the production of short- 
jointed fruit-spurs, instead of the luxuriant woody shoots induced by 
animal manure. 

In gardens where, from the natural dampness of the soil or locality, 
it is nearly impossible to escape blight, we recommend that mode of 
dwarfing the growth of the trees — conical standards, or quenouilles, 
described in the section on pruning. This mode can scarcely fail to 
secure a good crop in any soil or climate where the pear-tree will 
flourish. 

. 



650 



THE PEAE. 



After the blight, the other diseases which affect the pear-tree are 
of little moment. They are chiefly the same as those to which the 
apple is liable, the same insects occasionally affecting both trees, and we 
therefore refer our readers to the section on the apple-tree. 

There is, however, a slug-worm, which occasionally does great damage 
on the leaves of the pear-tree, which it sometimes entirely destroys. This 
sing is the Selandria cerasi of Harris. It appears on the upper side of 
the leaves of the pear-tree, from the middle of June to the middle of 
July. It is nearly half an inch long when fully grown, olive-colored, 
tapering from the head to the tail, not much unlike in shape a minia- 
ture tadpole. The best destructive for this insect is ashes, plaster, dry 
dust, or quicklime, sifted or sprinkled over the leaves, early in the 
morning.* 

VARIETIES. 

The varieties of pear have so multiplied within the last thirty 
years that they may almost be considered endless. Of the new vari- 
eties, Belgium has produced the greatest number of high quality ; 
England and France many of excellence ; and, lastly, quite a number 
of valuable sorts have originated in this country, to which some addi- 
tions are made annually. The latter, as a matter of course, are found 
even more generally adapted to our climate than any foreign sorts. 
But we believe the climate of the Middle States is so nearly like that of 
Belgium, that the pear is grown here as a standard to as great perfec- 
tion as in any other country. 

More than one thousand kinds of pears, collected from all parts of 
the world, have been fruited here, but only a small proportion of these 
have been found of first-rate quality, and a very large number of tliem 
are of little or no value. The great difficulty seems to be, to decide 
which are the really valuable sorts, worth universal cultivation. We 
shall not, perhaps, arrive at this point, in this country, for several years, 
not until all the most deserving sorts have had repeated trials, and the 
difficulty is always increased by the fact of the difference of climate and 
soil, and the continuous increase of new varieties. A variety may 
prove of superior merit in one locality and quite indifferent in another, 
owing to the influence of soil and climate. This, however, is true only 
to a very limited extent, as the fact that most sorts of the first character 
receive nearly the same praise in Belgium, England, and all parts of 
this country, clearly proves. High flavor, handsome appearance, pro- 
ductiveness, and uniformly good flavor in all seasons — these are the cri- 
terions of the first class of pears. f 

* Many theories and speculative opinions have been pronrulgated during- the 
past twenty or more years since these remarks on blight were written, but, so far 
as we can learn, nothing conclusive is yet known. There are many persons 
holding the views here expressed, while others support a theory of atmospheric 
fungoid blight with equally good reasoning. 

f The most successful cultivator of pears in this country, whose collection 
comprises hundreds of varieties, lately assured us that if he were asked to 
name all the sorts that he considered of unvarying and unquestionable excellence 
in all respects, he could not count more than twenty ! It may. then, be asked, 
Why do all cultivate so large a variety ? We answer, because the quality of many 
is yet not fully decided ; again, there is a great difference in taste, as to the 



THE PEAR. 



651 



Most of the finer varieties of pears have not the necessary hardi- 
hood to enable them to resist, perfectly uninjured, the violent atmos- 
pheric changes of our climate, except under favorable circumstances ; 
consequently the fruit is more or less variable in quality ; and this is 
more particularly true of some that come to us from abroad with 
promise of the highest excellence, and to pronounce an abiding judg- 
ment upon their merits requires many years' experience and careful ob- 
servation under different circumstances and in various localities. And it 
must be borne in mind, that although young trees give fruit of nearly 
or quite full size and beauty, yet perfection of flavor is only to be ex- 
pected from trees of more mature age. The inference is not legiti- 
mate that a variety which exhibits great excellence in Belgium, or some 
of the districts of France, will exhibit generally in all localities in the 
United States the same excellence ; but the supposition is fair, and 
borne out by some experience, that those which possess excellence of a 
particular character in an eminent degree in Europe, will generally ex- 
hibit the same in particular localities in this country. We would in- 
stance such vigorous growers, with pretty solid flesh, as the following : — 
Belle Lucrative, Bostiezer, Duchess d'Angouleme, Beurre Hardy, &c. 
To produce satisfactory results in the cultivation of pears, some of its 
wants must always be complied with, such as good depth of soil, suffi- 
cient drainage, and proper enrichment. 

In describing pears, we shall, as usual, designate the size by com- 
parison, as follows : — Large, as the Beurre Diel or Bartlett ; medium, as 
the Doyenne or Yirgalieu ; small, as the Seckel. 

With regard to form, these are so numerous and complicated that it 
is difficult to determine upon any terms that can be always preserved ; 
but with a view to unity, and with a belief that they are the best now 
in use, we have adopted those established by the Massachusetts Hor- 
ticultural Society. (See pages 652 and 653.) 

As with apples and other fruits, we continue the alphabetical system 
of arrangement, it being the most readily applicable for general use ; and, 
as with apples, have, in designating the quality of flesh, continued the 
terms adopted by the American Pomological Society, as "best" "very 
good" and " good." The latter term, although in many cases having refer- 
ence only to the quality of the fruit as a dessert pear, may be often 
found attached to one of great value for cooking, or highly profitable for 
market. 



Abbe de Beaumont. 

Originated in the commercial gardens of Andre Leroy, Angeis, 
France. 

Fruit medium, obtuse, pyriform. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. 
Skin greenish yellow, marbled with fawn-color and washed with red in 
the sun. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, rough or gritty at core, 
vinous, sweet. August, September. (Leroy.) 

merits of a given sort ; there are also some sorts so productive, or handsome, 
&c, that they are highly esteemed, though, only second-rate. In a work like the 
present, we are also obliged to describe many sorts of second quality, in order 
to assist in identifying them, as they are already in general cultivation. 



652 



THE PEAE. 




Globular, obtuse pyriform. 



Globular, acute pyriform. 



THE PEAR. 

COMPOUND FORMS — Continued. 



653 




Oblong, ovate pyriform. 



Oblong, obovate pyriform. 



654 



THE PEAR. 



Abbe Edouard. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obtuse pyriform, rich clear green, be- 
coming yellow at maturity, with a russet cheek. Flesh white, half ten- 
der, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Ripens in November. 

Abbe Perez. 

This Pear originated in Germany, and was introduced in 1862. 

Fruit small to medium, oval oblate. Skin yellowish green, splashed 
and dotted with red, shaded with fawn-color at the apex. Flesh whitish, 
firm, melting, juicy, harsh at the core, vinous, sweet. November, Feb- 
ruary. (Leroy.) 

Abbott. 

Origin, Providence, R. I., on the farm of Mrs. Abbott. A vigorous 
grower, and the fruit, although not of first quality, is uniformly good 
and beautiful. Young wood reddish olive. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish, 
considerably shaded with crimson, sprinkled with gray and crimson dots, 
and having a few russet patches. Stalk medium, inserted by a lip or 
ring in a slight depression surrounded by russet. Calyx open, with 
segments persistent, in a broad open basin. Flesh white, granular, 
buttery, juicy, melting. Flavor sweet, pleasant, and perfumed. Ripens 
last of September. 

Abercromby. 
Abercromby's Seedling. 

An American chance seedling that was found in Tallapoosa Co., 
Ala. Tree a vigorous, stout grower, an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium size, globular obovate obtuse pyriform, greatest 
breadth at centre. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow, netted and 
patched with russet, and with a mottled red cheek. Stalk short. Calyx 
large and open. Flesh whitish, coarse, granular, moderately juicy, and 
sweet, slightly vinous. Good. Ripens early in August. 

Adams. 

Raised by Dr. H. Adams, of Waltham, Mass. Tree a vigorous 
grower, with an upright, erect habit, making a pyramidal head. Young 
wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit large, obovate pyriform, largest at centre. Surface uneven. 
Skin pale yellow shaded with light crimson in the sun, with many brown, 
green, and reddish dots. Stalk short, often set with a russeted lip. 
Calyx closed. Basin very shallow. Flesh white, very juicy, melting, 
vinous. Yery good. Ripens early September. 

Adelaide de Reves. 

Madame Adelaide Reves. 

From Belgium. Tree vigorous. Young shoots very stout, yellow- 
ish brown red. 



THE PEAR. 



655 



Fruit large, oblong, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish green with 
a shade of red in the sun, and russet specks and blotches, and russet at 
base of stalk. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet. 
Good. October. 

Adele Lancelot. 

A Belgian Pear of recent introduction. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium to large, pyriform. Skin clear green yellow, shaded 
with red in the sun. Flesh white, not very juicy or rich. Good. Oc- 
tober. 

Admirable. 
Dana's Admirable. 

Originated with Francis Dana, Boston, Mass., and first exhibited 
before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1853. Tree a vigo- 
rous grower, somewhat irregular, and, according to Hovey, tardy in 
coming into bearing. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish ovate, narrowing toward the stalk. 
Surface uneven. Skin yellowish, partially russeted and thickly sprinkled 
with russet dots. Stalk medium, a little inclined, planted in a small 
cavity, and sometimes with a lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. 
Basin medium, rather abrupt, uneven. Flesh juicy, melting, vinous, a 
little astringent. Good. September. 

t 

Admiral Farragut. 

This new American Pear originated with Dr. ShurtlefF, Boston, 
Mass., who describes the tree as strong, vigorous, productive. Shoots 
long, medium size. 

Fruit very large, long pyriform, green with many dots, and blush 
in the sun. Stalk stout, curved. Calyx medium. Basin shallow. 
Flesh melting, juicy, fine-grained, subacid, pleasant. Season last of 
September. (J. of H.) 

Adolphe Catchet. 

Origin, gardens of M. Andre Leroy, Angers, France. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, rich yellow, dotted and splashed 
with red in the sun. Flesh white, juicy, vinous, sweet, harsh and grit- 
ty at core. August, September. (Leroy.) 

Adolphine Richard. 
A Belgian Pear of recent introduction. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, clear yellow, with shades and patches of 
brown red. Flesh white, half fine, juicy, vinous, sweet. Good. No- 
vember. 

Aglae Gregoire. 

A Belgian variety, of vigorous and productive habit. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, dotted and splashed 



656 



THE PEAR. 



with reddish brown. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, half melting, 
juicy, perfumed. Good. February, March. (Jardin Van Mons.) 

Ah ! Mon Dieu. 

Poire d'Abondance. Mandieu. 

Mon Dieu. The nry-God Pear. 

Beurre Sprin. Esperine. 

An old French Pear. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, smooth, 
nearly covered with red. Flesh white, juicy, slightly vinous, and sweet. 
Good. October. 

Alexander. 

Origin, town of Alexander, N. Y. Tree moderate growth. Young 
wood light olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, somewhat one-sided. Skin 
yellowish green, dotted, netted, and splashed with russet. Stalk 
slender, rather long, curved, fleshy at its insertion. Calyx large, closed. 
Flesh white, a little coarse and gritty, very juicy, melting, sugary, and 
rich. Very good. Ripe last of September and early October. 

Alexandre Bivort. 

A seedling of Esperen in 1848. Tree vigorous, of a bushy habit. 
Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skimpale yellow, with a few patches 
and traces of russet. Stalk rather long, set in a small cavity. Calyx 
small, open. Segments slender, partly recurved. Basin large, ab- 
rupt, corrugated. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, half 
tender, sweet, and pleasant. Good. December to February. 

Alexandre Lambre. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, spreading. Branches 
long, slender. 

Fruit medium, oblate obtuse pyriform, yellowish, netted and patch- 
ed with russet, brown red in sun. Flesh yellowish pinkish white, juicy, 
sweet, a little astringent. Good to very good. October, December. 

Alexandrina. 

Alexandrina Bivort. 

A Belgian Pear, too small in size to be of much value at its season 
of ripening. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate pyriform, light yellow, shaded with 
red in the sun, netted and dotted with russet. Stalk long. Calyx open. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. September. 

Alexandrine Douillard. 
Douillard. 

This comparatively new Belgian Pear has size to commend it, and 
may prove valuable. Tree vigorous, productive, and comes early into 
bearing. Young wood dull yellowish brown. 



THE PEAR. 



G57 



Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly 
netted and traced with russet. Stalk varying in length, inserted in a 
slight cavity, sometimes with a lip. Calyx partly closed. Basin ab- 
rupt, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Very 
good. October. 

Alexandrine Mas. 

A seedling of M. Mas, France, from seeds of Passe Colmar in 1850. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, light yellowish green, with shades and 
patches and dots of russet. Stalk stout, set without depression. Calyx 
large. Segments erect. Flesh white, translucent, juicy, sweet, perfumed. 
Late winter. (Yerg.) 

Alpha. 

A Belgian seedling. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate, slightly oblong. Skin smooth, pale, 
yellowish green, dotted with reddish points, and having a thin, pale 
brown blush. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in a slight depression. 
Calyx stiff, open, set in a round basin of moderate size. Flesh white,, 
fine-grained, buttery. Good. October. 

Alphonse Karr. 

Originated with M. Louis Berckmans. Tree vigorous. Young wood 
dull olive. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, golden yellow, netted, mar- 
bled, and dotted with russet. Flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy,, 
slightly vinous, sweet. November, December. 

Althorpe Crassane. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate. Skin pale green. Flesh white, 
buttery, and quite juicy, not rich, slightly perfumed. Good. October, 
November. 

Amadotte. 

Madotte. Autumn Superb. De G-raine Damadote. 

Beurre Knox ? Dame Houdotte. Beurre Blanc des Capucins. 

Fruit rather large, pyriform. Skin pale yellow. Stalk medium. 
Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh whitish,, 
I coarse, juicy, vinous, variable, sometimes astringent. Hardly good,. 
| Ripe October. 

Amandine de Bouen. 
A new French Pear, as yet little known. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with splashes of 
'awn russet. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet. Good. 
September, October. (Leroy.) 



658 



THE PEAR. 



Ambrette. 

Ambrette d'Hiver. Trompe-valet . Thorny Ambrette. 

Ambre Gris. Ambret. Ambrette avec epines. 

Ambrette Gris. Winter Ambret. Ambrette epineuse. 

Belle Gabrielle. Cheat Servant. De Chine. 

Tilton. 

A very old Pear-tree, very hardy and productive. 

Fruit medium to small, roundish oval, yellowish green, with russet 
spots and black blotches. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, melting, sweet. 
Good. December to March. 

Ambrosia. 
Early Beurre. 

A French Pear of medium size, roundish obovate. Skin greenish 
yellow, a little russeted. Flesh buttery, without much flavor. Hardly 
good. September. 

America. 

An American Pear, originated Avith Francis Dana, Boston, Mass. 
Tree a strong vigorous grower. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate obtuse pyriform. Skin 
yellow, with traces, dots, and patches of russet. Stalk long, in a small 
cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, half melting, sweet, 
sugary, pleasant. Good. November, December. 



Amelie Leclerc. 

A seedling of the late Leon Leclerc, of Laval, France. Tree mod- 
erately vigorous, spreading, with long slender shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform. Skin green- 
ish yellow, with a shade of red in the sun, and slight nettings of russet. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good to very good. 
October. 



Amiral Cecil. 

Originated in France, of moderate growth, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate, yellowish, with fawn-color 
marblings in the sun. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, harsh and gritty 
at centre. Good. October, December. 

Amire Joannet. 

St. Jean. St. John's Pear. k Amire Johannet. 

Joannette. Petit Johannet. *^ Petit St. Jean. 

This fruit is one of the earliest, ripening at the beginning of July 
— in France, whence it originally comes, about St. John's day, whence 
the name Joanne t. It is a pleasant fruit, of second quality, and lasts 
but a few days in perfection. It opens the pear season, with the Little 
Muscat, to which it is superior. 

Fruit below the middle size, regularly pyriform, tapering to the 
stalk, which is an inch and a half long, and thickest at the point of 
junction. Skin very smooth, at first light green, but becomes bright 



THE PEAR. 



659 



lemon-color at maturity — very rarely with a faint blush. Calyx large, 
with reflexed segments, even with the surface. Flesh white, sugary, 
delicate and juicy at first, but soon becomes mealy. 

Amour. 

Tresor. Poire d' Amour. Love Pear. 

Tresor d' Amour. Treasure. 

An old Pear, valued only for cooking. 

Fruit very large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin rough, dull yel- 
lowish green, brownish in sun. Flesh white, coarse, harsh, astringent. 
Good for stewing. December to March. 

Ananas de Courtrai. 

Ananas de Courtray. 

"What we have received as Ananas de Courtrai from three or four 
sources, both here and in Europe, have proved to be Ananas d'Ete j and 




Ananas d'Et6. 



as there is said to be a distinct Ananas de Courtrai, we insert Leroy's 
description. 



660 



THE PEAK. 



Fruit large, pyriform, slightly obtuse, surface uneveu. Skin pale 
yellow, with a warm brown red cheek in the sun, more or less marbled, 
some dots and patches of russet brown. Flesh white, fine, juicy, mild, 
sweet, musky, delicate perfume. Very good. Last of August and early 
in September. 

Ananas d'Ete. 

Ananas (of Manning and of Leroy). Ananas Francais. 

Du Bouchet. Summer Pine-apple. 

Favori Musque. 

An old variety, from Holland, which here is one of our best late 
summer or early autumn Pears. Tree very vigorous. Young shoots 
strong, of a rich reddish-yellowish brown, with prominent sharp-pointed 
buds, and oblong white specks. 

Fruit rather large, pyriform, or occasionally obtuse at the stalk. 
Skin pale yellow, with a little brown on one side, and much covered 
with large, rough, brown russet dots. Stalk an inch and a quarter long, 
inserted sometimes in a blunt cavity, sometimes without depression, by 
the side of a lip. Calyx open, with short divisions. Basin shallow. 
Flesh fine-grained, buttery, and melting, with a sweet, perfumed, and 
high flavor. Very good. September and October. 

Andre Desportes. 

Originated in the gardens of M. Andre Leroy, in France, 1854. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, oblique. Skin greenish 
yellow, with patches of fawn and bronze in the sun. Flesh yellowish 
white, fine, juicy, melting, granulous at the core, sugary acid. July. 
(Leroy.) 

Andrews. 

Beurre Oudinot ? Amory. Gibson. 

The Andrews is a favorite native seedling, found in the neighbor- 
hood of Dorchester, and first introduced to notice by a gentleman of 
Boston, whose name it bears. It is of excellent flavor, but variable and 
subject to rot at the core. 

Fruit rather large, pyriform, one-sided. Skin smooth, and rather 
thick, pale yellowish green, with a dull red cheek, and a few scattered 
dots. Stalk about an inch and a quarter long, curved, and set in a very 
shallow, blunt depression, or often without depression. Calyx open, 
placed in a small basin. Flesh greenish white, full of juice, melting, 
with a fine vinous flavor. Good to very good. Early in September. 
The Beurre Oudinot, as we have received it, has always proved identical 
with our Andrews, but Leroy claims it a distinct sort. 

Angelique de Bordeaux. 

Gros Franc Beal d'Hiver. St. Martial. 

Cristalline. Molle Bouche d'Hiver. 

A variety from France. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green in the shade, 
brownish red in the sun, with brown dots. Stalk fleshy at insertion. 



THE PEAK. 



661 



Calyx small. Flesh tender, juicy, buttery, melting. January to April. 
(Hogg.) 

Angelique Leclerc. 

Originated with Leon Leclerc, of Laval. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Stalk short. Ca- 
lyx small, open. Skin greenish yellow, shaded and dotted with red in the 
sun. Flesh white, very close, melting, juicy, rough at the core, sweet, 
aromatic. October, December. (Leroy.) 

Angleterre. 

English Beurre. Monkowthy. 

Beurre d'Angleterre. Longue de Narkouts. 

Beurre Amande. Beurre Judes. 

Almond Pear. Amande Double. 

An old French fruit of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin dull light green, slight net- 
tings of russet. Stalk long, slender, curved, fleshy at its junction with 
the fruit. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, full of juice, and of 
pleasant though not high flavor. Good. Middle of September. 

Angleterre D'Hiver. 
Angoisse blanche. 

An old Pear of little value, except as a keeper and for cooking. 

Fruit large, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with a brownish red 
tint in sun, many small russet and black specks. Flesh firm, rather 
dry, slightly acid. February to April. 

Angleterre Nain. 
Angleterre Parfume. 

Origin, Paris, France. 

Fruit small to medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Stalk long. 
Calyx half closed. Skin rough, dull green, dotted with red in the sun. 
Flesh whitish, fine, juicy, harsh near the core, musky. September, 
October. (Leroy.) 

Angobert. 

Mansuette. G-ros Angobert. Beurre de Semur. Dagobert. 

Solitaire. De Sainte Catherine. Double Mansuette. A. Gobert. 

A very old variety, described in 1660, and then, as now, considered 
one of the best of cooking Pears. 

Fruit large, or very large, irregular obtuse pyriform, greenish yel- 
low. Flesh half melting, juicy, somewhat astringent. A cooking pear. 
September. 

Anna Audisson. 
Doyenne" Anna Audisson. Beurre Anna Audisson. 

Originated at Angers, France. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, with 
patches of russet and brownish red in the sun. Stalk short and stout. 



662 



THE PEAR. 



Cavity slight, sometimes a lip. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, 
melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good to very good. October. 

Apple Peae. 

Pomoire. Poire-Pomme. Beurre de Rackenheim. 

Fruit below medium, round or roundish oblate. Skin covered with 
cinnamon russet, unless in the shade, when it is a dirty yellow green, 
with russet marblings. Flesh yellow, tender, melting, juicy. Good. 
October. 

Arbre Courbe. 
Amiral. Colmar Charnay. 

Tree vigorous, with irregular crooked branches. Young wood yel- 
lowish brown, with many specks, angled or bent from joint to joint. 

Fruit medium or large, oval pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with 
patches and russet dots. Stalk large and fleshy. Calyx open. Basin 
broad and shallow. Flesh whitish, coarse, half buttery, melting, juicy, 
slightly astringent. Good. Pipe last of September. 

Arlequin Musque. 
An old Pear, but little known. 

Fruit large, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish green, with mar- 
blings and dots of brown. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, buttery, 
melting, sweet. Good. Last of September. 

Arthur Bivort. 
One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, green, becoming yel- 
lowish at maturity, dotted with red in the sun. Stalk curved in a 
slight cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, vi- 
nous. October. (Alb. Pom.) 

Aston Town 

Fruit small, roundish turbinate. Skin pale yellowish, with brown 
specks. Flesh soft, buttery, moderately sweet, perfumed. Hardly 
good. Middle and last of September. 

* 

Audibert. 
Belle Audibert. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, orange in sun. 
Flesh white, breaking, granulated, acidulous. Good for stewing only. 
November. 

AUGUSTE JURIE. 

A seedling of M. Fortune, Willermoz, France. Tree moderately 
vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit small, oblate pyriform, yellow, shaded with dark red in the 
sun. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, slightly vinous, and slightly 
musky. Good. August. 



THE PEAE. 



663 



AUGUSTE EOYER. 

Tree very vigorous and productive, and promises to be a valuable 
orchard fruit. 

Fruit medium, roundish.. Skin greenish yellow, covered with rus- 
set-fawn. Flesh whitish, half melting, juice abundant, sugary, and 
pleasantly perfumed. Good. Ripe October. 

Augustine Lelieur. 
Auguste Lelieur. 

A variety from Belgium, but of unknown origin. 

Fruit below medium, oblong ovate pyriform. Skin greenish, with 
patches and nettings of russet, russet dots, and a blush-red cheek in sun. 
Stalk long, curved. Calyx closed, basin small, corrugated. Flesh 
white, buttery, juicy, half-melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Octo- 
ber, November. 

Augustus Dana. 

An American Pear, originated with Francis Dana, Boston, Mass. 
The tree is a good but not strong or a handsome grower. Young shoots 
of a light reddish brown color. 

Fruit medium, varying in form from acute pyriform to obtuse pyri- 
form. Skin yellow, netted and patched with russet, and russet dots. 
Stalk often one side of a true axis, curved, and set with slight depression. 
Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. 
Good to very good. October. 

Aueate. 

An old variety. 

Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellowish green. Flesh juicy, rich. 
Yery good. Last of July. 

Autumn Bergamot. 

English Bergamot. York Bergamot. 

Common Bergamot. English Autumn Bergamot. 

Fruit small, roundish, and flattened. Skin roughish green. Flesh 
greenish white, coarse-grained at the core, j uicy, sugary. September. 

The Bergamotte d'Automne of the French is a distinct fruit from 
this. Skin light yellowish green, brownish red cheek. Flesh breaking, 
juicy, and refreshing, but not high-flavored. A second-rate fruit. 

Autumn Colmar. 

A French Pear, of fair quality and a good bearer. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong or obtuse pyriform, a little uneven. 
Skin pale green, dotted with numerous russety specks. Stalk about an 
inch long, straight, planted in a small, uneven cavity. Calyx small, closed, 
set in a slight basin, a little furrowed. Flesh a little gritty at the core, 
buttery, with a rich and agreeable flavor. Good. October. 



664 



THE PEAR. 



Autumn Nelis. 
Graham's Autumn Nelis. Graham's Bergamot. 

An English Pear. Tree much the habit of Winter Nelis, very 
hardy and productive. Young wood light olive. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, mostly 
overspread and netted with russet. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, melt- 
ing, rich aromatic. Yery good. October. 

AVRIL. 

D'Avril. Poire d'Avril. 

Tree a vigorous grower, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
slightly shaded and somewhat spotted with russet, and thickly covered 
with russet dots. Stalk long and curved, inserted usually in a depres- 
sion. Calyx closed, basin deep and irregular. Flesh whitish, compact, 
coarse, granular, juicy, half-melting, sweet, and agreeable. A good bak- 
ing pear. November to February. 

Barbancinet. 

Origin, Nursery of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree vigorous, 
spreading, upright, productive. Young wood light brown. 

Fruit medium oblong acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with a brown- 
ish shade in the sun, sometimes slightly netted and patched with russet, 
and sprinkled with dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at junction. Calyx 
partially open. Segments short. Basin small. Flesh white, jnicy, 
melting, slightly vinous. Yery good. September. 

Barbe Nelis. 

liaised by Gregoire, of Belgium. Tree very vigorous, moderately 
productive. Young wood stout, light yellowish brown. 

Fruit small, oblare obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded and 
marbled with dull red in the sun, many green dots, and a few nettings 
and patches of russet. Stalk long, slender, curved, often with bracts 
in a slight cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, buttery, juicy, half-melt- 
ing, sweet, pleasant. Good. Last of August. 

Baron Deman De Lennick. 

A Belgian Pear, too small to be of great value at its season. 

Fruit small, roundish to roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with net- 
tings and traces of russet, especially near the calyx, and many russet 
dots. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, coarse at centre, jnicy, half- 
melting. Good. November, December. 

Baronne de Mello. 

Adele de St. Denis. St. Cerran. 

Adele de St. Cerras. Beurre Van Mons. 

A Belgian Pear, first described by Bivort, in Album Pomology. Tree 



THE PEAR. 665 

hardy, vigorous grower, and productive. Young wood light olive brown 
with many specks. 

Fruit medium, irregular in form, varying from curved pyriform to 
long acute pyriform ; occasionally roundish acute pyriform. Skin yel- 




Baronne de Mello. 



lowish, nearly covered with brown russet, and thickly sprinkled with 
russet dots. Stalk long, curved, inclined, fleshy at base, and often with 
a lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, erect. Flesh whitish, a 
little coarse, juicy, melting, vinous subacid. Very good. October. 

Barry. 

De Lestumieres. Doyenne Barry. 

An old variety, lately introduced and renamed. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and 
shaded and dotted with russet. Stalk short, obliquely inserted, short. 
Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good to 
very good. October. 



666 



THE PEAK. 



Bartlett, or Williams' Bonchretien. 

Bartlett, of all American Gardens. Barnett's William. 
Williams' Bonchretien. Bonchretien Barnett. 

Clement Doyenne. Delavault. 
Poire Guillaume, of the French. 



This noble Pear is, justly, one of the most popular of all the summer 
varieties. Its size, beauty, and excellence entitle it to this estimation, 
apart from the fact that it bears very early, regularly, and abun- 
dantly. It is an English variety, originated about 1770, in Berkshire, 
and was afterward propagated by a London grower by the name of Wil- 



li fir 




Bartlett, or Williams' Bonchretien. 



liams. When first introduced to this country its name was lost, and 
having been cultivated and disseminated by Enoch Bartlett, Esq., of 
Dorchester, near Boston, it became so universally known as the JBartlett 



THE PEAR. 



6G7 



Pear, that it is impossible to dispossess it now. It suits our climate 
admirably, ripening better here than in England, and has the unusual 
property of maturing perfectly in the house, even if it is picked before 
it is full-grown. It has no competitor as a summer market fruit. 
The tree grows upright, with thrifty, yellowish brown shoots, and nar- 
row, folded leaves. 

Fruit of large size, oblong, obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven. 
Skin very thin and smooth, clear yellow (with a soft blush on the 
sunny side in exposed specimens), rarely marked with faint russet. 
Stalk one to one and a half inches long, stout, inserted in a shallow 
cavity. Calyx open. Segments short, erect, set in a very shallow, ob- 
scurely plaited basin. Flesh white, and exceedingly fine-grained and but- 
tery ; it is full of j uice, sweet, with a highly perfumed vinous flavor. 
(In damp or unfavorable soils it is sometimes slightly acid.) Ripens 
from last of August to middle and last of September. 

Bartram. 

Origin, an accidental seedling on the premises of the late Miss Anna 
Bartram, near Philadelphia, Pa. Tree an irregular grower. Young 
wood slender, reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale lemon yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with brown gray dots and traces of russet. Stalk inclined in 
a narrow cavity. Calyx partially open. Flesh white, fine-grained, 
juicy, melting, rich, slightly vinous. Yery good. September. 

Bead nell. 
Beadnell's Seedling. 

Foreign. Tree vigorous. Shoots long, bright chestnut. 
Fruit medium, pyriform, pale yellowish green, blushed red in the 
sun. Flesh melting, juicy. Good. Last September. (Elliott.) 

Beau Present d'Artois. 

Present Royal de Naples. Present Royal de Nantes. 

A foreign variety, by some persons highly esteemed. Tree vigo- 
rous, with long branches. Young wood dull brown, with white oblong 
specks. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow, dotted and patched 
with russet. Stalk long, rather stout, inclined, little or no depression. 
Calyx partially closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh buttery, juicy, 
melting. Good to very good. September. 

Beauvalot. 

Augiere. Augert. Auger. 

A foreign variety of indifferent quality. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, 
sprinkled and patched with russet and many russet dots. Flesh juicy, 
vinous, pleasant. November, December. 



668 



THE PEAR. 



I 



Belle de Bruxelles. 



Belle d'Aout. Gros Muscadille. Beurre de Bruxelles. 

Petit Certeau. Bellisime d'Autornne. Muscat Rouge. 

Beauty of Brussels. Muscadille. Vermilion des Dames. 

De Coq. Vermilion. Vermilion d'Automne. 

Des Dames. 

A large and handsome fruit, of poor quality. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, with a soft red 
cheek when fully exposed. Flesh white, sweet, and slightly perfumed. 
Middle of August. 

Belle de Figuier. 
Originated at Angers, France, in 1860. 

Fruit medium to large, globular obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, greenish 
red, with fawn-colored spots. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sweet aromatic acid, gritty at core. December, 
January. (Leroy.) 

Belle de l'Orient. 
A foreign variety, showy but of poor quality. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and 
dotted with russet. Flesh white, tender, rots at core before ripe. Oc- 
tober. 

Belle de Thouars. 

Coulon de Saint Mare. Belle de Thouarse. 

Belle de Troyes. Saint Marc. 

Belle de Prague. Belle de Jersey. 

A foreign variety, of indifferent or poor quality. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obtuse pyriform, yellow, covered 
with a thin cinnamon russet. Flesh white, dry, sweet. December, 
January. 

Belle Epine Dumas. 

Due de Bourdeaux. Beurre Rochechourt 

Epine du Rochoir. Beurre St. Louis. 

Epine de Limoges. Colmar de Lot. 

Epine Dumas. Comte de Limoges. 

Beurre de Rochoir. Emile de Rochois. 

Beurre d'Elberg. 

Tree vigorous, pyramidal form, good bearer. Young wood dull yel- 
low brown, with sharp-pointed buds. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin green, becoming 
greenish yellow when ripe, with small russet brown dots. Stalk long, set 
in a very small depression. Calyx partially closed, in a shallow, regular 
basin. Flesh white, buttery, half melting, juicy, sweet, and of a peculiar 
flavor. Very good. November and December. 

Belle Julie. 

Tilloy . St. Germain Dutilleul. 

Alexandre Helie. St. Germain du Tillay. 

St. Germain du Tilloy. St. Germain de Graines. 

A Belgian Pear. Tree very vigorous, and productive. Young wood 
rather slender, light yellowish brown. 



THE PEAE. 



669 



Fruit medium, globular obtuse pyriform, sometimes inclined. Skin 
rather rough, greenish yellow, considerably netted and patched with 
russet, especially around the stalk and calyx. Stalk generally curved, 
set in a slight depression, often without and sometimes with a lip. 
Calyx open. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. 
Good to very good. October. 

Belle Moulinoise. 

Originated at Moulins, France, and introduced in 1864. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, greenish, dotted 
and marbled in the sun, with fawn-color near the stalk. Stalk long, 
large, curved. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, fine, firm, juicy, crisp, 
sweet, musky. February, March. (Leroy.) 

Belle Bouennaise. 
A French Pear, introduced in 1856. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblique acute pyriform. Skin lemon yel- 
low, covered with russet dots. Calyx large, half open. Stalk stout. 
Flesh white, tender, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, with a delicate aroma. 
Early in October. (Hogg.) 

Belle Williams. 

A foreign variety little known. Tree a very erect, vigorous grower. 
Young wood olive, slightly yellow, glossy. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong pyriform, with a groove or sunken 
line from stem to calyx, yellowish, with traces and nettings of russet. 
Stalk long, curved, set in a slight depression by a lip. Calyx partially 
closed. Flesh whitish, not juicy or rich. Good for cooking. Decem- 
ber to March. 

Bellissime d'Hiver. 

Vermilion d'Hiver des Dames. Du Bur. 

Bellisime du Bur. Belle Noisette. 

An old Pear, valuable only for cooking. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with shade of 
red in the sun, and many russet dots. Flesh white, fine, sweet, break- 
ing, not gritty. November, January. 

Belmont. 

An English kitchen Pear. 

Fruit rather large, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green, a lit- 
tle brownish next the sun. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, and sweet. 
October. 

Bergamotte Boussiere. 
One of Van Mons' seedlings. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate pyriform, yellowish green. 
Flesh white, juicy, harsh at centre. Good. October, December. 



670 



THE PEAK. 



Bergamotte Bufo. 
Bergamotte Capraud. Crapaud. 

An old French Pear, heretofore confounded with Bergamotte Cadet. 
Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood light reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, netted and patched 
with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, in a 
broad, rather shallow cavity. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, 
melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. October. 

Bergamotte Cadet. 
Poire de Cadet. De Cadet. Milan de Bourdeaux. 

A good Bergamot from France. Productive. Young wood clear 
light yellowish brown. 

Fruit middle-sized, roundish inclining to oblate. Skin smooth, pale 
yellow, rarely with a pale red cheek. Stalk an inch long, thick set in 
an angular, shallow cavity. Calyx small, open. Basin nearly flat. Flesh 
buttery and juicy, sweet and rich. Good. October and November. 

Bergamotte d'Esperen. 

A seedling of Esperin, in 1830. Tree vigorous, productive. Young 
wood warm rich dark yellow brown, with small white specks. 

Fruit medium, oblate, exceedingly depressed, sides often unequal. 
Skin greenish yellow, thick and rough, covered with russet dots and 
patches. Stalk long and stout, thickened at its insertion in a small 
cavity, at an inclination. Calyx small, closed in a rather deep 
slightly furrowed basin, surrounded by russet. Flesh greenish yellow, 
juicy, buttery, sweet, and rich. Good. December to February. 

Bergamotte de Millipieds. 

Said to have originated by Goubalt, at Millipieds, France, and first 
fruited in 1852. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, ribbed at apex, pale yellow, moderately 
sprinkled with small brown dots. Stalk long, stout. Cavity small. Calyx 
open. Segments erect. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, 
a little coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good to very good. Novem- 
ber. 

Bergamotte Dussart. 

A Belgian variety, described by various authors. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with gray dots 
and traces of russet. Flesh half melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. Good. 
December, January. 

Bergamotte Gaudry. 
Gaudry. 

A foreign Pear of little value. 

Fruit small, roundish oval oblate, greenish yellow, partially netted 



THE PEAK. 



671 



and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk long. Flesh 
whitish, coarse, breaking, gritty at core, pleasant, vinous. Hardly good. 
October. 

Bergamotte Heimbourg. 

Raised by M. Bivort. Tree vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit large, Bergamotte-shaped. Skin rough, green, changing to 
lemon-yellow when ripe, dotted with brown, and tinged with red next 
the sun. Flesh white, very fine, somewhat buttery, juice abundant, 
sugary, perfumed. Ripe early in October. (Gard. Chron.) 

Bergamotte Leseble. 

A Pear of French origin, only good in quality. Tree vigorous and 
productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, or Bergamotte-shaped. Skin yellow, with a 
sunny cheek, numerous small dots, and russeted patches. Stalk long, 
curved, inserted in a depression. Calyx open, broad. Basin irregular. 
Flesh juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, and pleasant. October. 

Bergamotte Parthenay. 

Bergamotte de Parthenay. Poire Poriault. Parthenay. 

Beurre Parthenay. Bergamotte Stoffels. Poireau. 

Bergamotte Poireau. 

An old French Pear, large, and valuble only for cooking. 
Fruit large, oblate obtuse pyramidal, olive yellow, with fawn-colored 
specks. Flesh white, firm, juicy, subacid, astringent. January to May. 

Bergamotte Piquot. 
Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, broad obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, tinge 
of red in the sun, traces of russet and russet dots. Flesh white, juicy, 
melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. Rots at core. September. 

Bergamotte Sageret. 
Sageret. 

A French Pear, of vigorous growth of tree. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish, very thickly sprinkled with 
brown and russet dots. Stalk fleshy at insertion. Calyx large, open. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October. 

Bergamot Seckel. 

Raised by William Pitmaston, England. Tree moderately vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, regular. Skin reddish-brown, 
russet specks. Stalk short, thick, inclined without depression. Calyx 
short, stiff. Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy, sugary, with all the 
spicy flavor of the Seckel. (Gard. Chron.) 

Bergen. 

A chance seedling found in a hedge on land formerly belonging to 



672 



THE PEAR. 



Simon Bergen, of New Utrecht, Long Island. Tree moderately vigo- 
rous, upright. Young wood reddish, an early and good bearer, but 
not profuse. 

Fruit large, elongated, obtuse pyriform, often with sides not sym- 
metric, angular. Skin waxen, lemon yellow, finely shaded with crim- 
son and fawn where exposed to the sun, and thickly sprinkled with 
brown and crimson dots. Stalk long, rather stout, curved, inserted in 
a moderate depression by a fleshy ring. Calyx small, open. Segments 
stiff. Basin small, surrounded by a wavy border. Flesh whitish, 
veined with yellow, a little coarse and gritty, buttery, juicy, melting, 
with a sweet aromatic flavor, delicately perfumed. Good to very good. 
Ripe last of September and beginning of October. 

Berriays. 
Poire de Berriays. 

This is a new French variety, obtained from seed in 1861, by M.Bois- 
bunel. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young shoots reddish. 

Fruit medium, surface a little uneven, roundish obovate obtuse. 
Skin pale greenish yellow, sometimes a shade of brown in the sun, and 
thickly sprinkled with brown and green dots. Stalk long, set in a 
small cavity. Calyx closed. Segments short. Basin small, uneven. 
Flesh white, a little coarse at the core, juicy, melting, refreshing, slightly 
vinous. Good to very good. September. 

Beurre Antoixe. 
Saint Germain Fondant. 

Originated in 1822, and was rebaptked in 1849, under name of the 
present synonym. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium or above, oblong pyriform, sometimes with a suture 
one side. Skin pale greenish yellow, sprinkled with green and brown 
dots. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a small cavity. Calyx large, open. 
Flesh white, buttery, not very juicy or melting, but sweet. Good. Last 
September. 

Beurre Antoinette. 

A Belgian Pear, originated in 1846. Tree vigorous and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
slightly netted with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. 
Stalk long, slender, inserted generally with a lip. Calyx open. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, buttery, sweet, pleasant, a little perfumed. Slightly 
vinous. Good. September. 

Beurre Assojiptiox. 
Beurre de l'Assomption. 

Originated near Nantes, in France. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit large, irregular, generally oblong pyriform, obtuse, yellow, 
dotted, marbled, and splashed with red in sun. Stalk short. Calyx 
large, open. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, rough next the core, 
acid sweet. July, August. (Leroy). 



THE PEAR. 



673 



Beurre Auneniere. 

Origin, supposed France. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood 
dull yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with a few 
traces of russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk stout. Calyx 
partially open. Segments short, erect. Flesh white, juicy, melting, 
sweet, aromatic. Good. Last September. 

Beurre Baciielier. 
Baclielier. Chevalier. 

A French Pear, introduced in 1845. Tree vigorous. Young wood 
rich dark brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, with brown dots and patch of russet next the stalk. Stalk short- 
ish, very much inclined in a moderate depression by a lip. Calyx partial- 
ly closed, set in a shallow basin. Flesh buttery, juicy, melting, with a 
brisk, vinous, aromatic flavor. Yery good. November and December. 

Beurre Bailey. 

A variety that originated in France, and first fruited in 1848. 

Fruit large, irregular, elongated pyriform, yellow, dotted with green- 
ish gray, and with fawn color next the calyx. Flesh white, fine, half 
melting, juicy, sugary, rough near the core. October, November. 
(Leroy.) 

Beurre Beauchamps. 

Beauchamps. Haghens d'Hiver. 

Biemont. Bergarnotte Beauchamp. 

One of Yan Moiis' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Young shoots stout, 
dark dull olive yellow, many long white specks, and patches of whitish gray. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin rough, light yellow, slightly 
netted and patched with russet, and with many brown and crimson 
dots. Stalk pretty stout, long and curved, set in a moderate cavity y 
sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Basin rather narrow, abrupt, and 
uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, a little buttery, very sweet r 
gritty, pleasant. Good. November. 

Beurre Beaulieu. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, mostly 
covered with russet. Stalk short, inclined, without cavity. Calyx 
open. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, somewhat coarse, buttery y melt- 
ing, with a brisk vinous flavor, resembling Brown Beurre.. Good. 
October. 

Beurre Beguines. 

A small but very rich Pear, one of Yan Mons' seedlings,, too small 
for the season. 

Fruit small, obovate oblate. Skin rough, nearly covered with dull 
russet. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, coarse, melt- 
ing, sweet. Good. October. 

43 



674 



THE PEAR. 



Beurre Bennert. 

From Belgium. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate pyriform, pale yellow, sometimes 
shaded and mottled with fawn and crimson in the sun, and often net- 
ted and patched with russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh 
whitish or light rose color, juicy, melting, a little coarse, sweet, per- 
fumed. Good. November, December. 

Beurre Benoist. 
Beurre Auguste Benoit. Benoist. Beurre Benoist Nouveau. 

Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, very productive. Young wood 
reddish, with sharp spur-like buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to acute pyriform. Skin yellow, 
spotted and shaded with brown russet, red cheek in sun. Stalk of 
moderate length, inserted by a fleshy ring or lip. Calyx open, in a 
regular basin. Flesh white, fine, melting, juice abundant, sugary, and 
well perfumed. Yery good. Bipe end of September. 

Beurre Berckmans. 
Alexandre Berckmans. 

One of Major Esperen's seedlings, dedicated to M. Louis Berckmans, 
once a colaborer in pomology. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. 
Young wood very stout, blunt at ends, yellowish olive. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate pyriform, sometimes obovate acute 
pyriform. Skin yellowish, rough, chiefly covered with russet. Stalk 
of medium length, fleshy, very much inclined. Calyx small, open, in a 
shallow furrowed basin. Flesh white, juicy, very buttery, melting, with 
a rich, highly perfumed flavor. Yery good. October, November. 

Beurre Boisbunel. 

Originated with L. M. Boisbunel, at Bouen, France, in 1835. Tree 
moderately vigorous and productive. Young wood dull yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with traces 
of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, slender, 
curved, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx small, open. 
Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed. 
Good. September. 

Beurre Bollwiller. 
A winter cooking Pear, of good quality. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish, with spots 
of grayish brown and russet near the calyx, shade of red in the sun. 
Flesh white, half fine, j uicy, sweet, agreeable. Good. January, March. 

Beurre Bosc. 

Bosc's Flaschenbirne. Calebasse Bosc. Cannelle. 

The Beurre Bosc is a Pear to which we give our unqualified praise. 



THE PEAR. 675 

It is large, handsome, a regular bearer, always perfect, and of the high- 
est flavor. It bears singly, and not in clusters, looking as if thinned on 
the tree, whence it is always of fine size. It was raised in 1807, by Van 
Mons, and named Calebasse Bosc in honor of M. Bosc, a distinguished 
Belgian cultivator. Having also been received at the garden of the 




Beurre Bosc. 



Horticultural Society of London under the name of Beurre Bosc, Mr. 
Thompson thought it best to retain this name, as less likely to lead to a 
confusion with the Calebasse, a distinct fruit. The tree grows vigor- 
ously. Shoots long, brownish olive. 

Fruit large, pyriform, a little uneven, often tapering long and gra- 
dually into the stalk. Skin pretty smooth, dark yellow, a good deal cov- 
ered with streaks and dots of cinnamon russet, and slightly touched 
with red on one side. Stalk one to two inches long, rather slender, 



676 



THE PEAR. 



curved. Calyx short, set in a very shallow basin. Flesh white, melt- 
ing, very buttery, with a rich, delicious, and slightly perfumed flavor. 
Best. Ripens gradually from the last of September to the last of Octo- 
ber. 

Beurre Brettouneau. 
Docteur Brettouneau. Brettouneau. 

One of Major Esperen's seedlings, originated in 1818. Tree vigorous, 
but comes late into bearing. Young wood yellowish brown. 

Fruit large, variable in form, generally obovate pyriform. Skin 
rough, light green, golden yellow at maturity, reddish brown in the sun. 
Flesh fine, yellowish white, not juicy, half melting, sugary, vinous, plea- 
santly perfumed. Good. March and April. 

Beurre Bruneau. 

Crassane d'Hiver de Bruneau. De Saint Herblain. 

Bergamotte Crassane d'Hiver. Crassane Bruneau. 

Crassane d'Hiver. Bergamotte Crassane de Bruneau. 

This variety, we believe, was originally figured and described in the 
Annals of Pomology as Bergamotte Crassane d'Hiver, but having re- 
ceived it as Beurre Bruneau, we prefer to continue that name as the 
most simple. It is not a variety of much excellence, although the tree 
is hardy and productive. 

Fruit medium, short obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, spotted and shaded 
with grayish brown. Flesh white, juicy, vinous a little acid. Good. 
November, December. 

Beurre Burnicq. 

Originated and first fruited with Major Esperen, in 1846. Tree vig- 
orous, spreading, irregular, productive. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, globular acute pyriform. Skin yellowish, partially 
netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
medium, fleshy at insertion. Calyx generally open. Basin small, un- 
even. Flesh whitish, j uicy, melting, vinous, slightly astringent. Good. 
October. 

Beurre Charron. 
Originated at Angers, France, in 1838. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, with many gray dots. Stalk 
long. Calyx small, closed. Basin deep. Flesh juicy, melting, buttery. 
Very good. October. 

Beurre Chatenay. 

A French Pear, too small for profit, but very good in quality. 

Fruit small, varying in form from obovate to ovate pyriform, pale 
yellow, netted and patched with russet, occasionally a red cheek in the 
sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx partially open. Flesh white, half fine, 
juicy, sweet, vinous. October. 

Beurre Citron. 

From Belgium, one of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Young 
wood reddish brown. 



THE PEAR. 



677 



Fruit medium or below, obovate oblate. Skin whitish yellow, shade 
of red or crimson in the sun, traces of russet and many russet dots. 
Stalk long, a little curved, set in a small cavity, sometimes with a slight, 
lip. Calyx open. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, sweet, a little per- 
fumed. Good to very good. Last September and October. 

We have received another and quite different pear under this name, 
the wood of which is yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium or below, irregular, sometimes obovate *obtuse pyri- 
form, and again ovate acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly netted 
with russet, and with small brown or russet dots. Stalk medium, fleshy 
at insertion. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, not juicy or melt- 
ing. Hardly good. November, December. 

Leroy makes General Lamoriciere identical with Beurre Citron, but 
as we have received them th«y are quite distinct. 




Beurre Clairgcau. 



678 



THE PEAR. 



Beurre Clair geau. 
Clairgeau. Clairgeau de Nantes. 

Raised by Pierre Clairgeau, of Mantes, France. Tree very vigorous, 
forming a beautiful pyramid. Young wood reddish brown, very produc- 
tive. 

The size, early bearing, productiveness, and beauty of this Pear ren- 
der it a provable market sort. 

Fruit large, pyriform, but with unequal sides. Skin warm yellow, 
inclining to fawn, shaded with orange and crimson, thickly covered with 
russet dots, and sometimes sprinkled with russet. Stalk short, stout, and 
fleshy, inserted by a lip at an inclination almost without depression ; 
when the lip is absent the cavity is uneven. Calyx open. Segments 
stiff, in a shallow furrowed basin. Flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, some- 
what granular, with a sugary, perfumed, vinous flavor. Good. October 
to January. 

Beurre Colmar. 
Beurre Colmar d'Automne. Beurre d'Enghien of France. 

It is one of Dr. Van Mons' seedlings, and is quite distinct from the 
Autumn Colmar. 

Fruit of medium size, oval obovate, regularly formed. Skin smooth, 
pale green, becoming yellowish at maturity, with a blush next the sun, 
and thickly sprinkled with dots. Stalk an inch long. Calyx expanded, 
and set in a very shallow, narrow, irregular basin. Flesh very white, 
slightly crisp at first, but becoming very juicy and melting, with a 
slightly perfumed flavor. Good. October. 

Beurre Coloma. 
Beurre du Coloma. Capucine d'Automne Coloma. 

The trees of this foreign Pear are good growers. 

Fruit small to medium, long oval pyriform, greenish yellow, with a 
tinge of red in the sun, and many green and brown dots. Stalk me- 
dium, inserted without cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish yellow, 
juicy, melting, slightly astringent. Good. October. 

Beurre d'Albret. 

Poire d'Albret. Beurre Delbret. 

Dalbret. Calebasse d'Albret. 

A foreign variety. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood reddish. 

Fruit medium or above, elongated pyriform, angular, often with a 
suture on one side. Skin yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet. 
Stalk short, thick, and fleshy, much inclined at its insertion by a lip. 
Calyx small, open, or partially closed. Basin small and uneven. Flesh 
greenish white, exceedingly juicy, buttery, melting, with a rich vinous 
flavor, highly perfumed. Very good. October. 

Beurre d'Amanlis. 

Hubard. Beurre d'Amalis. Kaissoise. 

Beurre d'Amaulis. Kessoise. Thiessoise. 

A Belgian Pear, very productive, variable. Succeeds best in cold 
latitudes. 



THE PEAE. 679 

Fruit large, obovate, not very regular, a little swollen on its sides. 
Skin rather thick, dull yellowish green, with a pale reddish brown cheek, 




overspread with numerous brown dots and russet streaks and patches. 
Stalk a little more than an inch long, set rather obliquely in a shallow, ir- 
regular cavity. Calyx open, with broad divisions. Basin shallow. Flesh 
yellowish, somewhat coarse, but buttery, melting, abundant, rich, with 
slightly perfumed juice, often astringent and poor. September. 

Beurre d'Amanlis Panachee differs from the above only in its skin, 
having green and greenish yellow shades and stripes. 

Beuere d'Anjou. 
Ne Plus Meuris of the French. 

A noble fruit, said to be of French origin. Tree vigorous. Young 
shoots yellowish brown, very productive. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Stem short, thick, and fleshy, inserted in 
a cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx very small, open, stiff, in an exceed- 
ingly small basin, surrounded by russet. Skin greenish, sprinkled with 
russet, sometimes shaded with dull crimson, and sprinkled thickly with 
brown and crimson dots. Flesh whitish, not very fine, melting, juicy, 
with a brisk vinous flavor, pleasantly perfumed. Very good to best. 
October, November. 



680 



THE PEAR. 



This is one of the most profitable varieties for orcharding, bearing 
abundantly and evenly, whether grown on quince or pear stocks. 




Beurre d'Aremberg. 

Due d'Aremberg. Beurre des Orphelines. 

Deschamps. Beurre Burchardt. 

Colmar Deschamps. Orpheline d'Enghien. 

D'Aremberg Parfait. Beurre Deschamps. 

L' Orpheline. Delices des Orphelins. 

The Beurre d'Aremberg is a fine fruit, high-flavored, bears most 
abundantly, and always keeps and matures with perhaps less care than 
most other winter fruits in the house. 

The Beurre d'Aremberg was raised by the Abbe Deschamps, in the 
garden of the Hospice des Orphelines, at Enghien. The Beurre d'Arem- 
berg of many French catalogues is the Glout Morceau. The two sorts 
are easily distinguished. The fruit of the d'Aremberg has a short, or 
thicker stalk, usually bent to one side ; its flavor is vinous instead of 



THE PEAE. 



681 



sugary, and its wood not so strong, with more deeply serrated leaves. 
Branches clear yellowish brown, dotted with pale specks. Tree un- 
healthy and subject to canker. 

Fruit obovate, but narrowing a good deal to the stalk. Skin thick, 
rather uneven, pale greenish yellow, becoming yellow at maturity, with 
many tracings and spots of light russet. Stalk short, half an inch to an 
inch long, thick, and very fleshy, especially where it joins the fruit, and 
usually planted very obliquely. Calyx short and small, set in a deep 
basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, with an abundant, rich, deli- 
cious vinous juice. Yery good. December. 

Beurre d'Avoine. 

A variety of comparatively recent introduction from Belgium. 

Fruit medium, obovate. Skin greenish yellow, with a few patches 
and nettings of russet, and some russet dots. Stalk medium. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good to 
very good. October. 




Beurre de Brignais. 



Beurre de Brignais. 
Des Nonnes. Poire des Nonnes. Nun's Pear. De Nonne. 

A valuable variety, the origin of which we cannot learn. Tree 



682 



THE PEAK. 



vigorous, hardy, and productive. Young wood rich dark yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish, with numerous gray 
dots. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a narrow, uneven cavity. Calyx 
closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, juicy, melting, with a 
brisk, perfumed, high flavor. "Very good. Ripe middle and last of 
September. Core small, continues a long time ere it decays. 

Beurre de Capiaumont. 

Capiumont. Beurre Aurore. Calebasse Vasse. 

Aurore. De la Glaciere. 

A Flemish Pear, very fair and handsomely formed, and a capital 
bearer, hardy in all soils and seasons ; sometimes first-rate ; but when 
the tree is heavily laden, it is apt to be slightly astringent. It grows 
freely. Branches a little pendent, grayish yellow. 

Fruit of medium size, long turbinate, very even, and tapering regu- 
larly into the stalk. Skin smooth, clear yellow, with a light cinnamon- 
red cheek, and a few small dots and streaks of russet. Calyx large, with 
spreading segments prominently placed, and not at all sunk. Stalk 
from three-fourths to an inch and a half long, curved. Flesh fine-grain- 
ed, buttery, melting, sweet, and, when not astringent, of high flavor. 
September and October. 

Beurre Defais. 
Beurre Audusson d'Hiver. Beurre Defays. 

A French Pear. Tree productive, and a strong, vigorous grower. 
Young shoots rich clear reddish brown, with a large pointed bud at 
end. 

Fruit rather large, oblique obtuse pyriform. Skin fine yellow, 
slightly netted with russet, and a few russet dots. Stalk varying in 
length, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx small, partially open. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good. October. 

Beurre de Fevrier. 

This winter Pear originated in Rouen, France, and is classed as a 
superior variety ; we have not fruited it, and give our description from 
Leroy. 

Fruit medium, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with 
clear spots of red in the sun. Flesh white, half fine, melting, slightly 
granulous, juicy, sweet with a vinous perfume. January, February. 

Beurre de Ghelii*. 
Beurre Fromentel. 

Baised by M. Fontaine de Shelin, near Mons, Belgium. Tree vigo- 
rous, productive. 

Fruit large, very irregular in its outline, often roundish oblong 
oval, yellowish, with some few marblings of russet. Stalk short. Cav- 
ity irregular. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, juicy, sweet, agreeable. 
October, December. (Lcroy.) 



THE PEAR. 



683 



Beurre d'Hardenpont d'Automne. 
Wilfred ? 

Tree upright, vigorous. Young wood grayish reddish brown. 

Fruit rather large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yel- 
low, netted and patched with russet, and many large russet dots. 
Stalk long, curved. Calyx open. Basin narrow, abrupt. Flesh yel- 
lowish, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Octo- 
ber. 

Beurre de Johnge. 

Originated in the garden of M. Gambier, near Brussels. Tree 
hardy, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, obovate acute pyriform, fleshy next the 
stem. Skin pale yellow, a tinge of red in the sun, considerably netted 
and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk short, inclined, 
lip at base. Calyx open. Segments short. Basin rather small and 




Beurre de Koning. 



uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, swest, rich, a little perfumed. 
Good to very good. December, January. 



684 



THE PEAR. 



Beurre de Koning. 

Beurre Koninck. Beurre de Conick. Beurre Conning. 

Auguste de Maraise ? 

A Belgian Pear. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots slen- 
der, olive reddish yellow. 

Fruit medium, obovate, slightly obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish 
green, with russet and brown dots and marblings. Stalk medium, stout. 
Calyx open, in a broad basin. Flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous. 
Good to very good. October. 

Beurre Delannoy. 
De Launay. 

Originated with Alexander Delannoy, of Tournai. Tree vigorous, 
productive. Young shoots dull reddish-yellowish brown. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, a lit- 
tle brownish in the sun, with patches and traces of russet and many rus- 
set dots. Stalk varying, a little curved and inclined. Calyx open. 
Flesh whitish, melting, refreshingly sweet. Very good. October, No- 
vember. 

Beurre Delbecq. 

Delbecque. Fleur de Mars. 

Fondante Delbecq. Beurre Delberg. 

A Belgian variety. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, oval obovate, golden yellow, splashed and dotted 
with red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet. Good. 
September, October. 

Beurre Delfosse. 

Beurre Philippe Delfosse. Delfosse Bourgmestre. 

Delfosse. Philippe Delfosse. 

Bourgmestre Delfosse. 

Raised by M. Gregoire, of Belgium. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Young shoots very stout, rich warm yellow brown. 

Fruit medium to large, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes only 
obovate. greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and many 
russet dots. Stalk curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October, November. 

Beurre de Mons. 
Beurre de Mans. 

A foreign Pear of little value, as it rots at the core. 

Fruit small, roundish obovate, yellowish, with a shade of brownish 
red in the sun, many green and gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
open. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, astringent. Poor. August. 

Beurre de Montgeron. 

New Frederick of Wurtemburg. De Montgeron. 

Beurre de Montigeron. 

A variety obtained by M. Guyot, of Yilleneuve, iu 1830. Tree vigo- 
rous, moderately productive. Young wood dull yellow brown. 



THE PEAR. 



685 



Fruit medium, broad pyriform. Skin yellow, shaded with fine rich 
red in the sun, and sprinkled with minute light brown dots. Stalk long, 
curved. Calyx open. Basin furrowed. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, 
melting, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Good to very good. August. 

Beurre de Nantes. 
Beurre Nantais. Beurre Blanc de Nantes. 

Raised by Francois Maisonneuve, at Nantes, France. Tree very vig- 
orous, upright, healthy, and comes early into bearing. Young wood olive. 

Fruit large, elongated pyriform or pyramidal. Skin greenish yel- 
low, with a red cheek and minute dots. Stalk rather long and large, 
inserted by a lip almost without cavity. Calyx large, open. Basin 
broad and furrowed. Flesh juicy, sweet, melting, and pleasantly per- 
fumed. Yery good. October. 

Beurre de Nivelles. 
A Belgian Pear, as yet but little known. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, with brownish red 
in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk set in a 
small cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin small, narrow, abrupt. 
Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous. Good. October. 

Beurre de Quenast. 

We have received several Pears under this name, one of which has 
proved identical with Louise Bon de Jersey, and as we have doubts of 
the others, we copy description from the Annals of Pomology, as fol- 
lows : — 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong pyriform, slightly acute, greenish 
yellow, with patches of russet, and russet next the stalk and calyx. 
Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly perfumed. October. 

Beurre Derouineau. 
A French Pear of small size and poor quality. 

Fruit small, obovate, yellowish, sprinkled with russet patches. Flesh 
white, sweet. October, November. 

Beurre de Saint Arnaud. 
Beurre de Saint Arnaud. 

A Belgian Pear, originated in 1853. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate, yellow, becoming brownish 
red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, buttery, juicy, agreeable. Good. 
October. 

Beurre des Mouchouses. 

Origin, France. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse obovate, yellow, with many gray dots. 
Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous. July, August. (Leroy.) 

Beurre de Y/etteren. 
This Pear was discovered by Louis Berckmans, in his garden at 



686 



THE PEAR. 



Heyst-op-den-Berg, among a number of wild pear-trees of his sowing. 
Tree vigorous, very thorny, suitable for a pyramid. 

Fruit middle size, turbinate. Stalk medium, with some small plaits 
around its insertion. Eye in a wide even cavity. Skin completely 
covered with russet, and slightly colored next the sun. Flesh fine, yel- 
lowish white, half melting, buttery, with an abundant sugary, agreeably 
perfumed, musky juice. February. (An. Pom.) 




BeurrS Diel. 



Diel's Butterbirne. 
Diel. 

Dorothee Royale. 
Grosse Dorothee. 
Sylvanghe vert d'hiver. 
Beurre Royale. 
Dorothee Royale. 
Gros Dillen 



Beurre Diel 
Dillen. 

Des Trois Tours. 
Mabille. 
Beurre d'Yelle. 
De Melon. 
Melon de Kops. 
Beurre Magnifique. 
Beurre Incomparable. 



Beurre de Gelle. 
Dillen d'Hiver. 
Dry Toren. 
Gracioli d'Hiver. 
Fourcroy. 

Guillaume de Nassau. 
Beurre Vert. 



A chance seedling near Brussels, Belgium, dedicated by Van Mons, 



THE PEAR. 



687 



and named in honor of his friend Dr. Augustus Frederick Adrien Diel, 
a distinguished German pomologist. Its vigor, productiveness, and 
beauty have made it already a general favorite with our planters. It 
is in every respect a first-rate fruit in favorable situations, but on very 
young trees and in cold soils it is apt to be rather coarse and astringent. 
The tree has long, very stout, twisting branches, and is uncommonly 
vigorous. Young shoots reddish yellow grayish brown. 

Fruit large, varying from obovate to obtuse pyriform. Skin rather 
thick, lemon yellow, becoming orange yellow, marked with large brown 
dots, and marblings of russet. Stalk an inch to an inch and three-quar- 
ters long, stout, curved, set in a rather uneven cavity. Calyx nearly 
closed, and placed in a slightly furrowed basin. Flesh yellowish white, 
a little coarse-grained, especially at the core, but rich, sugary, half melt- 
ing, and, in good specimens, buttery and delicious. Very good. In 
eating, in this country, from September to December, if picked and 
ripened in the house. 

Beurre du Cercle. 
Beurre de Cercle. Pratique de Eouen. 

A new French Pear little known. Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit medium or below, very irregular in form, varying from obovate 
to oblong acute pyriform. Skin yellow, mostly covered with golden 
russet, and shade of red in sun, and many russet dots. Stalk rather 
short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, 
slightly vinous. Good. October. 

Beurre Duhaume. 

Tree a moderate grower, productive. Young wood yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate turbinate, very much depressed, with a suture 
along one side. Skin rough, covered with thin russet, and thickly 
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short, thick, and fleshy, inserted by a 
lip at an inclination. Calyx open. Segments stiff. Basin irregular. 
Flesh coarse, buttery, juicy, melting, with a pleasant vinous flavor. 
Good. November to February. 

Beurre Dumont. 
Beurre Dumon. 

A Belgian variety, raised by Joseph Dumont. Tree a vigorous 
grower, with rather slender branches. 

Fruit rather large, obovate pyriform obtuse. Skin pale yellow, 
with a shade of red in the sun, and a few nettings and patches of rus- 
set and russet dots. Stalk rather stout, set in a slight cavity. Calyx 
open. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, refreshing, sweet. 
Good. September and October. 

Beurre Dumortier. 
Du Mortier. Dumontier. Dumoustier. 

A Belgian Pear. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, often with unequal 



688 



THE PEAE. 



sides. Skin rough, greenish, partially netted and patched with russet, 
and many russet dots. Stalk generally inclined and without depression. 
Calyx open. Segments long, recurved. Flesh greenish white, juicy, 
sweet, melting, a little vinous. Good to very good. October. 

Beueee Dueakd. 

Originated at Angers, Prance, and introduced in 1855. 

Fruit medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, yellow, dotted and mar- 
bled with fawn-color and splashed with red in the sun. Stalk short. 
Calyx half closed. Flesh white, fine, melting, sugary, vinous. Sep- 
tember, October. (Leroy.) 

Beueee Duval. 
Duval. Dwael. Roi Louis Nouveau. Audibert. 

A Belgian Pear, raised by M. Duval. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Young wood pretty stout, grayish olive brown. 

Fruit medium to large, varying in form from obovate to oblong 
obtuse pyriform. Skin warm yellow, dull brown in the sun, and with 
patches and nettings of russet and many brown dots. Stalk mode- 
rately stout, with little or no depression. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October. 

Beueee Duviviee. 
Duvivier. General Duvivier. 

A coarse, poor French Pear. 

Fruit small, obovate, greenish with russet. Flesh white, coarse, 
sweet, pleasant, hardly good. Rots at core. September. 

Beueee Flox. 
Originated near Angers, France, in 1852. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Sides unequal. Skin 
rough, thick, citron yellow, mostly overspread, marbled, splashed, and 
dotted with red. Stalk short, set in a shallow cavity. Calyx open. 
Flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, a little rough, sweet, aromatic. 
September, October. (Leroy.) 

Beueee Fougieee. 
A foreign Pear, introduced by J. C. Lee. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin greenish yellow, with patches 
and points of light russet, and some dark green spots. Flesh yellowish 
white, coarse-grained, a little gritty at the core, melting, juicy, sweet, 
and good. October. (Rob. Manning's MS.) 

Beueee Gendeox. 
Poire Gendron. 
A large foreign Pear, fine for cooking. 

Fruit large, irregular, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish, 
with a shade of brownish red in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, 
juicy, sweet, vinous. January, March. 



THE PEAR. 



689 



Beurre Gens. 

A Belgian Pear. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood yel- 
lowish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow 
shaded with bright red and sprinkled with russet dots, and netted and 
patched with russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, partially closed. Basin 
narrow. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, aromatic, a 
little gritty at the core. Yery good. October. 

Beurre Giffard. 
Poire Giffard. Giffart. 
A chance seedling, originated with M. Giffard, Angers, France. 
Tree of moderate growth, with slender reddish-colored shoots. 




Beurre Giffard. 



Fruit medium in size, pyriform, tapering to the stem, which is rather 
long. Skin greenish yellow, marbled with red on the sunny side. 
Calyx closed. Segments stiff, set in a very small basin. Flesh white, 
melting, juicy, with an excellent vinous flavor, delightfully perfumed. 
An early Pear of value, but requires to be gathered early, and does not 
continue long. Yery good. Ripening middle of August. 

44 



690 



THE PEAK. 



Beurre Goubalt. 
Poire Goubalt. 

Originated in France, in 1842. Tree vigorous, an early bearer, and 
productive. 

Fruit small, irregularly obovate. Skin greenish yellow, with gray 
lines. Stalk long. Calyx large. Flesh juicy, melting, pleasant, but 
not rich. Good. September. 

Beuere Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. 

Beurre Gris d'Hiver. Beurre de Fontenay. 

de Lucon. d'Hiver. 

Superieur. de Lucon. 

Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young wood dark yellow- 
ish-reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin golden russet, with 
a fine sunny cheek, and sprinkled with dots. Stalk very stout, rather 




Beurre Gris d'Hiver Xouveau. 



short, inclined, sometimes inserted in a large cavity, at others with a 
lip. Calyx very small and open. Segments small, slightly recurved. 
Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh somewhat granular, juicy, buttery, melt- 
ing. Flavor rich and sugary, with a very peculiar aroma. Yery good. 
November, February. 



THE PEAK. 



691 



Beurre Haffner. 

A Belgian Pear, by some confounded with Flemish Beauty, from 
which it is entirely distinct. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood 
clear reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, often with 
a shade of red, netted and patched with russet, and many russet dots. 
Stalk rather long, curved, set in a small cavity, sometimes with a lip. 
Calyx large and open. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, 
sweet, pleasant. Yery good. September, October. 

Beurre Hamecher. 
A Pear from Belgium. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin pale yellow. Stalk large, 
long, curved. Calyx small and closed. Flesh dry, sugary. Poor. Oc- 
tober, November. 

Beurre Hardy. 

Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood dark grayish olive brown. 
Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish, covered with 




Betirrfi Hardy. 



light russet, considerably shaded with brownish red, and sprinkled with 
brown dots. Stalk about an inch long, a little swollen at its insertion, 
at an inclination, in a small, rather uneven cavity. Calyx open. Seg- 



692 



THE PEAR. 



ments long, recurved in a broad, shallow basin. Flesh buttery, melt- 
ing, juicy, brisk, vinous, and highly perfumed, slightly astringent next 
the skin. Very good. September and October. 

Beurre Jalais. 

Originated in 1848 with M. Jacques Jalais, of Nantes. Tree very 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish obovate pyriform, golden yellow, with marblings 
and veins of reddish brown in the sun. Stalk short, curved. Calyx 
small, half closed. Flesh whitish, fine, melting, rough at the core, 
juicy, sweet, perfumed. September, October. (Leroy.) 

Beurre Jean Van Geert. 

Originated in Belgium with M. Jean Van Geert, and introduced in 
1864. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform. Skin yellow, dotted and marbled with 
fawn, and washed with vermilion red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx 
half closed. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, rough at the core, 
sweet, aromatic. October, November. (Leroy.) 

Beurre Kennes. 

A Belgian Pear, a seedling of Van Mons, introduced and described 
by Bivort in 1846. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood brownish 
red. 

Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
mostly covered with thin russet, shaded with crimson, and thickly 
sprinkled with russet and crimson dots. Stalk of medium length, 
thick, and inclined, fleshy at its insertion, by a large ring or lip. Calyx 
paitially closed, set in a broad, shallow basin. Flesh whitish, buttery, 
juicy, melting, with a very sweet, rich, perfumed flavor. Very good. 
October. 

Beurre Kexrick. 

No. 1599 of Van Mons. 

A Flemish seedling, of medium size. Skin greenish yellow, russet 
spots. Flesh juicy, sweet, and buttery. Poor. September. 

Beurre Knox. 

A Flemish variety, of vigorous growth, productive. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate. Skin pale green, russet on one side. 
Flesh tender and soft, juicy and sweet, but not high-flavored, hardly 
good. Last of September. 

Beurre Kossuth. 

A variety from Belgium. Tree of moderate vigor, productive. 
Fruit large, very variable in form, generally pyriform obtuse. Surface 
uneven. Stalk long, curved. Calys small. Basin moderately deep and 



THE PEAR. 



693 



round. Skin dull yellowish green, traced and freckled with gray or bronze, 
dotted with specks of the same color, shade of red in the sun. Flesh 
very fine, melting, buttery, sugary, a little vinous. Good. September, 
October. 

Beurre Langelier. 
Langelier's Beurre. 

Raised by M. Langelier of Jersey. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly 
shaded with crimson and blotched with russet, and covered with russet 
dots. Stalk short and fleshy, inserted often by a lip without depression. 
Calyx open or partially closed. Segments persistent. Basin somewhat 
irregular, shallow, and open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, somewhat 
granular, with a very brisk, rich, vinous flavor. Very good. November 
to January. 

Beurre Le Fevre. 
Beurre de Mortefontaine. Lefevre. 

A French Pear of large size, roundish or roundish obovate, greenish 
yellow, with brownish orange in the sun. Flesh white, gritty, coarse. 
October. 

Beurre Leon" le Clerc. 

Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin 
pale yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and many russet 
dots. Stalk rather long, curved. Cavity small. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments broad. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, 
melting, sweet, pleasant, aromatic. Very good. October. 

Beurre Luizet. 

Originated with M. Luizet, France, in 1847. Tree very productive. 

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
shades of red in the sun, fawn- color next the stalk. Flesh white, fine, 
juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. October, November. (Leroy.) 

Beurre Mauxion. 

Tree vigorous. Young wood grayish yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to pyriform. Skin yellow russet, 
with a bright red cheek. Stalk short, moderately stout, swollen at the 
extremities, inserted in a shallow cavity. Calyx open, stiff, set in a very 
shallow basin. Flesh fine, buttery, melting, abounding in juice, sugary, 
with a spicy vinous flavor, pleasantly perfumed. Very good. Ripe in 
September. 

Beurre Menaud. 
Beurre Menand. 
A French Pear of recent origin. 

Fruit medium to large, long obovate. Skin pale lemon yellow. 



Stalk stout. Calyx open. Flesh tender, buttery, melting, very juicy, 
brisk. October. (Hogg.) 

Beurre Millet of Angers. 

Origin, Angers, France. Tree vigorous and very productive. Young 
wood yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin greenish, covered with 
russet and thickly sprinkled with minute russet dots. Stalk medium, 
stout, curved, inserted in a rather abrupt cavity. Calyx open, set 
in a deep irregular basin. Flesh whitish, somewhat buttery, juicy, 
melting, with a brisk vinous flavor. Good to very good. November to 
J anuary. 




Beurre Moire. 



Beurre Moire. 

Beurre Moiret. Moire. Belle de Moire. 

A French Pear of vigorous and productive habit. Young wood 
reddish yellow olive brown. 



THE PEAR. 



695 



Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, pro- 
fusely sprinkled with yellow dots, sometimes a tinge of red in the sun. 
Stalk medium, stout, curved, inserted in an uneven depression. Calyx 
small. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, a little granular, buttery, 
melting, with a fine rich brisk flavor, highly perfumed. Good to very 
good. October. 

Beurre Mondelle. 
A Belgian Pear, but little known. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate obovate, or pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, netted and patched and mostly covered with cinnamon russet, 
and many russet dots. Stalk long, curved, sometimes set in a small cavity, 
sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Basin broad, uneven. Flesh yel- 
lowish, coarse, juicy, melting, aromatic. Good. October. 

Beurre Navez. 

Beurre de WaeL Beurre Noisette. 

Colmar Navez. Due de Nemours. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, introduced first by M. Bouvier. Tree 
vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellow, inclining to cin- 
namon, with numerous gray dots. Stalk long, thick, fleshy, inserted in 
an inclined cavity. Calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, pleasant. Good. October. 

Beurre Paimpol. 

A French Pear, recently introduced, of only good quality. Tree vigo- 
rous and productive. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, patches nettings 
and dots of russet. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good. 
September. 

Beurre Pointelle de Roux. 
A Belgian .Pear, showy, but of second quality. 

Fruit medium, ovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish, dotted, 
splashed, and shaded with red in the sun. Flesh white, half tender, 
melting, juicy, sweet. Good. October. (Leroy.) 

Beurre Preble. 

A Pear named by Mr. Manning in honor of Commodore Edward 
Preble, U.S.N., and raised from seed by Elijah Cooke, of Raymond, 
Me. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate. Skin greenish yellow, mottled with 
russet and green spots. Stalk about an inch long, very stout, set in a 
moderate hollow. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, with a rich, high 
flavor. Good. October and November. 

Beurre Precocee. 
Precocee Goubault. Bezi Precocee. 

Raised by Mr. Goubault, Angers, France. Tree moderately vigorous, 
productive. 



696 



THE PEAK. 



Fruit medium, obovate, inclining to pyriform. Skin greenish yel- 
low, slightly netted and patched with russet. Stalk long, curved. Calyx 
nearly closed. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, melt- 
ing, vinous, a little astringent. Good. Middle of August. 

Beurre Range. 

Beurre Ranse. Bon Chretien de Rans. 

Hardenpont du Printemps. Beurre de Noirchain. 

Beurre Epine. Beurre de Rhin. 

Beurre de Flandre. Beurre d'Hiver. 

Josephine, incorrectly of some. Beurre Bon Chretien. 

Beurre de Ranz. Gastelier. 
Noirchain. J enart. 

Beymont. 

The Beurre Ranee is considered by all English cultivators the best 
very late Pear yet generally known. The wood is dull grayish brown- 
ish yellow, straggling in growth, and rather pendulous when in bearing, 
and when the tree has attained a moderate size it bears well. 

Fruit of medium size, obtuse pyriform. Skin dark green, even at 
maturity, rather thick, and dotted with numerous russet specks. Stalk 
rather slender, an inch and a half long, set in a slight blunt depression, 
or often without any cavity. Calyx quite small, and set in a basin very 
little sunk. Flesh greenish white, melting, a little gritty at the core, 
full of sweet, rich juice, of excellent flavor. Succeeds in England, Bel- 
gium, and France, but does not in this country, except at the South, or 
in warm soils and particular localities. 

Beymont is doubtless a seedling of Beurre Ranee, but so identical in 
every respect except its wood as to make a second description unneces- 
sary. 

Beurre Richelieu. 

Tree vigorous. Young shoots dull olive reddish brown. 
Fruit large, obtuse pyriform truncate. Skin greenish, inclining to 
yellow, sprinkled with dots. Stalk short, inserted by a slight lip in a 
broad depression. Calyx firmly closed, set in a broad, shallow furrowed 
basin. Flesh buttery, juicy, melting, with a fine sweet, aromatic flavor, 
Good to very good. December. 



Beurre Robert. 

Originated near Angers, France, in 1860 or 1861. The tree is vigo- 
rous and promising of considerable value. 

Leroy describes the fruit as large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin 
greenish yellow, covered with small gray dots, and with a brownish red 
next the stalk and calyx. Flesh white, melting, fine, juicy, sweet, vi- 
nous, delicate perfume. November, December. 

1 Beurre Romain. 

Fondante de Rome . Beurre de Rome. La Reine. 

An old variety, variable in quality. Tree moderately vigorous. 
Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellowish green. 
Flesh white, juicy, sweet, and agreeable. Good. September to October. 



THE PEAE. 



697 



Beurre Bouge d'Anjou. 
Rouge d'Anjou. 

A French Pear. Tree a good grower and productive. Young wood 
dull olive brown. 

Fruit medium or below in size, roundish obovate pyriform. Surface 
uneven. Skin yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, a tinge 
of crimson in the sun, sprinkled with many green and brown dots. 
Stalk medium, set in an acute cavity, sometimes with a lip. Calyx 
open. Basin uneven. Flesh whitish, half melting, not juicy, sweet. 
Good. October. 

Beurre Scheidweiler. 
Grosse Sucre. 

Tree stout and vigorous, inclining to a pyramid, good bearer. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin green or dull green, with a 
few traces of russet, changing very little at maturity. Flesh buttery, 
sweet, and pleasant. Good. September and October. 

Beurre Seutin. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, inclining to oval, irregular or angulai. 
Color green, sprinkled with russet, sometimes shaded with dull crimson. 
A late-keeping, dry, cooking pear. 



Beurre Six. 
Poire Six. 

Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit below medium, pyriform, pale greenish yellow, sprinkled with 
green and brown dots. Stalk long, rather stout, little or no depression. 
Calyx open. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous. Good. 
September. 

Beurre Soulange. 

Size medium to large. Form acute pyriform. Stalk an inch or more 
in length, fleshy at its junction. Color pale clear yellow, with occasional 
traces of russet. Flesh melting and very juicy, flavor rich, sugary, 
with a peculiarly pleasant aroma. Season— October, November. (Wil- 
der's Bep.) 

Beurre Spae. 

A Belgian Pear, figured and described in the Illustration Horticole, 
from which we copy. Tree vigorous, productive 

Fruit large, roundish pyriform, pale yellowish, spotted and mottled 
with brown in the sun. Stalk curved, inserted in a furrowed cavity. 
Flesh very juicy, fine, sugary, melting, perfumed. Very good. JNo- 
vember. 

Beurre Spence. 

Many varieties having been received from Europe for Beurre Spence 
and proved incorrect, we give description of one which we have received, 



698 THE PEAR. 

and presume to be the true variety, originated by Yan Mons. Tree 
moderately vigorous. Young shoots reddish. Yery productive. 

Fruit medium, short pyriform, inclining to turbinate. Skin green- 
ish, becoming yellow at maturity, shaded with dull crimson, thinly 
sprinkled with russet, and thickly covered with russet dots. Stalk long, 
fleshy at its insertion, which is often at an inclination by a lip. Calyx 
small, closed, in a deep, rather abrupt basin. Flesh juicy, melting, with 
a fine rich, vinous flavor. Good to very good. Core small. September. 

Beurre Sterkmans. 

Doyenne Sterkmans. Belle Alliance. Calebasse Sterkmans. 

A Belgian Pear. Tree vigorous, with stout yellowish-brown shoots, 
productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, remotely pyriform. Skin green, speckled with 
russet, and shaded with crimson. Stalk about an inch long, stout, 




Beurr6 Sterkmans. 



inserted in a small, uneven cavity. Calyx open. Segments stiff", set in a 
broad, uneven basin, slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish white, fine, very 
melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, pleasantly perfumed. Good to very good. 
October and November. 

Beurre Superfin. 
This really good Pear originated in France, in 1837. The tree is 



THE PEAR. 699 

very healthy, hardy, and moderately vigorous, not an early, but a good 
bearer when at full age. Young shoots slender, light yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, slightly shaded 
with crimson on the sunny side, and partially covered with russet, and 




Beurre Superfin, 



thickly sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk stout, rather long, inserted 
without depression by a fleshy enlargement. Calyx partially closed, in 
an abrupt, small basin. Flesh exceedingly juicy, buttery, melting, with 
a brisk vinous or subacid flavor. Very good to best. Eipe all of Octo- 
ber. 

Beurre Yan Driessche. 

Originated in Belgium, and but recently introduced. We find no 
description of it except in Leroy, which we copy. 

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, dotted 
with clear brown, and shaded with the same next the stem. Flesh 
whitish, half fine, half melting, rough at centre, juicy, sweet, vinous. 
Excellent. February, May. 

Bezi de Caen. 

This Pear is of recent introduction, and promises to be valuable as a 
midwinter variety. Young wood dull yellow brown. 



700 



THE PEAR. 



Emit medium, pyriform. Skin dull brown, with smooth russet on 
greenish yellow. Stalk set without depression. Calyx open. Segments 
short. Flesh white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. Yery 
good. December, January. 

Bezi de Caissoy. 

Bezy do Quessoy. Nutmeg- Pear. 

Roussette d'Aujou. De Quessoy. 

Petite Beurre cTHrver. Small Winter Beurre. 

"Wilding of Caissoy. Besi de Quassov. 

Terreneuvaise. Besi de Bretagne. 

An old Pear, said to have been discovered in the forest of Caissoy, 
in Bretagne. Tree hardy and very productive. Young wood slender, 
dull olive yellow. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, reddish brown in sun 
and numerous russet specks. Stalk short, set in a rather deep cavity. 
Calyx open. Flesh white, tender, buttery, sweet and aromatic. Yery 
good. November to February. 

Bezi de Caissoy d^te. 
Bergamotte Quessoy d'Ete. Besi Quessoy d'Ete. 

This variety resembles in all respects the preceding Bezi de Caissoy, 
only in maturing its fruit early in September instead of winter. 



Bezi d'Heri. 

Bezi Royal. Wilding of Hery. 

Franzosische Rumelbirne. Besi d'Airy. 

Besidery. De Henri. 

Bezi de Hery. De Bordeaux. 

This is a very excellent winter stewing pear, which bears most 
abundantly. It is of no value for the dessert. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin greenish yellow, with a reddish 
blush. Flesh tender, juicy, free from grit, with an anise-like flavor. 
Fit for cooking from October to J anuary. 



Bezi de la Motte. 
Bein Armudi. Beurre blanc de Jersey. 

The tree is exceedingly vigorous and productive, and the grayish 
olive shoots, like the fruit, have a peculiarly speckled appearance. It 
ripens gradually, and may be kept a good while. 

Fruit of medium size, bergamot-shaped, roundish, flattened at the 
eye. Skin pale yellowish green, thickly sprinkled with conspicuous 
russet green dots. Stalk about an inch long, green, slightly curved, and 
inserted in a slight flattened hollow. Calyx small, open, set in a shal- 
low, rather abruptly sunken basin. Flesh white, very fine-grained, but 
tery, juicy, with a sweet, delicate perfumed flavor. Good. October. 



THE PEAR. 



701 



Bezi de la Pierre. 
Besi de la Pierre. 

Originated at Auvergne, France. Introduced in 1862. Tree pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small to medium, oval, citron-yellow, marbled, dotted, and 
splashed with fawn-color. Stalk short, curved. Calyx half closed. 
Flesh whitish, half fine, melting, juicy, rough at core, vinous. Octo- 
ber, November. (Leroy.) 

Bezi* de Montigny. 

Trouve de Montigny. Beurre Cullem. 

Doyenne Musque. De Montigny. 

Louis Bosc. Comptesse de Lunay. 

A pleasant juicy fruit, with a musky flavor, but not first-rate. The 
skin is remarkably smooth, and the pear is evenly formed. It is a good 
bearer. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit of medium size, very regularly obovate. Skin pale yellowish 
green, with numerous gray dots. Stalk stout, thickest at the point of in- 
sertion, an inch long, inserted in a small shallow cavity. Calyx small, 
half open, reflexed, in a very smooth basin, scarcely sunk. Flesh 
white, melting, juicy, half buttery, with a sweet, musky flavor. Good. 
First of October. 

Bezi des Veterans. 
Banueau. Des Veterans. 

A Belgian Pear, of vigorous thrifty habit, and productive. Young 
wood olive brown, with many specks. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin light yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with gray dots, and slight patches of russet. Flesh firm, not tender ; 
chiefly for cooking. December to February. 

Bezi Esperen. 

Bezy d'Esperen. Besi Esperen. 

Raised by Major Esperen. Tree a moderate grower and good bearer. 
Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin dull yellow, sprinkled 
and patched with russet, and thickly covered with russet dots. Stalk 
rather long, stout, inserted by a ring or lip, at an inclination, in a small, 
irregular cavity. Calyx open, set in a deep, acute basin, surrounded by 
russet. Flesh juicy, with a sprightly vinous flavor. Good. October, 
November. 

Bezi Goubault. 
A French Pear, originated in 1845. 

Fruit medium size, irregular in form, generally roundish obovate. 
Skin yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet, and many russet dots. 
Flesh tender, half melting, gritty at core. Good. February, March. 

* Bezi signifies loilding, i. e. , natural seedling found near Montigny, a town in 
France. 



702 



THE PEAK. 



Bezi Mai. 
Besi de Mai. 

Raised by J. De Jonghe, Brussels, and first fruited in 1856. It is 
a winter fruit, said to mature from April to May. As yet it has not 
fruited here. The tree is hardy, a good grower, and described as produc- 
tive. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit large, obtuse oval, dull yellowish green, with brown dots. 
Stalk nearly an inch long. Calyx small, with short, stiff, erect seg- 
ments. Flesh buttery, juicy, sugary, rich, very firm. February, 
April. 

Bezi Yaet. 

Beurre de Beaumont. Besi Va. De Saint Waast. 

Besi Vaat. Besi Vath. Besi Waet. 

Besi de St. Waast. 

The Bezi Yaet has been considerably cultivated in this country, but 
is not generally considered more than a good second-rate Pear. The 
young shoots are reddish olive brown. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, narrowing to the stalk. Skin rough- 
ish, pale green, becoming yellowish, with many russety spots and a 
brownish cheek. Stalk an inch or more long, inserted in a slight cavity. 
Calyx set in a small basin. Flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, with 
a sweet, somewhat perfumed flavor. Good. November to January. 

Bezy Sanspareil. 

Bergamotte Sanspareil. Nonpareille. Sans Pareille. 

Besi Incomparable. Sans Pair. 

An old French Pear, of little value and only good for cooking. 

Fruit large, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellowish green, covered 
with numerous brown dots. Stalk fleshy at its insertion, in a slight 
cavity, at an inclination. Calyx open in a moderate uneven basin. 
Flesh coarse and granular, buttery, j uicy, melting, with a brisk vinous 
flavor. October to December. 

Bishop's Thumb. 
A long, oddly shaped English Pear. 

Fruit rather large, oblong and narrow, and tapering irregularly. 
Skin dark yellowish green, having a russet red cheek. Flesh juicy, 
melting, with a vinous flavor, somewhat astringent. Good. October. 

Black Worcester. 

Black Pear of Worcester. Parkinson's Warden. Iron. 

A market fruit esteemed for cooking. The branches incline down- 
wards with the weight of the fruit. Young shoots dark yellow olive, 
diverging. 

Fruit large, obovate or oblong pyriform. Skin thick, rough, green, 
nearly covered with dark russet. Flesh hard and coarse, but stews and 
bakes well. November to February. 



THE PEAK. 



703 



Blanquet Anastere. 
Blanquet Anasterque. Blanquet d'Austrasia. 

A French Pear, of poor quality. 

Fruit small, pyriform, yellowish green, with a tinge of brown in the 
sun. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, rots easily. August. 

Bleecker's Meadow. 

Large Seckel. Heidelberg-. Meadow Feaster. 

Feaster. Spice Butter. Frankford. 

A native fruit, said to have been found in a meadow in Pennsylva- 
nia. It is a handsome, hardy fruit, and bears large crops, but it has 
been overpraised as to quality. 

Fruit small, roundish. Skin bright clear yellow, with crimson dots 
on the sunny side. Flesh very white, firm, with a peculiar musky or 
wasp-like aroma and spicy taste, but mostly remains crisp and hard. 
Stalk straight and stiff. Basin shallow. Calyx open and reflexed. 
Good. October and November. 




Bloodgood. 



Bloodgood. 
Early Beurre. 

The Bloodgood is the highest flavored of all early Pears, and de- 



704 



THE PEAK. 



serves a place even in the smallest garden. It was named from the cir- 
cumstance of its having been brought into notice, about 1835, by the 
late James Bloodgood, nurseryman, Flushing, L. I. The sort was 
brought to that nursery as a new variety, without a name, however, by 
some person on Long Island, unknown to Mr. B., who was never able 
afterward to trace its history further. The tree is rather short-jointed, 
with deep reddish brown wood, grows moderately fast, and bears early 
and regularly. The fruit, like that of all early pears, is better if ripen- 
ed in the house. It surpasses every European variety of the same sea- 
son, and together with the Dearborn's Seedling, another native sort, will 
supplant all inferior early pears. 

Fruit of medium size, turbinate, inclining to obovate, thickening very 
abruptly into the stalk. Skin yellow, sprinkled with russet dots and 
network markings, giving it a russety look on one side. Calyx strong, 
open, set almost without depression. Stalk obliquely inserted, without 
depression, short, dark brown, fleshy at its base. Flesh yellowish 
white, buttery, and melting, with a rich sugary, highly aromatic flavor. 
The thin skin has a musky aromatic perfume. Very good. Core small. 
Ripe from the 5th of July to the 10th of August. 



Bon Chretien Fondante. 

Bon Chretien de Bruxelles. Bon Chretien Masque Fondante. 

Pioulice. Bugiarda. 
Bon Chretien Fondante Musque. Petit Musque\ 

Bon Chretien d'Ete Musque. 

A Flemish Pear, abounding with juice, and having a refreshing, 
agreeable flavor. In good seasons it is first in quality, and it bears 
early and abundantly. Young shoots slender, diverging, olive gray. 

Fruit pretty large, roundish obovate, regularly formed. Skin pale 
green, sprinkled with small russet dots, and considerably covered 
with russet. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, curved, inserted in a 
slight depression. Calyx small, set in a narrow hollow. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, gritty round the core, exceedingly juicy, tender, and melting, 
with a rich and pleasant flavor. Very good. October. 

Bon Chretien Joseph Lamarque. 

Originated in Liege, Belgium. Tree very vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, yellowish, with 
a shade of brown red, and spotted and dotted with black and dark 
brown specks. Stalk rather stout, curved, set in deep furrowed cavity. 
Calyx open. Flesh w^hite, buttery, melting, juicy, delicate perfume. 
October. (An. Pom.) 

Bon Gustave. 

Raised by Major Esperen. Tree very vigorous, with stout shoots. 

Fruit middle size, regular, pyriform. Stalk medium. Calyx open. 
Basin shallow. Skin light green, covered with russet. Flesh white, 
fine, buttery, juicy, sugary, and perfumed. Ripe December, January. 
(Gard. Chr.) 



THE PEAR. 



705 



Bonne Antoine. 

Fruit very large, conical or pyriforro obtuse, yellowish green, with 
spots, marblings, and patches of brown. Flesh white, fine, slightly gra- 
nulous, juicy, sweet, perfumed. First quality. October, November. 
(Leroy.) 

Bonne Chaelotte. 
Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit of moderate size, variable in form, generally resembling Doy- 
enne. Skin smooth, pale yellow, with green dots. Stalk long. Calyx 
open. Flesh moderately fine, more buttery than melting, sugary, and 
strongly perfumed. Good. Should be gathered early. Middle of 
August. 

Bonne d'Ezee. 

Bonne des Haies. Bonne de Longneval. 

Bonne de Zees. Belle et bonne d'Ezee. 

A French Pear. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young 
wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin light yellowish green, 
with russet patches and dots. Stalk large, long, curved, inserted in a 
broad cavity. Calyx small, open. Basin narrow, of little depth. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sugary, brisk, rich. Good to very good. Sep- 
tember and October. 

Bonne de Jalais. 
Beurre de Jalaise. 
A French Pear, originated at Nantes in 1857. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin golden yellow, washed,, 
splashed, and dotted with red. Stalk rather long, largest at junction 
with the tree, inclined, and set in a shallow cavity. Flesh white, fine y . 
melting, juicy, aromatic, sweet. Good. October. 

Bonne de la Chapelle. 

Beurre de la Chapelle. 

This variety was found by a gardener in the wood of La Chapelle- 
sur-Erdre, near Nantes, in 1845. Tree moderately vigorous and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, varying in form from roundish oblate to oblate pyri- 
form. Skin greenish yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, and dis- 
tinct brown dots. Stalk long, slender, curved. Calyx open. Flesh yel- 
lowish, moderately juicy, rather coarse. Good. November, December. 

BONNESERRE DE SAINT DENIS. 

Originated with Andre Leroy, Angers, France, in 1863. Tree very 
productive. Young wood reddish brown grayish. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obovate, yellowish green, dotted 
and splashed with red. Stalk short. Calyx large, half closed. Flesh 
white, fine, melting, juicy, rough at the core, sweet, vinous, delicious- 
perfume. December, January. (Leroy.) 

45' 



Bonne de Soulers. 



De Soulers. Bergamotte de Soulers. 

Beurre de Soulers. Soleure. 

An old variety, described in 1675. Tree moderately vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, oval. Skin pale greenish yellow, dull red in the sun. 
Flesh white, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. Jan- 
uary to March. 

Bonne Sophia. 
Bonne Saplier. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin pale greenish yellow, with a 
shade of crimson, a few patches and nettings of russet, and many small 




Bonne Sophia. 



brown dots. Stalk long, inclined, fleshy at insertion. Calyx open. 
Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed. Yery good. 
New and promising. October. 



THE PEAR. 707 

Bonne Therese. 



Originated in Malines, France. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin greenish yellow, marbled with 
red at the stalk. Stalk short, straight. Calyx small, open. Flesh very 
white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October. (Leroy.) 



Boucquia. 
Beurre Boucquia. 

A Flemish Pear. 

Fruit rather large, oval turbinate. Skin pale yellow. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, rather astringent, and liable to rot at the core. October. 

Bourgemester. 
Bouvier Bourgemestre. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Skin pale yellow, with large gray dots, rus- 
seted around the eye. Flesh tender, juicy, and astringent. November. 
Wood cracks and cankers badly. 

Braconot. 
Poire Braconot d'Epinal. 

Originated in 1840 or 1841, with M. Leclerc-Epinal, France. A 
new Pear, very showy and promising. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit very large. Skin pale yellow, washed with a brown shade in 
sun. Stalk long and stout. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, 
fine, crisp, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October. 



Brande's Saint Germain. 
Brande's. Bran de St. Germain. 

Origin uncertain, said to be a seedling of Yan Mons. Tree a slow 
grower, with slender branches, spreading. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, narrowing towards both ends. Skin 
yellowish green. Flesh melting, juicy, with a rich and excellent flavor. 
Good. November and December. 

Brand ywine. 

Found on the farm of Eli Harvey, on the banks of the Brandywine, 
Delaware Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright, uniformly productive. 
Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, varying in form from oblate depressed pyriform to 
elongated pyriform. Skin dull yellowish green, considerably dotted and 
somewhat sprinkled with russet, having a warm cheek on the side of the 
sun. Stalk is fleshy at its junction with the fruit, and generally sur- 
rounded by folds or rings. Calyx open. Basin smooth and shallow. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sugary, and vinous, somewhat aromatic. 
Good to very good. Pipe last of August and first of September. 



708 THE PEAE. 



Brewer. 



Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin lemon-yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with minute brown dots. Stalk very long, curved, set in a 
small cavity. Calyx open. Basin rather small, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh white, coarse, not juicy or melting, but sweet and pleasant. Good. 
October. 




Brandywine 



Brialmont. 

A Belgian Pear, of recent introduction and good promise. Young 
wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium, ovate, greenish yellow, with traces of russet and many 
green and brown dots. Stalk rather short, set in a small cavity. Calyx 
open, with long recurved segments. Flesh white, juicy, buttery, melting, 
pleasant. Yery good. October. 

Briffaut. 

Originated with M. Briffaut of Sevres. Tree very productive. 

Fruit large, oblong acute pyriform. Skin greenish, with fawn- 
colored shades, especially around the stalk, bright red cheek in 
sun. Stalk long, straight, without depression. Calyx large and open. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, rough at the core. July, August. (Leroy.) 



THE PEAR. 709 




Brialmont. 



BRIKD AMOUR. 

An old variety, which originated in Yienne, France. Tree vigorous 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin bronzed, marbled, and 
shaded with fawn and green. Stalk short, set without depression. 
Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, fine, fibrous, melting, watery, sugary 
acid, perfumed. November, December. (Leroy.) 

Bringewood. 

A foreign Pear, described in Hovey's Magazine, from which we 
copy, not having seen the fruit : — 

" Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish brown and lusset. Stalk long 
and slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish white, gritty at core, the 
rest buttery. Yery good. November." 

British Queen - . 

An English Pear, raised at Frogmore, supposed from seed of Marie 
Louise. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood very strong, clear rich 
reddish brown. It is described in Hogg as follows : — 



710 



THE PEAK. 



ft Fruit large, obovate pyriform, tlie outline undulating and bossed. 
Skin smooth, and almost entirely covered with a thin coat of cinnamon- 
colored russet, but on the side next the sun it has a blush of rosy crim- 
son. Calyx rather small, with short, narrow segments. Stalk stout, 
obliquely inserted in a round, narrow cavity. Flesh yellowish white, 
very fine-grained, buttery, melting, rich, sugary. October, November." 



Beonx. 

A new American Pear, raised in 1850, by James P. Swain, of Bronx- 
rille, N. Y. The tree is an upright pyramidal grower, with reddish 
brown young shoots. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin dull greenish yellow, par- 
tially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet 
and brown dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved, and set in a small 
cavity. Calyx small, open. Segments short, erect. Basin small, uneven, 
and much russeted. Flesh whitish, j uicy, melting, sweet, a little per- 
fumed. Good to very good. Early September. 



Brougham. 

An English variety. 

Fruit roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, some russet. Flesh 
coarse, astringent. November. 



Brown Beurre. 

Beurre Gris. Red Beurre. 

Beurre Rouge. Badham's. 

Beurre d'Or. Gray Beurre. 

Beurre Doree. Beurre Vert. 

Beurre d'Amboise. Red Butter. 

Beurre dAmbleuse. Beurre Rousse. 

Beurre du Roi. Beurre Roux. 

Poire d'Amboise. Gisambert. 

Isambert. Beurre d'Isambert le Bon. 

Isambert le Bon. Beurre Gris dAutonme. 

Beurre. Eisenbart. 

Golden Beurre. Beurre de Caen. 

The Brown Beurre, almost too well known to need description, was 
for a long time considered the prince of Pears in France, its native 
country, and for those who are partial to the high vinous flavor — a rich 
mingling of sweet and acid — it has, still, few competitors. It is, how- 
ever, quite variable in different soils, and its variety of appearance in 
different gardens has given rise to the many names — gray, brown, red, 
and golden — under which it is known. Shoots diverging, dark reddish 
brown. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate, tapering convexly quite to the stalk. 
Skin slightly rough, yellowish green, but nearly covered with thin rus- 
set, often a little reddish brown on one side. Stalk from one to one and 
a half inches long, stout at its junction with the tree, and thickening 
obliquely into the fruit. Calyx nearly closed in a shallow basin. Flesh 
greenish white, melting, buttery, extremely juicy, with a rich subacid 
flavor. Very good. September. 



THE PEAR. 



711 



BlJFFUM. 
Buffam. 

The Buffam is a native of Rhode Island, and from its general resem- 
blance to the Doyenne, it is, no doubt, a seedling of that fine sort. It 
is an orchard Pear of the first quality, as it is a very strong, upright 
grower, with reddish or reddish brown young shoots, bears large, regular 
crops, and is a very handsome and salable fruit. It is a little variable 
in quality. We have frequently eaten them so fine as scarcely to be 
distinguished from the Doyenne, and again when rather insipid. It 
may be considered a beautiful and good, though not first-rate variety. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate, a little smaller on one side. 
Skin fair, deep yellow (brownish green at first), finely suffused over 




Bufium. 



half the fruit, with bright red, sprinkled with small brown dots, or a 
little russet. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a very slight cavity. 
Calyx with small segments, and basin of moderate size. Flesh white, 
buttery, not so juicy as the Doyenne, but sweet, and of excellent flavor 
The strong upright reddish brown shoots, and peculiar brownish greeD 
appearance of the pear before ripening, distinguish this fruit. Very 
good. September. 

BUBLINGAME. 

A Pear of quite indifferent quality that originated in Ohio. 



712 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit small or medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded with red in 
the sun. Flesh coarse, not juicy, sweet. Poor. September. 

Burnett. 

Raised by Dr. J oel Burnett, of Southborough, Mass. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow. Flesh greenish 
white, a little coarse-grained, but juicy, sweet. Good. First of Octo- 
ber. 

Cabot. 

Originated from the seed of the Brown Beurre, by J. S. Cabot, Esq., 
of Salem, Mass. It has a good deal of the flavor of its parent, and is 
an agreeable subacid fruit. The tree grows upright and very strong, 
and produces amazing crops. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish turbinate, narrowing rather 
abruptly to the stalk, which is bent obliquely, and inserted on one side 
of a tapering summit. Skin roughish, bronze yellow, pretty well cov- 
ered with cinnamon russet. Calyx small, open, set in a round, smooth 
basin. Flesh greenish white, breaking, juicy, with a rich subacid flavor. 
Good to very good. Middle and last of September. 

Cadet de Yaux. 

Origin unknown. Tree very productive. Young wood yellow 
brown. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, irregular. Skin ochre yellow, dotted 
with brown, and shaded with fawn and pale red in the sun Stalk short, 
large, curved. Calyx large. Flesh yellowish white, fine, almost melting, 
sweet, juicy, perfumed. Good. December to March. 

Caen de France. 
Doyenne de Bruxelles, erroneously. 

A foreign Pear promising great value. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, regular, ovate obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, yellow, 
overspread with a dull russet, and with many rough russet dots. Stalk 
rather short and stout, a little inclined, and set in a small cavity. Calyx 
closed, or partially open. Segments short. Basin rather small, uneven. 
Flesh whitish, fine-grained, juicy, melting, vinous, slightly aromatic. 
Yery good. December, February. 

Calebasse. 

Calebasse Double Extra. Calebasse d'Hollande. Calebasse Musquee. 

The Calebasse is a very grotesque-looking Belgian fruit, named from 
its likeness to a calabash or gourd. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong, a little crooked and irregular or 
knobby in its outline. Skin rough, dull yellow, becoming orange russet 



THE PEAR. 



713 



on the sunny side. Flesh juicy, crisp, a little coarse-grained, but sugary 
and pleasant. Good. Middle of September. 




Caen de France. 



Calebasse d'Ete. 
Belle de Forets. 

A variety raised from seed by Major Esperen. Tree moderately 
vigorous. Not desirable. 

Fruit medium, oblong acute pyriform, greenish yellow, mostly cov- 
ered, netted, and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk long, 
stout, fleshy at base. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, vinous, astrin- 
gent. Poor. Early September. 

Calebasse Delvigne. 

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, broad at calyx. Skin yellow, slightly rus- 
seted, sometimes shaded on the sunny side. Stalk short, thick at its 
junction with the fruit. Calyx open. Segments stiff, in a very shallow, 
uneven basin. Flesh white, coarse, buttery, juicy, melting, perfumed, 
slightly astringent. Good. October. 

Calebasse Tougard. 



A Belgian Pear raised by Van Mons. 



Tree vigorous, productive. 



714 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, sometimes acute, sometimes obtuse. 
Skin greenish yellow, mostly covered with rough russet, and tliickly 
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk curved. Calyx open. Basin small, 
uneven. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. 
Good to very good. October. 

Calhoun. 

Raised by the late Governor Edwards, New Haven, Conn. 

Fruit medium, roundish, obliquely oblate. Skin yellowish, shaded 
with dull crimson, sprinkled with russet, russet dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx open. Flesh white, coarse, granular, buttery, melting, pleasant. 
Good. October. 

Camerling. 

Camerlyn. Camerlingue. Camerling d'Allemagne. 

A Flemish Pear. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin yellow, with numerous brown dots 
and a slightly marbled cheek. Stalk long, slightly inclined, in a small 
cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx open. Flesh juicy, melting, sugary, 
with a peculiar aroma. Good. September, October. 

Camille de Rohan. 
Prince Camille de Rohan. 

A foreign Pear, with thorny yellow olive brown shoots, hardy. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin yellow, considerably netted 
and patched with russet, and sprinkled with large russet dots. Stalk 
long, slender. Calyx partially closed. Basin medium. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, melting, vinous. Good. November, January. 

Canandaigua. 
Catherine. 

Origin uncertain, supposed to have been brought from Connecticut 
to Canandaigua about the year 1806, vigorous and productive. 

Fruit rather large, irregular, elongated acute pyriform. Surface un- 
even, resembling Bartlett. Skin lemon-yellow, sometimes a shade of red 
in the sun. Stalk medium, or rather short, inclined. Calyx open. Basin 
narrow and deep. Flesh whitish, coarse, melting, vinous. Good. Sep- 
tember. 

Cantelope. 

A seedling of the late Gov. Edwards. Not valuable. 

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, pale yellow, sometimes a blush 
in the sun. Flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, dry. Good only for cook- 
ing. October. 

Capsheaf. 
Cops Heat. 

A native of Rhode Island. It is a very agreeable fruit. Young 
shoots stout, upright, yellowish brown. 



THE PEAR. 



715 



Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate pyriforrn. Skin deep yellow, 
with patches and traces of cinnamon russet. Stalk an inch long, stout, 
inclined, inserted in a shallow hollow. Calyx small. Basin slightly 
sunk. Flesh white, juicy, and melting, very sweet and pleasant. Good. 
October. 

Capucix. 

Capuchin. Capucin Yan Moris. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree a moderate grower. 

Fruit medium, oval pyriform, greenish yellow, marbled and shaded 
in the sun with fawn and red, slightly netted with russet, and with 
many russet crimson dots. Stalk slender, set in a slight depression by 
a lip. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous. Good to 
very good. October to December. 

Cassaxte de Mars. 

A variety from Marines, said to be a seedling of Major Esperen. It 
may be a distinct sort, but as we have received, it has proved identical 
with Winter ISTelis. We copy description from the Album Pomology : — 

M Tree vigorous. 

" Fruit, which is borne in clusters, resembles Doyenne blanc. Skin 
smooth, bright green, becoming golden yellow at maturity, striped and 
shaded with fawn. Flesh when in full perfection is half melting, juicy, 
sugary, vinous, and well perfumed. Ripe December to April." 

Casserule. 

Of foreign origin. We have fruited it but once. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin rough. 
Color yellowish, covered with a dull yellow brown russet. Stalk short, 
without depressions, often oblique. Calyx large, open, round, with con- 
nected segments. Basin medium, regular. Flesh whitish, coarse, granu- 
lated, especially next the core, dry, and without flavor. Good. De- 
cember, January. 

Castellixe. 

A Belgian Pear, described by foreign authors as first quality, here it 
has only proved good. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with 
slight nettings and patches of russet, and sprinkled with dots. Stalk 
long, largest at junction with the tree, curved, set in a shallow cavity. 
Calyx open, with long recurved segments. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet. Good. November, December. 

Catharine Gardette. 

Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. Young shoots short- 
jointed, yellow brownish olive. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin fair, yellow, with numerous 



716 



THE PEAE. 



small carmine dots on the exposed side. Stalk curved, inserted by a 
fleshy termination into a slight depression. Calyx small, set in a rather 
deep basin. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, sweet. Good. September. 

Catherine Lambre. 

One of the new Belgian Pears that promises to sustain here its 
foreign reputation. It originated with Yan Mons, and was named and 
introduced by Bivort. The tree is very vigorous and hardy, and a good 
bearer, with long, strong, dark rich yellow brown shoots. 

Fruit medium or above, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin smooth, 
greenish yellow, shaded in the sun with red, and dotted with bronze 
specks. Stalk medium, set without depression, inclined. Calyx large, 
open. Flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet. Very good. 
October, November. 



Catillac. 



Grand Monarque. 
Cadillac. 
Katzenkop. 
Groote Mogul. 
40 Ounce. 

Bon Chretien d' Amiens Chartreuse. 
Monstrueuse de Landes. 
Cotillard de Livre. 
Besi de Maraise. 
De Citrouille. 
De Tout Temps. 



Grand Mogol. 

Gros Thomas. 

De Bell Argentine. 

Tete de Chat. 

Gros Rateau. 

Grand Tamerlan. 

De Gros Rateau Raisenette ? 

Roi de Louvain. 

Gros Rateau gris. 

Misporde Benoist ? 



The Catillac is an old French baking and stewing Pear, of very large 
size, and of good quality for these purposes. In rich soil the fruit is 
often remarkably large and handsome. 

Fruit very large, broadly turbinate (flattened-top shaped). Skin 
yellow, dotted with brown, and having sometimes a brownish red cheek 
at maturity. Stalk stout, about an inch long, curved, and placed in a 
very narrow, small cavity. Calyx short and small, and set in a wide, 
rather deep plaited basin. Flesh hard and rough to the taste. Novem- 
ber to March. 



Catinka. 

Raised by Major Esperen. Tree of vigorous growth. Branches 
rather slender, productive. Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit small to medium, obovate pyriform. Stalk very long, inserted 
by a ring in an uneven cavity. Calyx large and open, with segments 
persistent. Basin shallow. Skin pale yellow, netted, patched, and 
thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Flesh coarse, granular, buttery, 
melting, juicy, with a refreshing vinous flavor. Good to very good. 
October to December. 



Cedarmere. 

Originated in the grounds of W. C. Bryant, Boslyn, Long Island. 

Fruit small, nearly globular. Skin pale greenish yellow, with rus- 
set nettings and dots. Stalk rather short, curved. Calyx open. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good. August. 



THE PEAR. 



717 



Certeau d'Ete. 

Gros Certeau d'Ete. Courte de Ersol. 

Rouges des Vierges. Coloree d'Aout. 

Emmanuel. De Champagne d'Ete. 

This showy Pear is by some authors attributed to Van Mons. Others 
say it was described in 1540. Tree vigorous and productive. Young 
wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, oblong acute pyriform. Skin smooth, almost waxen 
yellow, shaded with brigh tcrimson over most of the surface, and sprin- 
kled with light dots. Stalk long, curved, fleshy at its insertion. Calyx 
small, open. Basin small. Flesh white, juicy, melting, pleasant, sweet. 
Good to very good. Last of August. 

Chancellor. 

Supposed to be a native of Germantown, Penn., on the grounds of 
Mr. Chancellor. Branches horizontal, not very vigorous, spreading. 
Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit rather large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
sometimes red in sun, rough, somewhat inclining to russet, thickly 
covered with dots. Stem medium, curved, rather stout, fleshy at its 
insertion by a lip, inserted in a rather broad cavity. Calyx small, set 
in a moderate basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, melting, sugary, 
perfumed. Good. October, November. 

Chapman. 

An American Pear of poor quality, unworthy. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, dotted with brown and 
green. Flesh white, half melting, astringent. September. 

Chaptal. 
Beurre Chaptal. 

An old French Pear, that sometimes is very good but often only 
good. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish 
yellow. Stalk stout, in a slight cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, 
breaking, juicy. December. 

Charles Basiner. 

A foreign Pear which we have not yet fruited. Young wood light 
yellow. Buds projecting, prominent. Hogg describes it as : — 

" Fruit obovate, pale yellowish green. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
small, open. Flesh white, juicy, sweet. October." 

Charles Bivort. 

A Belgian Pear, an early bearer, but only good in quality. Young 
shoots dark rich yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse, pale whitish yellow, with a few 



718 



THE PEAR. 



patches and nettings of russet, and conspicuous russet dots. Stalk 
rather short, curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, 
coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October. 

Charles Frederick. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, sometimes obtuse oblong. 
Skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled with red in the sun, patches, net- 
tings and dots of russet. Stalk short to medium, sometimes in a small 
cavity, others without. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, 
buttery, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. September. 

Charles Smet. 
Charles Smith. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree a vigorous grower. Young 
wood dull olive grayish brown. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, broad at the crown. Skin yellowish, con- 
siderably russeted. Stalk long, curved, fleshy at its insertion. Calyx 
open, small. Basin narrow. Flesh juicy, sweet, and highly perfumed. 
Good to very good. January, February. 

Charles Yan Hooghten. 

Fruit large, varying in form from obovate acute pyriform to round- 
ish obtuse obovate. Skin yellow, netted and patched with russet, and 
with many russet dots. Stalk varying, always fleshy at insertion. 
Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh rather coarse, sweet. Good. Early 
October. 

Charlotte de Brower. 

One of Esperen's seedlings. Tiee of moderate vigor, and of great 
productiveness. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, 
slightly netted and patched with russet, and with many russet dots, and 
slightly shaded in the sun with crimson. Stalk stout and fleshy at its 
insertion. Calyx open. Basin medium. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, 
vinous. Good. October. 

Chaumontel. 

Bezi de Chaumontelle. Oxford Chaumontel. 

Winter Beurre. Bon Chretien de Chaumontel. 

Beurre d'Hiver. Beurre de Chaumontel. 

Shaumontel. Shaw-montel. 

This old French Pear takes its name from the village of Chaumon- 
telle, in France, and succeeds well in Europe, but has not proved good 
here, except in very favorable situations. It may be valuable South. 
Tree a good and vigorous grower. Young shoots yellow brown grayish 
olive. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Skin a little rough, yellowish in the shade, 
dotted with many brownish russet dots, and brownish red or rich deep 



THE PEAR. 



719 



red in the sun. Stalk about an inch long, inserted moderately deep, in 
an angular basin. Flesh buttery and melting, sugary, with a peculiar 
and agreeable perfume. Good. November to February. 

Chelmsford. 
Tynsboro'. Mogul Summer. 

Origin, Chelmsford, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriform, yellow, red cheek. Flesh 
coarse, sweet, good for cooking. Last of September. 

Choisnard. 

Originated with M. Choisnard, Ormes, France. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, dull 
yellow brown in the sun, and with many fawn-colored dots. Stalk 
rather long. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, half crisp, half 
fine, rough at centre, juicy, delicate musky flavor. January, March. 
(Leroy.) 




Church. 



Church. 
Clarke ? 

This really good Pear originated on land belonging to the Trinity 
Church, at New Rochelle, N. Y. ; hence its name. The habit of the 
Church Pear is somewhat spreading in its growth, uniformly productive, 



720 



THE PEAR. 



and the fruit unvarying in its quality. Young wood dull yellow, or 
brown. 

Fruit rather below medium size, generally depressed, somewhat an- 
gular. Stalk rather long, stout at its insertion, in a small cavity 
surrounded by russet. Calyx small and closed, in a broad, rather shal- 
low basin. Skin green, becoming yellow at maturity. Flesh white, 
very buttery, juicy, melting, with an exceedingly rich, sweet, and highly 
perfumed flavor. Very good. Core small. Ripens slowly, and con- 
tinues in use all of September. 

• Citeina. 

Originated with Dr. Shurtleff, Boston, Mass., first fruited in 

1862. Tree productive. Wood slender, grayish. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, bright yellow. Surface slightly knobby 
and uneven. Stalk medium. Calyx small. Basin corrugated. Flesh 
nearly white, rather coarse. Gritty at the core. September. (Journal 
of H.) 

Citron. 

A seedling of the late Governor Edwards, a vigorous, upright grower, 
producing large crops, but inclined to rot at the core. 

Fruit small, nearly globular, approaching turbinate. Stalk short, 
rather stout, set in an abrupt, uneven cavity. Calyx closed. Basin 
broad, shallow, irregular. Skin greenish, slightly shaded with dull 
crimson. Flesh greenish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous, 
with a musky perfume. Good. Bipe from middle of August to mid- 
dle of September. 

Clara. 
Claire. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. It is of medium size, oval pyriform. 
Skin clear yellow, dotted with red. Flesh white, melting, very juicy, 
and sweet, relieved by a slight acid. Hardly good. September and 
October. 

Clap. 

This variety was raised from seed, by Capt. William Clap, of Massa- 
chusetts. 

Fruit below medium, acute pyriform, yellowish green, with a brown- 
ish blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, aromatic. Middle 
of August. (Prince.) 

Clapp's Favorite. 

This extremely fine and valuable Pear was raised from seed by the 
late Thaddeus Clapp, of Dorchester, Mass. The tree is an upright 
spreading, vigorous grower, forming an open, well-shaped head, on which 
the fruit is evenly distributed aud almost uniform in size. Very pro- 
ductive. Young shoots dark reddish brown. 



THE PEAR. 



721 



Fruit large, obovate ovate, slightly obtuse pyriform. Surface un- 
even. Skin thin, pale lemon yellow, marbled and faintly splashed with 
crimson and fawn when fully exposed to the sun, thickly sprinkled with 
brown dots, and sometimes patches and traces of russet. Stalk nearly 




Clapp's Favorite. 

an inch long, a little inclined, stout, and somewhat fleshy, inserted in a 
slight depression. Calyx partially closed. Segments stiff, erect. Basin 
shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, fine-grained, juicy, buttery, 
melting, rich, sweet, vinous, a little perfumed. Very good. Last of 
August or early September. 

Clay. 
Sponge. 

Raised by the late Governor Edwards. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes pyriform. Skin waxen 
jllow, shaded with crimson, and sprinkled with brown or crimson 
Jots. Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, 
granular, j uicy, sweet. Good. October. 

46 



722 



THE PEAK. 



Clemence. 
Clementine. 

A seedling of Yan Mons, originated in 1833. Young wood olive 
brown. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform, sometimes obovate acute pyriform, 
pale yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson, and patched and Betted 
with russet, few brown dots. Stalk short, curved, fleshy at insertion. 
Calyx open. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, fine, juicy, sweet, 
melting, pleasant. Yery good. September. 

Clement Bivort. 

A Belgian Pear that we have not yet fruited. Young shoots 
smooth, short-jointed, yellow brown. It is described by the Societe 
Yan Mons as : — 

" Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin golden yellow, shaded with 
red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. 
November." 



Clinton. 
Van Mons, No. 1238. 



ned. 



and good, but not high-flavored. Middle of November. 



A poor fruit, of medium size, light yellow skin. Flesh soft, buttery, 



Coit's Beurre. 
Beurre Coit. 

Originated with Col. Coit, Collamer, near Cleveland, O. Tree a 
healthy, good grower, productive. Young wood brownish olive, with 
rough specks. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, inclining to russet, 
sometimes with a sunny cheek, thickly covered with dots, which become 
crimson on the exposed side. Stalk short, rather stout, set in a small 
cavity, sometimes inclined by a lip. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, a 
little coarse, juicy, melting, rich, vinous. Yery good. September, 
October. 



Collins. 



Watertown. Colin Noir. Meconnaitre. 

Charbonniere. Malconnaitre. 

Raised by A. Collins, of "VYatertown, Mass., and first exhibited be- 
fore the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1848. Tree of moderate 
growth, with reddish brown shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly acute pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, with russet spots, and frequently a blush on the sunny side. 
Stalk short, thick, inserted at an inclination without cavity. Calyx 
small, and very little sunk. Flesh fine, melting, juicy, with a brisk, 



THE PEAR. 



F23 



sugary flavor, resembling white Doyenne. Yery good. Ripens first of 
October. 




Coit's Beurre. 



COLMAR. 



De Maune. 
Incomparable. 
Winter Virgalieu. 
Bergamotte Tardive. 
Colmar Doree. 



Belle et Bonne d'Hiver. 
Colmar d'Hiver. 
Commodore. 

Bergamotte Boyal d'Hiver. 



An old Belgian Pear. The tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. 
Valuable for cooking, often very good in quality. 

Fruit medium or large, obtuse pyriform. Skin light yellow. Flesh 
melting, half buttery, juicy, sweet. December, February. 



Colmar Artoisenet. 



good 



bearer. Young 



A. Belgian Pear of vigorous growth, and a 
shoots reddish olive brown. 

Fruit large, irregularly oblate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, 
often with a brownish cheek, netted and patched with cinnamon russet, 
and with many russet dots. Stalk short, inserted in a slight depression, 



724 



THE PEAR. 



often with a lip. Calyx small, closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh whitish, 
coarse, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. Good. September, October. 

COLMAR D'ALOST. 
Delices d'Alost. 

A Belgian Pear, said to have originated with M. Hellinck in 1840. 
Young wood dark olive brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, brown- 
ish in the sun. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, gritty at core, sweet, 
vinous. Good. October, November. 

COLMAR d'ArEMBERG. 

Kartofel. Cartofel. 

A large Belgian Pear, mainly to be valued for its size and for cook- 
ing. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin green, 
becoming yellow at maturity, with nettings of russet and dots. Flesh 
whitish, half fine, granulous, sweet, vinous. Good. November, De- 
cember. 

COLMAR D'AUTOMNE NOUVEAU. 

Received from France. Tree vigorous. Young shoots light yellow 
brewn. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, sometimes inclined. Skin pale yel- 
low, sometimes a shade of crimson in the sun, partially patched and net- 
ted with traces of russet, and russet brown dots. Stalk long, inclined, 
set in a small cavity, often by a lip. Calyx open. Segments long, recurv- 
ed. Basin rather abrupt. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, rich, vinous. 
Very good. Last September. 

Colmar d'Ete. 

Colmar Precoce. Autumn Colmar. 

A Belgian Pear, originated in 1825, and ranked high among foreign 
pomologists ; here it proves only good, or rather poor, and rots at the 
core. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
sometimes a slight blush in sun, patches of russet, and brown dots. 
Stalk long, a lif/tie inclined, set in a small cavity. Flesh white, coarse, 
astringent. Early in September. 

Colmar de Joxghe. 

Originated with M. J. De Jonghe, Belgium, and not having fruited 
it, we copy from his description : — " Tree hardy, robust, vigorous, and 
productive, rather upright. Young wood nut brown, with a few gray 
specks. 

" Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, mostly covered with 
reddish brown » blotches. Stalk thick, set without depression. Calyx 
open. Flesh white, fine, juicy, vinous, sweet, and aromatic. Septem- 
ber." 



THE PEAR. 



725 



COLMAR DE MEESTER. 
Demeester. 

Originated in Belgium. 

Frait medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, a few 
nettings of russet, and sprinkled with many brown and green dots. Stalk 
long, a little inclined. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, 
half melting, slightly vinous. Scarcely good. October. 

COLMAR DES InVALIDES. 

Poire des Invalides. Ya Deux Ans. 

Beurre de Printeinps. Colmar Van Mons. 

G-ros Colmar Van Mons. 

This Belgian Pear is said to have been raised at Enghien in 1808. 
It is large and showy, but only valuable for cooking. Young wood red- 
dish olive yellow brown. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, slightly marbled with 
crimson in the sun, and sprinkled with russet and brown dots and traces. 
Stalk rather short, set in a small cavity. Calyx large and open. Seg- 
ments long, recurved. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, breaking, sweet. 
November to February. 

Colmar Epine. 

An agreeable juicy Pear, sent to this country by Yan Mons, and 
originated by him. Young shoots stout, upright, brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, tapering gradually to an obtuse point 
at the stem, which is one inch long. Color greenish yellow. Flesh 
white, sweet, melting, juicy, and good. Middle of September. 

COLOREE DE JuiLLET. 

Originated in Rouen, France. 

Fruit below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish, with 
a shade of brownish red in the sun, and small patches and dots of brown 
russet. Stalk medium or stout, set in a shallow cavity. Flesh white, 
half tender, juicy, a little gritty at core, sweet, perfumed. Good. July. 

Columbia. 

Columbian Virgalieu. Columbia Virgalouse. 

The original tree grows on the farm of Mr. Casser, in Westchester 
Co., N. Y. The tree grows upright. Young wood stout, upright, olive 
brown. 

Fruit large, regularly formed, obovate, usually a little oblong, and 
always broadest in the middle. Skin smooth and fair pale green in au- 
tumn, but when ripe of a fine golden yellow, with occasionally a soft 
orange tinge on its cheek, and dotted with small gray dots. Stalk 
rather more than an inch long, slightly curved, placed towards one side 
of a narrow depression. Calyx of medium size, partially open, set in a 
very shallow basin. Flesh white, not very fine-grained, but melting, 
juicy, with a sweet aromatic flavor. Good. November to January. 
Yery apt to drop from the tree previous to ripening. 



COMMISSAIRE DELMOTTE. 



Originated in Belgium by Gregoire. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, sometimes a 
shade of crimson in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. 
Stalk medium, curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open, or partially 
closed. Basin rather abrupt, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, half melt- 
ing, sweet. Good. January to March. 

COMPEETTE. 

A Flemish seedling of little value. 

Fruit small, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green. Flesh white, 
buttery, with a sugary perfumed juice. October, November. 

Comte d'Egmont. 

Fruit small, obovate, lemon yellow, covered with dots of reddish 
brown russet, forming almost a patch. Stalk stout, inserted without 
depression. Calyx small, open. Flesh yellow, melting, slightJy gritty 
very rich, sugary, and delicious. Last of October. (Hogg.) 




Comt3 de Flandre. 



THE TEAR. 



727 



Comte r>E Flandre. 
St. Jean Baptiste. St. Jean Baptiste d'Hiver. 

One of Van Hons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, productive. Young 
wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit large, elongated pyriform, obtuse. Skin yellowish, con- 
siderably covered with russet. Stalk long, much inclined, and insert- 
ed by a lip in a small cavity. Calyx open, set in a shallow, corrugated 
basin. Flesh very buttery, melting, juicy, granular, sweet, and rich. 
Good to very good. October, November. 

Comstock. 
Comstock Wilding 1 . 

A coarse cooking Pear that originated in Dutchess Co., N". Y. 

Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, obovate. Skin smooth and 
glossy, bright yellow, with a crimson cheek. Flesh white, crisp, and, if 
well ripened, with a sweet and sprightly flavor. November. 

Comte de Lamy. 

Beurre Curtet. Beurre Qnitelet. Comte Lamay. 

Dingier. Bis Curtet. Beurre Cutter. 

Henri Van Mons, erroneously. 

Originated in Belgium in 1828. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate pyriform. Skin yellow, with a 
brownish red cheek, and sprinkled with patches and small russety dots. 
Stalk an inch long, straight, obliquely inserted under a lip, or planted 
in a slight cavity. Calyx open, set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet. Good. Last of September to 
middle of October. 

Comte de Paris. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree pyramidal, very vigorous. 
Young shoots reddish brown grayish. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, often elongated. Skin greenish yel- 
low, a little netted and patched with russet, and dotted with conspicuous 
russet and green dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a shallow 
cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx large, open. Segments long. Basin 
small. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, melting, brisk, slightly vinous, 
musky. Good to very good. September. 

Comte Lelieur. 
Frederick Lelieur. 

Of Belgian origin. Tree vigorous, upright, moderately productive. 
Young wood reddish olive brown. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Skin yellowish green, with a brownish-red 
cheek, speckled with gray, netted and patched with russet. Stalk short, 
curved, inclined, set by a lip. Flesh yellowish white, a little coarse- 
grained, melting, j u icy, sweet. Good to very good. September. 



728 THE PEAR. 

COMTESSE d'AlOST. 

A Belgian Pear, highly commended abroad, but here proves 
good. Tree vigorous. Young wood dull reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, sometimes acute. Skin pale yel- 
low, slightly netted and patched with russet, and many brown dots, 
shade of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, half melting, vinous, 
astringent. Scarcely good. November. 



COMTESSE DE ChAMBORD. 



Originated at Poictiers, France. Tree moderately vigorous. Young 
wood olive yellow brown. Leroy describes the fruit as follows : — 

" Fruit small to medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green in 
the shade, bright golden in the sun, veined, dotted, and marbled with 
yellowish gray. Stalk short. Calyx large, half closed. Flesh yellowish 
white, melting, rough at centre, sweet, vinous, delicate aroma." Novem- 
ber, December. 



Congress Pomologique. 
Triomphe de Pomologique. 

Originated with M. Boisbunel, at Rouen, in 1856. Tree a vigorous 
grower, with moderate-sized young shoots, long-jointed, and of a dull 
yellowish-brown color, with many rough specks. Productive. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow, 
with traces of yellow, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, slen- 
der, with bracts, set in a shallow cavity. Calyx large, open. Segments 
long, recurved. Basin broad, shallow, uneven, russeted. Flesh whitish, 
buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October, 
November. 

CONKLIN. 

Originated in "Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit rather large, oblate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish or pale 
yellow, netted and patched with russet, and dotted with green and brown 
dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion. Calyx partially closed in a 
deep, abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet. 
Good. September. 

CONSEILLER RaNTWEZ. 



One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, very productive. 
Young wood dull olive reddish brown. 

Fruit large, very irregular in form, obovate obtuse, obscurely pyri- 
form. Skin greenish yellow, rough, with a few patches of russet, and 
many brown dots. Stalk inserted in a broad cavity, by a slight lip or 
fleshy ring. Calyx open, stiff, set in a furrowed basin. Flesh coarse, a 
little granular, juicy, melting, perfumed, sweet, vinous, slightly astrin- 
gent. Good. October. 



THE PEAR. 



729 



COPIA. 

A Philadelphia seedling. 

Fruit large. Skin yellow. Flesh rather coarse, but sugary. Poor. 
September to October. 

CORNWELL. 

Cluster ? 

An old Pear, origin unknown, transferred by travelling grafters from 
the New England States, and may yet prove some named sort. 

Fruit small, nearly globular, greenish yellow, netted and patched 
with light russet. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, vinous, a little astrin- 
gent. Good. Early September. 

Cotee. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings, of moderate growth and productive. 

Fruit medium or below, irregular in form, varying from obtuse to 
acute pyriform. Skin yelJowish, with numerous russet dots, some 
patches of russet, and russet around the calyx and stem. Stalk slightly 
curved, and enlarged at its insertion, without cavity, and inclined. 
Calyx open, set in an abrupt, not very deep basin. Flesh whitish, not 
very fine, juicy, vinous. Good. December. 

Crassane. 

Bergamotte Crassane. Cresane. Bergamotte Crassane d'Automne. 

Beurre Plat. Flat Butter. Crassane d'Automne. 

An old variety, cultivated as long ago as 1667. Tree hardy, vigo- 
rous, and productive. Young wood lighfc reddish. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, rarely with a 
blush, dotted with russet dots. Flesh coarse, rather dry, sweet, plea- 
sant. Good. October, November. 

Crawford. 

Bancrief. Lammas of the Scotch. 

A Scotch fruit, of second quality ; the chief merit of which is its 
hardiness in a cold climate. 

Fruit middle-sized, obovate. Skin light yellow, tinged with brown 
in the sun. Flesh white, buttery, sweet, and of a tolerably pleasant 
flavor. August. 

Croft Castle. 

An English variety, peculiar in its shape, and especially so in its 
flavor ; very productive. 

Fruit medium. Skin pale greenish yellow. Flesh juicy, crisp, and 
sweet. Scarcely good. October. 



730 



THE PEAR. 



Cross. 

Originated ort the premises of Mr. Cross, of Newburyport, Mass. 
Branches rather slender, of slow growth. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, deep yellow, 
with a red cheek, and marked with numerous russet dots, and patches 
of russet around the eye. Stalk planted in a slight depression. Flesh 
coarse, white, melting, juicy, and sweet. Good. In eating from the 
last of November to the middle of January, but chiefly in December. 

Crouch. 

Originated at Colchester, Conn. Tree vigorous. Young wood dull 
yellow brown. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish inclining to oblate. Skin pale 
yellow, considerably nett»ed and patched with russet, many russet dots. 
Stalk slender, curved. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, 
sweet, pleasant. Good. Early September. 

Cumberland. 
A native fruit, in Cumberland, Rhode Island. 

Fruit rather large, obovate pyriform. Skin orange yellow, pale red 
cheek. Flesh white, buttery, and tolerably juicy. Good. September 
and October. 

Cushing. 

The Cushing is a native of Massachusetts, having originated on the 
grounds of Colonel Washington Cushing, of Hingham, about forty years 
ago. It is a very sprightly Pear, and, like many of our native varieties, 
it produces most abundant crops. Branches rather slender, diverging, 
olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium size, obovate, tapering rather obliquel} 7 to the stem. 
Skin smooth, light greenish yellow, sprinkled with small gray dots, and 
occasionally a dull red cheek. Stalk an inch long, planted in an abrupt 
cavity. Calyx rather small, set in a basin of moderate size. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet, sprightly, perfumed. Good. 
Middle of September. 

Dallas. 

Raised by Governor Edwards, of New Haven, Conn. Tree upright, 
vigorous. Young wood reddish brown. A profitable Pear to grow, as 
it produces abundantly and keeps long after gathering. 

Fruit rather large, ovate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, with a 
sunny cheek, thickly sprinkled with crimson and russet dots. Stalk 
large, long, inserted by a slight lip in a very moderate cavity. Calyx 
open. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh buttery, juicy, with a sweet, rich, 
pleasant aromatic flavor. Very good. Ripe October and November. 

Dana's Hovey. 



Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass. Tree vigorous, hardy, 



THE PEAR. 



731 



and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown, retains its foliage late 
in season. This is one of the highest-flavored Pears, next to the 
Seckle, that we have known. It lacks in size for a market variety, 
but as an amateur sort is one of the most desirable. 




Dana's Hovey. 



Fruit small, obovate obtuse pyriform, regular. Skin greenish yel- 
low or pale yellow, considerably netted and patched with russet, and 
sprinkled with many brown dots. Stalk rather short, a little curved, 
set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Basin small, 
uneven, and slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, with 
a sugary, rich, aromatic flavor. Best. November to J anuary. 

Darlington. 

An American variety, the origin of which we have been unable to 
learn. Tree very vigorous, upright grower, productive. Young wood 
yellow brown. 

Fruit large, oblate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with sometimes 
a shade of crimson in the sun, nettings and patches of russet, and 
russet dots. Flesh whitish, coarse, sweet. Not quite good. Rots at 
core. Early September. 

Davis. 

Introduced from Delaware Co., Pa. The only claim this Pear has 
is that some specimens are almost, or entirely, seedless. 

Fruit small, obovate obtuse, yellowish, netted and patched with 
' russet dots. Stalk short, in a small cavity. Calyx partially open. 



732 



THE PEAR. 



Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, not juicy, melting, sweet. Good, 
tember. This is similar to and may be identical with Elton. 



Sep- 




Dearborn's Seedling. 



Nonea. 



Dearborns Sanding. 



Dearborn's Seedling 



A very admirable early Pear, 
of first quality, raised in 1818, by 
the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, of 
Boston. It bears most abundant 
crops, and is one of the most de- 
sirable early varieties, succeeding 
the Bloodgood, and preceding the 
Bartlett. Young shoots long, 
reddish brown. 

Fruit scarcely of medium size, 
roundish pyriform, and very regu- 
larly formed. Skin very smooth, 
clear light yellow, with a few mi- 
nute dots. Stalk slender, rather 
more than an inch long, set with 
very little depression. Calyx 
with delicate spreading segments, 
set in a very shallow basin. 
Flesh white, very juicy and melt- 
ing, sweet and sprightly in fla- 
vor. Very good. Ripens about 
the middle of August. 



De Bavay. 
Poire de Bavay. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree a moderate grower. Young 
wood dull olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish, netted and patched 
with russet, and sprinkled with large russet dots. Stalk stout, curved, 
a little inclined, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow, un- 
even, often russeted. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, 
sweet, a little aromatic. Good to very good. October. 

De Deux Foix Lane. 

A small foreign Pear, handsome but of poor quality. 

Fruit small, oblate pyriform, irregular, or a little inclined, lemon 
yellow, with a crimson-red cheek, fawn and russet nettings and dots. 
Flesh white, coarse, rather dry, sweet. Poor. August. 



Delices de Charles. 

We have received two Pears under this name, one as of Yan Mons, 
the other of Bouvier. 

The former is medium in size, irregular in form, varying from obo- 
vate to obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, netted and patched 



THE PEAR. 



733 



with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk rather long, inclined, 
set in a slight depression, often with a lip. Calyx open. Flesh yellow- 
ish, juicy, melting, vinous, sweet. September, October. 

The latter is above medium in size, obovate obtuse. Skin greenish, 
with traces of russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, 
curved, set in a rather large cavity. Flesh whitish, buttery, rots at core. 
Middle of September. 

Delices de Froyennes. 

This variety was obtained by M. de Courcelle, of Lille, near Tour- 
nay. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin a little rough, clear fawn-color. 
Stalk straight, stout. Calyx open. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, 
sweet, perfumed. November, December. (Revue Horticole.) 

Delices d'Hardenpont of Angers. 

Beurre des Hautes. Vignes. 

Beurre Lasalle. Delices d' Angers. 

Tree of moderate growth, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish, becoming yellowish at maturity, 
with a warm cheek, sprinkled and patched with russet. Stalk short 
and thick, inserted by a ring or lip at an inclination, in a shallow cavity. 
Calyx open. Segments short, stiff, in a small, uneven basin. Flesh yel- 
lowish, nearly melting, juicy, sugary, aromatic. Good to very good. 
October, November. 

Delices d'Hardenpont of Belgium. 

Fondante Pariselle. Charles d'Autriche. 

Delices d'Ardenpont. Pariselle. 
Archduke Charles. 

Tree moderately vigorous, upright, with long, slender shoots of dull 
olive brown color. 

Fruit medium, truncate conic or pyramidal, angular. Skin rough, 
greenish, covered with small brown dots, becoming yellowish at matu- 
rity. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a small uneven cavity at an in- 
clination. Calyx large, set in a shallow furrowed basin. Flesh white, 
buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, with a fine aromatic perfume. Good. 
November, December. 

Delices de Jodoigne. 

This Belgian Pear originated in 1846, but it is yet little known. 
Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit rather large, varying from obtuse to acute pyriform. Skin 
pale yellow, rich brownish crimson in the sun, netted and patched and 
dotted with russet. Stalk medium, sometimes with a slight depression 
at insertion, again fleshy, without cavity. Calyx open. Segments re- 
curved. Basin small, shallow. Flesh white, juicy, buttery, half melt- 
ing. Good to very good. October. 



734 



THE PEAR. 



Delices de la Cacaudiere. 

This variety originated in France, in 1846. We do not know of its 
being fruited in this country, but its size arid period of ripening are pro- 
mising of value. 

Fruit large, obovate pyriform, yellow green, shaded with red in the 
sun and many small dots. Stalk long, stout, set without depression. 
Flesh white, a little coarse, half melting, juicy, sweet. Ripens early in 
August. (Yerg.) 

Delices de Louvenjal. 
Jules Bivort. 

An old variety, yet little known in this country. Tree moderately 
vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, 
with patches of russet and many small green and russet dots. Stalk 
rather stout, curved. Calyx small. Basin shallow. Flesh juicy, melt- 
ing, sweet, rich, vinous. Good to very good. October, November. 

Delices Yan - Mons. 
Delices de Moris. Delices de la Meuse. 

The date of origin of this Pear is unknown. So far as we can learn, 
it was first described simply as Delices. The tree is a healthy free 
grower, with young wood of a dull grayish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, ovate obovate pyriform. Surface somewhat uneven. 
Skin pale yellow, with a shade of crimson in the sun, nettings of russet, 
and numerous brown dots. Stalk rather long. Cavity small, russeted. 
Calyx small, closed. Segments short. Basin small, slightly russeted. 
Flesh white, coarse at the core, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly 
vinous. Good or very good. October. 

De Louvain. 

Poire de Louvain. Gros Quere. Valandree. 

Bezy de Louvain. Parabelle Musque. 

Raised by Yan Mons in 1827. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, inclining to pyriform, and tapering 
to the stalk. Skin rather uneven, clear light yellow, a little marked 
with russet, and dotted with brown points, which take a ruddy tinge 
next the sun. Stalk about an inch long, stout, inserted obliquely with- 
out depression, or by the side of a fleshy lip. Calyx placed in a very 
narrow, shallow basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting. Good. 
October. 

Democrat. 

Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree a Adgorous grower and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate roundish. Skin greenish yellow, 
nettings and patches of russet, and dotted with conspicuous russet and 
brown dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx 
large, open. Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh half melting, juicy, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. September. 



THE PEAE. 



735 



Des Chasseurs. 

Chasseurs. Sportsman. 
Poire des Chasseurs. Hunter. 

This Belgian Pear is supposed to be one of Van Mons' seedlings. 
The tree is moderately vigorous, somewhat spreading, productive. Young 
shoots warm yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, sometimes obtuse. Skin greenish yellow, 
covered with minute dots, and a few patches of russet. Stalk long, en- 
larged at its junction, without depression. Calyx small. Basin shal- 
low. Flesh buttery, juicy, slightly granular, perfumed. Good to very 
good. October. 

Desiree Cornelis. 
Cornelis. 

Raised by M. Bivort. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood 
cinnamon russet brown. 

Fruit medium to large,, oblong obovate pyriform, slightly obtuse. 
Skin greenish yellow, with nettings of russet and irregular conspicuous 
brown dots. Stalk curved, set in a slight cavity. Calyx partially closed. 
Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet. Very good. 
Early September. 

Desiree Van Mons. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings, originated in 1836. 

Fruit medium to large, obtuse pyriform. Skin dull greenish, with 
a few traces and patches of russet, especially around the stalk, minute 
marblings and dots of black. Stalk slender, curved, set in a very slight 
depression. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. Good. 
September, October. 

De Sorlus. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium or above, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with 
minute green and brown dots. Stalk rather long, generally straight, 
set with little or no cavity, sometimes by a ring or enlargement at base. 
Calyx open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, a little coarse,, not 
juicy or melting. Good. November. 

De Tongres. 
Poire Durandeau. 

This fine fruit was raised by M. Durandeau, of Tongres, France. 
Tree vigorous, with long slender branches, pyriform, bears young and 
abundantly. Young shoots olive yellow brown. 

Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, slightly irregular. Skin pale 
yellow, covered with rich cinnamon russet, which becomes crimson on 



73G 



THE PEAR. 



the sun-exposed side. Sprinkled with russet and brown dots. Stalk 
long, curved, inserted without depression, often by a lip. Calyx small, 
open, or partially closed. Segments short, erect. Basin shallow, abrupt, 
uneven. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous, rich saccharine 
Very good. October. 



Deux Sozurs. 



Des Deux Soeurs. 



The Two Sisters. 



•upt, 
rine. 



A chance seedling found near Malines, France, and named by Major 
Esperen. Tree vigorous, thorny, hardy, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong oval, irregular. Skin greenish yellow, sprin- 
kled with brown dots. Stalk rather short, set in a slight depression or 
by a lip. Calyx open. Flesh white, coarse, moderately juicy, sweet. 



Good. 



October, November. 



Devergnies. 



Belle du Vernis. 
Belle du Vernie. 



Duvernay. 
Duvernis. 



Beurre Duvernay. 

A Belgian Pear, originated at Hainault in 1817. 

Fruit medium, roundish short pyriform. Skin dull yellow, shaded 
and blotched with brownish red in the sun, dark russet dots and specks. 
Stalk curved, set in furrowed cavity. Calyx large. Basin furrowed. 
Flesh whitish, half fine, sweet. Good. December. 



DlCKERMAN. 
Pardee's No. 2. 

Raised by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Young wood dark rich brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin yellowish, shade of bright 
cinnamon in the sun, thickly covered with minute dots. Stalk curved, 
fleshy at its insertion, in a moderate cavity. Calyx nearly closed. Seg- 
ments persistent. Basin broad and uneven. Flesh whitish, buttery, 
juicy, melting, perfumed. Good to very good. Pipe from the middle of 
September to the middle of October. 



DlEUDONNE ANTIIOINE. 

A variety from Enghien, Belgium. Tree vigorous, moderately pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin light yellow, vary- 
ing to a cinnamon yellow, with occasionally a flush of red in the sun. 
Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed, October. 
<(An. Pom.) 

Diller. 

A Pennsylvania Pear. Tree a slow and poor grower. Young wood 
light brownish yellow. 

Fruit below medium, nearly globular. Skin yellowish, sprinkled 



THE PEAE. 737 

and patched with russet. Stalk long, inserted in a very slight cavity by 
a fleshy ring. Calyx closed, set in a rather broad, shallow basin. Mesh 
whitish, coarse, and granular, juicy, buttery, melting, with a very sweet, 
aromatic perfumed flavor. Good to very good. Bipe last of August 
and first of September. 




Disc 



IDix. 
Lewis, erroneously of the French. 
The Dix is, unquestionably, a fruit of the highest excellence, and 
deserves the attention of all planters. It is one of the hardiest of pear- 
trees, but the tree does not come into bearing until it has attained con- 
. I siderable size. The young branches are dull olive yellow brown, upright, 
and slender. The original tree stands in the garden of Madam Dix ? , 
d I Boston. It bore for the first time in 1826. 

47 



738 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit large, oblong, or long pyriform. Skin roughish, fine deep yel- 
low at maturity, marked with distinct russet dots, and sprinkled with 
russet around the stalk. Calyx small for so large a fruit. Basin nar- 
row, and scarcely at all sunk. Stalk rather stout, short, thicker at each 
end, set rather obliquely, but with little or no depression. Flesh not 
very fine-grained, but juicy, rich, sugary, melting, and delicious, with a 
slight perfume. Yery good to best. . October and November. 

DOCTEUR BOUVIER. 

A vigorous tree, forming a beautiful pyramid, very productive. 
Young wood yellow reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin greenish, becom- 
ing slightly yellow at maturity, sprinkled, shaded, and dotted with 
russet, sometimes slightly crimson and fawn in the sun. Stalk curved, 
set without depression. Calyx open. Flesh a little coarse, juicy, melt- 
ing, brisk, vinous, slightly perfumed. Good to very good. December. 

DOCTEUR C APRON. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, originated in 1842. 

Fruit medium, regular, ovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, a little 
brownish in the sun, with nettings, patches, and dots of russet. Stalk 
medium, inclined, set in a slight depression, russeted. Calyx open. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October, 
November. 

DOCTEUR LENTIER. 
Doctor Lenthier. 

A Belgian Pear, originated about 1847, and named after M. Lentier, 
a physician. Tree vigorous, productive. Young shoots olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate, sometimes acute pyriform. Skin greenish 
or pale yellow, with traces and patches of russet, especially next the 
stalk, sometimes a shade of crimson in the sun, and sprinkled with mi- 
nute brown dots. Stalk varying, set without depression. Calyx par- 
tially closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. September, October. 

Docteur Trousseau. 

Raised from seed at Saint Remy, France, in 1848. Tree a vigorous 
grower, with long, strong, rather spreading branches. Young wood 
dull dark red brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skirt greenish 
yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled 
with russet dots. Stalk variable, curved, set in a slight depression or 
cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt- 
ing, vinous, a little astringent. Good to very good. November. 

Doctor Nelis. 

Another Belgian variety, originated in 1847, and named and de- 



THE TEAR. 



739 



dicated to a physician. Tree moderately vigorous and productive. 
Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, slightly obtuse. Skin greenish 
yellow, with a shade of red in the sun, somewhat patched and netted 




Doctor Nelis. 



with russet, and sprinkled with russet green dots. Stalk short, a little 
inclined, set in a small, russeted cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh 
whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly vinous. Very good. 
Last of September. 

Doctor Reeder. 
Reeder's Seedling-. 

Raised from seed of the Winter JSTelis by Dr. Henry Reeder, Varick, 
Seneca Co., 1ST. Y. Tree very hardy, healthy, vigorous, spreading, open 
form, an excellent bearer. Young shoots warm olive brown. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish ovate obtuse pyriform, compressed, 
often apparently slightly furrowed on one side. Skin yellow, netted 
and patched with russet nearly over the whole surface, and thickly 
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long and slender, slightly curved, a 
little inclined, in a small cavity. Calyx large and open. Segments 
large, lying flat on the fruit. Basin medium, nearly regular. Flesh 
fine, juicy, melting, buttery, a little granular, very sugary, vinous, with 
a high musky perfume. Yery good to best. November. 



740 



THE PEAK. 




Doctor Eeeder. 



Doctor Turner. 

A Connecticut Pear, origin unknown. Tree a moderate spreading 
grower. Young wood a dark olive brown. 

Fruit large, acute obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, sometimes 
with a slight blush, and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots, 
a few traces of russet. Stalk long, curved, set in a slight depression by 
a ring or lip. Calyx closed. Basin rather small. Flesh white, juicy, 
half melting, slightly vinous, somewhat astringent. Good. August. 

DorothSe Royale Nouvelle. 

Fruit about medium, pyriform, uneven. Skin smooth, clear deep 
lemon yellow, with here and there a patch of cinnamon russet. Calyx 
open. Stalk stout. Flesh very fine, melting, juicy, rich. Last of Oc- 
tober. (Hogg.) 

Dorsoris. 
American Beauty. 

Origin unknown. Introduced by Isaac Coles, of Glen Cove, Long 
Island. Tree a vigorous, upright, spreading grower, and an early bearer. 
Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded with 



THE PEAR. 



741 



bright rich, crimson, in the sun, and sprinkled with brown and green 
dots. Stalk medium. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh white, buttery, 
sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Dow. 

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree upright, vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit rather above medium, obovate, acutely pyriform, sometimes 
turbinate. Skin rough, yellowish green, sprinkled with russet dots, and 
a few small patches of russet. Stalk long, inserted at an inclination in 
a very slight cavity. Calyx large, open, set in a very small basin. 
Flesh white, buttery, juicy, melting, with a good vinous flavor, some- 
times slightly astringent. Good. September, October. 

Doyen Dillen. 
Deacon Dillen. Doctor Dillen. 

One of Yan Mons' Pears. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood 
olive yellow brown. 

Fruit rather large, oblong pyriform. Skin fine yellow, inclining to 
russet, thickly sprinkled with russet specks. Stalk short, thick, and 
fleshy, strongly fixed, without any depression. Calyx small, rarely open. 
Basin of moderate depth. Flesh juicy, buttery, sweet, and rich. 
Yery good. October, November. 





Doyenn6 Boussock. 



742 



THE PEAR. 



Doyenne Boussock. 

Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle. Beurre Boussock. 

Beurre de Merode. Albertine. 
Double Philippe. Beurre de Westerloo. 

Bossoch. Beurre Magnifique. 

Doyenne de Merode. 

This Belgian Pear proves one of the most vigorous of trees, and pro- 
fitable as a market sort. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young 
wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit varying in form, obovate inclining to pyriform, or roundish 
obtuse obovate. Skin rough, deep yellow, netted and clouded with rus- 
set, with a warm cheek. Stalk rather short and stout, inserted in a 
round cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh buttery, juicy, 
melting, sweet, aromatic, and excellent. Very good. September and 
October. 

Delpiere, as we have received it, proves identical with the above. 

Doyenne d'Alen^on. 

Doyenne d'Hiver d'Alencon. Doyenne Marbre\ 

Doyenne G-ris d'Hiver Nouveau. Doyenn^ d'Hiver Nouveau. 

St. Michael d'Hiver. 

A foreign Pear, of unknown origin. Tree moderately vigorous and 
productive. Young shoots dull olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, inclining to obovate or pyriform. 
Skin rough, yellow, shaded with dull crimson or carmine, sprinkled, 
netted, and patched with russet brown dots. Stalk of moderate length, 
pretty large, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx open. Segments per- 
sistent. Basin deep, round, upright. Flesh somewhat granular, but- 
tery, juicy, sugary, very rich, sprightly, and highly perfumed. Yery 
good. December to April. 

Doyenne de Cercle. 

Doyenne de Cercle Pratique de Rouen. 

Fruit medium, nearly round, inclining to pyriform. Sides unequal. 
Skin greenish yellow, with a blush of crimson in the sun, a few traces 
and nettings of russet, and thickly sprinkled with large brown dots. 
Stalk varying, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Basin uneven, slightly 
russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good. October. 

Doyenne d'Ete. 

Summer Doyenne. Jolliemont. 
Doyenne de Juillet. Roi Jolimont. 

St. Michael d'Ete. Jolimont. 

Jolivet. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, obtained in 1823. Tree vigorous, up- 
right, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots reddish yellow 
brown. 

Fruit small, roundish obovate, slightly pyriform. Skin smooth, 
fine yellow, often shaded with bright red, and covered with numerous 



THE PEAR. 



743 



gray or russet dots. Stalk rather short and thick, fleshy at its junction 
with the fruit, almost without depression. Calyx small and open, in a 




Doyenne d'Ete. 



very shallow, slightly corrugated basin. Flesh white, melting, juicy, 
with a sweet, pleasant flavor. Good to very good. Last of July. 

Doyenne Defais. 
Defays. Doyenne d'Affay. 

Originated at Angers, France. Tree moderately vigorous. Young 
wood dull olive brown, with many white specks. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate. Skin pale yellow, some- 
times a slight shade of red in the sun, traces of russet and sprinkled with 
brown dots. Stalk short, a little curved, in a broad cavity. Calyx 
open. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. October. 

Doyenne de Saumue. 
Tree vigorous. Young wood grayish olive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate. Skin pale whitish yellow, 
thickly sprinkled with large green and brown dots. Stalk medium, 
curved. Calyx open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. 
Good to very good. September. 



744 



THE PEAE. 



Doyenne Downing. 

Raised by Andre Leroy, and dedicated to the late A. J. Downing. 
Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood slender, dark rusty brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, inclining to turbinate. Skin 
greenish yellow, sprinkled and netted with russet, very slightly shaded 
with crimson, and thickly covered with russet dots. Flesh fine, buttery, 
juicy, melting, with a sweet, vinous, rich, perfumed flavor, somewhat 
aromatic. Good to very good. October. 

Doyenne du Comice. 

A French Pear, of comparatively recent introduction, which promises 
to be of much value. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Young wood 
rich warm reddish yellow brown. 




Doyenne du Comice. 



Fruit large, varying, roundish pyriform or broad obtuse pyriform, 
sometimes obtuse. Skin greenish yellow, becoming fine yellow at matu- 
rity, often lightly shaded with crimson and fawn in the sun, slight net- 



THE PEAR. 



745 



tings and patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. 
Stalk short, stout, inclined and set in a shallow cavity, often russeted. 
Calyx small, open. Basin large, deep, and uneven. Flesh white, fine, 
melting, a little battery, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. Very 
good or best. Core small. October, November. 

Doyenne Goubault. 

Origin, Angers, France. Of slow growth, and rather slender 
branches. An unprofitable sort. 

Fruit medium, occasionally large, obovate acute pyriform. Stalk 
short. Calyx small. Skin dull pale yellow, with a few traces of rus- 
set, particularly around stem and calyx. Flesh melting and juicy, sweet, 
aromatic. Good to very good. Hipe December to February. 




DOYENN] 

Gray Butter Pear. 

Gray Deans. 

Gray Doyenne. 

Red Doyenne. 

St. Michel Dore. 

Doyenne Galeux. 

Doyenne Boussouck, of some. 

The Gray Doyenne strongly rese 
and general appearance, except that 



s Gray. 

Doyenne Gris. 

Doyenne Rouge. 

Doyenne Roux. 

Doyenne d'Automne. 

Red Beurre, i incorrectly 

Beurre Rouge, ) of some. 

Le Beurre. 

mbles the White Doyenne in flavor 
its skin is covered all over with a 



746 



THE PEAE. 



fine, lively cinnamon russet. It is a beautiful Pear, usually keeps a lit- 
tle longer, and is considered by many rather the finer of the two. 
Shoots upright, grayish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, ovate obovate, but usually a little rounder than 
the White Doyenne. Skin wholly covered with smooth cinnamon rus- 
set (rarely a little ruddy next the sun). Stalk half to three-fourths of 
an inch long, curved, set in a narrow, rather deep and abrupt cavity. 
Calyx small, closed, and placed in a smooth, shallow basin. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, very buttery, melting, rich, and delicious. Best. 
Middle of October, and will keep many weeks. 

Doyenne Robin. 
Beurre Robin. 

Raised by M. Robin, Angers, France. Tree vigorous. Young wood 
olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, netted, 
patched, and thickly sprinkled with russet and gray dots. Stalk long, 
stout, inserted in a broad deep cavity. Calyx partly closed. Flesh 
whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, somewhat granular, vinous, per- 
fumed. Good. September. 

Doyenne Rose. 

Fruit above medium, obovate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow, 
beautifully shaded with crimson. Stem short. Cavity small. Calj x 
small ; deep, regular basin. Flesh white, coarse, granular, with very 
little flavor. Rots at the core. Poor. Last of October. 

Doyenne Santellet. 
A fine handsome Pear from Flanders. 

Fruit above medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with mar- 
blings and specks of gray russet. Flesh white, a little gritty, tender, 
musky perfume. October. (Lindley.) 

Doyenne Sieulle. 
Sieulle. Beurre Sieulle. Bergamotte Sieulle. 

A hardy tree, and a profitable market Pear in some sections. 
Raised by M. Sieulle. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood 
olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with green or brown dots, shaded with crimson and fawn 
in the sun. Stalk curved, stout, inserted in a broad cavity by a ring 
or lip. Calyx open in a small shallow basin. Flesh white, coarse, very 
buttery, juicy, with a rich vinous, slightly aromatic flavor. Good. 
October, November. 

Du Breuil Peee. 
A seedling grown by M. Alphonse Du Breuil. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate pyriform. Skin greenish, with mar- 
blings and rays of brown in sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, 
sweet, vinous. Middle September. (Leroy.) 



THE PEAK. 



717 



Due Alfred de Cruy. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin smooth, greenish yellow, with 
a thin crust of brown russet over the surface ; on the side next the sun 
it is tinged with pale brown. Stalk fleshy at base, set without depres- 
sion. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, not very juicy, buttery, rich, spicy. 
November, December. (Hogg.) 

Due d'Aumale. 
Gredeon Paridant. 

A seedling of Yan Mons', of vigorous growth and productive habit. 
Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, slightly obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded 
and marbled with brownish red in the sun, sligljfc netting and patches 
of russet, and many russet dots. Stalk rather long, a little curved. 
Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good to 
very good. September. 

Due de Brabant. 

Fondante des Charneuse. Jamin. Waterloo. 

Miel d'Waterloo. Beurre Charneuse. Belle Excellente. 

Beurre d'Waterloo. 

A Belgian Pear. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Young wood 
olive brown grayish. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, sometimes acute, sometimes obtuse. 
Skin greenish, shaded with crimson on the sunny side, and thickly 
sprinkled with greenish dots. Stalk long, curved, and twisted, some- 
what fleshy at its insertion, in a very small cavity. Calyx large and 
open. Segments persistent, in an irregular ribbed basin. Flesh whit- 
ish green, very juicy, buttery, melting, with a refreshing vinous flavor. 
Yery good. October, November. 

Duchesse d'Angouleme. 
Beurre Soule. 

A magnificent large dessert Pear, sometimes weighing a pound and 
a quarter, named in honor of the Duchess of Angouleme, and said to 
be a natural seedling, found in a forest hedge near Angers. When in 
perfection, it is a most delicious fruit of the highest quality. We are 
compelled to add, however, that the quality of the fruit is a little un- 
certain on young standard trees. The tree is a strong grower, the shoots 
upright, reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit very large, oblong obovate, with an uneven, somewhat knobby 
surface. Skin dull greenish yellow, a good deal streaked and spotted 
with russet. Stalk one to two inches long, very stout, bent, deeply 
planted in an irregular cavity. Calyx set in a somewhat knobby basin. 
Flesh white, buttery, and very juicy, with a rich and very excellent 
flavor. Yery good. October. 

Duchesse d'Aremberg. 

A French Pear, the fruit of which we have seen but once. Tree 
a vigorous grower and early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, dull greenish. Stalk long, 
slender, curved, set in a broad, rather deep cavity. Calyx partially 



748 THE PEAR. 

closed. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, tender, juicy. 
Good. September. 

DUCHESSE DE BERRY d'JStE. 
Duchesse de Berry. Duchesse de Berry de Nantes. 

Originated at Nantes, France. Tree vigorous, upright. Young 
wood dark reddish. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow, 
shaded with light red, nettings and patches of russet. Stalk short, in 




Duchesse de Berry d'Ete. 

serted in a small cavity. Calyx partially open, set in a broad shallow 
basin. Flesh juicy, melting, with a good vinous flavor. Good to very 
good. Ripens last of August. 

Duchesse de Bourdeaux. 
Beurre Perrault. 

Originated with M. Secher, near Angers, France, in 1850. Tree mo- 
derately vigorous. Young wood dull olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, 
netted and traced with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
long, stout, fleshy at insertion, often by a lip. Calyx open. Basin 
medium, uneven. Flesh white, moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant. 
Good. December to February. 

Duchesse de Brabant. (Durieux.) 
Tree very vigorous. 

Fruit of good size, turbinate pyriform, sometimes elongated. Skin 
rough, bright green, becoming moderately yellow at ripening, much 
shaded with bright russet. Flesh whitish yellow, tine, melting, juice 



THE PEAR. 



749 



abundant, sugary, vinous, finely perfumed. Fruit of the first quality, 
ripening at the end of October. (An. Pom.) 

Duchesse de Brabant. (Capenick.) 
Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at crown, clear yellow, tinged 
with bright red in the sun. Stalk long, inserted in a small contracted 
cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, rather firm, but melting, juicy, rich, 
sweet. October. (Hovey Mag.) 

There is also another Duchesse de Brabant, the origin of which is un- 
known. We have fruited, but are in doubt of the correctness of our tree. 

Duchesse d'Hiver. 
Tardive de Toulouse. Winter Duchess. 

Originated with M. Barthere, at Toulouse, France. Tree a vigorous 
handsome grower, and an early bearer. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit large, obovate pyriform, uneven surface, dull greenish, with 
brownish dull russet shades and spots. Stalk stout, set in a slight un- 
even cavity. Flesh white, juicy, pretty fine-grained, mild, sweet, plea- 
sant. Yery good. December to April. 

Duchesse de Mars. 
Comtesse de Lumay. 

A French Pear, first described in 1850, by M. Prevost, in Album 
Pomologie. Tree hardy, branches rather slender. Young wood very 
dark reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium or below, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellowish 
brown, with considerable russet and russet specks. Stalk short, set in 
a rather deep cavity. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. 
Yery good. Core small. October, November. 

Duchesse d'Orleans. 
Beurre St. Nicholas. St. Nicholas. Due d'Orleans. 

A French Pear, of which the precise location of origin is unknown. 
Tree a good grower, upright, with long jointed wood. Young shoots 
dull olive brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit rather above medium, elongated pyriform, narrowing towards 
the basin. Skin yellowish green, sometimes a sunny cheek, with brown 
dots. Stalk long, pretty large, curved. Calyx nearly closed, set in a 
shallow uneven basin. Flesh juicy, melting, slightly aromatic, with a 
very good flavor. Yery good. September, October 

Duchesse Helene d'Orleans. 
Princess Helen d'Orleans. Reine de Yierge. 

According to the Album Pomologie this variety was first described 
in 1847. It has been, by some, confounded with Marechal de la Cour, 
and also with Duchesse d'Orleans, but is found by its growth of wood, 
more than by its fruit, to be distinct. The tree is a vigorous grower, 
with long jointed, stout wood, the young shoots of a rich warm reddish 



750 



THE PEAR. 



brovm color, with scattered, nearly oblong, light gray specks. Buds 
sharp pointed. 

Fruit large, varying from oblong pyriform to oblong obovate pyri- 
form, whitish yellow, considerably netted and patched with russet, and 
thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium or rather stout, a 
little inclined, set in a small cavity, sometimes with a lip. Calyx open, 
or partly so. Segments short, erect. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, a little vinous. Good to very 
good. September, October. 

DUMONT DUMORTIER. 

This is a Belgian variety. Not having fruited it, we copy description 
from Hovey. " Tree a moderate grower and a good bearer. 

" Fruit large, roundish obovate, rounding to an obtuse point at 
stem. Dull green, nearly covered with dark russet, reddish in sun, and 
dotted with russet specks. Stalk rather short, straight. Cavity mode- 
rately deep. Calyx large, open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, melt- 
ing, juicy, pleasant, slightly vinous. Good. Core large. October." 

DUNDAS. 

Eliott Dundas. Felicite Dundas. 

Rousselet Jainin. Rousselet de Jamin. 

A Belgian variety, sent to this country by "Van Mons, in 1834. 
Tree an upright, vigorous grower, an early and good bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform, yellow, shaded with 
crimson in sun, thickly sprinkled with brown russet dots, and a few nettings 
and patches of russet. Stalk medium, curved. Cavity small, some- 
times a lip. Calyx open. Segments small, persistent. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, agreeable. Good to very good. 

Dunmore. 

The Dunmore is a large Pear, raised by Knight. It is a strong- 
growing tree, and bears exceedingly well. Young wood grayish. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate, rather swollen on one side, greenish, 
dotted and speckled with smooth brownish-red russet, and nettings 
and patches of russet. Stalk rather long, curved, inserted in a slight 
depression by a lip. Calyx open, with reflexed segments. Basin shallow. 
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, sometimes gritty, and 
rots at core unless gathered early and carefully ripened. Very good. 
September. 

Dupuy Charles. 

A variety produced by Louis E. Berckmans, in 1847, and by him 
dedicated to Charles Dupuy, Loches, France. By description, in 1850, 
the tree is vigorous, half upright in growth, and productive. 

Fruit below medium, acute pyriform, yellow, netted and patched 
with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk varying in length, 
curved, set without depression. Calyx open. Basin small, shallow, 
uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Oc- 
tober. 



THE PEAR. 



751 



DUREE. 
Duree's Seedling-. 

The original tree of this variety was found on the farm of White- 
head Duree, Westbury, Long Island, N. Y., by Isaac Hicks, and by 
him introduced. Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, and an early 
bearer. Young wood dull dark olive brown. 

Fruit medium, oblong acute pyriform, pale yellowish, considerably 
netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. 
Stalk long, curved, without depression. Calyx open. Basin uneven. 
Flesh whitish, half melting, juicy, vinous, sweet, slightly musky. Good 
to very good. October. 

Early Bergamot. 
A second-rate French sort. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin pale yellowish green. Flesh quite 
juicy, crisp, with a pleasant, sweet flavor. Ripe about the 20th of August. 

Early Butter (of Cincinnati). 
Early Summer Butter. Mear's Summer Butter. 

A variety somewhat grown around Cincinnati, O. Origin unknown. 
Tree upright, and a good grower. 

Fruit small, oval, inclining to obovate, light yellow, with a tinge 
of red in the sun, brown and green dots. Stalk rather long, curved. 
Calyx large, with long recurved segments. Flesh white, juicy, buttery. 
Good. Last of July. 

Easter Bergamot. 

Bergamotte de Paques. St. Herblain d'Hiver. 

Bergamotte d'Hiver. Bergamotte de la G-rilliere. 

Bergamotte de Bugi. Bergamotte de Careme. 

Bergamotte de Toulouse. Bergamotte Ronde d'Hiver. 

Robert's Keeping. Bergamotte Soldat-Nabours. 

Winter Bergamotte. Anderson's Favorite. 

Paddrington. Cape May. 

Royal Tairling. Bonner's Pope's Pear. 

Terling. 

An old French variety. Tree vigorous and productive, keeps well, 
and a good cooking fruit. Young wood olive, with round white specks. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, narrow at the stalk. Skin smooth, 
pale green, thickly speckled with conspicuous light gray dots, and be- 
coming pale yellowish at maturity. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, with a 
sprightly flavor. Good for cooking. February to May. 



Easter 

Bergamotte de la Pentecote. 
Beurre de la Pentecote. 
Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles. 
Doyenne d'Hiver. 
Doyenne du Printemps. 
Beurre Roupe. 
Du Patre. 

Merveille de la Nature. 



Beurre. 

Pastorale d'Hiver. 

Benrre de Paques. 

Philippe de Paques. 

Bezi Chaumontelle tres-gros. 

Chaumontelle tres-gros. 

Canning. 

Seigneur d'Hiver. 
Canning d'Hiver. 



The Easter Beurre is considered abroad one of the very best late 



752 THE PEAR. 

winter or spring Pears. It seems to require a rather warmer climate 
than that of the Eastern States to arrive at full perfection, and has dis- 
appointed the expectations of many cultivators. It bears well here, but 




Easter Beurre. 



is rather variable in quality. In good seasons, if packed away in boxes 
and ripened off in a warm room, it is a delicious, melting, buttery fruit. 
The tree grows upright, and thriftily, with reddish yellow shoots. It 
requires a warm exposure and a rich soil to give fine fruit as an open 
standard tree. It is said to succeed well at the South. 

Fruit large, roundish obovate obtuse, often rather square in figure. 
Skin yellowish green, sprinkled with many russety dots, and some russet, 
which give it a brownish cheek in some specimens. Stalk rather short, 
stout, planted in an abruptly sunken obtuse cavity. Calyx small, 
closed, but little sunk among the plaited folds of the angular basin. 
Flesh white, fine-grained, very buttery, melting and juicy, with a 
sweet and rich flavor. January to March. 

Eastnor Castle. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin green and thick. Flesh greenish 
white, juicy, melting. December. 



THE PEAR. 



753 



EcHASSERIE. 

Bezi d'Echassey. L'Echasserie. Winter Long Green. 

Besi l'Echasserie. Verte Longue d'Hiver. Winter Green Long. 

Jagdbirne. Besidery Sandry. Landry Wilding. 

Bezi de Chasseray. Echassery. 

A French Pear of second quality, productive. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval. Skin smooth, pale green, yel- 
lowish at maturity, slightly dotted with gray. Flesh melting, buttery, 
with a sweet perfumed flavor. January to April. 

Edmonds. 

Origin, town of Brighton, N". Y. A chance seedling on the farm of 




Edmonds. 



Eliphalet Eilmonds. Tree a strong grower. Young shoots yellowish 
reddish brown, with large spots. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven, yellow, 

48 



754 



THE PEAR. 



bronzed red in sun, and slight nettings of russet and russet dots. Stalk 
long, inclined, curved, fleshy at insertion. Cavity broad, uneven. 
Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh 
fine-grained, whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, with a peculiar flavor. 
Very good. September. 

Edward Morren. 

A foreign variety, the origin of which we have not traced. Tree 
vigorous and productive. Young wood rich brownish olive. 

Emit small, roundish, greenish, with brownish cheek, sprinkled with 
green and brown dots. Stalk long. Cavity small, often a lip at base 
of stem. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy, half melt- 
ing, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. November. 

Edwards. 

Raised by Governor Edwards. A very good baking fruit. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, sometimes shaded 
with crimson. Stalk short and thick. Calyx closed. Basin deep, un- 
even. Flesh coarse, granular, not tender. September. 

Edwards' Elizabeth. 

Edwards' Elizabeth is a seedling raised by Ex-Governor Edwards, 
of New Haven, Conn. 

Fruit of medium size, often large, oblate obtuse pyriform, angular, 
and oblique at the base, the stalk frequently planted in a fleshy protu- 
berance like a fold, yellowish green, veiy fine, and a peculiar waxen ap- 
pearance. Flesh white, buttery, slightly subacid, and good. October. 

Edwards' Seedling St. Germain. 
Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle. 

Fruit medium, globular pyriform, yellow, with nettings and patches 
of russet, russet green dots. Stalk rather stout, set often with a lip. 
Calyx open. Basin medium. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, half 
melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October to December. 

Eleonie Bouvier. 

A Belgian variety, as yet little known. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, oblong obovate pyriform, clear yellow, 
shaded with crimson and fawn, patches and nettings of russet, and many 
russet dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion. Cavity slight. Calyx 
open. Flesh white, rather coarse, sweet. Good. September. 

Eliza d'Heyst. 

A French variety, introduced and described by Major Esperen in 
1844. Tree a good grower. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium size, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, shade of brown 
in sun, nettings and patches of russet, many brown russet dots. Stalk 
rather stout, often curved, set in a slight cavity with a lip. Calyx open. 
Segments short, erect. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, 
sweet, pleasant, aromatic. Good to very good. January to March. 




THE PEAR. 



755 



Elliott's Melting. 

Raised by Betsey Elliott, Carlisle, Pa., some sixty years since. Tree 
vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, oblique, greenish, netted with 
russet, especially at the ends. Stalk short. Cavity narrow, small. 
Basin small, regular. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic, 
pleasant. Good to very good. September. 

Ellis. 

Raised from seed of the Seckel, by Mrs. Ellis, of New Bedford, Mass., 
in 1843. The tree is a vigorous grower, hardy, and prolific. Young 
shoots dull yellow brown, with long gray specks. 




Ellis. 



Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface somewhat un- 
even, greenish yellow, patched and mottled with russet, and sometimes 
a shade of crimson in the sun, many russet dots. Stalk rather large, 



756 



THE PEAK. 



long, curved, and set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments long, 
recurved. Basin uneven. Mesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly 
vinous, aromatic. Yery good. September and October. 

There is another Pear under the name of Ellis, grown in "Western 
New York, entirely distinct. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded with crim- 
son red in sun, many small brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, melting, 
vinous, and often astringent, and disposed to rot at the core. Good. 
August and early September. 

Ellsworth. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, globular pyriform, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, 
coarse, sweet. Only to be valued for cooking. October. 

Elton. 

According to Lindley, the original tree of this variety grew in Here- 
fordshire, England, and must be now nearly two and one-half centuries 
old. The fruit is stated by Hogg to be frequently without core or seeds, 
the flesh being solid throughout. 

Fruit medium, oval obovate, greenish, with russet, shaded with 
orange red in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy. Yery good. September. 

Emerald. 

A Belgian variety, variable, sometimes good. 

Fruit medium size, obtuse pyriform, oblique. Surface uneven, yellow- 
ish, with a brown cheek in sun, and brown dots. Stalk rather stout, 
curved. Calyx partially closed. Flesh white, melting, rather coarse, 
juicy, subacid, vinous. Good. November, December. 

Emerance. 
Emerance Bivort. 

A foreign variety, the tree of which grows strong but somewhat 
rambling. 

Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded with 
reddish crimson in the sun, patches and nettings of russet, and many 
brown dots. Stalk curved, inserted with a knob or rim, fleshy. Calyx 
partially open. Basin medium. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. September. 

Emilie Bivort. 
Emily Bivort. 

A Belgian variety, dedicated by its first describer, Bouvier, to the 
daughter of the distinguished pomologist, A. Bivort. Young wood 
olive brown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish irregular, sometimes oblate, yel- 
low, blotched and patched with russet, and many russet dots ; sometimes 
nearly the whole surface is covered with cinnamon russet. Stalk rnedi- 



THE PEAR. 



757 



um. Cavity shallow. Calyx partially open. Basin abrupt, deep, fur- 
rowed. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. 
October. Yery good. 

Emile d'Heyst. 

This fruit was dedicated by Major Esperen to the son of his friend 
L. E. Berckmans, of Georgia. It is of Belgian origin, and is one of 
the very best. The tree is hardy and productive, so much so as to re- 
quire thinning to obtain full-sized fruit. It holds its foliage quite late in 
autumn, and holds its fruit well. Tree vigorous, spreading. Young 
wood olive color. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate pyriform, angular and irregular. Skin 
clear yellow, with brownish orange cheek in sun, netted and patched with 




Emile d'Heyst. 



russet, and thickly sprinkled with large russet dots. Stalk medium to 
long, inclined, curved. Cavity slight, often with a lip or fleshy ridge 
at base of stem. Calyx small, closed. Segments short. Ba&in medi- 
um, somewhat furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, 



758 



THE PEAR. 



melting, sweet, slightly vinous and aromatic, rich and excellent. Very 
good to best. November, December. 



English Jargonelle. 

Epargne. Sweet Summer. 

Grosse Cuisse Madame. Chandelle. 

Beau Present. Chopine. 

Poire de tables des princes. Certeau Madam. 

Saint Sampson. Beurre de Paris. 

Saint Lambert. Espargne. 

Belle Verge. Reserve Pear. 

Sparbirne. J argonelle de Knoop. 

Frauenschenkel. Sicile. 

Real Jargonelle. Long Island Summer. 

An old variety, variable in quality and decays at the core soon after 
maturity. If gathered early is very good. Tree a strong grower, with 
a rather straggling, pendent habit. 

Fruit pretty large, long pyriform, tapering into the stalk. Skin 
greenish yellow, smooth, with a little brownish color on the sunny side. 
Stalk nearly two inches long, rather slender, curved, obliquely set. 
Calyx open, with quite long projecting segments, and sunk in a small 
and furrowed basin. The flesh is yellowish white, rather coarse-grained, 
juicy, with a sprightly refreshing flavor. Good. August. 

Epine d'Ete. 

Summer Thorn. Petite Epine d'Ete. 

Fondante Musquee. Bugiarda. 

Satin Vert. Bugiarda des Italiens. 

Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin greenish yellow. Flesh tender, 
melting, with a sweet, musky, peculiar flavor. Good. Last of August 
and first of September. 

Spine Hoyale. 

A French Pear. Tree vigorous, very productive. 
Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish, with bright red in the sun. 
Flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. October. (S. Y. M.) 



Ermesinde. 

A French variety. 

Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, dull greenish, mostly covered 
and netted with russet, few dark blackish dots. Flesh white, fine, 
melting, juicy, sweet, agreeable. October. (Alb. Pom.) 

Ernestine Auzolle. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, sometimes acute pyriform, greenish 
yellow, with a shade of brown in sun, often netted and patched with 
russet. Flesh rather coarse, yellowish, moderately juicy, half melting, 
sweet. Good. September, October. 



THE PEAR. 



759 



ESPERINE. 

This variety originated with Yan Mons, and by him was dedicated 
to Major Esperin, of Malines. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, pyriform, greenish yellow, red in the sun, and shaded 
and specked with cinnamon russet. Stalk medium, set with a lip or 
inclined. Calyx with open, short, half erect segments. Flesh white, 
buttery, melting, very juicy, and sweet. Good to very good. October. 
(S. V. M.) 

Essex. 

Introduced by Jonathan Batty, from the garden of Wm. Flack, 
Essex, Essex Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and healthy. 

Fruit below medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with 
many brown and green dots, marbled with carmine in the sun. Stalk 
long. Cavity large. Basin russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, 
granular, sweet. Good. September. 

Esturion. 

A foreign variety. 

Fruit small, obovate pyriform, yellow, shaded with crimson in the 
sun, russet around the calyx. Flesh white, coarse, not juicy, hardly 
good. September. 

Excelsior. 
Dana's Excelsior. 

A seedling of Francis Dana, Boston, Mass. Tree a strong upright 
grower, and good bearer. Young wood rich olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes irregular, green- 
ish yellow, with traces of russet and many brown dots. Stalk long, 
curved, rather slender. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments a little recurved. Basin small. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant. Good to very good. September. 

Eyewood. 

A seedling of Mr. Knight's. Tree vigorous and hardy. 
Fruit of medium size, oblate or flattened. Skin much covered with 
russet. Flesh buttery, rich, and excellent. 

Famenga. 

A foreign variety. 

Fruit medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September. (Elliott.) 

Feast. 
Feast's Seedling". 

Originated with Samuel Feast, of Baltimore, from seed of Seckel. 
Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with brown dots. 
Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet. Good. September. 

Felix de Leim. 



A Belgian variety, but little known. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, often inclined, yellowish 



760 



THE PEAR. 



green or pale yellow, niarblings and traces of russet, many small russet 
green dots. Stalk medium, rather slender, set inclined in a small cavity 
with a lip. Calyx with long reflexed segments. Flesh whitish, juicy, 
melting, sweet, aromatic. Good. October. 

FiGUE. 

Figue d'Alencon. Petaless. 

Verte longue de la Mayenne. Figue d'Hiver d'Alenfon. 

Verte longue d' Angers. Pettalless. 

Figue d'Hiver. Figue d'Alencon d'Hiver. 

Bonnisseme. Pistolette. 

Bonnissima de la Sartha. Grosse Figue ? 

Sylvange d'Hiver. 

Originated in the town of Alencon, France. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive. Young wood reddish or reddish brown on the upper side, 
olive yellow brown underneath, prominent pointed buds. 

Fruit large, oblong ovate acute pyriform, inclining by a lip over the 
stalk, greenish yellow, sometimes with a brownish cheek, partially netted 
and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet green dots. 
Stalk short, stout, fleshy at insertion by a lip, often russeted. Calyx 
open. Segments stiff, long, recurved. Basin small, shallow, uneven. 
Flesh greenish white, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Very 
good. October to December. 

Figue de Naples. 

Beurre Bronzee. Fig Pear of Naples. Fourcroy ? 

Comtesse de Frenol. De Vigne Pelone. 

A Belgian Pear. Tree vigorous, with upright brown shoots. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded and 
marbled with red in the sun, netted and patched with russet, many 
russet-green dots. Stalk long, slender, generally curved and enlarged 
at junction of fruit, and a little inclined. Calyx open. Basin small, 
shallow, and uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. 
Good or very good. October. 

Fine Gold of Summer. 
Fin Or d'Ete. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with a beautiful red cheek. Flesh 
iuicy, good flavor, not rich. Yery productive. Good. Middle of 
August. 

Flemish Beauty. 

Belle de Flandres. Bergamotte de Flandre. 

Bosch Nouvelle. Beurre Foidard. 

Bosch. Petersilie Peer. 

Bosc Sire. Beurre de Bourgogne. 

Poire Dayy. Beurre St Amour. 

Imperatrice de France. Belle des Bois. 

Fondante du Bois. Beurre de Deftinge. 

Boschpeer. Beurre Deftinghern. 

Beurre Spence (erroneously). Beurre Davy. 

Brilliant. Poire de Persil. 

Brillante. Molle Bouche Nouvelle. 

An old Pear, supposed of Belgian origin, although foreign authors 



THE PEAK. 



761 



conflict in regard thereto. The tree is very luxuriant, hardy and bears 
early and abundantly ; the young shoots upright, reddish olive brown. 
The fruit requires to be gathered sooner than most pears, even before 
it parts readily from the tree. If it is then ripened in the house it is 
always fine, while, if allowed to mature on the tree, it usually becomes 
soft, flavorless, and decays soon. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface a little rough, the 
ground pale yellow, but mostly covered with marblings and patches of 




Flemish Beauty. 



light russet, becoming reddish brown at maturity, on the sunny side. 
Stalk rather short, from an inch to an inch and a half long, and pretty 
deeply planted in a peculiarly narrow, round cavity. Calyx short, 
open, placed in a small round basin. Flesh yellowish white, not very 
fine-grained, but juicy, melting, very saccharine and rich, with a 
slightly musky flavor. Very good. Last of September. 

Flemish Bon Chretien. 

Bon Chretien Turc. Turkish Pear. 

Bonchretien Vernois. Turkish Bonchretien. 

The Flemish Bon Chretien is an excellent cooking Pear, not very 
productive. 



762 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform, yellow, russeted near 
the calyx, and with many large russet dots. Flesh whitish, coarse, 
juicy ; stews very tender. November to March. 

Florent Scouman. 

Fruit large, pyriform, clear green, strijjed and spotted with brown- 
ish red. Flesh very fine, melting, juicv, sweet. October to December. 
(S. V. M.) 

Florimond Parent. 

One of "Van Mons 1 seedlings. Tree of moderate vigor and fer- 
tility. 

Fruit very large, pyramidal, swelled towards its centre, green, 
pointed and striped with brown russet, becomes deep yellow at ma- 
turity. Flesh coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, and agreeably perfumed. 
Good. Ripe at the end of September. 

Fond ante Agreable. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Color dull yellowish green, 
slightly russeted. Stalk planted at an inclination, and fleshy at its 
junction with the fruit. Flesh juicy and melting. Flavor very pleasant 
and refreshing, with a delicate aroma. Ripe last of August. (Wilder 
in Hort.) 

FONDANTE d'AlBRET. 

Received from France. Tree a vigorous upright grower, produc- 
tive. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit above medium, nearly globular, a little oblique, pale yellow, 
slightly netted and patched with russet, thickly sprinkled with green 
and russet dots, a bronzed red cheek in sun. Stalk rather short, stout. 
Cavity broad. Calyx large, open. Basin large. Flesh whitish, a little 
coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant, vinous, slightly musky. 
Good to very good. September. 



Fond ante d'Automne. 

Belle Lucrative. Arbre Superbe. 

Seigneur d'Esperin. Lucrate. 

Bergamotte Fievec. Fondante de Maubege. 

Gresillier. Autumn Melting. 

Du Seigneur. Esperin's Herrenbirne. 

Beurre Lucrative. Bergamotte Lucrative. 

Seigneur. 

This Flemish Pear is, when grown in perfection, one of the very 
best ; but if the trees are overloaded, soil unsuited, or a dull, cloudy, 
rainy season, it is only second-rate. The tree is moderately vigorous, 
healthy and productive. Young shoots yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium size, variable in form, from obovate obtuse pyriform 
to globular. Pale yellowish green, slightly russeted. Stalk little more 



THE PEAR. 



763 



than an inch long, stout, often fleshy, obliquely inserted in a slight, 
irregular cavity. Calyx very short, open, with few divisions, set in a 




Fondante d'Automne. 



basin of moderate depth. Flesh juicy, melting, sugary/ rich, and 
delicious. Yery good to best. Last of September. 

Fondante de Cuerne. 

A French variety, said to be superior to, and ripening with, Beurre 
Giffard. We have not fruited it, and therefore copy description : — 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with 
traces of russet and russet brown in the sun. Stalk rather short, vary- 
ing. Calyx small, open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, 
agreeable. August. (An. Pom.) 

Fondante d'Ingendal. 

Fruit small, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, a little brownish in sun, 
with green and gray dots. Stalk long, curved, fleshy where joined to the 
fruit. Calyx open. Segments long. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, 
sweet, a little vinous, perfumed. Yery good. September. 



764 



THE PEAE. 



Fond ante de la Maitre d'Ecole. 
A foreign variety. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, yellow, dotted -with green. Flesh yellow, 
half melting. December, January. (Hov. Mag.) 

Fond ante de Malines. 

One of the seedlings of Major Esperen, of Belgium. Tree vigorous, 
somewhat irregular in habit. Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, lemon yellow, with a tinge of crim- 
son and fawn in the sun, sometimes russet patches and thickly sprinkled 
with brown russet dots. Stalk long, often curved, set in a shallow cavity 
by a lip. Calyx large, open, stiff segments. Basin rather abrupt, un- 
even. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, a little aroma- 
tic. Good to very good. September, October. 

FONDANTE DE NEES. 

Fruit large, deep yellow, mottled and dotted with pale brown russet. 
Flesh yellowish, buttery, not juicy. Second-rate. October. (Hogg.) 

FONDANTE DE NOEL. 

Belle de Noel. Belle apres Noel. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous and a good bearer. Young wood 
olive brown. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven, fine yellow, 
mostly covered with cinnamon russet, and a brownish cheek in the sun, 
many russet dots. Stalk short, fleshy at insertion. Calyx open. Flesh 
yellowish, coarse, juicy, melting, brisk, a little astringent. Good. Sep- 
tember. 

FONDANTE DES PRES. 

A seedling of Yan Mons\ Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood 
rich warm brown. 

Fruit medium, varying from obovate obtuse to obovate acute pyri- 
form, pale yellow, often with red cheek in sun, many brown dots. Flesh 
buttery, melting, agreeable. Only good. October. 

FONDANTE DU COMICE. 

Originated at Angers, France, about 1849. The tree is a good 
grower, with olive brown young shoots. 

Fruit large, ovate pyriform, sometimes obovate pyriform, yellow, 
with a warm cheek, inclining to russet, with russet dots. Stalk varying, 
sometimes curved, inserted in a depression. Calyx open, set in a rather 
deep, open basin. Flesh juicy, buttery, with a rich, sugary, vinous fla- 
vor. Good to very good. October, November. 

Fondante Yan Mons. 

Raised by Dr. Yan Mons, and first introduced by Mr. Manning. It 
bears abundantly. Young wood brick red. 



THE PEAR. 



765 



Fruit nearly of medium size, roundish, a little depressed. Skin pale 
yellow. Stalk stout, an inch and a half long, planted in a rather deep 
cavity. Calyx set in a pretty deep basin. Flesh white, juicy, melting, 
sweet, and of very agreeable flavor. Only good. First of November. 

Foote's Seckel. 

Raised by Asahel Foote, of Williamstown, Mass., from seed of the 
Seckel. A very promising new variety, ripening a week or two later 
than its parent, and a little more vinous. Tree healthy, vigorous, more 
spreading than Seckel. Young wood dark rich brown. 

Fruit small, oblate obtuse pyriform, yellow, shaded with brownish 
crimson in the sun, nearly covered with rich crimson russet. Stalk 
short, fleshy. 




Foote's Seckel. 



Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin medium, rather deep. Flesh whitish, 
fine, juicy, melting, sugary, slightly vinous. Very good. September 

Foeelle. 

Forellen-birne. Corail. Petit Corail. 

Grave de Corail. Poire Truite. Trout Pear. 

This exquisitely beautiful German Pear — called in that language 
Forellen-birne, i. e., trout pea?', from its finely speckled appearance — is 
one of the most attractive dessert fruits. Young shoots long, with few 
and dark-colored branches. 

Fruit oblong ovate, inclining to pyriform, smooth, at first green, but 
when fully ripe lemon yellow, washed with rich deep red on the sunny 
side, where it is marked with large, margined, crimson specks. Stalk 
rather slender, slightly curved, shallow, uneven cavity. Calyx rather 
small. Basin abruptly sunk. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melt- 



766 



THE PEAR. 



ing, slightly vinous. Good. Beginning of November, and may be kept, 
with care, till Christmas. 

Forme de Bergamotte Crassane. 
One of Van Mons' seedlings. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, pale yellow, a tinge of red in 
sun, slightly netted and patched with russet, many small russet dots. 
Stalk rather stout, inclined, curved, set in a depression, often with a 
lip. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant, a little astrin- 
gent. Good. January to April. 

Forme de Delices. 

A Flemish Pear, received from the London Horticultural Society. 

Fruit medium, obovate. Skin rough, yellowish, with dull russet. 
Flesh buttery, melting, somewhat dry, but sweet. Good. Last of Oc- 
tober. 

Fortunee. 

Episcopal. Surpasse Fortunee. 

La Fortunee de Paris. Fortunee de Rename. 

La Fortunee de Parmentier. Beurre de Remme. 

Bergamotte Fortunee. 

An old variety, raised by M. Parmentier, of Enghien, and valuable 
and profitable to grow for sale as a cooking Pear. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, slightly 
netted and patched with russet, many russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
open. Flesh whitish, melting, sweet. November, December. 

Foster's St. Michael. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate. Stalk medium, in a small cavity. 
Calyx nearly closed, stiff. Basin shallow. Skin yellow. Flesh coarse, 
sweet. Good. September. 

Franchimont. 

Supposed French origin. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shade of red in sun, 
netted and patched with russet, many russet dots. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good or very good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Francois Bergia. 

A new French sort. 

Fruit medium, obtuse obovate, golden yellow, with large russet dots. 
Flesh coarse-grained, not very juicy, brisk, and not good. October. 
(Hogg.) 

Franc Teal d' River. 

Franc Real. Fine Gold of Winter. Golden End of Winter. 

Fin Or d'Hiver. Gros Micet. 

The Winter Franc Peal is a good cooking Pear, bears well, and 
grows upright. 



THE PEAR. 



707 



Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly pyriform. Skin yellow, 
speckled with russet brown, and having a brownish cheek. Flesh crisp 
and firm. In use from December to March. 

Frangipane. 
Franchipane. 

An old variety. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, yellow, with some light russet. 
Stalk short, fleshy at base. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, melting, sweet. 
Good. September, October. 

Frederic de "Wurtemburg. 

Frederick of Wurteinburg. Roi de Wurtemberg. Medaille d'Or. 
Vermilion d'Ete. King of Wurtemberg. 

Origin disputed by authors. A very handsome and sometimes very 
good fruit, but often poor. 

Fruit large, one-sided, pyriform, rather uneven in its surface. Skin 
deep yellow at maturity, with a remarkably rich crimson cheek. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, and sweet, and when in perfection, buttery and 
good. September. 

Frederick Leclerc. 

A French Pear, described in the Album Pomologie by L. E. Berck- 
mans, and dedicated to Doctor Leclerc. Tree moderately vigorous. 
Y"oung wood olive. 

Fruit medium or above, oblong obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, 
with thin traces of russet. Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, acute. 
Flesh whitish yellow fine, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. November, 
December. 

Frederika Bremer. 

Introduced by J. C. Hastings, of Clinton, Oneida Co., N". Y. Tree 
vigorous. 

Fruit medium, irregularly obtuse pyriform, sometimes Bergamotte- 
shaped, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, melting, buttery, sweet, and 
vinous, slightly perfumed. Good. October. 

French Jargonelle. 

Bellissime d'Ete. Saint Laurent. 

Bellissime Supreme. Muscadet d'Ete. 

Bellissime Jargonelle. Bassin. 

Vermilion d'Ete. Just. 

Red Muscadel. Belle Comelie. 

Sabine d'Ete. Butler's Harvest. 

Summer Beauty. Cuisse Madame. 

English Red Cheek. Summer Jargonelle. 

Red Cheek. Cuisse Dame d'Ete. 

Udal. Fusee d'Ete. 
Laurentienne. 

This, which Mr. Thompson calls, by way of distinction, the French 
Jargonelle, because it is most commonly received under that name 



768 



THE PEAR. 



from France, is a higher colored and handsomer fruit than the English 
Jargonelle, though much inferior in quality, and, in fact, lasts only a 
day or two in perfection, and is often mealy and overripe, while the 
exterior is fair and tempting. The tree is of very strong, upright 
growth. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate in form, light green, becoming lemon 
color, with a very rich, deep red cheek. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, 
sweet, and soon rots at the core. Ripens the last of July and first of 
August. 

Fulton. 

This American Pear is a native of Maine, and is a seedling from the 
farm of Mrs. Fulton, of Topsham, in that State. It is very hardy, and 
bears every year abundantly. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots 
rather slender, and yellowish reddish brown. 




Fulton. 

/ 



Fruit below medium size, roundish, flattened. Skin at first entire- 
ly gray russet in color, but at maturity of a dark cinnamon russet. 
Stalk one to two inches long, slender, planted in a narrow cavity. Calyx 
with lono- segments sunk in an uneven hollow. Flesh half buttery, 
moderatefy juicy, with a sprightly, agreeable flavor. Very good. Oc- 
tober and November. 



THE PEAR. 



769 



Gansel's Bergamotte. 

Brocas Bergamot. Bonne Rouge. 

Ives's Bergamot. Gurle's Beurre. 

Staunton. Diamant. 

Gansel's Bergamotte is an old Pear, raised from seed of the Autumn 
Bergamotte, by the English Lieutenant-General Gansel, of Donneland 
Hall. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading in habit, and productive. 
Young wood dull grayish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish obovate, but much flattened. Skin roughish 
brown, becoming yellowish brown at maturity, tinged sometimes with a 




Gansel's Bergamotte. 



russet red cheek, and sprinkled with spots of russet. Stalk short, fleshy 
at both ends. Cavity moderate. Calyx short and small, placed in a 
smooth, moderate hollow. Flesh white, melting, very juicy, rich, sweet, 
and aromatic. Yery good. Ripens during all September. 

Gansel's Late Bergamotte. 

Raised by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, England. Of vigorous 
growth. Young wood grayish yellow brown. 

Fruit roundish oblate. Skin greenish, rough, sprinkled with rus- 
set. Stalk much enlarged at its insertion in a pretty deep cavity. 
Calyx large, open. Basin broad and shallow. Flesh juicy, granular, 
melting, sugary, and rich, vinous, highly perfumed with musk. Good 
to very good. December, January. 

49 



770 THE PEAK. 

Gansel's Seckel. 

Raised by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, England. Growth much 
like Seckel, although with a more rough bark. Young shoots dull olive 
brown. 

Fruit medium or small, oblate, much depressed. Skin yellow, 
rough, and uneven, mostly covered with thin russet. Stalk short and 
stout, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad, 
deep basin. Flesh coarse, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, with 
a rich aromatic perfumed flavor. Very good. November. 

Garden Pear. 
Poke du. Jardin. 
An old variety, valued for cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish obovate, yellow or yellow green, with a blush of 
broken stripes, red in sun. Flesh rather coarse, gritty at the core, 
sweet. December. 

Gendesheim. 

Verlaine. Verlaine d'£te. Gendebien. 

A Flemish Pear, of not very good quality. 

Fruit small, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, a little 
russet. Flesh rather gritty near the core, elsewhere buttery. Hardly 
good. October and November. 

General Bosquet. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit medium size, ovate acute pyriform, greenish, thickly sprinkled 
with green and brown dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved, set with- 
out cavity. Calyx with stiff, erect segments. Basin small, corrugated. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy. Good. September. 

General Canrobert. 

A French Pear. 

Fruit medium size, ovate acute pyriform, greenish, with traces of 
russet and many brown dots. Stalk inclined, fleshy at junction. Calyx 
open. Flesh yellowish, buttery, not juicy or melting, without flavor. 
Hardly good. November. 

General de Lourmel. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish, greenish brown in sun, witl: 
patches and traces of russet, especially at apex, and many brown dots 
Stalk variable, sometimes stout, and again long and curved. CalysJ 
open. Segments long, recurved. Basin uneven. Flesh juicy, half 
melting, sweet. Good. November. 

General Dutilleul. 




Of Belgian origin. 

Fruit below medium or small, oblong ovate pyriform, pale yel 



THE PEAR. 



771 



low, shade of crimson in the sun, nettings and patches of russet. Stalk 
short, moderately stout. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish 
white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good. November. 

General Lamoriciere. 

A French Pear, the tree very vigorous, very productive. Young 
wood dark dull olive brown. 

Fruit medium size, irregular pyriform, inclined. Sides often un- 
equal. Surface rough greenish yellow, considerably netted and patched 
with russet, especially at base of stalk, and thickly sprinkled with large 
russet dots. Stalk rather stout, sometimes curved, set inclined in a 
small cavity. Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin small and un- 
even. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to 
very good. October. 

General Taylor. 
Homewood. Keyports. 

We have no doubt of this being a native American seedling. It was 
first introduced by L. 1ST. Rogers, of Baltimore, who found it in the town 
of Franklin, Md. Afterwards it was said to have been brought from 
Germany by a man named Keyports, but we can find nothing resembling 
it in any foreign pomological work. Tree vigorous, upright. Young 
wood reddish brown grayish. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes oblate obtuse 
pyriform, yellow, shaded in the sun with thin light rich crimson, par- 
tially netted and patched with russet, much russet near the calyx, and 
many russet dots. Stalk medium length and thickness, a little inclined 
in a small cavity. Calyx partially open. Basins lightly corrugated. 
Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very 
good. October. 

General Totleben. 
General Todleben. 

Raised by M. Fontaine, of Gheling. First fruited in 1855, and first 
described by M. Adolphe Papeleu, in 1858. Tree a vigorous grower, 
irregular, spreading, productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit above medium or large, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yel- 
low, patched and netted with russet, and many russet brown dots. Stalk 
rather stout, often curved. Cavity small. Calyx small, closed, with 
short segments. Basin large, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish yellow, a 
little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and aromatic. Yery 
good. October and early November. 

Gerando. 
Poire Gerando. 
A foreign variety. Ti ee vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Surface knobby, 



772 



THE PEAR. 



yellow, mostly overspread with cinnamon russet, dull red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, vinous, slightly 
astringent. Good. October. 

Gerardin. 

Girardin. Gerardine. Girardon. La Girardin. 

A foreign variety. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood dull 
grayish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat irregular. Skin yellow, with 
many spots and patches of rough russet, and a reddish tint towards the 
sun. Flesh coarse, buttery, astringent, granular. Tolerably good. 
September. 



Muscat d'AHemagne. 
Almain. 

Muscat l'Alleman. 



German Muscat. 

Muscat Allemand. 
Muscat rAllemand. 
Muscat of Germany. 



Muscat Lallemand. 
Colmar Boise. 
Muscat FAleman. 



An old variety, described by La Quintinge in 1690. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. Young wood yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, partially net- 
ted and patched with russet. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, 
sweet, slightly astringent. Good. October to December. 



Gilogil. 



Bergamotte Geerard. 

Bellegarde. 

Beurre Geerards. 

Ciree d'Hiver. 

Garde Ecorce. 

Gile-o-gile. 

Poire a Gobert. 

Garde d'£cosse. 

Jilogil. 

Gilot. 

Gobert. 



Gros Gilot. 
Gros Gobet. 
Teton de Venus. 
Fontarabie acure. 
Girogille. 
Gros Franc Real. 
Gros Guy Grillaud. 
Livre de Burgoyne. 
Pequini. 

Poire de 16 Ounces. 
Bis de Loup . 



A large showy French Pear, only fit for cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish. Skin thickly covered with russet, with a 
reddish russet cheek. Flesh very firm and crisp. November to Feb- 
ruary. 



Glory of Combrone. 

Supposed of French origin. Tree a fine grower, healthy, and hardy 
and productive. 

Fruit above medium, or nearly large, oblong pyriform, yellowish, 
mostly overspread, marbled, and dotted with warm brownish yellow rus- 
set. Stalk moderately stout. Cavity slight. Calyx medium. Seg- 
ments open, reflexed. Basin medium, regular. Flesh whitish yellow, 
granulated, almost buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, delicious. Last of 
September and early October. (Elliott.) 



THE PEAR. 



773 



Glou-morceau. 



Gloux Morceaux. 
Beurre d' Harden pont. 
Hardenpont d'Hiver. 
Linden d'Automne. 
Beurre d'Aremberg. 
Goulu Morceau. 
Kronprinz Ferdinand. 

von Oestreich. 

Beurre de Cambron. 
Got Luc de Cambron. 
Woolaston. 
Potts. 



Trimble. 

Goulue Morceau de Cbambron. 

Beurre de Kent. 

Glou Morceau de Cambron. 

Beurre d'Hardenpont de Cambron. 

Beurre Lombard. 

Beurre d'Ardenpont. 

Glout Morceau. 

Hardempont. 

Victoria. 

Langlier's Victoria. 



An old Flemish Pear, originated with M. d'Ardempont, canon of 
Tournay. The growth of the tree is distinct, having dark olive shoots, 
spreading in habit. 

Fruit rather large, varying in form, but usually obovate ovate obtuse 
pyriform, smooth, thin, pale greenish yellow, marked with small green 
dots, and sometimes with thin patches of greenish brown. Stalk 
rather slender and straight, an inch or more long, planted in a small, 
regular cavity. Calyx usually with open divisions, set in a moderately 
deep basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, and smooth in texture, buttery, 
very melting, with a rich, sugary flavor, with no admixture of acid. 
Sometimes astringent in heavy soils. Good to very good. December. 



Golden Beurre of Bilboa. 

Hooper's Bilboa. Beurre Dore de Bilboa. 

Driver ? Beurre Gris de Bilboa. 

Beurre Gris de Portugal. 

The Golden Beurre of Bilboa was imported from Bilboa, Spain, 
about 1827, by Mr. Hooper, of Marblehead, Mass. Its European name 
is unknown. The tree is healthy, hardy, and a vigorous grower, form- 
ing a beautiful upright, round head, and producing abundantly. It 
is a profitable orchard sort. Shoots stout, upright, light yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit medium, regular obovate pyriform, golden yellow, evenly dot- 
ted with small brown dots, and a little marked with russet, especially 
round the stalk. Stalk about an inch and a half long, rather slender, 
set in a small cavity. Calyx small, closed, placed in a slight basin. 
Flesh white, very buttery and melting, and fine-grained, with a slightly 
vinous flavor. Yery good. First to the middle of September. 

Goodale. 

Goodale's Seedling. Saco. 

Raised from seed of the McLaughlin, by Enoch Goodale, Saco, 
Me. Its size and period of ripening make it promise of high value 
as a market sort. The tree is very hardy, a vigorous, thrifty grower, 
spreading upright in habit, and uniformly productive. Young wood 
very stout, olive. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, light yellow, shaded 
with crimson and fawn in the sun, slightly netted and patched with rus- 



774 



THE PEAE. 



set, and thickly sprinkled with, small russet brown dots. Stalk rather 
short and set in an inclined cavity of considerable depth, sometimes a 
projection one side. Calyx small, closed. Segments thick. Basin 




Goodale. 



rather deep and uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, a little gritty at 
the core, sweet, slightly vinous, with a brisk refreshing musky perfume. 
Very good. October. 

Grand Bretagne. 
Great Britain. 
Supposed of Belgian origin. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate acute pyriform, pale yellow, shaded 
and mottled with red in the sun, nettmgs and patches of russet, and 
russet dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse, gritty, juicy, sweet. Not quite 
good. January, February. 



THE PEAK. 



775 



Grand Soleil. 

Introduced by Major Esperen, of Malines. Tree vigorous and pro- 
ductive. Young wood dull dark yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, mostly covered with 
cinnamon russet and fawn, and a red cheek in sun, many russet dots. 
Stalk medium, in a small cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin 
abrupt, deep, a little furrowed. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, 
half melting, sugary, slightly vinous. Yery good. October, November. 

Graslin. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous. Young wood olive yellow brown, 
very productive. 

Fruit medium, obovate ovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, 
sprinkled with brown dots and sometimes traces of russet. Stalk rather 
long and stout, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. 
Segments large, reflexed. Basin small, slightly farrowed. Flesh yel- 
lowish, juicy, buttery, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. October, No- 
vember. 



Great Blanquette. 

Blanquet de Florence. Musette d'Anjou. 

Grosse Blanquet. Grosse Blanquette. 

Roi Louis. Great Blanket. 

Grosse Roi Louis. Bagpipe of Anjou. 

An old French Pear, of little value. 
Fruit small, ovate acute pyriform, yellowish green. Flesh meltin 
Good. August. 



Great Citron of Bohemia. 
Citronenbirne Bomische grosse, punctirte. 

Fruit small, oblong, yellow. Flesh sugary, juicy, a little coarse- 
grained, and not much flavor. Ripens the last of September. 

Green Chisel. 

Madeleine Vert. Guenette. 

Hativeau. Petit muscat batard muscade. 

An old English Pear. The tree is very productive, erect, fruiting 
in clusters. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate, greenish. Flesh white, melting, juicy, 
sprightly. Good. Middle August. 

Green Mountain Boy. 
An American variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate or obovate pyriform, golden yel- 
low, with russety brown specks. Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet. 
Yery good. October. (Elliott.) 



776 



THE PEAK. 



Green Pear of Yair. 
Green Yair. 

The Green Pear of Yair is a European fruit, which proves but lit- 
tle worthy of cultivation here. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin green. Flesh juicy, but not 
high-flavored or rich. Good. September. 

Groom's Princess Boyal. 
Matthews Eliza. Princess Royal. Bergamotte Matthews Eliza. 

An English fruit, raised by Mr. Groom, the famous tulip-grower. 
Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin greenish brown, with a tinge 
of brownish red, and some russet tracings. Stalk short and thick, set 
in a very trifling depression. Calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin. 
Flesh buttery, melting, a little gritty near the core, but sweet and high- 
flavored. Very good. January and February. 

Gros Eousselet d'Aout. 

A seedling of Yan Mons. Catalogued in 1823. Tree vigorous, of 
pyramidal form, very productive. 

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin green, becoming golden yellow at 
maturity, shaded with russet and spotted with fawn. Flesh whitish, 
fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, vinous, deliciously perfumed. Ripens 
in August. (Al. Pom.) 

Grumkower. 

G-rumkower Winterbirriie. 

This variety is described by Lindley as of middle size, in shape like 
a Bon Chretien, with obtuse angles or ribs. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet, 
musky. November, December. 

GUSTAVE BlVORT. 

A French variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, patches and nettings of russet, 
shade of red in sun. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly 
perfumed. Good or very good. August. 

GUSTAVE BURGOYNE. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, a little 
brownish in the sun, slightly netted and patched with russet, sometimes 
nearly covered, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk set in a 
shallow cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. September, October. 

Gustin's Summer. 



An American variety, of little value. Originated in New Jersey. 



THE PEAR. 



777 



Fruit small, roundish. Skin yellow. Flesh white, sweet, without 
much flavor. First of September. 

Hacon's Incomparable. 
Celestus. Downham Seedling-. 

An English fruit, raised by Mr. Hacon, of Downham Market, Nor- 
folk. It is a hardy, productive tree, with rather depending branches. 
Young shoots rather slender, diverging, olive-colored. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to turbinate. Skin slightly 
rough, pale, and dull yellowish green, mixed with pale brown, sprinkled 
with numerous greenish russet dots and russet streaks. Flesh white, 
buttery, melting, with a rich vinous flavor. Good. October and 
November. 

Haddington. 

Raised by J. B. Smith, Philadelphia. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit above medium, obovate or pyriform. Color greenish yellow, 
with a brownish cheek. Stalk slender, inserted in a small cavity. 
Calyx small, in a round, shallow basin. Flesh yellow, crisp, j uicy, with 
an aromatic flavor. Good. January till April. 

Hagar. 

A French Pear, of poor quality. Tree very vigorous, upright. 
Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, shade of red in 
sun, some russet. Flesh coarse, dry, sweet. October. 

Haight. 

An American variety. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish pyriform, yellow, shaded and mottled 
with red in the sun, small brown dots and traces of russet. Stalk long, 
a little curved, fleshy at insertion, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. 
Basin broad and uneven. Flesh white, pink at centre, a little coarse, 
breaking, juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October. 

Hamilton. 
Hamilton Seedling-. 

An American Pear, originated in South Carolina, where it is said 
to be of very good quality, but here at the North it is astringent and 
poor. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Surface rough, yellowish, slightly patched and 
blotched with russet, and many russet dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse, 
not juicy, slightly astringent. November. 

Hamon. 

Besi Fondante. Besi Hamon. Beurre Seringe ? 

Originated by M. Nerard, Lyons, France, in 1837. Tree vigorous, 
productive. 



778 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit medium or below, irregular, oval, dull pale green, tinged with 
yellow. Stalk long, curved. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, sweet. 
Good. August. 

According to Leroy, Beurre Seringe should be a synonym of Doyenne 
de Saumur ; but our trees received of these varieties are not identical. 
According to the Jardin Fruiterer, Beurre Seringe is identical with 
Hamon. Not having trees of that variety with which to compare it, 
we for the present place it here. 

Hampden's Bergamot. 

Bergamotte d'Angleterre. Bergamotte de Bruxelles. 

Fingal's. Bergamotte d'Ete Grosse. 

Scotch Bergamot. Bergamotte de Paysans. 

Ellanrioch. Gracieuse. 

Milan Vert. r Fanf areau. 

Longueville d'Ecosse. Great Bergamotte. 

Hampden. Deutsche National Bergamotte. 

Beuzard. Poire sans Pepins. 

Belle et Bonne. Belle de Bruxelles. 

Belle sans Pepins Sans Pepins. 

Belle de Luxembourg. Schone and Gute. 

An old variety, the origin of which is unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, a little rising at the stalk end, greenish 
yellow, with traces and patches of thin russet, and greenish russet dots. 
Flesh white, a little coarse, tender, half buttery, sweet, agreeable. Good. 
September. 

Hampton's Bergamot. 

Originated with W. C. Hampton, Mt. Victory, Ohio. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, netted and sprinkled with rus- 
set and green dots. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, half melting, vinous. 
Good. September. 

Hampton's Cluster. 
Hampton. Cluster Pear. 

Raised by W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit borne in clusters, very small, roundish, greenish yellow, shaded 
with dull red in the sun, and netted with russet. Flesh juicy, melting, 
sweet. Very good. September. 

Hampton's Yirgalieu. 
A seedling of W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Surface uneven, green, slightly 
yellow at maturity, sometimes with a warm cheek in sun, patches, net- 
tings, and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, slightly gritty, juicy, melt- 
ing, brisk, vinous. Very good. October. 

Hanners'. 
Hannas. 

Originated in the garden of Mr. Hanners, Boston, Mass. Tree an 
upright good grower and bearer. Young shoots dull olive. 



THE PEAR. 



779 



Fruit large, oblong, very obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, slightly 
netted and patched with russet, and many green and russet dots. Stalk 
varying, sometimes long, pretty stout, set in a cavity, often with a lip. 
Calyx open. Segments long, slender, recurved. Basin shallow, uneven, 
slightly russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, pleasant, sweet, a little 
perfumed. Very good. September. 

Hanover. 
From Hanover Furnace, N. J. 

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate. Skin green, with dull green 
russet markings, and a brown cheek. Stalk medium. Cavity shallow and 
angular. Calyx open, in an irregular basin. Flesh greenish yellow, ex- 
ceedingly melting and juicy. Flavor pleasant. Good. Ripe October. 
(Ad. Int. Rep.) 

Harris. 
Speckled Harris ? 

Received from Georgia. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse to obovate acute pyriform, pale yel- 
low, deep red in the sun, many green and brown dots. Flesh whitish, 
buttery, not juicy, sweet. Good. September. 

Harrison's Large Fall. 

Rushmore's Bon Chretien. Richmond. Englebert Lott. 

Large Swan's Egg. Lott's Pear. 

An American variety, a strong, rapidly-growing tree, comes early into 
bearing, and produces abundantly. 

Fruit large, irregular, inclined, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, 
with a red cheek. Valued as a cooking fruit. August, September. 

Harvard. 

Boston Eparne. Cambridge Sugar Pear. Belle de Flushing. 

The Harvard produces enormous crops, of fair quality. The tree is 
remarkably hardy and vigorous, with upright shoots forming a fine head. 
It originated at Cambridge, Mass. 

Fruit rather large, oblong pyriform, russety olive yellow, with a 
brownish-red cheek. Stalk rather stout, inserted rather obliquely on the 
narrow summit or in a small cavity. Calyx set in a narrow basin. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, and melting, of excellent flavor, but liable, 
if not picked early, to rot at the core. Beginning of September. 

Harvest. 

Early Sugar. Sugar Pear. Wolcott's Early ? 

An American variety. Tree an upright round spreading head, a 
good grower and bearer. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit below medium, or small, roundish, pale yellow, brown tinge of 
red in the sun, and sprinkled with brown and green dots. Flesh whitish, 
not very juicy or melting, but sweet, pleasant. Good. July. 



780 



THE PEAK. 



Hawes' Winter. 
Morgan. Hewes' Winter. 

Origin, King and Queens Co., Ya., on the farm of the Hawes family. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, greenish yellow, with traces and 
spots of russet. Flesh whitish, buttery, half melting, juicy, sweet 
Good. November. 



Heathcot. 
Gore's Heathcot 

The Heathcot originated on the farm of Governor Gore, in Waltham, 
Mass., by Mr. Heathcot, then a tenant; the original tree came into 
bearing in 1824. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots upright, 
reddish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, regularly obovate, pale greenish yellow, with 
a very few dots, and a few russet streaks. Stalk an inch long, planted 
in a very small cavity. Calyx closed, and set in a rather narrow and 
shallow basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, moderately juicy, 
with an agreeable vinous flavor. Good to very good. Middle and last 
of September. 



Hebe. 

Raised by William Sumner, Pomaria, S. C. Tree thrifty, thorny, 
hardy, productive, and retains its foliage late. Young wood slender, 
grayish. 

Fruit large, round, obovate, with irregular protuberances, greenish 
lemon yellow, dotted with russet specks and blotches. Flesh sprightly, 
melting, buttery, slightly vinous. Seldom forms seeds. December. 
(Hort.) 



Hegeman. 



Hegerman. Heggerman, < Hampton. 

Originated on the farm of Andrew Hegeman, North Hempstead, 
Long Island. Tree vigorous, upright in habit, not an early bearer, but 
when mature bears heavily. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, variable in form, greenish yellow, 
netted and dotted with russet. Stalk short. Cavity shallow, uneven. 
Calyx large, open. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, 
sweet. Good to very good. October. 



Helene Gregoire. 

Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Young wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit large, ovate, light greenish yellow, slightly colored in the sun, 
russet patches and spots. Stalk short, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx 
large. Basin furrowed. Flesh fine, melting, half buttery, juicy, sweet, 
perfumed. October. (An. Pom.) 



THE TEAR. 



781 



Henkel. 
Cumberland of Belgium. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Growth vigorous, upright, productive. 
Young wood dull grayish brown. 

Fruit rather large, broad obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and 
patched with russet, and sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk 




Henkel. 



inclined, rather stout, fleshy at insertion by a ring or lip. Calyx par- 
tially open. Segments short, stiff, sometimes reflexed. Basin rather 
large, slightly uneven, russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, with a 
rich, slightly vinous flavor. Very good to best. September. 

Henri Bivort. 
Henri (Bivort.) 
A Belgian variety. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, few patches of 



782 



THE PEAE. 



russet, and many green and brown dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, half 
melting, sugary. Good. September. 

Henri Desportes. 
A seedling of Andre Leroy's. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Flesh white, juicy, one of the best summer 
Pears. (Leroy.) 

Henrietta. 

Raised by Gov. Edwards, of New Haven, Conn. Tree a free grower, 
of upright form, a good bearer. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, greenish or greenish yellow, a little 
netted and patched with russet, tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish 
green, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good. September. 

Henriette. 

Belle Henriette. Henriette Bouvier. Henriette d' Orleans. 

Raised by M. Simon Bouvier, of Jocloigne, Belgium. Tree a fine 
grower. Young wood reddish. 

Fruit medium, oblate, nearly globular, pale greenish yellow, a little 
shaded with fawn or dull red in the sun, thinly netted with russet, and 
thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, slender, a little inclined, 
fleshy at insertion, or with a mamelon neck. Calyx open. Segments 
long, slender, often recurved. Basin very shallow, slightly uneven. 
Flesh a little coarse, whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, perfumed. 
Good to very good. November. 

Henri Yan Mons\ 

Bergamotte Rouge Tardif. Fleur de Neige. 

Beurre Rouge Tardif. Snow Flower. 

One of Yan Mons' earliest seedlings. Tree very vigorous, hardy, 
holding its foliage late in the season, and an abundant bearer. Young 
wood clear olive. 

Fruit medium to large, elongated acute pyriform, pale yellow, shaded 
and mottled with brownish red or crimson in the sun, netted and fetch- 
ed with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, 
rather slender, curved, without cavity. Calyx open. Segments long, 
generally recurved. Basin small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt- 
ing, sweet. Good to very good. October. 

Henry the Fourth, 

Henri Quatre. Jaquin. 
Favori Musque du Conseiller. Beurre Ananas. 

Ananas. 

The tree of this French Pear is a good grower, hardy and productive. 
Young wood dull yellow brown, with many specks. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish pyriform, j)ale greenish yellow, 
dotted with small gray specks. Stalk rather more than an inch long, 
slender. Calyx small, placed in a shallow abrupt basin. Flesh whitish, 



THE PEAK. 



783 



not very fine-grained, but unusually juicy and melting, with a rich, deli- 
cately perfumed flavor. It should always be ripened in the house. 
Good to very good. Early in September. 

Hericart. 

A second-rate Belgian Pear, with a pleasant, perfumed juice, ripen- 
ing early in autumn. Tree very vigorous and productive. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, often rather oblong and irregular, 
yellow and russety. Stalk an inch or more long, rather slender, set in 
a small cavity. Calyx set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, 
buttery, not rich, but with a delicate, peculiar aroma, gritty, and slightly 
astringent. Good. The fruit ripens the last of September. 

Hericart de Thury. 

Raised by Yan Mons. A good grower, of peculiar habits and ap- 
pearance, rather pyramidal, but with diverging crooked limbs. Not an 
early nor a very profuse bearer. Young wood dull reddish olive brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obtuse ovate pyriform, yellow, thinly 
shaded with red in the sun, slightly netted, and thickly sprinkled with 
russet dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved. Cavity small. Calyx 
closed. Segments short. Basin small, uneven. Flesh white, not very 
'uicy, and slightly astringent. Good. December. 

Herkimer, 
Earl Pear. 

Originated on the farm of S. Earl, Herkimer, N. Y. The tree is a 
vigorous grower, hardy and productive. Young wood warm reddish 
brown. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate. Surface a little uneven, 
pale greenish yellow, clouded with dull red in the sun, and many green 
dots. Stalk pretty stout, curved. Cavity doep, round. Calyx with 
flat reflexed segments. Basin varying from shallow to moderately deep. 
Flesh white, a little coarse-grained at the core, juicy, sweet, melting, and 
agreeable. Good. September, October. 

Hessel. 

Hazel. Hasselbirn. 
A Scotch Pear, very productive. 

Fruit small, obovate. Skin yellowish green. Flesh whitish, juicy, 
of little or no value. First of September. 

HlNGHAM. 

Originated in Hingham, Mass. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform, pale yellow, shaded with red 
in the sun, many brown dots. Stalk long. Calyx partially closed. 
Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous. Good. October. 



784 



THE PEAR. 



HOLLANDE BERGAMOTTE. 

Holland Bergamot. Hollandisclie Bergamotte. 

Beurre d'Alencon. Bergamotte d'Holland. 

Begamotte d'Alenyon. Sarah. 

Jardin de Jougers. Bergamotte d'Hiver d'Holland. 

Bergamotte de Pougere. Beurre Extra. 

Amoselle. Lord Cheney. 

Lord Cheeney's. Musquine de Bretagne. 

An old variety, the origin unknown. An excellent kitchen fruit, 
which will keep sound till May or June. Shoots stout, diverging, 
olive brown. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, green, much marbled and covered with 
thin brown russet, but becoming yellowish at maturity. Flesh white, 
crisp, with an abundant, sprightly, agreeable juice. 

Holland Green. 

An old variety, described by Coxe, and sometimes called Holland 
Table Pear. 

Fruit large, irregular, green, with spots of russet. Flesh juicy, 
melting, delicate, delicious. September. (Coxe.) 

Honey. 
European Honey. 

This Pear is considerably grown in many parts of the country, and 
although an old sort, its origin seems unknown, and to our knowledge 
is not noted by any American author. The tree is an upright, good 
grower, and a great bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, sometimes roundish pyriform, 
pale yellow, shaded and mottled with red in the sun, with many light 
russet dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk short, rather stout. 
Calyx open. Basin broad, shallow. Flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, 
moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 



HOSENSCHENCK. 

Hosenshenck. Queen of August. 

Shenk's. Moore's Pound. 

Watermelon. Eshleman. 
Smokehouse. Moore's Pear. 

Butter Pear. 

This Pear originated on the farm of John Schenck, "Weaver Town- 
ship, Pa. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood grayish olive 
brown. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblate. Skin light yellowish green, 
rarely with a blush. Stalk about an inch long, rather stout, inserted 
without much depression, sometimes by a lip. Calyx small. Basin deep. 
Flesh rather coarse, tender, juicy, slightly vinous, melting, with a 
pleasant flavor. Good to very good. Ripens the last of August. 

HOVEY. 
Doyenne Hovey. 

Raised by Andre Leroy, and dedicated to C. M. Hovey, of Boston, 



THE PEAR. 



785 



Mass. Tree a vigorous, upright grower. Young shoots clear yellow 
brown. 

Fruit medium or above, varying in form from oblong oval to obo- 
vate obtuse pyriform, yellow or greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled, 
netted, and patched with russet. Stalk medium, moderately stout, in- 
serted without cavity. Calyx with short, stiff segments. Basin shal- 
low, lightly furrowed and slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish, buttery, 
juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Very good. October, November. 

Howard. 

Received from D. W. Coit, Norwich, Conn. Tree vigorous, upright, 
productive, with olive yellow brown young shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, patches and traces 
of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, curved. 
Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin uneven, slightly russeted. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly perfumed, pleasant. Yery 
good. September. 




Howell. 



Howell. 

Raised by Thomas Howell, of New Haven, Conn. A valuable 

50 



786 



THE PEAR. 



variety . Tree an upright and free grower. Young shoots reddish yel- 
low brown, an early and profuse bearer. 

Fruit rather large, roundish pyriform, light waxen yellow, often 
with a finely shaded cheek, thickly sprinkled with minute russet dots, 
and some russet patches. Stalk medium, inserted without cavity, some- 
times by a ring or lip, sometimes in a small cavity. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments recurved. Basin rather large and uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, 
melting, brisk, vinous. Very good. September, October. 

Huguenot. 

A fruit originated by Mr. Johonnot, of Salem, Mass. It bears abun- 
dantly, but is rather dry, and not worthy of general cultivation. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, sprinkled with large spots of 
bright red. Flesh white, fine-grained, half breaking, sweet, but wanting 
in flavor and juice. Good. October. 

Hull. 

Originated in the town of Swanzey, Mass. Tree vigorous, somewhat 
rambling in habit, with long shoots of a rich reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, net- 
ted and patched with russet, especially near the stalk, thickly sprinkled 
with russet dots. Stalk long, rather stout, inserted by a ring in a shal- 
low cavity. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, erect. Basin 
small, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Very 
Good. September. 

Hungerford's Oswego. 
Beceived from Oswego, N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with brown dots. Flesh white, 
buttery, juicy, melting, gritty, sweet. Good. October. 

Huntington. 

Origin, New Bochelle, and brought to our notice by S. F. Carpenter. 
It was found by Mr. Huntington, and now stands on his grounds. 
Tree vigorous, forming a pyramid, an early and profuse bearer. Young 
shoots olive color. 

Fruit nearly medium in size, roundish oblate, rough yellow, often 
shaded with crimson, thickly covered with gray and crimson dots, and 
russet patches. Stalk medium or long, nearly straight. Cavity broad 
and uneven. Calyx open. Segments stiff. Basin broad and open. 
Flesh white, very juicy, melting, buttery, with a very sweet, vinous 
flavor, delicately perfumed. Very good. September. 

Hunt's Connecticut. 

An American fruit for kitchen use. Medium, oblate, yellowish 
green, coarse, dry, and sweet. 

Huyshe's Prince Consort. 

Baised by Bev. J ohn Huyshe, of Clythesdon, Devon, England, from 
seed of Beurre d'Aremberg, fertilized by Passe Colmar. This is one of 



THE PEAR. 



787 



a series of four new Pears, originated by Mr. Huyshe, all of which are 
said to be of superior excellence. The tree is a vigorous grower, with 
short-jointed young shoots of a dark dull reddish brown, and indistinct 
white specks. Hogg describes the fruit as large, oblong obovate pyri- 
form, grass green, much covered with russet and russet dots. Stalk 
long, stout. Calyx small, open. Basin deep, uneven. Flesh yellowish, 
coarse-grained, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, with a peculiar flavor un- 
like any other pear. November. 

Huyshe's Prince of Wales. 
Huyshe's Bergamot. 

Originated at Clythedon, England, by Rev. John Huyshe, from seed 
of Marie Louise crossed with Gansel's Bergamot. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, lemon yellow, mostly covered with cin- 
namon-colored russet. Stalk stout and woody, somewhat obliquely in- 
serted in a round and rather open cavity. Calyx small, open, with erect 
tooth-like segments. Flesh yellowish white, tender, melting, juicy, and 
richly flavored. November to January. (Hogg.) 

Huyshe's Princess of Wales. 

Origin, Clythedon, England, by the Rev. John Huyshe. 

Fruit medium, oblong, abrupt at stalk, lemon yellow, with patches, 
veins, and docs of cinnamon-colored russet. Stalk long, stout, woody, 
somewhat obliquely inserted in a round and rather wide cavity. Calyx 
small, open, with narrow, erect segments. Flesh deep yellow, fine- 
grained, very melting, juicy, rich, and highly aromatic. Last of Novem- 
ber. (Hogg.) 

Huyshe's Victoria. 

This Pear is of the same origin as Huyshe's Prince of Wales. It 
has fruited in several collections in this country. Tree a good grower, 
spreading. Young wood dull brown. 

Fruit medium size, ovate pyriforni or ovate acute pyriform, yellow, 
considerably patched and netted with russet, and thickly sprinkled with 
green and brown dots. Stalk medium length, stout, inclined, and 
joined to the fruit without depression. Calyx open. Basin medium, 
uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, a little vinous. Good to very- 
good. November. 

Incommunicable. 

A Flemish Pear. 

Fruit above medium, obtuse pyriform, grass green, with russety 
specks. Flesh yellowish white, a little gritty, melting, sweet. October. 
(Lind.) 

Inconnue Yan Mons. 
L'Inconnue. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, very 
productive. 



788 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit medium or below, broad oval pyriform, light yellow, netted 
and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk long, curved, 
inclined, and set in a slight depression, sometimes by a lip. Calyx 
open. Segments long, recurved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, very sweet, rich, and pleasant. Good to very good. 
December to March. 

Inconstant. 
L'Inconstant. 

Fruit mediivm, OA^ate obovate acute pyriform, pale yellow, slight 
traces and patches of russet, shade of red in the sun, many dots. 
Flesh white, juicy, half melting, a little astringent. Good. October. 

Iris Gregoire. 

A Belgian Pear, as yet little known in this country. Tree moderately 
vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong acute pyriform, clear light yellow, 
with shades and marblings of red russet. Stalk short, with two or more 
fleshy rings at its connection with the fruit. Flesh white, fine-grained, 
melting, buttery, sweet, perfumed. December, January. (An. Pom.) 

Isabella. 

Raised by Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass. Tree thrifty, upright. 
Fruit medium size, pyriform, light green, red in sun. Flesh white, 
juicy, sprightly, agreeable. October. (J. of H.) 

Island. 

Originated at New Utrecht, Long Island. Tree moderately vigorous, 
upright. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, netted, sprinkled, and 
patched with russet. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh white, a little 
granular, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed. Good. October. 

Ives' August. 

Originated with Dr. Eli Ives, ISTew Haven, Conn. 

Fruit medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish, with a brownish 
red cheek. Flesh greenish white, juicy, half melting, a little astringent. 
Good. August. 

Ives' Bergamotte. 

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree closely resembles 
the Seckel, and is very productive. 

Fruit medium or small, roundish, greenish yellow, with slight traces 
of russet. Stalk short and thick. Flesh rather coarse, buttery, melting, 
juicy, vinous. Good.- Ripens first of September. 

Ives' Pear. 

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous and very 
productive. 



THE PEAR. 



7>0 



Fruit small, oval oblong piriform, greenish, with a brownish-red 
cheek. Stalk long. Calyx open. Basin very small. Flesh juicy, melt- 
ing, sugary, and good. Ripens first of September. 

Ives' Seedling. 
Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. 

Fruit nearly medium, somewhat globular, greenish yellow, shaded 
with crimson. Stalk short and thick. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin 
shallow and irregular. Flesh whitish, coarse, and granular, juicy, melt- 
ing, with a refreshing sugary flavor, well perfumed. Good. Ripe about 
the first of September. 

Ives' Yirgalieu. 
Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven. 

Fruit below medium, acute pyriform, broad at calyx, greenish, shaded 
with dull crimson. Stalk inserted by a Hp. Calyx open. Basin shal- 
low and irregular. Flesh whitish, rather coarse and granular, buttery, 
juicy, and melting, with a sweet vinous flavor. Good. October. 

Ives' Winter. 
Raised by Prof, Ives, New Haven. 

Fruit medium, depressed pyriform, yellowish, sprinkled with russet. 
Stem large and long, in an abrupt cavity. Calyx open, in a large basin. 
Flesh white, coarse, and granular. Cooking. December. 

Ives' Yale. 
Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. 

Fruit medium, roundish, mamelon at base of stem, dull greenish yel- 
low, brownish crimson in the sun. Flesh greenish white, moderately 
jucy. Good. Early August. 

Jackson. 

Origin, New Hampshire. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood 
dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate, short pyriform, pale yellow, somewhat rus- 
seted. Stalk long and curved, fleshy at its junction, inserted in a slight 
cavity. Calyx small and open, set in a rather deep abrupt basin. Flesh 
white and juicy. Flavor brisk and vinous. Good to very good. Ripens 
the last of September. 

Jackson's Elizabeth. 
Mrs. Jackson. Jackson. 

Originated with S. S. Jackson, of Cincinnati, O. Tree moderately 
vigorous, very productive. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yel- 
low, shaded with crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with russet 
dots. Stalk medium, set in a slight depression. Calyx small, partially 
closed. Basin small, regular. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Last of September. 



790 



THE PEAR. 



Jalousie. 
De Pucelle. 

An old Belgian Pear. 

Fruit rather large, roundish to obovate, and more frequently pyri- 
forin. Skin rough, of the deepest russet, ruddy in the sun. Flesh a 
little coarse-grained, soft, sweet, and of pleasant flavor. Good. Last 
of September. 

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee. 
De Fontenay Vendee. Jalousie de Fontenay. Belle d'Esquermes. 

The tree of this French Pear is vigorous, and an early and abundant 
bearer. Young shoots a dull olive brown color. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate, slightly acute pyriform, dull yellow 
and green, considerably marked with russet patches and dots, and 
tinged with a red cheek. Stalk about an inch long, set obliquely, with- 
out depression, on an obtuse point. Calyx with stiff segments, set in a 
shallow, round basin. Flesh white, buttery, melting, with a rich-fla- 
vored juice. Very good. First of October. 

Jaminette. 

Sabine. Wilhelmine. Bergamotte Cheminette. 

D'Austrasie. Josephine. Sabine Van Mons. 

Beurre d'Austrasie. Colmar Jaminette. Beurre Saint Heiier. 

Belle d'Austrasie. Crassane d'Austrasie. Tyrolle. 

Raised by M. Jaminette, of Metz, very productive, and in favorable 
seasons an excellent winter fruit. Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit of medium or large size, varying in form, but mostly obovate, 
a good deal narrower at the stalk, clear green, paler at maturity, consid- 
erably marked with russety brown, especially near the stalk, and sprink- 
led with numerous brown dots. Stalk scarcely an inch long, rather 
thick, and obliquely planted, without any depression. Calyx open, 
set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, a little gritty near 
the core, but very juicy and buttery, sweet. Good to very good. No- 
vember to January. 

Japan. 

This peculiar Pear originated with Gideon Ross, of Westfield, JST. J., 
from seeds brought from Japan, and is similar to Chinese sand pear. 
The tree is a very vigorous grower, with very large thick leaves, an 
early and abundant bearer. Young wood rich clear brown, with long 
white specks. It has a hard flesh, with a peculiar quince-like aroma, 
and is only valued for cooking. 

Fruit medium, oblate, cinnamon yellow russet, with many large 
light-colored specks. Stalk very long. Cavity open, deep. Calyx in- 
conspicuous. Basin deep, open, broad. Flesh coarse, gritty, firm, in 
consistence and flavor much like a delicate quince. Very fine for cook- 
ing. October, December. 

Jean Baptiste Bivoet. 
A new Belgian Pear. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, yellowish, nearly overspread with 



THE PEAR. 



791 



cinnamon red and reddish specks. Stalk long, slender. Cavity narrow, 
small. Flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, slightly perfumed. 
November. (An. Pom.) 

Jean de Witte. 
Dial. Beurre de Hamptienne. Passe Colmar Frangois. 

Tree vigorous, upright grower. Young shoots very dark olive. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, yellowish green, dotted, 
sprinkled, and netted with russet, and slightly shaded with fawn or 
crimson in the sun. Stalk long, curved, inclined, set in a small cav- 
ity. Calyx open. Segments stiff. Basin rather abrupt. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. November, De- 
cember. 

Jefferson. 

Origin, Mississippi. Tree very -vigorous, an early bearer, and very 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriform, straw color, shaded with red 
in the sun, and dotted with small green dots. Flesh white, not juicy, 
sweet, coarse, decays quickly at core, not high-flavored. August. 

Jersey Gratioli. 
Gracioli of Jersey. Bedminster Gratioli. Norris Pear. 

Originated in the Isle of Jersey. Tree a moderately vigorous grower 
and a good bearer. Young wood short-jointed, dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, netted 
and patched with russet, many brown russet dots. Stalk short, rather 
stout, inclined, in a small cavity, russeted. Calyx, open. Segments rather 
long and slender, recurved. Basin abrupt, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, melting, rich vinous. Very good. September. 

John Griffith. 
Originated in Westchester Co., N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yel- 
low, with many brown dots, and some nettings and patches of russet. 
Flesh whitish, coarse, not very juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good.. 
September. 

Johonnot. 
Franklin. 

Originated in the garden of George S. Johonnot, Esq., of Salem, 
Mass. 

The fruit is of medium size, of a roundish and peculiar irregular 
form, dull yellowish. Stalk short and thick, planted by the side of a 
swollen protuberance. The flesh is melting, buttery, and good. Septem- 
ber, October. 



792 



THE PEAR. 



JOLIE FlLLE DE GUST. 

This " pretty girl of Gust " is of Belgian origin. 

The fruit is small, roundish acute pyriform, pale yellow, shaded with 
crimson in the sun. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh white, coarse, dry; 
its beauty its only value. September. 

JOLY DE BONXEAU. 

Fruit above medium size, obovate, pale green, with spots and veins 
of brown russet. Stalk long, obliquely inserted, stout, woody, and in- 
serted without depression. Calyx open. Flesh white, with a pink tinge, 
fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. December. (Hogg.) 

Jones. 
Jones's Seedling. 

Origin, Kingsessing, near Philadelphia. This is one of the good Pears, 
and, were it a little larger, would be one of the most valuable. The tree 
is vigorous and upright in growth, and productive. Young shoots of a 
dull olive brown. 



J ones. 

Fruit medium or below, pyriform, broad at calyx, tapering to the 
stem, which meets it by a fleshy junction. Skin yellow, shaded with 
russet, bright cinnamon on the sunny side. Calyx open, in a broad, 
shallow, uneven basin. Flesh coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, brisk, 
and vinous. Very good. October. 



THE PEAR. 



793 



Josephine Bouvier. 

Fruit medium, ovate, green, with a few patches and nettings of rus 
set, and many brown dots. Stalk medium length, curved. Cavity shal- 
low. Calyx partially open. Segments recurved. Flesh white, coarse, 
juicy, melting, sweet, without flavor. January. 

Josephine de Malines. 

Raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, and proves one among the 
best of winter varieties. Tree moderately vigorous and productive. 
Young wood olive yellow brown, very short-jointed. Buds round, pro- 
jectiug. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly pyriform, pale greenish yel- 
low, netted and patched with russet, especially around the stalk, and 




Josephine de Malines. 



with many minute brown dots, particularly around the calyx. Stalk 
enlarged at both ends, curved, sometimes set in a small cavity. Calyx 
small, open. Segments short, stiff, nearly erect. Flesh pinkish white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, with a delicate aroma. Very good. January, 
February. 

Joseph Staquet. 
A new variety, from Belgium. 

Fruit above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with patches and 



794 



THE PEAR. 



dots of green and russet. Stalk fleshy at insertion, set without depres- 
sion. Flesh white, melting, buttery, very juicy, sweet, with a musky 
perfume. September, October. (An. Pom.) 

Judge Andrews. 
Andrews' Kingsessing. 
Originated in Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, yellowish, traced and mot- 
tled with red in the sun. Flesh coarse, breaking, dry. Poor. Sep- 
tember. 

Julienne. 

A handsome summer Pear. It is a productive fruit, and comes into 
bearing very early. It is often of excellent flavor, and of the first qua- 
lity ; but, unfortunately, it is variable in these respects, and some seasons 
it is comparatively tasteless and insipid. In the Southern States, and in 
rich, warm, and dry soils at the North, it is almost always fine. The 
tree is of thrifty, upright growth, with light yellowish-brown shoots. 

Fruit of small size, but varying in different soils ; obovate, regularly 
formed, clear bright yellow on all sides. Stalk light brown, speckled 
with yellow, a little more than an inch long, pretty stout, inserted in a 
very shallow depression. Calyx open, set in a basin slightly sunk, but 
often a little plaited. Flesh white, rather firm at first, half buttery, 
sweet, and moderately juicy. Ripens all the month of August. 

Keiser. 

Fruit medium size, pyriform, yellowish green, with small gray 
russet specks, and russet round the stalk. Flesh greenish white, a 
little gritty, melting, sweet. October. (Lind.) 

Kelsey. 

Originated in the garden of Wm. Kelsey, Columbus, O. Tree up- 
right, partially spreading, vigorous. Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, dull green, becoming yellowish 
when well ripened, marblings of russet near the calyx. Dots of russet. 
Stalk slender. Calyx small, open. Segments short, erect. Basin slightly 
furrowed. Flesh greenish yellow, melting, sweet, buttery, vinous, 
slightly aromatic. October to February. (Hort.) 

King. 

Originated at Oswego, N". Y. 

Fruit medium or below in size, roundish oblate pyriform, green- 
ish brown in the sun, with many green and brown dots. Flesh whitish, 
coarse, half melting, sweet. Good. September, October. 

King Edward's. 
Jackman's Melting. 
Fruit large, pyriform, tapering gradually to the stalk, yellow, red 



THE PEAR. 



795 



cheek. Flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, and good, when the season 
is favorable. Good. October. 

Kingsessing. 

Leech's Kingsessing. 

Originated in the family burying-ground of Isaac Leech, near Phi- 
ladelphia. Tree upright and of vigorous growth, with dark olive yel- 
low brown shoots. Buds broadly shouldered, prominent. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled 
; with minute green or gray dots. Stalk medium or long, curved, and 
' fleshy at its insertion in a broad, uneven cavity. Calyx set in a large, 
irregular, corrugated basin. Flesh whitish, somewhat coarse and gran- 
ular, juicy, buttery, and melting, with a sweet perfumed flavor. Good 
to very good. September. 

, King. 

King's Seedling. 

Medium size, oblate uneven, yellowish green, rough. Stalk in a 
cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh greenish white, granular, 
juicy, sugary, aromatic, perfumed. Good. October. 




Kirtiand. 



KlRTLAND. 

Kirtland's Seedling. Hadley. Kirtland's Seckel. Kirtland's Beurre. 

Raised by H. T. Kirtiand, Poland, O. Tree moderately vigorous. 
Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium or below, obtusely obovate, sometimes obscurely pyri- 



796 



THE PEAK. 



form, fine yellow, mostly covered with bright cinnamon russet, occa- 
sionally mottled and streaked with red on the sunny side. Stalk rather 
short and stout, inserted in a small cavity, often by a ring or lip. 
Calyx partially open, persistent. Basin shallow and broad. Flesh melt- 
ing, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Very good. Ripe first of September. 

Knight's Monarch. 
Monarch. 

An English Pear, raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, which has not 
proved of much value at the North. In the Southern States it promises 
well. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet and 
many gray russet specks. Flesh yellowish, melting, sweet, agreeable. 
Good. December, January. 

Knight's. 

» 

Knight's Seedling 1 . 

Raised by Mr. Knight, of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, produc 
tive. 

Fruit medium, oblate pyriform, yellowish green, rough. Stalk 
long, inserted by a slight cavity. Calyx closed, in a shallow basin. 
Flesh juicy and sweet. Good. October. 

KOPERTSCHER. 

Kossertscher. Beurre Prince de Schwarzenberg. 

Princiere de Kopertsh. Supreme Coloma. 

A foreign Pear, of uncertain origin. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium or below, nearly globular, greenish yellow, with a 
few patches of russet, and many green and brown dots. Stalk short 
Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. October. 

Lafayette. 

Origin, Connecticut. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, with light russet, and 
dotted with brown russet dots. Flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, half 
melting, sweet, lacking flavor. Good. November. 

La Herard. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings, originated in 1825. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale yellowish green, with 
reddish cheek in sun, and sprinkled with many brown dots. Stalk 
rather long, curved. Cavity small. Calyx partially closed. Segments 
short, erect. Basin small, slightly furrowed. Flesh whitish, juicy 
melting, sweet, a little perfumed. Very good. September. 

La Juive. 
Juive. Jewess. 

One of Major Esperen's introduction. Tree vigorous and productive 
Young wood yellow brown. 



THE PEAR. 



797 



■i Fruit medium, ovate obovate, pale yellow, considerably russeted, net- 
] ted, and patched, and with many brown russet dots. Stalk short, stout, 
fleshy at base. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments persistent, often 
a little recurved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, a little 
coarse at the core, juicy, half melting, sweet, a little aromatic. Good 
to very good. October. 

Lamartine. 

)i De Lamartine. 

Of foreign origin. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate. Surface rough, greenish yellow, mostly 
'covered with a light thin russet, and , with many brown dots. Stalk 
short and small. Cavity small. Calyx small and open. Basin rather 
deep. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, rich, sweet. Very 
good. November. 

Lammas. 
Huntingdon. 

| An old variety, described by Lindley as an erect, strong grower, 
j hardy, good bearer, and profitable for the market. We do not know of 

its ever fruiting in this country. 

Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellow, tinged with red in the sun. Flesh 

juicy, melting, agreeable. Good. August. 

La Moulinoise. 

A foreign variety, that we have fruited but once. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow, partially netted and 
j patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown russet dots. 
Stalk long, rather stout, inserted by a lip. Calyx partially open. Seg- 
ments erect. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous. 
Yery good. September. 

Lansac. 

De Lansac. Dauphine. Satin. 

This Pear is described by Lindley as below medium size, nearly glo- 
bular, yellowish green. Flesh yellowish, melting, sugary, slightly per- 
fumed. November and December. 

Large Round Blanquet. 

G-rosse Blanquette Ronde. Gros Blanquet Bond. 

An old fruit of little value, small size, round, yellowish, shade of red 
£ in the sun. Flesh white, half breaking, sweet. Last of July. 

La Savourese. 
Probably of German origin. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, green, with some marblings 
and patches of russet. Stalk long, slender. Flesh greenish white, but- 
tery, sweet, agreeable. Early winter. (Yerg.) 



798 



THE PEAR. 



Las Canas. 

Bon Parent. Bouvier. Bow Parent. 

A Belgian Pear, possessed of many of the best qualities that make 
up a good fruit. The tree is a good grower, an early bearer, and the 
fruit keeps well. 

Fruit medium or below, ovate acute pyriform, pale or greenish yel- 
low, netted and patched with golden russet, and thickly dotted with rus- 
set gray dots. Stalk medium, inclined, fleshy at base, or inserted by a 
lip without depression. Calyx small, open. Basin shallow, russeted. 
Flesh yellowish white, buttery, melting, juicy, slightly astringent, and 
aromatic. "Very good. October. 

La. Sceur Gregoire. 
Sceur Gregoire. 

Raised by M. Gregoire. 

Fruit large, oblong. Surface uneven, rich golden yellow, mostly 
overspread with dull brick red. Flesh fine, yellowish white, melting, 
buttery, juicy, sweet, with a delicate aroma. November, January. 
(An. Pom.) 

Laure de Glymes. 

A seedling of Van Mons\ Tree of moderate growth, very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oval, inclining to obovate. Sur- 
face rough, yellow, nearly covered, netted, and patched with russet, 
many russet dots. Stalk rather stout, fleshy at insertion. Calyx par- 
tially open. Segments recurved. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh 
yellowish, a little coarse, buttery, not very juicy, slightly vinous, and a 
little astringent. Good. September, October. 

Lawrence. 

Originated at Flushing, Long Island. Tree hardy, a moderate 
grower, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots dull yellow 
brown. A valuable sort for orcharding, and unsurpassed in its many 
good qualities among our early winter Pears. 

Fruit medium size, obovate obtuse pyriform, nearly regular. Color 
lemon yellow, with traces and occasional patches of russet, and thickly 
dotted with minute brown dots. Stalk of medium length and rather 
stout, set in an irregular russeted cavity. Calyx open. Segments short, 
persistent. Basin broad, shallow, uneven, or slightly corrugated, and 
thinly russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, and aromatic. 
Very good or best. December. 

Le Breton. 
The origin of this Pear is unknown. 

Fruit medium size, irregular, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, net- 
ted and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Flesh yellowish, 



799 



THE PEAR. 



rather coarse at the core, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good to 
very good. November to January. 




Le Brun. 
Originated in Troy, France. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong ovate pyriform, yellowish, with brown 
and fawn shades. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, with a musky 
perfume. September, October. (Leroy.) 

Lee. 
Lee's Seedling. 
Originated at Salem, Mass. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish oval, greenish, russet brown in 
sun. Flesh white, juicy, coarse. Poor. September. (Elliott.) 

Lefevre. 

Beurre le Fevre. Beurre de Mortefontaine. 

An old French Pear, originated about 1740. 

Fruit veiy large, roundish oval, dull green, dull brown in sun, with 
numerous conspicuous large gray dots. Stalk stout. Calyx with re- 
flexed segments. Flesh greenish white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous, 
perfumed. October. (Jar.) 



800 



THE PEAR. 



Lenawee. 

Origin unknown. Received from Dr. D. K. Underwood, of Adrian, 
Michigan. Tree at first upright, becoming straggling, and twisting 
irregular. 

Fruit medium, oblong pyriform. Surface uneven, light yellow, with a 
crimson cheek in sun, dotted with small russet specks. Flesh buttery, 
not very juicy, slightly aromatic. Good. September. 

Lent Saint Germain. 

Easter Saint Germain. 

Fruit pretty large, oblong oval obovate, pale green, full of small 
white specks. Flesh firm, breaking, with a very good flavored juice. 
March, April. (Lind.) 

Leochine de Printemps. 

This is one of the new foreign varieties, which we have fruited but 
once. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, netted and patched with 
russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. 
Flesh white, firm, not very juicy. Good. Late Winter. 

Leon Gregoire. 

This new Pear is described in the Annals of Pomology as : — 
Fruit large, oblong, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, marbled, 
mottled, and shaded with reddish brown, and reddish gray dots. Flesh 
yellowish white, melting, buttery, sweet, vinous, agreeable. December, 
January. 

Leonie Pinchart. 

A new Belgian variety. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, much cov- 
ered, netted, and patched with yellow russet, and minute russet dots. 
Stalk short, stout. Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin rather 
shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, melting. Very good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Leon le Clerc Laval. 
Blanc-per-ne. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. A good cooking Pear, large size, and 
very distinct from the celebrated " Yan Mons Leon le Clerc." In fa- 
vorable seasons it is of tolerable quality for the table. 

Fruit large, obovate pyriform, yellow, tinge of red in the sun, with 
russety spots at either end, and some large dots. Calyx large, with long, 
straight, narrow divisions, and placed in a broad shallow basin. Stalk 
an inch and a half long, pretty stout, swollen at its point of insertion. 
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, and rather firm, sweet, pleasant. 
Good. December to April. 



THE PEAR. 



801 



Leon le Clerg Louvain. 
A seedling of Van Mons', Belgium. Tree of moderate growth, very- 
productive. 

Fruit large, pyriform, russet, on greenish yellow ground. Stalk long 
and curved, inserted in a slight cavity by a lip. Calyx open. Basin shal- 
low. Flesh white, juicy, buttery, melting, rich, and exceedingly sugary. 
October, November. 

Leon Bey. 
Beurre Leon Eey. 
A new variety, obtained by Bey at Toulouse. 

Fruit medium size, roundish pyriform. Flesh melting, juicy. Au- 
gust. (Leroy.) 

Leopold I. 

A Belgian Pear, little known, and, so far as we have fruited it, not 
specially valuable. Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit medium, oblate obtuse pyriform, yellow, partially netted and 
patched with russet. Many russet dots. Stalk stout. Cavity small. 
Calyx open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet. 
Good to very good. (Dec.) 

Leopold Biche. 
One of M. de Jonghe's seedlings. 

Fruit rather large, obtuse obovate pyriform ; yellow, thickly dotted 
with large cinnamon russet dots. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Basin 
shallow. Flesh rather coarse-grained, crisp, very juicy, rich, sweet, with 
a fine almond flavor. November. (Hogg.) 

Lepine. 

De Lepine. Delepine. Poire de Lepine. 

Tree of moderate growth, very productive. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellowish, shaded with crimson, slightly rus- 
seted. Stalk long. Cavity broad and shallow. Calyx small, open, in a 
corrugated basin. Flesh coarse, granular, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous. 
Good. November, December. 

Lewis. 

This Pear originated on the farm of J ohn Lewis, of Boxbury, Mass. 
It bears enormous crops. The tree grows vigorously, and has long, 
drooping branches of olive brown color. 

Fruit scarcely of medium size, obovate, dark green in autumn, pale 
green at maturity, with numerous russety specks. Stalk long and slen- 
der, inserted nearly even with the surface. Calyx large, with white 
spread divisions. Basin almost level. Flesh yellowish white, rather 
coarse-grained, melting, juicy, and rich in flavor, with a slight spicy per- 
fume. Good. November to February. 

LlBERALE. 

Of Belgian origin. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood dull brown.. 

51 



802 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, shade of 
brown in the sun, sprinkled with brown or russet dots, and with patches 
of russet. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a cavity at an inclination. 
Calyx large and open. Basin broad and shallow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, 
melting, sweet, rich, and peculiarly aromatic. Yery good. October. 



Liebart. 

Chamoisine. Beurre Liebart. 

A foreign variety, the origin of which is unknown. Tree a very 
vigorous grower, and an early bearer. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, shade of red in 
the sun, a few large patches of russet and russet dots. Stalk rather 
stout. Cavity slight. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, 
coarse, breaking, not juicy. Poor. September. 

Lieutenant Poitevin. 
Lieutenant Poidevin. 

A French Pear, introduced in 1853. Tree vigorous, and an early 
bearer, valuable as a cooking fruit. 

Fruit large, broad at calyx, obtuse pyriform, yellow, overspread, net- 
ted and patched with cinnamon russet, many russet dots, sometimes 
shade of crimson in sun. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, rather firm, juicy, breaking, rather coarse. November to March. 



Limon. 

No. 10. Van Mons. Beurre Haggerston. Bergamotte Louise. 

A fine sprightly Belgian Pear, originated by Yan Mons. The 
young shoots are long, slender, reddish brown. 

Fruit rather small, obovate, yellow, with a faint red cheek. Stalk 
an inch and a half long, rather stout, set in a moderately depressed 
round cavity. Calyx set in a rather shallow round basin. Flesh white, 
buttery, melting, and juicy, with a sprightly high flavor. Yery good. 
Middle of August. 



Little Blanquet. 

Petite Blanquette. 
Petit Blanquet. 
Poire a la Perle. 
Blanquet Petit. 
Pearl Pear. 

An old variety, superseded. 
Fruit small, pyriform, yellowish white. Flesh half-breaking, plea- 
sant. Good. Early August. 



Little Blanket. 

Musk Blanquet or Blanquette. 
Small Blanquet. 
White Pear. 



Little Muscat. 

Little Musk. Primitive. Sept-en-gueule. 

Petit Muscat. Muscat Petit. Chiot. 

This very little French Pear, well known in many of our gardens, is 



THE PEAK. 



803 



allowed a place there, chiefly because it is the earliest of all Pears, rip- 
ening at the beginning of July. 

Fruit very small, turbinate, yellow, with a dull red cheek. Flesh 
breaking, sweet, with a slight musk flavor. Good. Very productive. 

Livingston Virgalieu. 

An old variety, somewhat grown along the Hudson River, origin 
unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish ob ovate, greenish yellow, patched and dot- 
ted with russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, open. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, nearly melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. September. 

Locke. 

Locke's New Beurre. 

This is a native fruit, originated by J ames Locke, West Cambridge, 
Mass. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, dull yellowish green, slightly 
mottled with spots of darker green and bits of russet. Flesh greenish 
white, melting, and juicy, with a sprightly vinous flavor. Good. 
November and December. 

Lodge. 
Smith's Bordenave. 

The Lodge Pear is a native of Pennsylvania, and is understood to 
have originated near Philadelphia. It is a very agreeable subacid Pear, 
and has so much of the Brown Beurre character, that we suspect it is 
a seedling of that fine old variety. 

Fruit of medium size, pyriform, tapering to the stem, and one-sided, 
greenish brown, the green becoming a little paler at maturity, and much 
covered with patches of dull russet. Stalk an inch and a fourth long, 
obliquely planted at the point of the fruit, which is a little swollen 
there. Flesh whitish, a little gritty at the core, which is large, juicy, 
and melting, with a rather rich flavor, relieved by pleasant acid. Very 
Good. September and October. 

London Sugar. 
An English Pear, described by Lindley. 

Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellow with a brownish tinge in sun. 
Flesh tender, melting, sweet. Good. Last of July. 

Long Green. 

Verte Longne. Mouille Bouche. Mouthwater. 

An old variety, described by Duhamel. Tree very vigorous and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, obovate acute pyriform. Stalk of medium length, 
nearly perpendicularly inserted. Calyx small, almost without basin. 
Skin remains green when fully ripe. Flesh melting, juicy, with a plea- 
sant spicy flavor. Good. September. 



804 



THE PEAK. 



Long Green of Autumn. 

Verte longue d'Automne. Autumn Mouthwater. 

Mouille bouche d'Automne. Coule Soif d'Automne. 

The Long Green of Autumn is said to be even an older variety than 
Long Green. The fruit of this sort is later in maturing. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate acute pyriform, smooth, pale green, with 
occasional patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with small brown 
dots. Stalk long, slender, curved. Calyx open. Segments almost joined, 
short, persistent. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh greenish white, buttery, 
juicy, half melting. Good. October. 

Long Green of Esperin. 

Verte Longue of Esperin. 

We received this variety from L. E. Berckmans. It is of Belgian 
origin. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with a shade 
of crimson in the sun, and patches and nettings of russet, and many 
brown dots. Stalk rather short, moderately stout, set in a small cavity. 
Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin shallow, furrowed. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, jnicy, half melting, vinous. Good. September. 

Long Green Panache. 
Culotte de Suisse. Verte longue panache. 

This differs from Long Green only in being striped with yellow. 

Long-Stalked Blanquet. 

Blanquette a longue queue. Long-Stalked Blanket. 

Blanquette a longue queuen. Sucree blanche. 

Long-Tailed Blanquette. t Gillette longue. 

Suchrin blanc d'Ete. 

A very old variety, now entirely superseded. 

Fruit small, roundish, greenish or greenish yellow. Flesh white, half 
breaking, delicate, sweet, vinous. Good. Early August. 

Louise Bonne. 
Louise Bonne Real. St. Germain Blanc. 

An old French winter Pear. 

Fruit large, pyriform, a little rounded towards the stalk, smooth, 
pale green. Flesh white, rather coarse-grained, melting, sweet. Good. 
December. 

Louise Bonne de Printemps. 

This variety was raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, France, as he 
supposed, from seed of Louise Bonne de Jersey, which in appearance 
the fruit much resembles. The tree is a vigorous grower and productive. 
Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, rich clear yellow, with a red 
cheek in sun, and a little of russet, especially near the stalk. Stalk 
short, set in a narrow, furrowed cavity. Calyx with short persistent 
segments. Basin rather deep, furrowed. Flesh white, melting, juicy, but- 
tery, sweet, .and slightly perfumed. February, March. (An. Pom.) 



THE PEAR. 



805 



Louise Bonne op Jersey. 

Bonne de Longueval. Beurre d'Araudore. 

Louise Bonne d'Avranches. Bonne Louise d'Araudore. 

Louise Bonne de Jersey. Beurre d'Avranches. 

Beurre or Bonne Louise d'Araudore. Bonne d'Avranches. 
William the Fourth. De Louise. 

Bergamotte d'Avranches. William. 
De Jersey. 

Originated in France, near Avranches, succeeds admirably on the 
quince, forming a fine pyramid — not of the first quality, but profit- 
able. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit of better quality 
on the quince than on the pear. Young wood dull olive brown. 




Louise Bonne of Jersey. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, a little one-sided, glossy, pale green in 
the shade, but overspread with brownish red in the sun, and dotted with 
numerous gray dots. Stalk about an inch long, curved, rather obliquely 
inserted, without depression, or with a fleshy, enlarged base. Calyx 
open, in a shallow, uneven basin. Flesh greenish white, very juicy and 
melting, with a rich and excellent flavor. Good to very good. Sep- 
tember and October. 



806 



THE PEAR. 



Louise of Boulogne. 

Of Belgic origin. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, sprinkled with 
brown dots. Stalk long, a little curved, rather slender. Cavity small, 
russeted. Calyx open. Basin small and uneven. Flesh whitish, light 
pink at centre, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. October, 
November. 

Louis Gregoire. 

A seedling raised in 1832 byM. Gregoire, of Jodoigne. Tree a vigo- 
rous, somewhat upright grower, and productive. Young wood dull yel- 
lowish olive brown. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, con- 
siderably covered with russet, and thickly dotted with russet dots. Stalk 
varying, set with little or no depression. Calyx open. Segments large, 

persistent. Basin small and rather 
shallow. Flesh yellowish white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vi- 
nous. Good. October, Novem- 
ber. 

Lucien Leclercq. 

A seedling of Yan Hons' that 
first fruited in 1844. 

Fruit medium size, ovate, pale 
green, with russet patches and 
russet near the stalk, distinct rough 
dots. Flesh fine, white, melting, 
sweet. November. (Alb. Pom.) 

Lycurgus. 

Originated with George Hoad- 
ley, of Cleveland, O., from seed 
of Winter Nelis. It is one of 
the best in quality of late Winter 
Pears. The tree is a moderate, 
rather spreading grower, produc- 
tive. Young wood dark rich 
Lycurgus. olive brown. 

Fruit small, oblong pyriform, 
greenish yellow, mostly covered with a thin brownish russet, many 
large grayish dots. Stalk medium length, a little curved, set with 
little or no depression. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin 
small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, a little aro- 
matic, and slightly perfumed. Yery good. December to February. 

Lydia Thierard. 

Raised by M. Jules Thierard, Bethel, France. Tree very vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit is of Bergamotte shape. Stalk of medium size, curved, a little 
fleshy at the base, in a large and uneven depression. Calyx small, 
open. Basin large, deep, regular. Skin thin, clear green, thickly 




THE PEAR. 



807 



sprinkled with small brown dots, and russet spots near the calyx. 
Flesh fine, melting, juicy, sugary, and highly perfumed. Core large. 
Season, December to January. (Revue Horticole.) 

Lyon. 

Originated at Newport, R. I. Tree upright, vigorous, hardy, and 
productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with a crimson blush on one 
side, min ute dots, russet near the stalk. Calyx small. Segments per- 
sistent. Basin narrow, shallow. Flesh white, coarse, gritty at the core, 
melting, moderately juicy, sweet. Good to very good. October. 
(Hov. Mag.) 

McLaughlin. 

A native of Maine, introduced by S. L. Goodale, of Saco. Tree 
hardy and vigorous. Young wood light dull red. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, greenish, mostly covered with russet, 




McLaughlin. 



which becomes yellowish at maturity, with a warm sunny cheek. Stalk 
short, inserted at an inclination, with some appearance of a lip. Calyx 
open, set in a shallow corrugated basin. Flesh whitish, not very fine, 
juicy, and melting. Flavor sweet, rich, and perfumed. Good to very 
good. November to J anuary. 

McYean. 

Origin, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree very vigorous, very productive. 
Young wood grayish light yellow brown. 



808 



THE PEAK. 



Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, with nettings and patches 
of russet, and numerous green and brown dots. Stalk short, rather 
stout, fleshy at insertion, and often set inclined, and with a lip. Calyx 
partially closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh coarse, not juicy, or 
melting, sweet. Good. September. 

Madame Durieux. 

A Flemish variety. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish, netted 
and patched and dotted with russet. Stalk long or very long, and slen- 
der. Flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet. Yery good. Octo- 
ber. 

Madame Ducar. 

Introduced by M. Esperen. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale lemon yellow, with a few rus- 
set dots. Stalk long, fleshy at insertion. Cavity medium, somewhat 




Madame Eliza. 



THE PEAR. 



809 



ribbed. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, 
melting, pleasant, slightly vinous. Yery good. September. 

Madame Eliza. 

One of Bivort's seedlings, and named in honor of the wife of the 
well-known pomologist, L. E. Berckmans. The tree is vigorous, rather 
open and irregular in form, productive. Young wood dull olive yellow 
brown. It is a Pear described as excellent in Belgium, and so far here 
sustains its foreign character. 

Fruit large, oblong ovate acute pyriform, pale whitish yellow, a 
few traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with small russet dots. 
Stalk long, inclining, fleshy at insertion, or by a lip. Calyx small, par- 
tially closed. Segments small, erect. Basin abrupt, uneven, russeted. 
Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, delicately perfumed. Yery 
good. October. 

Madame Millet. 

Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood olive brown. 
Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, much covered, netted, 
patched, and dotted with light russet. Stalk long, stout, curved, set in 
a slight cavity with a lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin 
rather small, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, not melting, slightly vinous, 
a little aromatic. Good. November to April. 

Madame Gee go ire. 

Of Belgian origin, seedling of Gregoire of Jodoigne, and dedicated 
to his wife. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted, patched, 
and dotted with brown russet. Stalk rather long, fleshy at base. Ca- 
vity rather deep. Flesh white, tinted with rose, half melting, sweet, 
vinous, perfumed. November, December. (An. Pom.) 

Madame Henri Desportes. 

Fruit roundish, obovate, yellow, mostly covered with dark cinna- 
mon-colored russet. Stalk short, stout. Calyx large, open. Flesh 
yellow, buttery, rich, sweet, juicy. October. (Hogg.) 

Madame Treyve. 
Souvenir de Madame Treyve. 
Raised by M. Treyve, of Trevons, France, and dedicated to his wife. 
Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, with a red cheek in 
the sun, some russet, and dotted with minute brown dots. Stalk slen- 
der. Cavity narrow. Calyx small, open. Basin narrow, round, regu- 
lar. Flesh white, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, with a delicate aroma. 
September. (Yerg.) 

Madeleine, or Citron des Carmes. 

Madeleine. Sainte-Madelaine. 
Citron des Carmes. Grune Sommer Magdalena. 

Early Chaumontelle. Crane Magdalena. 

Magdelen. 

The Madeleine is one of the most refreshing and excellent of the 



810 



THE PEAR. 



early Pears. It takes its name from its being in perfection, in France, 
at the feast of Ste. Madeleine. Citron des Carmes comes from its being 
first cultivated by the Carmelite monks. The tree is fruitful and vigo- 
rous, with long, erect, olive-colored branches. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Stalk long and slender, 
often nearly two inches, set on the side of a small swelling. Pale yellow- 
ish green (very rarely with a little brownish blush and russet specks 
around the stalk). Calyx small, in a very shallow furrowed basin. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, with a sweet and delicate flavor, slightly 
perfumed. Good to very good. Middle and last of July. 



Malconnaitre d'Haspin. 

Fruit large, form roundish obovate. Stalk one inch long, inserted 
in a slight depression. Calyx closed, set in a rather deep irregular 
basin. Skin dull yellow, with a brownish red cheek, stippled with 
coarse dots, and russeted at the calyx. Flesh juicy, tender, and melt- 
ing. Flavor rich subacid, perfumed. Tree vigorous, hardy, and pro- 
ductive. October, November. (Wilder's Pep.) 



Manchester. 

Manchester Late. Manchester October, 

A native variety, originated in Providence, P. I. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with a blush of crimson in 
the sun, traces and many dots of russet. Stalk rather long. Calyx 
open. Flesh white, moderately juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. 
Good. October. 



with a 
or best. 



Manning's Elizabeth. 

Van Mons. No. 154. 
Elizabeth Van Mons. 

Manning's Elizabeth, a seed- 
ling of Dr. Van Mons', named by 
Mr. Manning, is a very sweet and 
sprightly Pear, with a peculiar fla- 
vor. A beautiful dessert fruit, 
productive, growth moderate, 
shoots dull reddish. One of 
the most desirable Pears of 
its season, for amateur growing. 

Fruit below medium, obovate 
obtuse pyriform, bright yellow, 
with a lively red cheek, dotted 
with brown and red dots. Stalk 
one inch long, set in a shallow, 
round cavity. Calyx open, set 
in a broad shallow basin. Flesh 
white, juicy, and very melting, 
saccharine but very sprightly aromatic character. Very good 
Last of August. 




Manning's Elizabeth. 



THE PEAR. 



811 



Mansfield. 

A native variety, origin uncertain. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with considerable 
russet and many green and brown dots. Stalk rather long. Cavity 
narrow, small. Calyx open, with recurved segments. Basin broad, 
uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, buttery, melting, sweet, a little astringent. 
Good. September. 

Marasquine. 
A Belgian Pear, obtained of Major Esperen. 

Fruit medium, oblong oval, light pale yellow, greenish in shade, with 
fawn russet in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Basin shallow. 
Flesh white, fine, melting, slightly sweet, perfumed. August. (Verg.) 

March Bergamotte. 
One of Mr. Knight's seedlings. 

Fruit small or medium. Color green, with small gray dots, and 
large patches of russet. Stalk long, straight, in a cavity like that of 
an apple. Flesh coarse, greenish, of no decided excellence. 

Marechal de la Cour. 

B. O. de la Cour. Baud de la Cour. 

Conseiller de la Cour. Grosse Marie. 

Marechal Decours. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Dedicated to his son in 1845. Tree 
moderately vigorous, holding its foliage late in season. Young shoots 
olive reddish brown, with many specks. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, with a slight netting and few patches of russet, and russet dots. 
Stalk rather long, sometimes inclined, set in a moderate cavity, some- 
what russeted. Calyx open, in a narrow basin, russeted. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, buttery, juicy, melting, rich vinous, very good. October, 

Marechal Dillen. 
Dillen d'Automne. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large or very large, oblong obtuse pyriform, dull greenish 
yellow, mottled with fawn, shades and traces and dots of russet. Stalk 
short, set in a broad shallow cavity. Flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy, 
sweet. October, November. (An. Pom.) 

Margaret. 

Raised by Christopher Wiegel, Cleveland, O. Tree a vigorous, up- 
right grower, productive, and an early bearer. Young wood dull 
reddish. 

Fruit small to medium, oblong obovate, yellow, mostly overspread 
with deep dull red, small russet dots. Stalk medium, inserted with- 



812 



THE PEAR. 



out depression. Calyx large, open. Segments long, refiexed. Flesh 
white, juicy, vinous, sweet, good, early. August. (Hort.) 




Marechal de la Cour. 



Mae.ian.nt2 de Nancy. 
Raised by Yan Mons. 

Fruit medium or above, oblong obovate pyriform, yellowish green, 
netted and dotted with fine dull russet. Stalk short, stout. Calyx 
open. Flesh white, buttery, half melting, juicy, vinous, sweet. Octo- 
ber. (Alb. Pom.) 

Marie de Nantes. 

A French Pear, originated by M. Gamier, in 1853. Tree mode- 
rately vigorous. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit small, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, shade of brownish 
red in sun, and partially netted and patched with russet, especially near 



THE PEAR. 



813 



the base. Stalk short, set in a narrow, furrowed, shallow cavity. Calyx 
small, open, with short segments. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, 
melting, sweet. Yery good. November, December. 

Marie Guisse. 

This variety is said to have been grown from seed of St. Germain, in 
1834, near the town of Metz, France. It was twenty years before it 
fruited. 

Fruit medium size, obovate oblong pyriform. Surface uneven, 
yellow, with shades of red in sun, and large, dull, dark specks. Stalk 
rather long and moderately stout, set in a narrow furrowed cavity. 
Flesh yellowish white, granular, melting, sweet, vinous. December, 
February. (Yerg.) 

Marie Louise. 

Forme de Marie Louise. Marie Louise Donkelar. 

Marie Chretienne. Marie Louise Nouvelle. 

Princesse de Parme. Marie Louise de Jersey. 

Braddick's Field Standard. Corchorus. 

Marie Louise d'Elcourt. Marie Louise Delacourt. 

Van Donkelear. Van Donckelaer. 

A Belgian variety, of first quality in its native country, and here, in 
some seasons, fully sustains that character ; but it is so uncertain, so 
variable in seasons, as greatly to detract from its value. Tree a vigo- 
rous but straggling grower. Young wood reddish olive brown. 

Fruit pretty large, oblong pyriform, rather irregular or one-sided in 
figure, pale green, but at maturity rich yellow, a good deal sprinkled 
and mottled with light russet on the exposed side. Stalk an inch and a 
half long, obliquely planted, sometimes under a slightly raised lip, some- 
times in a very small one-sided cavity. Flesh white, exceedingly but- 
tery and melting, with a rich, saccharine, and vinous flavor. Yery 
good. Last of September and middle of October. 

Marie Louise d'TJccle. 

This variety was raised from a seed of the Marie Louise, by M. 
Gambier, in a village (Uccle) near Brussels. Tree a vigorous, upright 
grower. Young wood dark brown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Surface rough, 
yellow, with a shade of brown in the sun, considerably netted, patched, 
and numerously dotted with russet. Stalk medium, inclined, curved, set 
in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx large, partially open, with 
persistent segments. Basin large, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, 
vinous, a little astringent. Good to very good. September, October. 

Marie Louise Nova. 



This variety was sent by Yan Mons to Mr. Manning. It will by no 
means bear a comparison with the Marie Louise, though in some seasons 
a very good fruit. The wood is very strong and dark colored. 

Fruit medium, regular acute pyriform, yellow, with a brownish- 
red cheek. Flesh at first melting, juicy, but quickly decays. Good. 
Last of September. 



814 



THE PEAR. 



Marie Parent. 

Sophia Beekmans. Roussellet de Meester. 

Ferdinand de Meester. 

Raised by M. Bivort, in 1844, from seeds of the last generation of 
Yan Mons' seedlings. It first fruited in 1851. Tree moderately vigo- 
rous. Young wood dull grayish-reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform to obovate acute pyriform, green- 
ish yellow, with shade of red in the sun, and traces of russet, and 
many minute brown dots. Stalk medium, generally inserted without 
cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, vinous. Good. 
September. 

Marquise de Bedman. 

Of foreign origin. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish pyriform, pale greenish yellow, 
with a few traces and patches of russet, and many green and brown 
dots. Stalk loug, slender. Cavity small. Calyx open. Flesh white, 
sweet, rather firm. Good. September. 

Marmion. 

A Belgian variety. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, some russet. Flesh 
whitish, coarse, sweet, dry and poor. November. 

Martha Ann. 
Dana's No. 1. 
Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, with 
patches and dots of russet. Flesh coarse, juicy, astringent. Poor. 
October. 

Martin Sec. 

Rousselette d'Hiver Martin Sec d'Hiver. 

Dry Martin. Troken Martin. 

Winter Rousselette. Martin Sec de Champagne. 

An old variety, of which the origin is unknown. Tree vigorous, very 
productive. 

Fruit small, ovate, yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, some 
russet. Flesh coarse, granular, juicy, half breaking, agreeable. Chiefly 
valued for cooking. Winter. 

Martin Sire. 
Certeau Musque d'Hiver. Sire Martin. 

A very old sort, valued only for cooking. 

Fruit large, pyriform, greenish yellow, with a shade of red in the sun. 
Flesh crisp, gritty near the core, juicy, sweet. December to February. 



THE PEAE. 815 



Marulis. 
Marcellis. 

Foreign. 

Fruit small, roundish, greenish yellow. Poor. September. (Elliott.) 

Mary. 

Originated in the grounds of William Case, Cleveland, O. Tree 
an upright, vigorous grower, with brownish, short-jointed young wood. 
An early and productive bearer. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish pyriform, yellow, mostly overspread 
with rich red, a little russet, and many gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
large. Erect segments. Flesh white, juicy, almost buttery, sweet. 
Very good. Last of July. (Hort.) 

Mather. 

Originated with John Mather, near Jenkinstown, Montgomery Co., 
Pa. Tree a moderate grower. Young wood olive grayish brown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish ovate, greenish yellow, slight blush in 
sun, and many minute brown dots. Stalk short, stout. Calyx open. 
Flesh white, a little coarse, not juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Maynard. 

Origin unknown, grown in Lancaster Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, with russet dots and 
a crimson cheek. Stalk obliquely inserted, fleshy at its junction. Calyx 
open, in a slight depression. Flesh white, juicy, and sugary. Scarcely 
good. Pipe last of July. 

Mellish. 

Fruit below medium, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, netted, patched, 
and dotted with russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx partially closed. 
Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. 
October. 

Merriam. 

Origin, Poxbury, Mass. Tree vigorous and very productive. Young 
wood reddish yellow brown ; a good market sort. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull yellow, covered with pale rus- 
set around the stem and calyx, and entire surface somewhat netted with 
russet. Stalk short, moderately stout, in a small cavity, with one pro- 
tuberant side. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and furrowed. Flesh yel- 
lowish, coarse, melting, and juicy, slightly vinous, musky. Good to very 
good. October. 

Messire Jean. 

Chaulis. Messire Jean Dore. 

Emmilacour. Mr. John. 

Marion. John. 

Monsieur Jean. Communaute. 

Messire Jean Gris. Coulis. 

Messire Jean Blanc. Couvent. 



An old French Pear, but rather coarse-grained and gritty. 



810 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit of medium size, turbinate, yellow, nearly covered with brown 
russet. Flesh gritty, white, crisp, juicy, and breaking, with a very sweet 
flavor. Good. November and December. 




Michaux. 

Comte de Michaux. 

Fruit of medium size, nearly round pyriform, light yellowish green, 
with a faint blush on the sunny side. Flesh white, coarse, half buttery, 
juicy, sweet, but second-rate. Poor. September and October. 



MlGNONNE D'HiVER. 

An old Belgian variety, often very good. 

Fruit medium, ovate obovate to oblong ovate pyriform, light yellow, 
mostly covered with thick rough russet, and veined with crimson and 
fawn. Stalk rather stout. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, a little gran- 
ular, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, aromatic. Good. November, De- 
cember. 



Milan de Rouen. 

A Flemish Pear, little known and not of much value. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with nettings, patches, and 
dots of russet. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, melting, vinous. Septem- 
ber. 

Millot de Nancy. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, named after M. Millot, a resident of 
Nancy, France. Tree productive. Young shoots reddish brown. 



THE PEAR. 



817 



' Fruit medium, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with many brown dots. 
' Stalk medium, curved, often inclined, and set in a small cavity. Calyx 

partially open. Segments short, erect. Flesh yellowish, not juicy, 

melting, sweet. Good. November. 

Mitchell's Russet. 

Origin, Belleville, 111. 

Fruit medium or small, roundish, slightly pyriform, rough, yellow 
brown russet, thickly covered with gray dots. Stalk long. Calyx open. 
Flesh juicy, melting, astringent. Scarcely good. October. 

Moccas. 

Originated by Mr. Knight. A good grower, productive, but not of 
good quality. 

Fruit medium, obovate, green, sprinkled with small dots. Flesh 
juicy. Poor. December. 

Mollet's Guernsey Beurre. 

Mollet's Guernsey Chaumontelle. 

An English variety, raised by Charles Mollet, Esq., of the Island 
of Guernsey. 

Fruit of medium size, oval pyriform. Skin rather uneven, yellow 
and yellowish green, nearly covered on one side with dark cinnamon 
brown russet, in stripes and tracings. Flesh yellowish, melting, and 
buttery, with a rich vinous flavor. Good. December. 

MONSEIGNEUR AFFRE. 

One of Bivort's introducing. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. 
Young wood dull olive brown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish, considerably covered with 
thick russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, curved, 
inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx small, open, persistent. Basin 
broad. Flesh white, rather coarse, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. 
November. 

MONSEIGNEUR DES HONS. 

A new summer Pear, from Troyes, France. Tree vigorous, spread- 
ing. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, rich warm yellow, veined 
with green, and shaded with a warm red cheek in the sun. Stalk me- 
dium, inserted without depression. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh 
half fine, melting, aromatic, sweet. Early August. (An. Pom.) 

MONSEIGNEUR SlBOUR. 

A new French Pear, described in the Annals of Pomology : — 
" Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with greenish shades, 
mottled, shaded, and dotted with warm red or crimson. Stalk long,. 

52 



818 



THE PEAR. 



slender. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melting, ( 
juicy, sweet. November." 

MOEEL. 

An English Pear, mainly valued for cooking. 

Fruit medium, obovate, yellow, freckled with large russet spots. 
Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, and sweet. December to April. 
(Hogg.) 

Mount Vernon. 
Walker's Seedling. 

A chance seedling, originated in the grounds of Samuel "Walker, 
Roxbury, Mass., and by him named Mou^t Yernon. The tree is a vigo- 
rous grower, and an early bearer. Young wood yellow reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, varying in form, but generally roundish 
obtuse pyriform, light russet on a yellow ground, brownish red in the 
sun. Stalk short, inserted by a lip, with little or no depression. Calyx 
small, closed, with short segments. Flesh yellowish, granulated, juicy, 
melting, slightly vinous and slightly aromatic. Very good. November, 
December. 

MOYAMENSING. 
Smith's Early Butter. 

Origin in the garden of J. B. Smith, Philadelphia, Moyamehsing 
District. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon or greenish yellow, with 
patches, marblings, and dots of russet. Stalk short. Calyx nearly closed. 
Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Muscadine. 

The Muscadine is remarkable for its high musky aroma. Its history 
is uncertain, and it is believed to be a native. It bears very heavy 
crops, and if the fruit is picked early, and ripened in the house, it is a 
good Pear of its season. Tree vigorous, upright in growth. Young 
shoots stout, dark gray brown. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate, regularly formed, pale yel- 
lowish green, a little rough, thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk 
about an inch long, set in a well-formed small cavity. Calyx with re- 
flexed segments, set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, buttery, half melt- 
ing, with an agreeable, rich, musky flavor. Good to very good. Last 
of August and first of September. 

Muscat Robert. 

Poire a, la Heine. Queen's Amber. 

D'Ambre. Virgin of Xaintonge. 

St. Jean Musquee Gros. Muscat d'Ambre. 

Musk Robine. The Princess. 

Early Queen. Great Musk Pear of Cone. 

^Queen's Pear. Maiden of Flanders. 

Peurre a la Peine. Maiden of Xaintonge. 

Robine. Robert's Muskateller. 
Muscat Robine. 

An old Pear, of unknown origin. Tree very productive. 



THE PEAK. 



819 



Fruit small, roundish pyriform, inclining to ovate, greenish yellow, 
" with a dull crimson. Stalk long, sometimes inserted by a lip, and some- 
times in a slight cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh breaking, juicy, 
sweet. Good. Last of July. 

Muskingum. 

Origin, supposed Ohio. Tree very vigorous, upright, hardy, and 
productive. Young wood dull reddish olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, much dotted with russet 
and green. Stalk long. Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin very shal- 
low. Flesh melting, with a pleasant, brisk flavor. Good. Ripe mid- 
dle and last of August. 



Napoleon. 



Medaille. 
Sucree Doree. 
Poire Liard. 

Eoi de Rome, erroneously. 

Bonaparte. 

Belle Canaise 

Charles. 

Poire Napoleon. 
Gloire de l'Empereur. 
Captif de Sainte Helene. 



Melon. 

Beurre d'Autien. 

Liart. 

Mabille. 

Mailanderin Grosse Grune. 
Napoleon d'Hiver. 
Bois Napoleon. 
Napoleon Vrai. 
Bon Chretien Dore. 



The Napoleon is hardy, thrifty, and bears abundant crops, even 
while very young. In poor soils, or unfavorable exposures only, it is 

fl astringent. The tree is thrifty, and a vigorous grower. Shoots upright, 
olive colored. It was raised from seed, in 1808, by M. Liard, gardener 

j at Mons. 

Fruit pretty large, obtuse pyriform, clear green at first, but becom- 
ing pale yellowish green at maturity. Stalk varying from half an inch 
to an in chlong, pretty stout, set in a slight depression or under a swol- 
len lip. Calyx set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, melting, 
juicy, sweet, sprightly. Good. September. 



Napoleon Savinien. 

This is a new French variety, resembling Napoleon in appearance 
( but maturing later in the season. 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, partially netted and 
patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx large, open. Segments reflexed. Basin large, uneven. Flesh 
whitish, rather coarse, juicy, half melting. Good. January. 



Naumkeag. 



A native of Salem, Mass. 
Fruit medium, roundish, 
but rather astringent in flavor. 



Skin yellow russet. 
Good. October. 



Flesh juicy, melting, 



Navez Peintre. 

Fruit medium, ovate, yellowish green, with brownish red in the sun, 
and bands of brown russet. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, melting, 
juicy, piquant, sugary. Last of September. (Hogg.) 



820 



THE PEAR. 



Negley. 

This is supposed to be a seedling originated near Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Introduced by J. S. Negley. Tree vigorous, upright, and an early 
bearer. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform, waxen yellow, 
slightly netted with russet, beautifully shaded with bright crimson in 
the sun, and thickly sprinkled with minute brown russet dots. Stalk 
medium. Cavity deep, regular. Calyx open. Segments persistent. 
Basin shallow, a little russeted. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, half- 
melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Early 
September. 

Ne Plus Meuris. 

This is a Belgian Pear, one of Dr. Yan Mons' seedlings, named in 
allusion to Pierre Meuris, his gardener at Brussels. The tree grows 
upright, has short-jointed, olive-colored shoots. 

Fruit medium or rather small, roundish, usually very irregular, with 
swollen parts on the surface, dull yellowish brown, partially covered 
with iron-colored russet. Stalk quite short, set without depression, in 
a small cavity. Flesh yellowish white, buttery, with a sugary and 
agreeable flavor. Good. January to March. 

New Bridge. 

Fruit below medium, pyriform, dull gray, covered with gray russet 
brown in the sun. Flesh melting, a little gritty, a sugary juice without 
flavor. October. (Lindley.) 

Newhall. 

Raised from seed by Thaddeus Clapp, Dorchester, Mass. Tree hardy, 
healthy, and prolific. Young wood quite reddish. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, inclining to oval. Surface a little 
uneven, yellow at maturity, with a few traces or blotches of russet, 
sometimes a blush cheek in sun. Stalk inserted without much cavity. 
Calyx small, partly closed, set in a corrugated basin. Flesh melting, 
very juicy, buttery, and tender, sweet, with a musky aroma. Yery 
good. October. (Journ. of Hort.) 

Newtown. 
Newtown Seedling'. 
Originated at Newtown, Long Island. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, netted and patched 
with russet. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, half melting, sweet, and 
pleasant. Good. September. 

Nickerson. 

This variety originated in Beadfield, Me., from seed planted by 
ex-Governor Huntoon. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow, with a dull red cheek 
in sun. Flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous, sweet. Good. October. 



THE PEAR. 



821 



NlELL. 

Beurre Niell. Colmar Bosc. 

Poire Mell. Fondante du Bois, incorrectly. 

Colmar Mel. 

A large and handsome Belgian variety, raised by Van Mons, from 
seeds sown in 1815, and named in honor of Dr. Niell, of Edinburgh, a 
distinguished horticulturist and man of science. The tree bears 
plentifully. 

Fruit large, obovate, inclining to pyriform, rather shortened in figure 
on one side and enlarged on the other, tapering to the stalk, which is 
about an inch long, obliquely planted, with little or no cavity, pale 
yellow, delicately marked with thin russet, finely dotted, and sometimes 
marked with faint red. Flesh white, buttery, sweet, with a plentiful 
and agreeable juice. Good to very good. Last of September. 

NlLES ? 

A. foreign variety, imported by John M. Niles, Hartford, Conn. 
The original name having been lost, it has not yet been identified. Young 
wood whitish gray. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Color yellow at maturity, thickly 
covered with russet dots. Stalk long, inserted in a deep, abrupt, uneven 
cavity. Calyx closed, set in a deep round basin. Flesh juicy, buttery, 
sweet, and pleasant. December. (Ad. Int. Rep.) 

Nonpareil. 

A seedling raised by Judge Livingston, of New York. Tree vigo- 
rous, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, russety yellow, specked with red. 
Flesh fine, melting, sugary, juicy, rich vinous. December. (Hov. Mag.) 

NOTARIE MlNOT. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, mostly overspread 
and shaded with red in sun, and bright fawn russet in shade. Stalk 
slender. Cavity rather deep, narrow. Flesh yellowish white, melting, 
juicy, sweet, perfumed. November. (Alb. Pom.) 

NOUVEAU POITEAU. 

Tombe de 1' Amateur. Choix d'un Amateur. 

A seedling of Van Mons', a very vigorous grower, forming a beauti- 
ful pyramid ; very productive. Young wood brownish red. An early 
bearer. 

Fruit large, obovate, inclining to pyriform, green, with numerous 
russet dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk rather short, curved, 
inserted in a small cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a narrow basin 
of moderate depth. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, with a 
sugary, vinous, and very refreshing flavor. Good to very good. Pipe 
November. 



822 



THE PEAR. 



NOUVELLE FlJLVIE. 
Fulvie Gregoire. 

This new Belgian Pear is described in the Annals of Pomology as : — 
Fruit very large, pyriform. Surface uneven, rich light yellow, shaded 
and marbled with brown red in the sun, and an occasional fawn russet 
patch. Stalk stout, inserted as it were by a neck. Calyx large, in a 
round, regular basin. Flesh yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy, 
sweet, with an exquisite perfume. January and February. 

As we have received and fruited this Pear it is only of medium size, 
roundish, slightly pyriform, and ripens in November. 

Oak-Leaved Imperial. 

Imperial. Imperiale a feuilles de chene. 

Imperial Oak -leaved. Oak-leaved Imperial. 

An old Pear, of unknown origin and of little value, except as a curi- 
osity, from its peculiar foliage somewhat resembling the oak. 

Fruit below medium, ovate pyriform, deep green, with some nettings 
and patches of russet. Flesh whitish, half melting, juicy, sweet. Good. 
December to March. 

Oakley Park Bergamotte. 

One of Knight's seedlings. It is described by the London Horti- 
cultural Society as : — 

Fruit medium size, roundish ob ovate, greenish yellow, with some 
russet. Flesh buttery, melting. October. 

GEuf. 

Fruit small, oval, greenish yellow, with light red in the sun, and 
gray russety dots. Stalk long. Calyx small, open. Flesh whitish, 
tender, melting, sweet, musky. Pipe in August, and will keep three 
weeks without decaying. (Hogg.) 

Oken. 

Oken d'Hiver Cent Courormes. 

Winter Oken. Beurre Oken. 

A Belgian Pear, of little value. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with a little brown in 
sun. Flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Hardly good. Oc- 
tober. 

Oliver's Eusset. 

Originated in the grounds of Oliver, Lynn, Mass. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, cinnamon russet on yellow 
ground, with a blush. Stalk in a cavity. Basin small. Flesh whitish, 
coarse, without much flavor. Last of September. 

Olivier de Serres. 
Originated with M. Boisbunel, Eouen, France. Tree vigorous, 



THE PEAR. 



823 



rather spreading, and very productive. Young wood slender, rich yel- 
low brown. A new sort, reputed of first quality in France. It has 
not yet fruited here. 

Fruit medium to large, irregular in form, generally roundish. Deep 
1 i yellow, with shade of rough russet, and many reddish russet dots in 
t sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, rich, juicy, sweet, delicate perfume. 
i February, March. (Verg.) 

Oneida. 

Origin, Western New York. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, pale yellow, partially netted and 
patched with light russet. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, half melting, 
pleasant. Good. September. 




Onondaga. 



Onondaga. 

Swan's Orange. Kilmer. 
Supposed to have originated in Farmington, Conn. Tree very vigo- 



824 



THE PEAR. 



rous and productive. Young wood olive brown. A profitable market 
variety. 

Fruit large, ovate obovate obtusely pyriform. Skin somewhat 
coarse and uneven, thickly covered with russet dots, fine rich yellow at 
maturity, generally with some traces of russet, and sometimes with a 
sunny cheek. Stalk rather stout, of medium length, inserted in a small 
cavity, at an inclination. Calyx small, firmly closed, set in a narrow, 
somewhat uneven basin. Flesh buttery, melting, abounding in juice, 
slightly granular, and when in perfection with a fine, rich, vinous 
flavor. A variable fruit. Good to very good. September to No- 
vember. 

Ontario. 

Origin, Geneva, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and produc- 
tive. Young wood light yellow, a shade of red next the buds. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, pale yellow, thickly dotted 
with minute brown and green dots, and slightly netted with russet. 
Stalk long, inserted in a small cavity, with a ring or lip. Calyx open, 
with long recurved segments. Flesh whitish, slightly veined with yel- 
low, melting, juicy, buttery, slightly granulous, sweet. Good to very 
good. Last September. 

Orange. 

Red Orange. Orange d'Automne. Orange Rouge. 

An old variety of little value. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular, pale yellow, with a few traces of 
russet and brown dots. Flesh white, half melting, sweet. Early Sep- 
tember. 

Orange Bergamotte. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow. Flesh firm, rather acid 
for eating, but excellent for baking. September. 

Orange d'Hiver. 
Winter Orange. 

Fruit medium ; an old Pear, very productive ; not desirable for ta- 
ble, but a good baking Pear. November, December. 

Orange Mandarine. 

Fruit about medium, roundish, golden yellow, with many brown 
russet dots, and a warm glow on the side next the sun. Flesh yellowish, 
very tender, melting, acidulous, sugary. October. (Hogg.) 

Orange Musquee. 

Orange Musk. Musk Orange. Orange d'£te. 

Fruit medium, round, yellow, marbled and shaded with red in the 
sun. Flesh breaking, with a musky j uice. Good. Last of August. 



THE PEAR. 



825 



Orange Tulipee. 

Poire aux Mouch.es. Tuliped or Fly-Pear. 

Striped Orange. Great Orange. 

Fruit pretty large, oval pyriform, green, shaded in sun with brown- 
ish red. Flesh melting, juice agreeable. September. (Lind.) 

Orpheline Colmar. 

One of Van Mons' Belgian Pears, as yet little known in this coun- 
try. Tree vigorous, very fertile. Young wood dull olive brown. 

Fruit very large, pyriform, bright green, somewhat yellow, dotted 
with gray, brown, and black, and shaded with russet, fawn on the sunny 
side, and around the calyx and stem. Flesh whitish yellow, fine, melt- 
ing, a little granular around the core, juicy, sweet, and perfumed. Octo- 
ber. (An. Pom.) 

Osband's Summer. 
Osband's Favorite. Summer Yirgalieu. 

Origin, Wayne County, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, 
an early and prolific bearer. Young wood rich yellow brown. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate obovate pyriform, clear yellow, thickly 
dotted with small greenish and brown dots, with a warm cheek on the 
side of the sun, and some traces 
of russet, particularly around 
stalk and calyx. Stalk of medi- 
um length, rather strong, inserted 
in an abrupt cavity. Calyx open, 
set in a broad, shallow basin. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, with 
a rich sugary flavor and pleasant 
musky perfume. Yery good. Ri- 
pens early in August. 

OSBORNE. 

Origin, Economy, Ind. Pro- 
ductive and a free grower. 

Fruit medium, short pyri- 
form, yellowish green, with nu- 
merous gray dots. Stalk rather 
long. Basin broad and shal- 
low. Calyx partially closed. 
Flesh, white, juicy, brisk, vinous. 
Hardly good. Middle of Sep 
tember. 

Oswego Beurre. 
Read's Seedling. 

Raised by Walter Read, of Oswego, N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, 
and productive. Young wood olive yellow. 




826 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, yellowish green, 
streaked and mottled with thin russet, but becomes a fine yellow. Stalk 
rather short, inserted in a deep, round cavity. Calyx closed, set in an 
even, shallow basin. Flesh buttery, juicy, melting, with vinous, aro- 
matic flavor. Good to very good. October, November. 

Oswego Incomparable. 

Originated at Oswego, N. Y. Tree very vigorous. 

Fruit rather large, obtuse obovate pyriform, yellow, slightly netted 
and patched with russet, a tinge of crimson in the sun, and many russet 
dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Sep- 
tember. 

Ott. 

A seedling of the Seckel ; originated with Samuel Ott, Montgomery 
Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Young wood 
reddish olive-brown. 

Fruit small, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, partially netted 
with russet, reddish on the sunny side. Stalk long and curved, insert- 
ed in a slight depression. Calyx open, in a round, open basin. Flesh 
melting, sugary, rich, perfumed, and aromatic. Ripe middle of August. 
An excellent little pear, somewhat variable. Good to very good. 

Ott's Seedling. 

Originated by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, from seed of the Ott. Tree 
moderately vigorous. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit small, globular obtuse jryriform, greenish, shaded with dull 
crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with green and light dots. 
Stalk stout, inclined in a slight depression by the lip. Calyx small, 
closed. Segments short. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, rich. Good to 
very good. Last of August. 

Owen. 

Originated in the garden of John Owen, Cambridge, Mass. A fine 
cooking Pear. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, dark green. Flesh tender, deli- 
cious, finely colored. October to December. (Cole.) 

Paddock. 

Received of Chauncey Goodrich, of Burlington, Yt. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. 

Fruit rather below medium, oblong ovate pyriform, light yellow, 
sometimes with a faint blush. Stalk medium. Calyx in a rather 
broad, shallow basin. Flesh fine-grained, melting, sweet, but not very 
high flavor. Good. Ripe last of July. 

Pailleau. 

A Belgian Pear of good quality, but rather coarse-grained. 
Fruit medium, turbinate, greenish yellow, with, patches of russet. 
Flesh juicy, sweet. Good. Early in September. 



THE PEAR. 



827 



Paradise d'Automne. 

Calebasse Bosc. False Spreciew. 

Maria JNouvelle. Marianne. 

Princesse Marianne. Calebasse. 

Faux Spreciew. Calebasse Princesse Marianne. 

A Belgian Pear, of uncertain origin. Tree very vigorous. Shoots 
long and twisting, dull reddish brown, thickly sprinkled with very 
conspicuous dots. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate acute pyriform, yellow, mottled, 
and often entirely overspread with bright cinnamon russet. Surface 




Paradise d' Automue. 



uneven. Stalk long, enlarged at both ends, and inserted without much 
cavity, often by fleshy wrinkles or folds. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, 
and surrounded by prominences. Flesh moderately fine, sometimes 
slightly granular, juicy, melting, with a very rich vinous, aromatic 
flavor. Yery good. September, October. 

Pardee's Seedling. 

Raised by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous, very 
productive. Young shoots slender, grayish red brown. 



828 



THE PEAK. 



Fruit small, roundish, greenish yellow, chiefly covered with russet. 
Stalk medium. Cavity large, deep. Calyx open. Basin furrowed. 
Flesh coarse, granular, buttery, juicy, melting, vinous, slightly aromatic. 
Good to very good. October. 



Paefum d'Aodt. 
Perfumed . August Perfume. 

An old sort, of little value. 

Fruit small, pyriform, light yellow, deep red in the sun, with many 
dark yellow dots. Flesh white, rather coarse, musky, juicy. Hardly 
good. August. 



Paefum de Pose. 
A Belgian variety, of little value. 

Fruit small, oblong ovate acute-pyriform, yellow, nearly covered 
with light russet, and with numerous brown and gray dots. Flesh yel- 
lowish, moderately juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. October. 



Paesonage. 

Origin, New Bochelle, N. Y. Tree a fine healthy grower, produces 
large crops of perfect fruit annually, making it, although not of first 
quality, a profitable market sort. Young wood dull olive brown. 

Fruit medium or large, obovate obtuse pyriform, often inclined, 
orange yellow, rough, generally shaded with dull crimson, netted and 
patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
short and thick, fleshy at its junction, inserted in a small cavity, russet- 
ed. Calyx partially open, stiff, set in a shallow, slightly russeted ba- 
sin. Flesh white, slightly coarse, somewhat granular, juicy, melting, 
with a refreshing vinous flavor. Good. Pipe all of September. 



Passaxs du Poetugal. 

Summer Portugal. Poire Chenille. 

Miller's Early. Chenille. 
Butter of Michigan. 

A delicate and pleasant Pear, which comes early into bearing, and 
produces very large crops. Shoots grayish reddish brown. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with a cheek of fairest 
brown, becoming red in the sun. Stalk nearly an inch long, inserted in 
a round, regular hollow. Calyx stiff. Basin moderately sunk. Flesh 
white, juicy, breaking, of very delicate, agreeable flavor. Good. Last 
of August. 



THE PEAR. 



829 



Passe Colmar. 

Ananas cTHiver. Gambier. 

Passe Colmar Epineaux. Cellite. 

Colmar Gris. Colmar Preule. 

Passe Colmar Gris Pucelle Condesienne. 

Beurre Colmar Gris, dit precel. Bergentin. 

Precel. Colmar Epineaux. 

Fondante de Mods. Beurre Chapman. 

Beurre d'Argenson. Chapman's. 

Begin tin. Colmar Bonnet. 

Colmar Hardenpont. Passe Colmar Vineux. 

Present de Malines. Colmar de Silly. 

Marotte Sucree Jaune. Preul. 

Souveraine d'Hiver. Imperatrice. 

Colmar Souveraine. Souveraine. 

The Passe Colmar is a Belgian Pear, raised by the Counsellor Har- 
denpont. Vigorous growth, and abundant bearer. It grows indeed 
almost too thriftily making long bending shoots, and owing to this over- 
luxuriance the fruit is often second-rate on young trees, but on old trees, 
with high cultivation, it is sometimes of the best quality. It is a very 
variable fruit, and often poor. The young shoots are of a dark olive 
yellow brown. 

Fruit rather large, varying considerably from obovate to obtuse 
pyriform. Skin rather thick, yellowish green, becoming yellow at 
maturity, a good deal sprinkled with brown russet, especially around the 
stalk and calyx. Stalk an inch and a half long, inserted in an obtuse, 
uneven cavity, or sometimes without depression. Calyx open. Basin 
shallow. Flesh yellowish white, buttery, and juicy, with a rich, sweet, 
aromatic flavor. Good to very good. December, January. 

Passe-Colmar Musque. 
Colmar Musque. Passe-Colmar Musque d'Automne. 

Raised by Major Esperen of Malines. 

Fruit medium size, varying from roundish oblate to roundish ovate 
pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and thickly 
sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx 
small, partially closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, very but- 
tery, juicy, melting, pleasant perfumed. Good. October. 

Passe Crassane. 
Surpasse Crassane. Neue Crassane. 

Originated in France. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood 
yellow olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, yellow, with slight nettings and 
patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, 
rather stout, inclined. Cavity medium. Calyx small and closed. 
Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh yellowish, gritty near the core, juicy, 
melting, slightly vinous. Good. December, January. 

Passe Tardive. 
One of Major Esperen's seedlings. 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform. Surface uneven, pale yel- 



830 



THE PEAR. 



low, tinge of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with gray brown 
dots. Stalk stout, fleshy at insertion, and without cavity. Calyx open. 
Flesh white, juicy, breaking, sweet, pleasant. Good. January to 
March. 

Pater Noster. 
Paul Thielens, erroneously. 

An old variety, of which the origin appears unknown. It was in 
Yan Mons' catalogue in 1823. 

Fruit large, variable in form, from obovate obtuse pyriform to irre- 
gular obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow, mottled and shaded in 
sun with red, netted, patched, and dotted with russet brown. Stalk 
stout, usually planted with a lip. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to very good. October, Novem- 
ber. 

Paul Ambre. 
The origin of this Belgian variety is unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish or roundish oval, pale greenish yellow, often 
shaded and mottled with crimson in the sun, sometimes netted with rus- 
set, and thickly sprinkled with russet brown dots. Stalk medium, set 
in a small cavity. Calyx large, open, with long, broad, recurved seg- 
ments. Basin shallow, smooth. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, melting, 
sweet. Good to very good. October. 



Paul Thielens. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, first fruited in 1844. Tree vigorous 
and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, pale yellow, slightly netted 
and patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots, light shade of 
crimson in the sun. Stalk medium length, pretty stout. Cavity broad, 
irregular. Calyx small. Segments persistent. Basin small, abrupt, 
uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, melting, a little astringent. 
Good. October. 



Payenche. 

Poire de Payency. Paquency. 

De Perig-ord. Payenchi de Perigord. 

Payenchi. Payency. 

This Pear was first discovered in the village of Payenche, in 1830. 
Tree a moderately vigorous grower and an early bearer. 

Fruit medium size, oblong ovate pyriform, light yellow, with a rich 
warm red cheek in the sun, much netted and specked with rough russet. 
Stalk stout, curved, often a little inclined, and set with a scarcely per- 
ceptible cavity. Calyx rather large, open. Basin small, abrupt. Flesh 
yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. 
Good to very good. October. 



THE PEAR. 



831 



Peach Pear. 
Poire Peche. Peach. Pfirsichbirne. 

A seedling of Esperen, of moderate growth and productive. Young 
wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and patched 
with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk rather long, 
curved, fleshy at insertion, by a lip. Calyx partially open. Basin small, 
uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous, sometimes astrin- 
gent. Good. August. 

Pemberton. 
General Banks. 

Originated with S. A. Shurtleff, of Boston, Mass. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, obtuse at the stem, nearly smooth, 
yellowish green, shade of red in the sun, and dotted with greenish 
specks. Stalk short, stout. Calyx large, open. Basin shallow, ribbed. 
Flesh yellowish white, fine, melting, jucy, with a rich bergamot aroma. 
Early September. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Penderson. 

Raised by Samuel Penderson, of New Haven, Conn. Tree a great 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh white, crisp, half 
melting, brisk, somewhat astringent. Good. October. 

Pendleton's Early York. 

Raised by Mrs. Jeremiah York, of Pendleton Hill, Conn. Tree mod- 
erately vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate, varying to obtuse pyriform. Skin 
yellow, sometimes with a faint blush, a few patches and traces of russet, 
and many green and brown dots. Stalk inserted in a moderate cavity, 
Calyx, open. Basin irregular. Flesh white, not melting, sweet, slightly 
perfumed. Good. Ripens last of July. 

Pengethly. 
One of Mr. Knight's seedlings. 

Fruit medium, inclining to oval. Stalk long, rather slender. Calyx 
large. Segments quite long and narrow. Skin light green, thickly 
sprinkled with dark dots, yellowish on the side of the sun, sometimes 
a red cheek. Flesh somewhat coarse, but juicy, sweet, and good. 
February, March. (Robert Manning's MS.) 

Penn. 

Fraser or Butter Pear. Railroad Fuss. 

A variety originated in Bordentown, N. J., near the old Penn 
Manor, hence the name. Tree vigorous, upright, an annual bearer. 
Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes roundish oblate, pale lemon 



832 



THE PEAR. 



yellow, thickly sprinkled with small grayish and russet dots, and some- 
times a few patches and dots of russet around the calyx. Stalk rather 
stout, enlarged at insertion. Cavity slight, uneven. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments short, erect. Basin slightly furrowed. Flesh white, a little 
coarse, jucy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very 
good. October. 

Pennsylvania. 
Smith's Pennsylvania. 

The Pennsylvania is a seedling originated by J. B. Smith, Esq., of 
Philadelphia, a well-known amateur. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate, brown russet, nearly cover- 
ing a dull yellow ground, and becoming russet red on the sunny side. 
Flesh yellowish white, not very fine-grained, juicy, half melting, 
sweet, perfumed, musky flavor. Hardly good. Middle and last of 
September. 

Perpetual. 
Origin, Long Island, 1ST. Y. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, slight tinge 
of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, firm, moderately juicy. A good cook- 
ing Pear. Keeping to May. 

Peters. 

Raised in 1848, by Rev. Absalom Peters, of Williamstown, Mass. 
Tree vigorous grower, and an annual abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, 
shaded with brownish red in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, moderately 
juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Petre. 

An American Pear. The original tree is growing in that interesting 
place, the old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Philadelphia. The tree is 
not a rapid grower, but produces very regular and abundant crops. 
Young wood slender, yellowish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, or rather large obovate, pale yellow, some- 
times marked with greenish russet, and sprinkled with russet about the 
eye. Stalk stiff and strong, about an inch long, stout at the lower end, 
and set in a peculiar, abruptly flattened cavity. Calyx small, set in a 
narrow but smooth basin. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, buttery, and 
very melting, with a perfumed, slightly musky, high flavor. Good to 
very good. October. 

Philadelphia. 
Latch. Orange Berg-amot, erroneously. 

Origin, near Philadelphia. Tree healthy, vigorous. Young shoots 
light yellowish brown, productive. Fruit sometimes cracks. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriform, yellow, thickly sprinkled with 
green or gray dots, sometimes netted with russet. Stalk of medium 



THE PEAR. 



833 



length, stout at its insertion, in an abrupt cavity. Calyx open, set in a 
broad, uneven basin. Flesh coarse, juicy, buttery, melting, with a sugary 
flavor, slightly perfumed. Good. September. 

Philippe Goes. 

A Belgian variety, much resembling Baronne de Mello. Tree vigo- 
rous and productive. Young wood dark olive brown. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish acute pyriform, yellow, covered 
with brownish russet. Stalk long, curved, fleshy at insertion. Calyx 
small, partially closed. Basin small. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, 
vinous, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. September. 

Picciola. 

Of Belgian origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Young 
wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, sometimes a slight 
blush in sun, and traces of russet. Stalk long, curved, set in a cavity 
somewhat furrowed. Calyx small, open, with short, erect segments. 
Flesh whitish, very juicy, melting, with a vinous flavor. Good to very 
good. September. 

Pie IX. 

A Belgian Pear, quite variable in quality, but almost always smooths 
and handsome. Tree vigorous. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish acute pyriform, slightly inclined, yel- 
low, netted and patched with russet, especially at each end, and thickly 
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk stout, joined insensibly as it were to 
the fruit. Calyx open. Segments short, persistent. Basin broad,, 
shallow. Flesh white, a little firm, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. Good 
to very good. September, October. 

PlNNEO. 

Boston. Early Denzelona. 

Graves. Hebron. 
Silliman's Russet. Lebanon. 
Summer Virgalieu. 

An old American variety, said to have originated in Columbia, Tol- 
land Co., Conn. Tree a moderately vigorous grower, a good bearer. 
Young wood light reddish brown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, slightly pyriform, pale yellow,, 
netted, patched, and dotted with russet, and often a warm red cheek 
in sun. Stalk rather long, nearly straight, sometimes curved. Cavity 
medium or small. Calyx partially open. Basin broad. Flesh white v 
fine, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Last of August. 

PlTMASTON DUCHESSE D'ANGOULEME. 

This is the unfortunate name given to a Pear raised by John Wil- 
liams, of Pitmaston, England. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit very large, oblong obovate, yellow, with light russet near 
the stalk. Flesh yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy. October,, 
"November. (Gard. Chron.) 

53 



834 



THE PEAR. 



Pitt's Prolific. 

Pitt's Surpasse Marie. Surpass Maria Louise, incorrectly. 

An English fruit of medium size, oblong pyriform. Skin yellow, a 
little russeted. Flesh juicy, soft, sweet, rather coarse, and of indiffer- 
ent quality. September. 

Plantagexet. 

A new Belgian Pear. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, greenish yellow, netted, patched, and dot- 
ted with russet. Stalk long, slender, set in slight cavity, with a lip. 
Calyx open. Segments partially recurved. Flesh whitish, juicy, melt- 
ing. Good to very good. November. 

Platt. 
Piatt's Seedling. 

Origin on the farm of the late Thomas Tredwell, Beekmantown. 
Clinton Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. Young 
wood grayish reddish brown, with many specks. 

Fruit medium, roundish, irregular oblate, pale yellow, netted and 
patched with russet and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium. 
Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, half melting, plea- 
sant. Good. October. 

Pocahontas. 

Origin, Quincy, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood olive 
brown. 

Fruit below medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, netted, patched, and 
dotted with russet, sometimes shaded in the sun with bright crimson. 
Stalk rather long, stout, set without cavity by a lip. Calyx open. 
Basin small, slightly russeted. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, 
slightly musky, pleasant. Good to very good. September. 

POLLAN. 

A Pennsylvania Pear. 

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, greenish yellow, with a shade 
of brown in the sun. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, 
vinous, pleasant. Good. August. 

Pope's Quaker. 
Origin, Long Island, N. Y. 

Fruit very fair, middle-sized, oblong pyriform, smooth, yellow rus- 
set, juicy, melting, and pleasant. Hardly good. October. 

Pope's Scarlet Major. 
Origin, Long Island, N. Y. 

Fruit rather large, obovate, yellow, with a bright red cheek. Flesh 
white, breaking, and rather dry. Poor. Last of August. 



THE PEAR. 



835 



Pound. 



TJvedale's St. Germain. 

Winter Bell. 

Bretagne le Cour. 

Belle Angevine. 

Belle de Jersey. 

Du Tonneau. 

Royal d'Angleterre. 

Beaute de Tervueren. 

Pickering Pear. 

Lent St. Germain. 

Cordelier. 

Anderson. 

Angora ? 

D' Horticulture. 

Bertnebirn. 

Bolivar. 

Faux-Bolivar. 



Bolivar d'Hiver. 
Comtesse de Terweuren. 
Duchesse de Berry d'Hiver. 
Gros fin or long d'Hiver. 
Union. 

Grosse de Bruxelles. 
La Quintinye. 
Grosse Dame Jeanne. 
Louise Bonne d'Hiver. 
Bellissime d'Hiver, du Bur. 
Abbe Mongein. 
Chamber's Large. 
Dr. Udales Warden. 
German Baker. 
Pickering's Warden. 
Piper. 



The Pound, or Winter Bell Pear, valued only for cooking, is an 
abundant bearer, and a profitable orchard crop. The trees are strong 
: and healthy, with very stout, upright, dark-colored wood. 

Fruit large, pyriform, swollen at the crown, and narrowing gradually 
to a point at the insertion of the stalk. Skin yellowish green, with a 
brown cheek (yellow and red when long kept), and sprinkled with 
numerous brown russet dots. Stalk two inches or more long, stout, 
bent. Calyx crumpled, set in a narrow, slight basin. Flesh firm and 
solid, stews red, and is excellent baked or preserved. 



£ Prairie du Pond. 

Introduced by A. H. Ernst. 

Fruit small, nearly globular, greenish yellow, with many brown and 
green dots. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, half melting, vinous, 
' astringent. Poor. September 

Pratt. 

A native of Rhode Island. Tree a vigorous upright grower, very 
productive. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, shaded with 
! crimson, and sprinkled with numerous russet and conspicuous dots, fre- 
quently patched and netted with russet. Stalk long, slender, curved, 
inserted in a regular cavity. Calyx open, set in a broad, shallow basin. 
; Flesh white, juicy, melting, briskly vinous, and saccharine, variable, 
' but when in perfection of great excellence. Good to very good. 
. Ripens last of September. 

Precilly. 

A Belgian Pear. Tree very vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow, 
L netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. 
Flesh yellowish white, coarse, juicy, breaking. Good for cooking. Oc- 
tober. 



836 



THE PEAR. 



Premices de Wagelwater. 

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Sides unequal. 
Skin yellow, a few traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown 
dots. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, very 
►sweet. Good to very good. October. 

President. 

Baised by Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass., and first described in 
the New JEngland Farmer ', 1862. 

Fruit very large, roundish obovate, somewhat irregular. Skin 
slightly rough, greenish yellow, pale red in the sun, considerable of russet 
next the base of stalk, and traces of russet and conspicuous russet dots 
over all. Stalk short, rather stout. Calyx medium, with short, stiff, 
closed segments. Basin medium. Flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, 
juicy, slightly vinous. Good. Early November. 

President Felton. 

Originated with Dr. W. D. Brinckle. Tree moderately vigorous. 
Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with a crimson cheek 
in sun, nettings, traces of russet, and many brown and gray dots. Stalk 
short. Calyx open. Flesh fine, juicy, yellowish, half melting, slightly 
vinous, sweet. Good. October. 

President Mas. 

A new Belgian variety. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
with some patches and traces of russet. Flesh yellowish white, fine, 
juicy, melting, buttery, sweet. December, January. (Transom's Cat.) 

Prevost. 
Poire Prevost. 

A French Pear. Tree vigorous, very productive. Young wood 
stout, olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, with a 
tinge of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with minute brown dots. 
Stalk medium length, moderately stout. Calyx open. Flesh white, a 
little coarse, juicy, breaking, sweet, and pleasant. Good. February. 

Prince Albert. 

One of Yan Mons' late seedlings. Tree very vigorous. Young 
wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit rather large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, some- 
times brownish yellow in the sun, nettings and patches of russet. Calyx 



THE PEAR. 



837 



open. Flesh, yellowish, juicy, valuable as a cooking pear. Decem- 
ber to March. 

Prince de Joinville. 
A Belgian Pear, first fruited in 1848. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with a red cheek in sun, 
and more or less of shades and patches of fawn russet. Stalk slender. 
Cavity medium. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, 
melting, juicy, vinous, sweet, with a peculiar perfume. November. 
(Alb. Pom.) 

Prince Imperial de France. 

One of M. Gregoire's seedlings. Tree vigorous, irregular spreading, 
productive. 

Fruit large, obovate ovate pyriform. Skin clear warm greenish yel- 
low, becoming golden or brownish in sun, with small patches and dots 
of fawn russet. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, acute, furrowed. Flesh 
white, slightly tinged with rose, melting, juicy, sweet, with an agreeable 
perfume. October. (An. Pom.) 

Prince Napoleon. 

Introduced by M. Boisbunel, Bouen, France. Tree moderately vigo- 
' rous and very productive. Young wood dull brown, slightly reddish. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly pyriform, dull greenish, much 
shaded with thin brown russet, and russet patches. Stalk short, stout. 
Flesh greenish white, fine, juicy, sweet, perfumed. December. (Verg.) 

Prince's Harvest. 

t Baised by William Prince, of Flushing, Long Island, N. Y. Tree 
f vigorous, upright, and productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 
Fruit small, ovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, rarely a brownish 
blush, red cheek in sun, sprinkled with brown dots, and sometimes 
patched with russet. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion, by a large lip 
and rings. Calyx open. Flesh white, firm, breaking, moderately juicy, 
sweet, slightly musky. Good. Last of July. 

Prince's Pear. 

Poire de Prince. Cher Adame. Chair a Dame. 

fi An old variety, of unknown origin, and of little value. 

Fruit small, pyriform, roundish, greenish yellow, mostly covered 
with dull reddish russet, with some gray specks. Flesh crisp, sweet, 
juicy. Last of August. 

Prince's St. Germain. 
Brown St. Germain. New St. Germain. 

Originated with William Prince, Flushing? Long Island. Tree a 



838 THE PEAR. 

moderately vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer of fruit, in quality 
very good, and possessing a good keeping character. Young wood dull 
reddish brown. 

! Fruit of medium size, obovate, inclining to oval pyriform. Skin 
nearly covered with brownish russet over a green ground, and becoming 




Prince's St. Germain. 



dull red next the sun. Stalk an inch or more long, a little curved, and 
placed in a medium uneven cavity. Calyx large, open, firm, and 
nearly without divisions, set in a smooth, nearly flat basin. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, juicy, melting, with a sweet, somewhat vinous, and very 
agreeable flavor. Very good. November to March. 

Princess Charlotte. 

Raised by Major Esperen. A vigorous tree, productive. Young 
wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate pyriform. Color greenish. Stalk stout and 
long in a slight cavity. Basin broad and shallow. Flesh yellowish pink- 
ish at centre, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. November. 



Princess Maria. 
One of Tan Mons'^eedlings. 



THE PEAK. 



839 



Fruit medium or below, ovate obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, 
considerably covered with rough dull russet, and thickly sprinkled with 
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, rather 
coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, aromatic. Good. September. 

Princess of Orange. 
Princesse d'Orange. Princesse Conquefce. 

A Flemish variety, raised by the Count Coloma, in 1802. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin cinnamon russet in the shade, bright 
reddish russet in the sun. Flesh pale yellowish white, crisp, juicy, astrin- 
gent. Poor. October and November. 

Professeur Hennau. 

A new Flemish Pear. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium or above, ovate pyriform. Skin yellowish, mostly 
covered with warm reddish brown in sun, and dotted with numerous 
small and large dots. Stalk very short, inserted, inclined, with a ring 
or lip. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet. December. (An. 
Pom.) 

PULSIFER. 

Raised by Dr. John Pulsifer, of Hennepin, 111. An upright and 
vigorous grower. Young wood light yellow brown. 

Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly netted 
and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet brown dots, 
sometimes shaded with crimson in the sun. Stalk medium. Cavity 
small. Calyx partially open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, a 
little coarse, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good. August. 

Puvis St. Germain. 
Saint-Germain-Puvis. 

A French Pear, as yeb little known in this country. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate acute pyriform, dull green or greenish 
yellow, with nettings, patches, and specks of dull russet. Stalk stout, 
curved, set with a knob or lip. Flesh greenish white, fine, half melting, 
juicy, vinous, sweet. September. (Yerg.) 

Queen of the Low Countries. 
Heine des Pays Bas. 
A seedling of Yan Moris'. 

Fruit large, often very large, broad acute pyiiform. Skin in the 
shade dull yellow, dotted and russeted around the eye, and overspread 
with fine dark red on the side next the sun. Flesh white, buttery, melt- 
ing, and juicy, with a rich, subacid, vinous flavor. Yariable, sometimes 
poor. Early in October. 



840 



THE PEAK. 



QUILLETETTE. 

An odd-looking, late autumn fruit, received from Van Mons. 

Fruit nearly of medium size, roundish, a little flattened. Skin green- 
ish, nearly covered with dull iron-colored russet. The flesh is "white, 
buttery, and melting, sweet and perfumed. Scarcely good. November. 

Knight's Seedling. 

This variety was imported by Prof. Mapes, and the name being lost 
when the fruit was shown before the American Institute Farmers' Club, 
it was newly christened as above. 

The fruit is below medium size, acute pyriform. Skin inclined to 
golden russet. Flesh juicy. Good. January. (Hort.) 

Eallay. 

An old variety, of unknown origin. 

Fruit small to medium, globular acute pyriform. Skin rough, dull 
yellow, dull reddish cheek, and over all spots of russet. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, breaking, juicy, gritty. Good. November, December. 
(Elliott.) 

Eapelje. 

Introduced by Professor Stevens, Astoria, Long Island. Tree vigo- 
rous and productive. 

Fruit medium, obovate, sometimes obtuse, and sometimes acute pyri- 
form. Skin yellowish, covered with cinnamon russet. Stalk ]ong, 
rather thick, generally inserted by a lip. Calyx large and open, set in a 
very shallow basin. Flesh whitish, somewhat granular, juicy, and melt- 
ing, with a sweet, vinous, aromatic flavor. Variable, sometimes poor. 
September. 

Eavexswood. 

Origin, Eavenswood, Long Island. Tree a vigorous grower, with 
grayish olive brown, young shoots. 

Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, sometimes a tinge 
of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with green dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx partially closed, with persistent segments. Flesh whitish, slight- 
ly coarse, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to very good. Early 
August. 

Eaymond. 

The Eaymond is a native of Maine, and originated on the farm of 
Dr. I. Wright, in the town of this name. Tree of slow growth. Young 
shoots slender. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, marked with 
russet near the stalk, and tinged with a little red towards the sun, and 
thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk an inch or more long, inserted 
with little or no depression. Calyx round, firm, open, set in a shal- 
low basin. Flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. 
Good to very good. September. 



THE PEAR. 



841 



Reading. 

Originated in Oley Township, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Young wood dull brown grayish, with conspicuous appa- 
rently rough dots. 

Fruit medium to large, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, thickly dot- 
ted with brown and gray dots and sprinkled with russet. Stalk long, 
curved, enlarged and ribbed at its insertion, generally in a depression. 
Calyx open. Segments strong, in an exceedingly shallow basin. Flesh 
whitish, granular, melting, with a brisk, vinous flavor. Good. January 
to March. 



Red Bergamot. 

Bergamotte Rouge. Du Colombier. 

Bergamotte Musque. De Sicile Musquee. 

De Sicile. Crassane d'Ete. 

Petit Muscat d'Automne. Bergamotte Doree. 

A very old Pear, of little value. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, sometimes obovate acute pyriform, 
pale yellow, mostly overspread with dull red in sun. Flesh soft, melt- 
September. 



Red Garden. 



Raised by J osiah Youngken, of Richlandtown, Pa. Tree a good 
grower and bearer. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and mottled 
with a few crimson dots in sun, netted and patched with russet, and 
thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk rather long, slender. Calyx 
partially open. Segments short. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, 
melting, sweet, pleasant. Good or very good. September. 



Regine. 
One of Yan Mons' seedlings. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with slight 
nettings of russet, and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots. 
Stalk long, inclined. Calyx open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. September. 



Reine Caroline. 
A European Pear, only fit for cooking. 

Fruit of medium size, narrow pyriform. Skin yellow, with a 
brownish red cheek. Flesh white, crisp, rather dry and indifferent in 
quality. November. 



Reine d'Hiver. 



Fruit small, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, with a brownish tinge 
in sun, and nettings, patches, and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, juicy, 
melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. November. 



842 



THE PEAR. 



Heine des Poires. 
A French Pear, of poor quality. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded 
and mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, 
not juicy. Scarcely good except for cooking. October. 

Heine Victoria. 
Supposed a seedling of Van Mons\ 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with shades 
and patches of fawn. Flesh white, tinted with rose, fine a melting, juicy, 
sweet. December. (Mb. Pom.) 

Retour de Rome. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Young wood reddish 
brown, with oblong white specks. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellowish, 
blotched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
short, and stout at its insertion in a small inclined cavity. Calyx 
partially closed, in a round narrow basin. Flesh whitish, coarse, 
granular, melting, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor, slightly astringent. 
Good. September. 

Reynaer Beernaert. 
One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin golden yellow, dotted with 
red. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet. December. (Soc. Y. M.) 

Richards. 

Origin, Wilmington, Del. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood 
olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellow, with nu- 
merous small russet dots, and traces and patches of russet. Stalk of 
medium length, curved, inserted by a fleshy ring in a slight depression. 
Calyx partially closed. Basin very small. Flesh buttery, melting, 
granulated, with a sweet, pleasant, vinous flavor. Good. Ripens first 
of October. 

Ridelle's. 
Poire Bitelle. 
Tree of moderate vigor, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate turbinate, remotely pyriform. Skin yellow, 
covered nearly all over with bright red. Stalk short. Calyx open. 
Flesh not very fine, rather juicy, not melting or delicate in flavor. 
Scarcely good. September. 



THE PEAR. 



843 



Rivers' Winter Beurre. 

Winter Beurre (Rivers). 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Tree moderately vigorous, 
spreading, an early and abundant bearer. Young wood dull yellow 
brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish elongated pyriform. Skin greenish, rough, 
spotted, netted, and patched with russet. Stalk stout, curved, inclined at 
its insertion. Calyx partially closed, set in a shallow irregular basin. 
Flesh white, fine-grained, gritty at core, melting, buttery, vinous or sub- 
acid. Good. January, February. 

Roe's Bergamot. 

Raised by William Roe, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree moderately vigo- 
rous, very productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate or Bergamotte-shaped. Skin smooth, yellow, 
with minute yellow dots in the shade, mottled and clouded with red 
on the sunny side. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow, abrupt cavity. 
Calyx small, with short stiff segments, set in a narrow basin. Flesh 
rather coarse, melting, with a sweet, rich, brisk, well-perfumed flavor. 
The flavor of this excellent new Pear is extremely like Gansel's Ber- 
gamotte, but much more sugary. Good to very good. September. 

Roi d'3£te. 

G-ros Rousselet. Large Rousselet. 

Great Rousselet. The Rousselet. 

Russelet. King of Summer. 

An old variety, of little value. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale green, dull red in the sun, 
with numerous gray russet}^ specks. Flesh half buttery, melting, 
agreeable subacid. Last of August. (Lind.) 

Roi de Rome. 

This variety was found in a province of Hainault, Belgium, by M. 
l'Abbe Duquesnes, and first fruited in 1810. Under the name of Roi de 
Rome, the Napoleon has been repeatedly received in this country, but, as 
described in the Annals of Pomology, is entirely a distinct fruit. 

Fruit very large, regular, oblong ovate pyriform. Skin clear yellow, 
marbled with crimson in the sun, specked with russet, and dotted with 
many small gray dots. Stalk short, set with little or no cavity, but 
surrounded with slight furrows. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melt- 
ing, juicy, sweet, agreeable. October, November. 

ROITELET. 

A Flemish Pear. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, netted, shaded, and sprinkled with 
russet. Flesh whitish, half melting, juicy, sweet. Good. September. 



844 



THE PEAK. 



ROKEBY. 

Raised by M. Bivort, Belgium. Tree vigorous, very prolific. 
Young wood dark olive brown, with narrow oblong white specks. 

Fruit below medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish, sometimes 
a tinge of red in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk 
short. Cavity shallow. Calyx open. Flesh white, half melting, vi- 
nous, astringent. Poor. Early September. 



RONDELET. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, shaded 
with brown russet, tinged with red in the sun, and speckled with large 
gray dots. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh fine- 
grained, buttery, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, with a musky perfume. 



November. (Hogg.) 



RONVILLE. 



Martin Sire (incorrectly). 
Lord Martin Pear. 



Hocrenaille. 
Poire de Bunville. 




An old Belgian Pear, of little 
A r alue. 

Fruit medium to large, ovate, 
yellowish green, russeted at end, 
dotted with gray russet specks. 
Flesh white, breaking, gritty at 
core, sweet, pleasant. October. 
(Prince.) 

Ropes. 

Origin, garden of Mr. Ropes, 
Salem, Mass. 

Fruit medium, ovate obovate. 
Color cinnamon russet, slightly 
tinged with red on the sunny side. 
Stem short, in an inclined cavity. 
Calyx small, open. Basin shallow. 
Flesh whitish, coarse, melting, and 
juicy, sugary, and good, with a 
perfunie. Good, 
vember. 



October, No- 



vinous. Good or very good. 



ROSLYN. 

Found on the place of W. C. 
Bryant, of Roslyn, Long Island. 
Tree vigorous. Young wood red- 
dish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular. 
Skin yellow, netted, patched, and 
dotted with russet. Stalk long. 
Calyx partially closed. Flesh 
whitish, juicy, 



melting-, slightly 



Last of August. 



THE PEAK. 



845 



BOSTIEZER. 

A foreign variety, which is scarcely medium in size and has not 
generally much beauty of color, yet combines an assemblage of excel- 
lences that places it in the rank before any other of its season. The 
young trees produce but few shoots of strong growth, and require severe 
shortening to bring them into a fine symmetric form. The color of 
the young wood is dark olive brown. It is healthy and vigorous in 
its habit, an early and most profuse bearer, and in flavor is only 
equalled by the Seckel, which ripens six weeks later. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate oblong pyriform. Skin dull yel- 
low green, mixed with reddish brown on the sunny side. Stalk long 
and slender, curved, and inserted with very little depression. Calyx 
open, persistent. Basin small and corrugated. Flesh juicy, melting, 
somewhat buttery, exceedingly sugary, vinous, aromatic, and pleasantly 
perfumed. Best. Middle of August to middle of September. 

Bousse Lench. 

Fruit large, oblong oval. Skin lemon yellow, with a slightly rus- 
setetl covering. Flesh yellow, buttery, juicy, sugary, pretty well fla- 
vored. January, February. (Hogg.) 

BOUSSELET AELEXS. 

A Belgian Pear of medium size, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, 
with shade of red in sun, patches of russet, and dots of grayish red. 
Stalk inserted without cavity. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melting, 
juicy, sweet, perfumed. (An. Pom.) 

BOUSSELET BlVORT. 

A Belgian Pear, raised from seed of the Simon Bouvier in 1840. 

Fruit medium, ovate obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly 
netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk 
rather long, with a fleshy fold at insertion. Calyx partially open. 
Basin small, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, buttery, melting, 
sweet. Good to very good. November. 

BOUSSELET DECOSTER. 
Rousselet de Coster. Decoster's Russelet. 

A seedling of Yan Hons', dedicated to M. Decoster, of Louvain. 
Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit small, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin pale greenish yellow, 
patched and blotched with russet, especially around the stalk and 
calyx, thickly sprinkled with russet dots, and sometimes a brownish 
cheek in sun. Stalk rather long. Cavity small. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments stiff. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh coarse, yellowish, juicy, 
melting, slightly vinous, aromatic. Good. September. 

BOUSSELET DE JANVIER. 

Of Belgian origin. 

Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish. Flesh fine, half 
melting, buttery, perfumed. January. (Soc. Y. M.) 



846 



THE PEAR. 



ROUSSELET DE JONGHE. 

Fruit small, curved obovate, uneven and irregular in its outline. 
Skin smooth lemon color. Calyx very large, open. Flesh yellow, fine- 
grained, firm, melting, juicy, rich, sugary. November, December. 
(Hogg.) 

ROUSSELET DE RHEIMS. 

Rousselet. Rousselet Musque. 

Petit Rousselet. Late Catherine 

Spice or Musk Pear. Autumn Catherine. 

This French Pear, originally from Rheims, is supposed to have been 
the parent of our Seckel. There is a pretty strong resemblance in the 
color, form, and flavor of the two fruits, but -the Seckel is much the 
most delicious. The growth is quite different, and this Pear has re- 
markably long and thrifty dark brown shoots. It is sugary, and with a 
peculiarly aromatic, spicy flavor, and if it were only buttery and melt- 
ing, would be a first-rate fruit. 

Fruit small, obovate, inclining to pyriform. Skin yellowish green, 
with brownish red and russefcy specks. Flesh breaking or half buttery, 
with a sweet, rich, aromatic flavor. Ripe at the beginning of Septem- 
ber, subject to rot at the core. 

Rousselet Enfant Prodigue. 
Nectarine ? Enfant Prodigue. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin thick and rough, green, covered 
with russet, sometimes with a sunny cheek. Stalk of medium length, 
in an inclined cavity. Calyx large. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, granular, with a vinous flavor, highly perfumed with musk. Good. 
October, November. 

Rousselet Esperen. 
Rousselet Double. 
Tree very vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, with reddish gray 
and white dots, and covered with russet around calyx and stalk. Flesh 
whitish, half fine, half melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, and perfumed. 
Good. September. 

Rousselet Hatif. 

Early Catharine. Early Rousselet. 

Kattern. Perdreau. 
Cyprus Pear. Poire de Chypre. 

The Rousselet Hatif is productive, with long slender branches, of 
dark dull reddish brown color. 

Fruit rather small, acute pyriform. Skin, when fully ripe, yellow, 
with a brownish-red check. Flesh a little coarse-grained, sweet, plea- 
sant, and slightly perfumed. Ripens the middle of August. Apt to 
rot at the core. 



THE PEAR. 



847 



Rousselet St. Nicholas. 

A Belgian Pear, so far as we have seen it, of little value. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded with crimson 
in the snn, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. November. 

Rousselet Stuttgart. 

Poire de Stuttgard. Chevriers de Stuttgardt. 

Stuttgarter Geishirtel. Bellisime de Provence. 

Originated in the environs of Stuttgardt in 1779. Tree a vigorous, 
upright, healthy grower, and a good bearer. Young wood reddish 
purple. 

Fruit below medium, pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, netted and 
patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet and green dots, brownish 
crimson in the sun. Stalk rather long, curved, enlarged at its insertion, 
generally without depression. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh 
rather coarse, juicy, half melting, with a sweet, rich flavor, spicy aroma. 
Ripe last of August. 

Rousselet Yanderwecken. 

Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. A pyramidal tree 
of medium vigor, but very productive. 

Fruit small, varying in form from Doyenne to Bergamotte. Skin 
yellow at time of maturity. Flesh white, fine, melting, juice abundant, 
sugary, and strongly aromatic, like that of the Rousselet. Fruit quite 
of first quality, and ripe first of November. (An. Pom.) 

Rousselltste. 
Russelin. 

An old variety, now superseded by larger and better Pears. 

Fruit small, nearly globular. Pale yellow, shaded with red in sun, 
and sprinkled with many russet dots. Flesh white, melting, sweet, 
musky. Good. November. 

Rousselon. 

Raised by Major Esperen in 1846, and figured and described by L. 
E. Berckmans in 1851. Tree of medium vigor, grows well as a pyramid. 

Fruit medium, shaped like a Doyenne. Skin citron yellow at matu- 
rity, dotted with russet, and highly colored on the side of the sun. Flesh 
fine, half melting, sufficiently juicy, sugary, vinous, with an agreeable 
perfume. February. (An. Pom.) 

Royal. 
Peck's Seedling. 

A seedling raised by Thomas R. Peck, Waterloo, N. Y. Tree a vigo- 
rous grower, productive. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, mostly covered with 
thin crimson russet, and a shade of crimson in the sun, sprinkled with 



848 



THE PEAK. 



brown and russet dots. Stalk medium. Cavity small. Calyx partially- 
closed. Segments short. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. September. 

ROYALE d'HiVER. 
Winter Eoyal. Koyal Winter. Spina di Carpi 

An old variety, of unknown origin. 

Fruit rather large, obovate pyriform, or nearly pyriform. Skin yel- 
low, with fine red in the sun, marbled with numerous brown specks and 
dots. Flesh yellowish, half buttery, melting, juicy, sweet, well flavored. 
December to February. (Lind.) 

RUTTER. 

Raised by John Rutter, of Westchester, Pa. Tree a moderate 
grower, a good bearer, with young wood of a dull olive yellow brown 
color. 




Rutter. 



Fruit medium to large, nearly globular, remotely pyriform. Skin 
rough, greenish yellow, sprinkled and netted with russet, and numerous 
russet dots. Stalk large, long, and woody. Cavity small. Calyx 



THE PEAR. 



849 



small, closed. Segments narrow, nearly erect. Basin rather small, un- 
even. Flesh white, moderately juicy, half fine, somewhat gritty, nearly 
melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Yery good. October, November. 

Sacandaga. 

Van Vranken. Sacandaga Seckel. 

Found on the farm of Wm. Van Yranken, Edinburgh, Saratoga Co., 
N". Y. Tree an upright moderate grower. Young wood rich warm 
brown. 

Fruit small, nearly globular. Skin pale greenish yellow, shaded 
with brownish crimson, and netted and dotted with russet. Stalk 
medium. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments rather long, erect. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, a little perfumed. Good to 
very good. September. 

Saint Andre. 

Imported by Mr. Manning, from the Brothers Baumann, of Bolwyl- 
ler. Wood often cracks and cancers. 

Fruit medium, obovate. Skin light greenish yellow, somewhat dot- 
ted with red. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, and good. 
Early in September. 

Saint Crispin. 

A seedling raised by Israel Buffum, of Lynn, Mass. Tree a strong 
grower, and an abundant bearer. Young wood yellow brown grayish. 

Fruit large, irregular in outline, generally oblong obovate pyriform. 
Skin a little rough. Surface uneven, greenish yellow, with tinge of red in 
sun, and russet patches. Stalk rather long. Calyx large, closed. Flesh 
yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, subacid. October. 
(Hov. Mag.) 

Saint Denis. 
Tree vigorous, with long dark reddish branches. 

Fruit small, turbinate angular. Skin yellowish, considerably shaded 
with crimson, thickly sprinkled with crimson dots. Stalk long. Calyx 
open ; broad, shallow, uneven basin. Flesh breaking, a little coarse,, 
sweet, and aromatic, rots at the core unless gathered early. Last of 
August. 

Saint Dorothee. 
Royale Nouvelle. 

Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous. Young wood grayish brown. 

Fruit rather large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow,, 
netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. 
Stalk long, curved, inserted by a fleshy lip in a small cavity. Calyx 
open. Segments rather large, recurved, set in a rather abrupt basin. 
Flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, with a sugary,, vinous,, peculiarly per- 
fumed flavor. Good to very good. October. 

54 



850 



THE PEAR. 



Saint Germain. 

St. Germain Gris. Saint Germain blanc. 

Jaune. Arteloire. 

Inconnue la Fare. Richmond. 

Lafare. Saint Germain bran. 

St. Germain Dore. vert. 

Franklin. d'Hiver. 

Hermansbirne. 

This is a well-known old French variety. The tree is rather a slow 
grower, with a dense head of foliage. The wood slender, and light olive 
colored. 

Fruit large, pyriform, tapering regularly from the crown to the stalk. 
Skin yellowish green, marked with brownish specks on the sunny side, 
and tinged with a little brown when ripe. Stalk an inch long, strong, 
planted obliquely by the side of a small fleshy swelling. Calyx open, 
set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, a little gritty, but full of refresh- 
ing juice, melting, sweet, and agreeable in flavor. November and De- 
cember. 

The Striped Germain (St. Germain Panachee) is a pretty variety 
of this fruit, differing only in being externally striped with yellow. 

Saint Germain de Pepins. 

A foreign variety. Tree a good grower and an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular or obovate, slightly pyriform. Skin 
pale yellow, lightly shaded or mottled with crimson in the sun, netted 
and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
rather long and stout, largest at junction with the tree. Cavity small, 
irregular, russeted. Calyx partially closed. Basin irregular, corru- 
gated. Flesh yellowish, coarse and gritty, with a hard core. Good. 
February. 

Saint Ghislain. 
Quinnipiac. 

A most excellent Belgian Pear. "When in perfection it is of the 
highest quality, but on some soils it is a little variable. The tree is 
remarkable for its uprightness, and the great beauty and vigor of its 
growth. Young shoots olive brown, with oblong white specks. 

Fruit of medium size, pyriform, tapering to the stalk, to which it 
joins by fleshy rings. Skin pale clear yellow, with a few gray specks. 
iStalk an inch and a half long, curved. Calyx rather small, open, set in 
a shallow basin. Core small. Flesh white, buttery, and juicy, with a 
rich sprightly flavor. Good to very good. September, October. 

Saint Lezin. 

Fruit very large, pyriform. Skin -dull greenish yellow, covered with 
flakes of russet. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, 
sweet. A cooking Pear. September, October. (Hogg.) 

Saint Menin. 

Omer Pacha. His Poiteau. Poire His. 

Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood grayish olive. 

JFruit rather large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, 



THE PEAR. 



851 



slightly brown in the sun, netted and patched with russet, and thickly 
dotted with conspicuous russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx 
closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. September. 

Saint Michael Archangel. 
St. Michel Archange. Plombgastel. Dusnas. 

A French Pear, of unknown origin. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Young wood yellowish olive. 

Fruit large, ovate obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly net- 
ted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with green and rus- 
set dots. Stalk rather stout, a little inclined in a small cavity by a 
fleshy ring or lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments rather short, stiff. 
Basin uneven, furrowed. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. October. 

Saint Vincent de Paul. 

A new foreign Pear. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood a 
very dark rich olive brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate pyriform, broad at calyx. Skin light yellow, 
mostly covered with thin light russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet 
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx with short erect segments. Basin 
abrupt. Flesh firm, juicy, melting, not sweet. Good. November. 

Salisbury Seedling. 

A native of Western New York. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, somewhat covered with russet, 
end thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short and thick. Calyx 
partially closed, in a deep, uneven basin. Flesh coarse, white, sweet, 
breaking, not juicy or melting. Scarcely good. September. 

Salviata. 

Fomiquet. Perfumed. £pine Rose Gris. 

An old variety, now superseded by better sorts. 

Fruit below medium, obovate ovate obtuse pyriform, light yellow, 
dotted with russet. Flesh breaking, juicy, musky. Good. Last of 
August. 

Sand Pear. 
Chinese Sand Pear. 

This variety is valued mainly as a curiosity, although it is good for 
cooking. The tree is remarkably vigorous, with large, glossy foliage. 

The fruit is of medium size, roundish pyriform, dull yellow, covered 
with a rough, sandy-like russet. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, cooks 
well, and acquires a fine color. September. 

Sanguinole. 

Sanguine d'ltalie. Bloody. Grenade. 

An ancient Pear, of unknown origin. As an amateur curiosity it is 
only desirable. 



852 



THE PEAK. 



Fruit small to medium. Form roundish, pale yellow, brownish in 
sun, with irregular-shaped brown dots and specks. Flesh white, tinged 
with red, juicy, melting. Good. September. 

Sanguinole de Belgique. 

Fruit medium, ovate pyriform. Skin greenish, mottled and dotted 
with red in the sun, netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with 
red and brown dots. Stalk long, curved. Flesh stained with red, 
which renders it a curiosity, that being its only value. September. 

Sarah. 

Raised by Thaddeus Clapp, Dorchester, Mass. Tree of an erect habit, 
hardy, healthy, and productive. Young wood rich olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin pale greenish 
yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled 
with brown dots. Stalk medium, a little inclined, set with a slight 
depression by a ring or lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, 
erect. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, 
rich, aromatic. Yery good. October. 

Schuman. 

A native of Buck's Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Pale yellow, shade of red in sun. 
Flesh coarse, pasty. Poor. September. 

Seal. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish. Skin pale yellow, lightly shaded 
with crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with green and russet 
dots. Stalk medium length, largest at ends, inserted by a ring or lip. 
Calyx open. Segments persistent. Flesh white, coarse, moderately juicy, 
melting, slightly astringent. Good. Last of August. 

Sebastopol. 

Sebastopol d'£te. 

A Belgian Pear, described by Alexander Bivort as : — 
Fruit of medium size, ovate obovate, greenish yellow, dotted with 
grayish brown. Flesh white, half fine, melting, a little granulous, 
sweet, vinous, perfumed. Agreeable. August. (Jar. Yan Mons.) 

Seckel. 

Seckle. Syckle. New York Red Cheek. 

Sickel. Red-Cheeked Seckel. Shakespeare. 

We do not hesitate to pronounce this American Pear the richest 



THE PEAR. 



853 




and most exquisitely flavored variety known. In its highly concen- 
trated, spicy, and honeyed flavor 
it is not surpassed, nor indeed 
equalled, by any European vari- 
ety. When we add to this, that 
the tree is the healthiest and har- 
diest of all pear-trees, forming a 
fine, compact, symmetrical head, 
and bearing regular and abundant 
crops in clusters at the ends of the 
branches, it is easy to see that we 
consider no garden complete with- 
out it. Indeed we think it indis- 
pensable in the smallest garden. 
The stout, short-jointed, olive- 
brown colored wood distinguishes 
this variety, as well as the pecu- 
liar reddish brown color of the 
fruit. The soil should receive a 
top-dressing of manure frequently, 
when the size of the Pear is an 
object. The Seckel Pear origi- 
nated on the farm of Mr. Seckel, 
about four miles from Philadel- Seckel. 
phia.* It was sent to Europe by 

the late Dr. Hosack, in 1819, and the fruit was pronounced by the Lon- 
don Horticultural Society exceeding in flavor the richest of their autumn 
Pears. 

Fruit small, regularly formed, obovate. Skin brownish green at 
first, becoming dull yellowish brown, with a lively russet red cheek. 
Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, slightly curved, and set in a 
trifling depression. Calyx small, and placed in a basin scarcely at all 
sunk. Flesh whitish, buttery, very juicy and melting, with a peculiarly 
rich spicy flavor and aroma. It ripens gradually in the house from the 
end of August to the last of October. 

* The precise origin of the Seckel Pear is unknown. The first pomologists 
of Europe have pronounced that it is entirely distinct from any European vari- 
ety, and its affinity to the Eousselet, a well-known German Pear, leads to the 
supposition that the seeds of the latter Pear, having been brought here by some 
of the Germans settling near Philadelphia, by chance produced this superior 
seedling. However this may be, the following morceau of its history may be 
relied on as authentic, it having been related by the late venerable Bishop White, 
whose tenacity of memory is well known. About 80 years ago, when the Bishop 
was a lad, there was a well-known sportsman and cattle-dealer in Philadelphia, 
who was familiarly known as " Dutch Jacob. " Every season, early in the autumn, 
on returning from his shooting excursions, Dutch Jacob regaled his neighbors 
with pears of an unusually delicious flavor, the secret of whose place of growth, 
however, he would never satisfy their curiosity by divulging. At length the 
Holland Land Company, owning a considerable tract south of the city, disposed 
of it in parcels, and Dutch Jacob then secured the ground on which his favorite 
pear-tree stood, a fine strip of land near the Delaware. Not long afterwards it 
became the farm of Mr. Seckel, who introduced this remarkable fruit to public 
notice, and it received his name. Afterwards the property was added to the 
vast estate of the late Stephen Girard. The original tree still exists (or did a 
few years ago), vigorous and fruitful. Specimens of its pears were quite lately 
exhibited at the annual shows of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 



854 



THE PEAR. 



Selleck. 

Origin somewhat uncertain. The oldest bearing tree stands on the 
grounds of Columbus Selleck, Sudbury, Yt., and is of healthy growth, 
and very productive. Young wood grayish olive brown. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven, fine yellow, 
sometimes with a crimson cheek, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. 
Stalk long and curved, fleshy at its insertion in a moderate cavity. 
Calyx nearly closed, in a rather small uneven basin. Flesh white, a 
little coarse, juicy and melting, sweet, aromatic. Good to very good. 
September, October. 

Senateur Mosselman. 

A foreign variety. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly obovate. Skin greenish 
yellow, shaded in the sun with orange and crimson, and numerous brown 
and russet dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. 
February, March. 

Seraphine Ovin. 

A Belgian variety, originated in 1854. Tree vigorous, making long 
annual shoots, pretty stout, of olive brown, with oblong white specks. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, mottled and 
marbled in the sun with crimson, numerously dotted with large conspi- 
cuous russet and gray dots or specks. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, 
half melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic, musky. Good. 
September. 

Serrurier. 

Serrurier d'Automme. Nouveau Maison. 

Fondante de Millot. Nouveau Mauxion. 

Fondante Serrurier de Millot. 

A seedling of Professor Yan Mons'. Tree vigorous, healthy, pro- 
ductive. Young wood light yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate obtuse. Skin pale yellow, with a 
tinge of red in the sun, considerably netted and patched with russet, and 
numerously sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium, inserted in a 
small cavity, often russeted. Calyx open. Basin small. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, slightly astringent. 
Good to very good. October. 

Seutin. 
Poire Seutin. 
A seedling of M. Bouvier's. 

Fruit medium or above, ovate, green, with a brownish shade in sun, 
marblings, patches, and dots of dull russet. Stalk quite long. Calyx 
large, with short persistent segments. Flesh half fine, white, melting, 
juicy, sweet, perfumed. September, October. (Alb. Pom.) 



THE PEAR. 



855 



Shawmut. 

Originated with Francis Dana, Roxbury, Mass. Tree an upright, 
moderately vigorous grower. Young wood grayish reddish brown. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin nearly smooth, dull yellow, dot- 
ted with large round russet specks. Stalk long, fleshy, and wrinkled at 
base. Calyx open. Basin broad, deep. Flesh yellowish, coarse, melt- 
ing, juicy, vinous, sprightly, musky perfume. October. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Sheldon. 

Wayne. Bland. Huron. Wisner. 

An accidental seedling on the farm of Norman Sheldon, in the town 
of Huron, Wayne Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, erect, hardy, and a 
good bearer. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse obovate. Skin greenish yellow, 
mostly covered with thin light russet, a little brownish crimson in the 




Sheldon. 



sun, dotted with russet. Stalk short, stout. Cavity deep. Calyx 
open. Segments partly recurved. Basin broad, large. Flesh whitish, 
very juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, ^ich aromatic. Very good. Octo- 
ber. 

Sheppapd. 

Raised by James Sheppard, of Dorchester, Mass. ; introduced to 
notice by Dr. L. "W. Puffer. Tree a free grower, and very productive. 
Young wood grayish olive brown. 



856 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit large, obovate pyriform. Skin rough, yellow, sometimes with 
a brownish red cheek, slightly sprinkled with russet dots, and with some 
patches of russet. Stalk short and stout, in a depression, often inclined, 
surrounded by russet. Calyx partially closed, set in a very shallow 
furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, coarse and granular, buttery, melting, 
juicy, vinous, perfumed. Good to very good. Ripens last of Septem- 
ber and first of October. 

Simon Bouvier. 
Souvenir de Simon Bouvier. 

Originated in 1833, with M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree 
moderately vigorous. Young wood rich brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, yel- 
low, netted, patched, and dotted with russet, and a few specks and mar- 
blings of crimson in the sun. Stalk short, inserted in a shallow, broad 
cavity. Calyx open. Segments reflexed. Flesh white, buttery, melt- 
ing, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, November. (Al. Pom.) 

Skinless. 

Poire sans Peau. Sanspeau. Friihe Rousselet. 

Fleur de Guignes. Precoce de Glady. 

The Skinless is a very nice little Pear, with a remarkably thin, 
smooth skin, and a delicate perfumed flavor. It bears in clusters, and 
very regularly. It is not first-rate, but is esteemed by many. 

Fruit below medium size, long pyriform. Skin very smooth and 
thin, pale green, becoming light yellow, speckled with light red in the 
sun. Stalk long, slender, curved, inserted in a very trifling cavity. 
Calyx closed, set in a small basin. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, with 
a sweet and slightly perfumed flavor. Good. Middle of August. 

SOLDAT LABOUREUR. 
Auguste Van Krans. Blumenbach. Soldat Esperen. 

A seedling of Major Esperen's, produced about 1820. Tree vigo- 
rous, upright, an early and abundant bearer. Young wood dull grayish 
reddish brown. 

Fruit rather large, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, patched, 
netted, and dotted with russet. Stalk rather stout, long and curved, 
inserted in a small, abrupt cavity. Calyx open, scarcely sunk. Basin 
very small. Flesh yellowish, slightly granular, melting, juicy, with a 
sugary, vinous, perfumed flavor. Good to very good. October, Novem- 
ber. 

Souvenir du Congress. 

This Pear was originated by M. Morel, of Lyon-Yaise, France, and 
by him dedicated to the Pomological Congress of France. Tree vigo- 
rous and fertile, pyramidal in form. 

Fruit large to very large, resembling in form the Bartlett. Skin 
smooth, of a handsome yellow at maturity, washed with bright red, or 
carmine, on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh much like the Bartlett, 
having the musky flavor, though in a less degree. Its maturity com- 
mences in August and continues in September. (Revue Horticole.) 



THE PEAR. 



857 



Souvenir d'Esperen. 

This seedling Pear of Major Esperen's proves one of the very best, 
either for amateur or market cultivation. Tree vigorous, healthy, hardy, 
and productive, and holds its foliage well and late. Young wood olive 
reddish yellow brown. 

Emit large, oblong pyriform. Surface uneven. Skin greenish yel- 
low, mostly covered with dull rough russet, especially around the stalk 



Souvenir d'Esperen. 

and calyx. Stalk long, inclined, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a 
lip. Calyx open. Segments medium, erect, sometimes a little recurved. 
Basin small, narrow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, vinous, aromatic. 
Very good. October, November. 

Souvenir de la Heine des Belges. 

A Belgian Pear seedling of M. Gregoire. Tree vigorous and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit above medium, acute pyriform, pale yellow, tinged with crim- 
son brown in sun, patched and dotted with thin russet. Stalk short. 



858 



THE PEAR. 



enlarged at end, and inserted by a ring. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, 
melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, November. (An. Pom.) 

Souvenir Favre. 

A French Pear, originated with M. Favre in 1850, and first fruited 
in 1857. Young wood reddish olive brown. 

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, deeper in 
the sun, and dotted with many gray dots, or reddish in the sun. Stalk 
rather stout, inserted with a slight cavity. Calyx open, with long half- 
erect segments. Flesh a little coarse, half melting, juicy, sweet, and 
perfumed. November, December. (An. Pom.) 

Souveraine d'Ete. 

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin light yel- 
low, with numerous dots, which are crimson on the sunny side. Stalk 
short, in a narrow cavity, frequently by a lip. Calyx partially closed. 
Basin medium. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sugary, -vinous, aromatic. 
Good. Hipens first of September. 

Souveraine de Printemps. 
Poire de Printemps. 

A French Pear. Young wood dark olive reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, irregular in form, generally roundish obovate, slightly 
pyriform. Skin rough, greenish yellow, partially netted and patched 
with rough dark russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
curved, enlarged at insertion, in a small cavity, sometimes a lip. Calyx 
large and open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good 
to very good. October. 

Spanish Bon Chretien. 

Bon Chretien d'Espagne. Bon Chretien dore d'Espagne. 

Spina. Van Dyck. 

De Janviy. Compagnie d'Ostende. 

Bon Chretien d'Automne. Janvry. 

Gratiole d'Automne. Grosse Grande Bretagne doree. 

President d'Espagne. Vermilion d'Espagne d'Hiver. 

Safran d'Automne. Gracioli de la Toussaint. 

Safran rosat d'Automne. Vandyck. 
Bon Chretien Jaune d'Automne. Good Christian of Spain. 
Blanche. Spanish Warden. 

Grosse Grande Bretagne. Autumn Bon Chretien. 

Bon Chretien Spina. 

A very old variety. Tree a good bearer, and the fruit highly va- 
lued for cooking. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Skin at maturity deep yellow, with a brilliant 
red cheek, and dotted with reddish brown specks. Flesh white, crisp, 
or half breaking, good for cooking. December to January. 

Steinmitz Catherine. 

A Pennsylvania Pear. Tree very vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium or small, oblong pyriform, greenish, with a tinge of 
brown in the sun. Flesh white, moderately juicy, half melting, vinous. 
Good. September. 



THE PEAR. 



859 



Steinmitz Spice. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow, with nettings, 
patches, and dots of russet. Flesh whitish green, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant, aromatic. Good. September. 

Sterling. 
De Mott. 

Origin, Livingston Co., K Y. ; grown from seed brought from Con- 
necticut. Tree vigorous, upright. Young wood grayish-yellowish brown, 
an early bearer, and productive. 

Fruit medium, nearly round, slightly oval, very obscurely pyriform. 



/ 




Sterling. 

Skin yellow, sometimes with a few small patches of russet, and on the 
sunny side a mottled crimson cheek. Stalk rather stout, inserted in a 
slight cavity, sometimes by a ring. Calyx open, in a medium, rather un- 
even basin. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, melting, with a very sugary, brisk 
flavor. Good to very good. Ripens last of August and first of Septem- 
ber. 



Stevens 1 Genesee. 

Guernsey. Philippe Strie. 

Louise de Prusse. Doyenne Crotte. 

Crottee. Passa-tutti. 

Doyenne Galeux. Stephen's Genesee. 

Saint Michel Crotte. Genesee. 

Beurre des Beiges. 

This admirable Pear, combining in some degree the excellence of the 



860 



THE PEAR. 



Doyenne and Bergamotte, is reputed to be a seedling of Western New 
York. It originated on the farm of Mr. F. Stevens, of Lima, Living- 
ston Co., N. Y. Although placed among autumn pears, it frequently 
ripens here at the end of August, among the late summer varieties. 
Young shoots diverging, dark gray. 

Fruit large, roundish, and of a yellow color. Stalk about an 




Stevens' Genesee. 



inch long, stout, thicker at the base, and set in a slight, rather one- 
sided depression. Calyx with short, stiff divisions, placed in a smooth 
basin of only moderate depth. Flesh white, half buttery, with a rich 
aromatic flavor. Good to very good. First of September. 

Stone. 

Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish pyriform, uneven. Skin bright yellow with a 
sunny cheek. Stalk large, long, and curved. Calyx large. Basin 
open, broad, and shallow. Flesh white, somewhat buttery, slightly astrin- 
gent. August. 

Styer. 

Origin uncertain, introduced by Alan W. Corson, of Montgomery 
Co., Pa. Tree a very vigorous grower. Shoots stout and short-jointed, 
productive. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate. Skin pale yellow, netted, 
patched, and dotted with cinnamon russet. Stalk rather short, inserted 



THE PEAR. 



861 



in a small, shallow cavity. Calyx almost obsolete. Basin narrow, mo- 
derately deep. Flesh yellowish white, somewhat gritty at the core, 
buttery, melting. Good to very good. Ripens middle of September. 

Styrian. 
Keele Hall Beurre. 

This very bright-colored and excellent Pear comes from Eng- 
land. Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dull grayish olive 
brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, lightly 
shaded with crimson in the sun, traces and patches of russet, and nu- 
merous brown dots. Stalk rather long, inclined, curved, set in a small 
cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments a little 
recurved. Basin uneven. Flesh white, a little coarse near the core, 
juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good. September. 

Sucre de Tertolan. 
Sucre d'Automne de Tertolen. Sucre Vert d'Automne de Tolsduyn. 
Originated in Holland. 

Fruit below medium, roundish pyriform, pale green, mostly covered, 
netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk rather long. Flesh 
white, tinged with yellow, half melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. Last 
September, early October. (Yerg.) 

SUCREE DE HOYERSWERDA. 

Sugar of Hoyersworda. Sucre Noir d'£te. 

Sucre-vert d'Hoyerswerda. 

A pleasant German Pear, of peculiar flavor, good when ripened in the 
house. It bears immense crops. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin pale yellowish green, thickly 
sprinkled with greenish russet dots. Flesh white, quite juicy, with a 
sweet and piquant flavor. Scarcely good. It does not keep long. 
Last of August. 

SUCREE DU COMICE. 

This Pear comes from France, and is described in the Catalogue of 
the Hort. Soc. of Angers as : — 

Fruit of medium size, irregularly formed. Skin yellow, covered 
with green and russet dots. Flesh tender, sugary. Ripe in September 
i and October. 

Sucre Yert. 

Green Sugar. Bayonnaise. G-ris de Chine. Verdette. Sukerey d'Automne. 
An old Pear, of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium or small, obovate pyriform. Skin green. Stalk me- 
dium, fleshy at its insertion in a very slight cavity. Basin shallow. 
Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October. 



Suffolk Thorn. 



An English Pear, raised from seed of Gansel's Bergamot. 
Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin yellowish, mostly covered with 
thin russet. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, melting. Good. October. 

Sugar Top. 

July Pear. Prince's Sugar. Prince's Sugar Top. 

Fruit roundish, top-shaped. Skin smooth, yellow. Flesh white, 
somewhat juicy and breaking, sweet, but with little flavor. Last of July. 

Sullivan. 
Van Mons, No. 889. 

Sent to this country by Van Mons, and named by Mr. Manning. 
Young shoots slender, diverging, reddish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong pyriform. Skin pale greenish yellow. 
Stalk an inch and a half long, stout, tapering to the stalk. Flesh 
juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. September. 

Summer Archduke. 

Archiduc d'£te. Gros Ognonet. Archduke of Summer. 

Amire roux. Ognonet. Brown Admired. 

Amire roux de Tours. Ognonnet. Great Onion Pear. 

De-la-mi- Juillet. Oignonet. Ognonet Musque. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin smooth, yellowish green, 
covered with dark brownish red next the sun. Calyx open. Basin 
shallow. Flesh whitish, rather gritty, juicy, and sweet. Ripe early 
August. (Hogg.) 

Summer Bergamot. 
Bergamotte d'£te. 

The Summer Bergamot is an old foreign variety, of small size and 
second quality. The tree is of feeble growth. 

Fruit quite small, round. Skin yellowish green. Flesh juicy, and 
pretty rich in flavor, but quickly becomes mealy and dry. Last of July. 

There is a Large Summer Bergamot, quite distinct from the above. 
Flesh breaking and half buttery, not rich. September. The tree grows 
and bears finely. 

Summer Beurre d'Aremberg. 

Baised by Thomas Bivers, of Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England. 
Tree hardy, moderately vigorous, upright, very productive. 

Fruit medium or below, somewhat turbinate or short obovate. Skin 
of a lemon color, slight nettings and patches of russet, particularly 
around the stem. Stalk rather long, inserted in a small cavity. Calyx 
very small. Basin deep and narrow. Flesh tender, melting, juicy, brisk, 
vinous and perfumed, apt to rot at the core unless gathered early. First 
of September. (Gard. Chron.) 



THE PEAR. 



863 



Summer Bon Chretien. 



Bon Chretien d'Ete. 
Gratioli 
Gratioli d'Ete. 
Gratioli di Roma. 
Summer Good Christian. 
Musk Summer Bon Chretien. 
Sommer Apothekerbirne. 
Sommer Gute Christenbirne. 
Die Sommer Christebirne. 
Large Sugar, of some. 
Gros Bon Chretien. 
Beauclerc. 



Endicott. 



Safran d'Ete. 

Schelis. 

Gracioli rouge. 

Bon Chretien d'j^te Jaune. 

Canelle d'Ete. 

De Duchesse. 

Gros Bon Chretien d'£te. 

Bon Chretien Gratioly. 

Gros Bon Chretien Beauclerc. 

William Powell. 

Stuyversant. 

Richards Beurre, of some. 



This is one of the oldest Pears, having been cultivated for the last 
three centuries all over Europe. 

Fruit large, irregularly bell-shaped or pyriform, with swollen, 
knobby sides. Skin yellow, with an orange blush. Flesh yellowish, 
coarse-grained, very juicy, and of a pleasant, rich, sweet flavor. Good. 
Last of August, or early in September. 

Summer Crassane. 
Crassane d'Ete. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale yellow, covered with crimson 
russet. Flesh half melting, very juicy, sweet, and aromatic. Last of 
August. (Hogg.) 

Summer Franc Real. 



Franc Real d'Ete. 
Fondante. 
Gros Micet d'Ete. 
Milan Blanc. 

Bergamotte d'Ete ou Milan Blanc. 
Milan de le Beurriere. 



Beurre d'fite 



Royale. 

Hativeau Blanc. 
Coule Soif, 
Gros Mouille Bouche. 
Great Mouthwater. 
Beurre Blanc. 



The origin of this Pear is unknown. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, but largest in the middle, and taper- 
ing each way. Skin pale yellowish green, dotted with small brownish 
green dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, sugary. Good. Ripe 
early in September. 

Summer Rose. 



Epine Rose. 

Caillot Rosat d' Ete. 

Thorny Rose. 

Poire de Rose. 

Epine d'Ete Couleur Rose. 

Caillot Rosat. 

Rosenbirne, of the Germans. 

The Rose Pear. 

Rose Epine Rose. 

De Cailleau. 

De Caillot. 

Calua Rosat. 

Caillou Rozat. 

Peral del Campo. 



De Monsieur. 
De la Montieres. 
Ognon de Xaintonge. 
Rozatte du Dauphine. 
Viliane d'Anjou. 
Rozatte d'Ingrandes. 
Beurre Hatif. 
D'Eau Rose. 
Bigarride. 
Tulipee. 

Brute Bonne d'Automne. 

Caillaurozat. 

Caillorozar. 



Fruit medium, roundish. Skin faint yellow, with a red russet 
cheek. Flesh white, coarse. Last of August, not eatable. 



864 



THE PEAE. 



Summer St. Germain. 

Short's Saint Germain. Joli-mont of some. 

Saint Germain de Martin. Hoe-Langer Hoe-Liever. 

Saint Germain d'Ete. Jargonelle des Provencaux. 

A pleasant, juicy summer Pear, of second-rate flavor, bearing large 
crops. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin pale green all over 
the surface. Stalk an inch and a quarter long, obliquely inserted. 
Calyx large, in a basin scarcely sunken. Flesh juicy, tender, with & 
very slight acid. Poor. Last of August. 

Summer Yirgalieu. 
Powell's Virgalieu. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, slightly netted and 
patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk rather 
long, often curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments re- 
curved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, a 
little vinous. Good. August. 

Superfoxdante. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin smooth, pale yellow, marked 
with russet. Flesh white, buttery, melting, and good. October. 

Supreme de Quimper. 

This nice little Pear is of Belgian origin. Tree moderately vigorous, 
upright and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown, very short- 
j ointed. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly pyriform. Skin fine, clear yellow, 
richly shaded with red, somewhat specked and netted with russet. Stalk 
rather short, obliquely inserted, without cavity, by a slight appearance 
of a lip. Calyx open or partially closed. Basin shallow. Flesh 
whitish, juicy, melting, sweet and perfumed. Good to very good. Ripe 
early in August. Should be gathered very early, or it becomes dry. 

SURPASSE MEURIS. 
Ferdinand Demeester. 

A seedling of Van Mons'. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oval. Skin greenish yellow, some- 
times shaded with dull crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with 
brownish dots. Stalk stout, fleshy at insertion, in a shallow depression. 
Calyx large, open. Segments long, recurved. Basin shallow, uneven. 
Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, half melting, sweet. Good. November. 

Surpasse Virgalieu. 
Surpasse Virgouleuse. Colmar Yan Mons, erroneously. 

The precise origin of this very delicious fruit is not known. It was 
first sent out from the nursery of the late Mr. Andrew Parmentier, of 
Brooklyn, under this name, and is, perhaps, an unrecognized foreign 



THE PEAR. 



865 



Pear, so named by him in allusion to its surpassing the favorite Yirga- 
lieu (White Doyenne) of New York. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, sometimes roundish obovate. Skin 
smooth, pale lemon yellow, with a very few minute dots, and rarely a 
little faint red on the sunny side. Stalk rather more than an inch long, 
not deeply planted in a cavity rather higher on one side. Calyx rather 
small, and pretty firm, set in a slight, smooth basin. Flesh white, ex- 
ceedingly fine-grained and buttery, abounding with delicious, high- 
flavored, aromatic juice. Yery good. October. 




Surpasse Vrrgalieu. 



SUZETTE DE BAVAY. 

Raised by Major Esperen. Tree vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate. Skin yellowish, sprinkled with minute 
dots, and some traces of russet. Stalk curved, inserted in a small cavity. 
Calyx open. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh whitish, melting, sweet, 
and pleasant. Good. Only valuable for cooking. January to March. 

Swan's Egg. 
Moor-fowl Egg, incorrectly. 
A very old Pear, unworthy cultivation. 

Fruit small, oval. Skin pale green, washed with pale brown on the 
sunny side, and dotted with brownish specks. Flesh soft, juicy, with a 
sweet, somewhat musky flavor. October. 

Swiss Bergamot. 
Bergamotte Suisse. Striped Bergamot. Bergamot Eayee. 

A very pretty, roundish, striped Pear. Branches often striped, 

55 



866 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little inclined to turbinate. Skin 
smooth, pale green, striped with yellow and pale red. Flesh melting, 
juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October. 

Sylvange. 

Bergamotte Sylvange. Bergamot Sylvanche. 

Green Sylvange. Silvanbirne. 
Sylvanche. Silvange Pierard. 

A foreign variety, superseded. 

Fruit roundish obovate. Skin rough, pale green, with a slightly 
darker green cheek. Flesh greenish white, juicy, tender, and melting, 
with a sweet, agreeable flavor. Good. October, and keeps a long time. 

Tardif de Mons. 

Fruit oblong obovate. Skin yellow, with an orange tinge in sun, and 
strewed with large russety dots. Flesh white, tender, buttery, melting, 
very juicy, rich, sugary. November. (Hogg.) 

Tarquin. 

An old variety, which we have never fruited. The description by 
Prince resembles that of Belle Williams, recently received as new. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, with a shallow groove from one end of 
the fruit to the other. Skin greenish yellow, marbled over with fawn. 
Stalk medium length, enlarged, with a fleshy appearance near its junction 
with the fruit. Flesh breaking without being dry, rather delicate, and 
has a slight acidity. Good. Ripens April, May. 

Tarquin des Pyrenees. 

Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Stem long, stout, fleshy at its junction, with- 
out cavity. Calyx large, open, with persistent segments, in a broad, 
irregular basin, surrounded by russet. Skin green, sprinkled or patched 
with russet, and thickly covered with brown dots. Flesh of poor qua- 
lity, a very long keeper, and said to keep two years. Only a cooking 
Pear. 

Taylor Pear. 
Merriweather. 

Originated on the farm of Mr. Merriweather, near Charlottesville, 
Albemarle Co., Ya. Tree vigorous. Young wood clear olive brown, 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin light green, mottled with dark 
green, netted and dotted with russet. Stalk medium. Cavity shallow. 
Calyx small, open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, buttery, juicy, half melting, 
sweet, and pleasant. Good. November, December. 

Tea. 

Raised by Mrs. Ezra Merchant, of Milford, Conn. The seed was found 
in a pound of tea, which she purchased at the store, hence its name. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood olive yellow. 



THE PEAR. 



867 



Fruit medium, obovate, inclining to pyriform. Skin lemon yellow, 
with numerous small brown dots, and sometimes a reddish cheek, netted 
and patched with russet. Stalk rather stout, inserted obliquely under a 
lip in a very small cavity. Calyx half closed. Basin shallow. Flesh 
white, fine, juicy, melting, and vinous. Good to very good. Ripens last 
of August to middle of September. 

Theodore Yan Mons. 

This Belgian Pear, supposed one of Yan Mons' seedlings, originated 
about 1827, but was not brought to notice until about 1843. The tree 
is a vigorous, upright grower, quite productive. The young wood light 
yellow reddish brown. 




Theodore Van Mons. 



Fruit medium or above, oblong pyriform. Skin greenish or pale yel- 
low, with traces and patches of russet, and many gray and green dots. 
Stalk curved. Cavity slight, russeted. Calyx open. Segments reflexed. 
Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, vinous. Good to very good. 
September, October. 



868 



THE PEAR. 



Therese Kujips. 

A Belgian Pear, introduced in 1847. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, slightly tinted with 
brownish in sun, small patches, large specks and dots of thin russet. 
Stalk medium, rough, inserted with rings at base. Calyx with short, 
almost erect segments. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melting, juicy, 
sweet, vinous, perfumed. November. (An. Pom.) 

Thompson's. 

This Pear, received by us from the Horticultural Society of London, 
was named in honor of Mr. Robert Thompson, the head of the fruit de- 
partment in the Society's garden, to whose pomological acumen the hor- 
ticultural world is so largely indebted. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Fruit variable. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Pruit of medium size, obovate pyriform, slightly irregular in surface. 
Skin pale lemon yellow, with a few small russety dots and patches 
and streaks. Stalk pretty stout, an inch or more long, inserted in a 
blunt, uneven cavity. Calyx open, stiff, often without divisions. Basin 
abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, buttery, melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. 
Good to very good. October and November. 

Thooris. 

A Belgian Pear, introduced in 1854, and unworthy cultivation. 
Pruit below medium, oval, pale yellow, thickly sprinkled with brown 
dots. Plesh white, coarse, dry, sweet, and poor. Early September. 

Thuerlinckx. 
Tuerlinckx. Beurre Tuerlinckx. 

This variety was grown from seed and first exhibited in 1848, by M. 
Thuerlinckx, of Malines, Belgium. Tree moderately vigorous. 

Pruit very large, regular oblong obovate pyriform. Skin dull green- 
ish, with a shade of brown at ends, and marblings of dull dark green 
and brown. Stalk medium, inserted without depression by a ring. 
Flesh white, buttery, acidulous. November, December. (Al. Pom.) 

TlLLINGTON. 

Raised in the village of Tillington, near Hereford, England, and first 
exhibited by T. A. Knight, Esq., before the London Horticultural Soci- 
ety, in 1820. Tree hardy and productive. 

Pruit medium size, short pyriform, greenish yellow, with light brown 
russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, tender, but- 
tery, melting, not juicy, vinous, aromatic. Good. October. 

Totten's Seedling. 

Raised by Colonel Totten, of New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous. 
Young wood dull olive yellow brown. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, with a shade of crimson 
in the sun, traces, patches, and dots of russet. Stalk long. Calyx open. 
Flesh white, sweet. Poor. September. 



THE PEAR. 



Trescott. 

Originated on the farm of Mies Trescott, Cranston, R. I. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate, orange yellow, with patches of 
cinnamon russet. Flesh fine-grained, melting, juicy, pleasant. Good. 
Last September. (Hort.) 

Triomphe de Jodoigne. 

A Belgian Pear, seedling of M. Bouvier in 1830, introduced in 1843. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood short-jointed, dull grayish 
brown. 

Fruit large, obovate ovate obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven. Skin 
pale greenish yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson in the sun, 
patches, nettings, and traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown 
and green dots. Stalk rather long, a little inclined, fleshy at its inser- 
tion by a ring. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments short and stiff. 
Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet. 
Good to very good. October. 

Triomphe de Louvain. 

Of Belgian origin. Tree vigorous, productive, an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow, 
mostly covered with thin dull russet, with a dull red cheek in sun, many 
russet brown dots. Stalk rather short, stout. Cavity medium. Calyx 
large, open. Segments recurved. Flesh whitish, coarse, not juicy or 
melting, sweet. Good. September. 

Truckhill Bergamot. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, with crimson 
and fawn in the sun, sprinkled with gray and green dots. Stalk rather 
short. Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh 
half melting, somewhat coarse and gritty, moderately juicy. Good. 
October. 

Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leopold I. 

This Pear, with its unfortunate long name, is a seedling of M. Gre- 
goire, Jodoigne, Belgium. The tree is of medium vigor, and very pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium to large, oval obovate pyriform. Skin pale greenish 
yellow, with a few patches of crimson in the sun, and netted, patched, 
and dotted with russet. Stalk medium or slender. Cavity narrow. 
Calyx with half-erect segments. Flesh white, fine, melting, buttery, 
juicy, sweet, with a delicious perfume. November. (An. Pom.) 

Tyler. 

An American variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood 
reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish pyriform, yellow, netted and patched 
and dotted with russet. Stalk long and slender, in a moderate cavity. 



870 



THE PEAK. 



surrounded by russet. Calyx open. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh 
white, coarse, granular, buttery, melting, juicy, brisk, and vinous. 
Good. October. 

Tyson. 

A native seedling, found in a hedge on the farm of J onathan Tyson, 
of Jenkintown, near Philadelphia. Tree an upright, vigorous grower, 
but a tardy bearer, very productive. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium or below, acute pyriform. Skin clear, deep yellow at 
full maturity, slightly russeted, with a fine crimson cheek, and numerous 




Tyson. 



minute brown dots. Stalk long and curved, generally inserted by a 
fleshy ring or lip. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh rather fine, juicy, 
melting, very sugary, and somewhat aromatic. Yery good to best. 
Bipens last of August and first of September. 

Upper Crust. 

A seedling of South Carolina, and introduced by Colonel Sumner. 
Fruit below medium, roundish. Skin greenish, covered with dots 



THE PEAR. 



871 



and patches of russet. Stalk rather short and stout. Cavity broad, 
shallow. Calyx large, open. Flesh granular, not juicy, rots at core. 
Poor. August. 

Urbaniste. 



Count Coloma. 
St. Marc? 
Beurre Picquery. 

Drapiez. 

Coloma d'Automne. 



Louise d'Orleans. 
Picquery. 
Louis Dupont. 
Henkel d'Hiver. 
Urbaniste Seedling. 



The Urbaniste is a fruit which, in its delicious flavor, compares per- 
haps more nearly with the favorite old Doyenne or Virgalieu than any 
other fruit, and adds, when in perfection, a delicate perfume peculiarly 
its own. Its handsome size and remarkably healthy habit commend it 
for those districts where the Doyenne does not flourish. The tree is a 



Urbaniste. 



moderately vigorous grower, and though it does not begin to bear so 
early as some varieties, it yields abundant and regular crops, and gives 
every indication of a long-lived, hardy variety. For the orchard or 
garden in the Middle States, therefore, we consider it indispensable. 
With so many other fine sorts, we owe this to the Flemish, it having 



872 



THE PEAR. 



been originated by the Count de Coloina, of Malines. It was first intro- 
duced into this country in 1823. Young shoots upright, short-jointed, 
olive yellow brown. 

Fruit of medium size, often large, obovate pyriform. Skin smooth 
and fair, pale yellow, with gray dots, and a few russet streaks. Stalk 
about an inch long, rather stout, and inserted in a well-marked or rather 
broad depression. Calyx small, closed, and set in a narrow basin, which 
is abruptly and rather deeply sunk. Flesh white, yellowish at the core, 
buttery, very melting and rich, with a copious delicious juice, delicately 
perfumed. Very good or best. Ripens from the last of September till 
the end of November, if kept in the house. 

Ursula. 

Fruit below medium size, oblong acute pyriform. Skin yellow, much 
shaded with fine crimson in the sun, partially netted and patched, and 
thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk stout, fleshy at base, inclined, 
set without cavity. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, coarse near the core, 
juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October, 
November. 

UWCHLAN. 
Dowlin. Kound Top. 

Origin on the premises of widow Dowlin, Uwchlan township, Pa., 
near the Brandywine. Tree of moderate growth. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, inclining to obovate. Skin yellow, 
mostly covered with golden russet. Stalk long, curved, in a slight 
depression. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, melting, juicy, 
slightly vinous, with a fine aromatic flavor. Good to very good. If not 
picked early it is disposed to rot at the core. Ripens last of August. 

Valentine. 
Originated on Long Island. 

Fruit above medium, oblong acute pyriform, pale yellowish green, 
tinge of red in the sun. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. 
Good. August. 

Vallee Franche. 
De Vallee. Bonne de Keinzheim. De Keinzheim. 

An old variety, unworthy cultivation. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish green. Flesh 
white, not fine-grained, quite juicy, but not buttery, and of a simple 
sweet flavor. Last of August. 

Van Assche. 

Van Assene. Van Asshe. 

This Flemish Pear is quite handsome but of variable quality. Tree 
vigorous, productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin pale wliit- 



THE PEAR. 



873 



ish yellow, shaded, mottled, and dotted with crimson, and thickly covered 
with conspicuous brown dots. Stalk curved, inclined, set in a shallow 
cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, 
erect. Basin abrupt, large, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. September. 

' Van Buren. 

An American seedling, raised by Governor Edwards, of New Haven, 
Conn. Only valuable for cooking. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin clear yellow, with a rich 
orange-red blush next the sun, regularly dotted with conspicuous brown- 
ish specks, and slightly touched with greenish and russet spots. Flesh 
white, crisp, sweet. October. 



Van Deventer. 

Origin, New Jersey. Tree very vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit rather small, oblong ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded 
with brownish red in the sun, with many gray and green dots. Stalk 
inclined, inserted by a lip, and sometimes rings. Calyx partially closed. 
Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, half melting, sweet, plea- 
sant. Good. Middle August. 

Van de Weyer Bates. 
Vandeweyer Bates. 

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate, pale lemon yellow, covered 
with small brown dots, and a few veins of the same color. Calyx large, 
open. Flesh yellow, buttery, juicy, rich, sugary, with a pleasant aroma. 
One of the finest late Pears. March to May. (Hogg.) 

Van Marum. 

Beurre Van Marum. Calebasse Carafon. 

G-rosse Calebasse du Nord. Calebasse Moustre. 

Bouteille. Calebasse Monstrueuse du Nord. 

Monstrueuse du Nord. Calebasse Royale. 

Triomphe du Nord. Calebasse de Holland. 

Triomphe de Hasselt. Calebasse Imperiale. 

Poire Van Marum. Calebasse du Nord. 

Calebasse de Nerckman's. Calebasse Monstrueuse. 

Originated with Van Mons. Tree a vigorous grower, productive. 
Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit large to very large, oblong pyriform. Skin yellow, rarely with 
a little red. Stalk rather long and slender, inserted in a flattened cavity. 
Calyx large, set in a regular shallow basin. Flesh white, liable to rot at 
the core, half melting, not very juicy, but sweet and pleasantly perfumed. 
Good. October. 

Van Mons Leon le Clerc. 

Van Mons Leon le Clerc was originated by M. Leon le Clerc, an 
amateur cultivator, of Laval, in France, wbo, in naming it, desired to 
couple his own name with that of his friend, Dr. Van Mons — " le grand 
pretre de Pomona." Its young shoots are strong, upright, olive-colored. 



874 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit large, oblong obovate. Skin yellowish, much mingled with 
brown over nearly the whole surface, and slightly russeted near the 
stalk. Stalk an inch and a half long, rather stout, obliquely inserted, 
with little depression. Calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin. Flesh 
yellowish white, buttery, and melting, with a sugary flavor. Good to 
very good. October and November. 

Van Mons St. Germain. 
St. Germain Nouveau. 

A seedling of Professor Yan Mons', and considered a great acquisi- 
tion to the list of fine Pears. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit rather above medium, regular, oblong obovate pyriform, green- 
ish yellow, shaded with dull green, and with fawn russet patches and 
minute black dots. Stalk long, inserted with scarcely any depression, 
surrounded by a few folds. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet, 
perfumed. September. (Al. Pom.) 

Vauquelin. 

Poire Vauquelin. Saint Germain Vauquelin. 

A variety from Rouen, France. Tree a vigorous grower. Young 
wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, sometimes oblong obovate pyri- 
form. Skin greenish, a little brownish in the sun, some patches and 
traces of russet, and russet dots. Stalk stout, inserted with little or no 
cavity, and base enlarged. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous, astrin- 
gent. Good. December, January. 

Verlaine. 
Verlaine d'£te ? 
One of Van Mons' seedlings. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale yellow orange in sun, 
with patches and dots of brownish red. Stalk slender, inserted in a 
small cavity. Calyx with short, stiff segments. Flesh white, half fine, 
melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. September. (An. Pom.) 

Vermillon d'en Haut. 

A foreign variety. Tree vigorous, with strong young shoots of a 
light olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium size, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded with 
red in the sun. Flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet. September. 

Vermont. 
Vermont Seedling. 

A supposed seedling, taken from Vermont to near Oswego, N. Y., 
where it has fruited. Tree an upright grower. Young wood grayish 
olive. 

Fruit medium or below, ovate obovate obtuse pyriform, pale whitish 



THE PEAK. 



875 



yellow, slight red in the sun, traced, netted, and dotted with russet. 
Stalk slender. Cavity deep. Calyx with erect segments. Flesh whit- 
ish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October. 

Verulam. 

Black Beurre. Buchanan's Spring Beurre. 

Spring Beurre. New Spring Beurre. 

An old variety, valuable only for cooking. 

Fruit large, obovate, dull green, covered with thin russet in the 
shade, and reddish brown in the sun, thickly dotted with gray dots. 
Stalk slender. Calyx open. Flesh crisp, coarse-grained, and when 
stewed assumes a fine rose color. January to March. (Hogg.) 

Yezouziere. 

This is a seedling raised by M. Leon le Clerc, from seeds of the Yan 
Mons Leon le Clerc. Tree a vigorous grower, productive. Young 
wood reddish olive brown. 

Fruit medium or below, nearly globular, slightly oblate. Skin yellow- 
ish, sprinkled with minute gray and green dots. Stalk long, curved, 
inserted in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx open, persistent, in a wide, 
uneven basin. Flesh very juicy, melting, sweet, and agreeable. Good 
to very good. September. 



Vicar of Winkfield. 

Le Cure. Missive d'Hiver. 

Monsieur le Cure. Cueillette d'Hiver. 

Clion. Cornice de Toulon. 

Belle de Berry. Du Cure. 

Belle Heloise. Grosse Allongee. 

Bon Papa. Du Pradel. 

De Clion. Wicar of Wakefield. 

Monsieur. Pradello de Catalogne. 

Belle Andreane. Curette. 

De Monsieur Le Cure. Jouffroy. 

Belle Adrienne. Messire d'Hiver. 

Vicaire de Winkfield. 

This large and productive Pear was discovered, as a natural seed- 
ling, in the woods of Clion, France, by a French curate, whence it 
obtained in France the familiar name of Le Cure, or Monsieur le Cure. 
A short time after it became known at Paris, it was imported into 
England by the Reverend Mr. Rham, of Winkfield, Berkshire, and 
cultivated and disseminated from thence, becoming known in the neigh- 
borhood of London as the Vicar of Winkfield. With regard to its 
merits there is some difference of opinion — some persons considering it 
a fine fruit. It is always remarkably large, fair, and handsome. We 
think it always a first-rate baking Pear. Occasionally we have tasted it 
fine as a table Pear, but generally it is astringent, and only third-rate 
for this purpose. If ripened off in a warm temperature, however, it 
will generally prove a good second-rate eating Pear. But its great pro- 
ductiveness, hardiness, and fine size, will always give it a prominent 
place in the orchard as a profitable market cooking Pear. The tree 
grows thriftily, with drooping fruit branches. Shoots diverging, dark 
olive brown. 



876 THE PEAR. 

Fruit large and long pyriform, often six inches long, and a little one- 
sided. Skin fair and smooth, pale yellow, sometimes with a brownish 




Vicar of Winkfield. 



cheek, and marked with small brown dots. Stalk an inch or an inch 
and a half long, slender, obliquely inserted without depression. Calyx 
large, open, set in a basin which is very slightly sunk. Flesh greenish 
white, generally juicy, but sometimes buttery, with a good, sprightly 
flavor. November to January. 



THE PEAK. 



877 



YlCOMTE DE SPOELBERCH. 
De Spoelberg". Beurre de Spoelberg. Despoilberg. 

A seedling of Yan Mons', described in 1830, and dedicated to M. le 
Yicomte de Spoelberg de Lowenjoul. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, covered 
with numerous small dots, and small patches of russet. Stalk curved, 
fleshy at its insertion, with slight russet. Calyx open. Basin small, 
Flesh white, buttery, juicy, melting, not high flavored. Good. Novem- 
ber, December. 

Yineuse. 
Vineuse d'Esperen. 

A seedling of Major Esperen's, first introduced in 1840. Tree vigo- 
rous, with slender wood, productive. Young wood reddish olive brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate ovate slightly obtuse pyriform. 
Skin greenish, slightly bronzed in the sun, a few patches and nettings 
of russet, and many small brown and green dots. Stalk medium. 
Cavity small. Calyx large, open. Basin broad, shallow. Flesh coarse, 
juicy, melting, acid. Good. October. 

YlRGOULEUSE. 

Poire-glace. Le Virgoule. Poire de Glace. 

Chambrette. Virgolese. Ice Pear. 

Bujaleuf. Chambrette d'Hiver. La Virguleuse. 

An old French variety, of little value. 

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin very smooth, yellowish green at ma- 
turity, sprinkled with numerous gray or reddish dots. Flesh white, 
buttery. Good. November to January. 

Yon Zugler. 

A new Belgian variety. Tree slender. Young wood olive. Pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium size, roundish acute pyriform. Skin yellow, nearly 
covered with cinnamon russet. Stalk rather short, inclined in a slight 
depression by a fleshy lip. Calyx small, open. Segments short, erect. 
Basin small. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. 
Yery good. September. 

Wadleigh. 

Origin, New Hampshire. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular. Fine yellow, slightly netted and 
patched with russet. Stalk short, stout, inserted in a slight cavity, 
sometimes by a fold or lip. Calyx with small short segments. Flesh 
white, fine, a little gritty, juicy, melting, pleasant. Good. September. 

Walker. 
No. 135, Van Mons. 
This is a seedling of Yan Mons', and sent to Robert Manning, of 



878 



THE PEAK. 



Salem, Mass., in 1834-5, under number. The tree is a vigorous, 
healthy grower, upright habit. The young wood grayish. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, sometimes a 
shade of crimson in the sun. Slight nettings and patches of russet, 
and thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, fleshy at insertion, 
in a slight cavity by a ring. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments 
short, erect. Basin small. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, half 
melting, vinous, a little astringent. Good to very good. October. 

Washington. 

Kobinson. Naaman's Creek. Robertson. Namen's Creek. 




A beautiful American Pear, 
of very excellent quality, which 
is a native of Delaware. It was 
discovered there in a thorn 
hedge, near Naaman's Creek, on 
the estate of Colonel Robinson. 
It is one of the most attractive 
and distinct of our native des- 
sert Pears. Young shoots slen- 
der, diverging, reddish yellow 
brown. 

Fruit of medium size, oval 
obovate, regularly formed. Skin 
smooth, clear lemon yellow, with 
a sprinkling of reddish dots on 
the sunny side. Stalk about an 
inch and a half long, inserted 
even with the surface, or with a 
slight depression. Calyx small, 
partly closed, and set in a shal- 
low basin. Flesh white, very 
juicy, melting, sweet, and agree- 
able. Yery good. Middle of 
September. 

Watson. 



Washington. An American variety, of 

poor quality. 

Fruit below medium, roundish slightly obovate, yellowish, covered 
mostly with russet. Flesh whitish, coarse, moderately juicy, sweet. 
Early September. 

Webstek. 

Originated at Hudson, N. Y. Tree a moderate grower, produc- 
tive. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, globular obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, sometimes a 
tinge of crimson in the sun. Traces and nettings of russet, and many 
minute brown dots. Stalk long, slender, inclined, set in a small russeted 
cavity. Calyx open. Segments long, reflexed. Flesh white, juicy, 
melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. November. 



THE PEAR. 



879 



Welbeck Bergamot. 
Hepworth. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, uneven in outline, bossed about the 
stalk, lemon yellow, blush of light crimson in the sun, and thickly- 
sprinkled with large russet specks. Calyx small, open. Basin shallow. 
Flesh white, rather coarse-grained, half melting, juicy, sweet, without 
flavor. November. (Hogg.) 

Wellington. 

Raised by Wellington, Braintree, Mass., and first shown before 

the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1864. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin clear pale yellow, 
clouded with green. Stalk very short. Calyx open, with short, stiff, 
slightly incurved segments. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish white, lit- 
tle coase, juicy, melting, sweet, with a peculiar aroma. November. 
(Hov. Mag.) 

Wendell. 

A seedling of Yan Mons', named in honor of Dr. H. Wendell, 
Albany, 1ST. Y. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit rather small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, shaded in sun 
with crimson, and sprinkled with dots. Calyx small, partially open. 
Flesh whitish, fine-grained, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, pleasant. 
Good. September. 

Westcott. 

A native of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, an early bearer, very 
productive. 

Fruit medium, irregular globular. Stalk long, curved, rather stout, 
fleshy at its insertion, in a cavity of moderate depth, with a lip. Calyx 
very small, in a shallow furrowed basin. Color light yellow, with 
numerous gray dots. Flesh white, juicy, nearly melting, coarse, granu- 
lar, sweet, and agreeable. Good. September, October. 

Wetmore. 

Raised by E. B. Wetmore, Westmoreland, N. Y. Tree upright, 
vigorous. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit small, roundish oval. Skin pale yellow, with nettings and 
patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, 
slender, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments short, erect. Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good to very good. October. 

Wharton's Early. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. Young wood olive yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium size, obovate oblong acute pyriform. Skin pale yel- 
low, traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, 
curved, rather slender, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx 
open. Segments short, erect. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, melting, sweet, slightly musky. Good or very good. August. 



880 



THE PEAK. 



"Wheeler. 

Originated in Greenwich, R. I. Tree vigorous, upright. Young 
wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin greenish yellow, a few 
traces and patches of russet, and numerous gray and green dots. 
Stalk medium. Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, uneven. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 



Whieldon. 



Whieldon's McLellan. 



McLellan. 



Originated in the garden of Wm. W. Whieldon, Concord, Mass. 
The tree is moderately vigorous, and a profuse bearer. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse, slightly pyriform. Skin 
pale yellowish green, with a tinge of red in the sun, numerous russet 
nettings and dots. Stalk long, rather slender, a little inclined, set in a 
shallow cavity. Calyx open. Segments a little recurved. Basin me- 
dium, uneven. Flesh whitish, a little gritty near the core, juicy, melt- 
ing, buttery, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. 
September. 



White Doyenne. 



Doyenne White. 

Virgalieu, of New York. 

St. Michael, of Boston. 

Butter Pear, of Philadelphia. 

Virgaloo. 

Bergoloo. 

Yellow Butter. 

White Beurre. 

White Autumn Beurre. 

Dean's. 

Warwick Bergamot. 
Pine Pear. 
St. Michel. 
Keigner. 
Doyenne. 
Doyenne blanc. 
Beurre blanc. 



Poire de Limon. 
Valencia. 

Citron de Septembre. 

Bonne-ente. 

A courte queue. 

Kaiserbirne. 

Kaiser d'Automne. 

Weisse Herbst Butterbirne. 

Dechantsbirne. 

Nouvelle d'Ouef. 

Edwige. 

Carlisle. 

White or Autumn Butter. 
Valentia or Valencia. 
Poire du Doyen. 
Garner or Gardner. 
Sublime Garnotte. 



The White Doyenne is, unquestionably, one of the most perfect of 
autumn Pears. Its universal popularity is attested by the great num- 
ber of names by which it is known in various parts of the world. As 
the Virgalieu in New York, Butter Pear in Philadelphia, and St. 
Michael's in Boston, it is most commonly known ; but all these names, so 
likely to create confusion, should be laid aside for the true one, White 
Doyenne.* It is an old French variety, having been in cultivation over 
two hundred years. The branches are strong, upright, yellowish gray or 
light brown. 

Fruit of medium or large size, regularly formed, obovate. It varies 
considerably in different soils, and is often shorter or longer on the same 

* Virgalieu seems an American name, and is always liable to be confounded 
with the Virgouleuse, a very different fruit. The Doyenne (pronounced dwoy- 
annay), literally deanship, is probably an allusion to the Dean by whom it was 
first brought into notice. 



THE PEAR. 881 

tree. Skin smooth, clear pale yellow, regularly sprinkled with small 
dots, and often with a fine red cheek. Stalk brown, from three-fourths 
to an inch and a fourth long, a little curved, and planted in a small 
round cavity. Calyx always very small, closed, set in a shallow basin' 
smooth or delicately plaited. Flesh white, fine-grained, very buttery' 




White Doyenne. 



melting, rich, high-flavored and delicious. Best. September— and, if 
picked early from the tree, will often ripen gradually till December. 

The Doyenne Panache, or Striped Dean, is a variety rather more 
narrowing to the stalk, the skin prettily striped with yellow, green, and 
red, and dotted with brown. Flesh juicy, melting, but not high-flavor- 
1 ed. October. 

"White's Seedling. 

Origin, New Haven, Conn. Tree a vigorous grower, very produc- 
i tive. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate obovate. Skin yellow, sometimes with 
a brownish blush in the sun, considerably netted and patched with rus- 
set, and many russet dots. Stalk long, inclined, set in a shallow cavity, 
often by a fleshy lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin 
small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good 
to very good. October to February. 

56 



882 



THE PEAK. 



WlEST. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood reddish 
yellow brown, with oblong gray specks. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oval, green, shaded with dull red, 
and sprinkled with green and gray dots. Stalk rather stout. Calyx 
small, closed. Segments to a point. Flesh whitish green, juicy, melt- 
ing, subacid. Good. September. 

Wilbur. 

The "Wilbur is a native fruit, which originated in Somerset, Mass. 
Shoots slender, light olive brown. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish ovate, pale yellow, slightly netted 
and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
small in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Basin small. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, slightly astringent. Good. Septem- 
ber. 

Wilkinson. 

The original tree grows on the farm of Mr. J. Wilkinson, Cumber- 
land, R. I. The tree is very thrifty, hardy, and a regular bearer. 
The shoots are long, upright, stout, olive yellow, with oblong white 
specks. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, inclining to oval. Skin smooth and 
glossy, bright yellow, dotted with brown points. Stalk an inch and a 
quarter long, rather stout, inserted with little or no depression. Calyx 
small, open, and firm, set in a shallow basin. Flesh very white, juicy, 
melting, sweet, and rich, with a slight perfume. Good. October to De- 
cember. 

WlLLERMOZ. 

This Belgian Pear was produced in 1848. The tree is an extremely 
fine grower, with young shoots dark dull olive brown, very productive. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, nettings 
and some large patches of russet, and many small russet dots. Stalk 
medium or rather stout, inclined, set in a small cavity. Calyx open, or 
partially closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, 
coarse at core, slightly vinous. Good to very good. November, 
January. 

William Edwards. 

A seedling of Ex-Governor Edwards, of New Haven, very produc- 
tive, and a good baking fruit, but not juicy or melting enough for the 
dessert. 

Fruit of medium size, obtuse pyriform, terminating rather abruptly 
at the stalk. Skin yellow, and at maturity profusely* dotted with red 
and russet points or dots on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, 
buttery, sugary. September. 



THE PEAR. 



883 



William Prince. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with a 
shade of crimson in the sun, and many brown dots. Stalk rather short. 
Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good 
to very good. September, October. 



Williams' Early. 



A native fruit, which originated on the farm of Mr. A. D. Williams, 
of Boxbury, Mass. Tree a moderate grower. Young shoots brown 
red. 

Fruit small, roundish slightly pyriform. Skin bright yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with rich scarlet dots on the sunny side. Stalk an inch and a 
half long, straight, a little fleshy where it joins the fruit. Calyx very 
short, open. Basin shallow and slightly plaited. Flesh yellowish white, 
a little coarse-grained at first, but, when ripe, very juicy, half buttery, 
with a slightly musky flavor. Good. First to the middle of September. 



Williamson. 

Origin on the farm of Nicholas Williamson, Long Island. Tree 
hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, a few patches 
and traces of russet. Stalk rather stout. Calyx open. Basin uneven. 
Flesh white, coarse, juicy, half melting. Good. October. 

Wilmington. 

A seedling of Passe Colmar, raised by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. 
Tree a moderate grower. Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. 
Stalk long, set in a small cavity, often by a lip. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments persistent. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish green, juicy, 
i buttery, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. 
- September. 

Windsor. 

Summer Bell. Belle d'Ete. Green Windsor. 

Konge. Lady Thigh. Grosse Jargonelle. 

Madame. Bell Tongue. Supreme. 

Madame de France. Bellissime. Water, of some. 

Watermelon, of some. 

The Windsor is an old European Pear, very commonly known in 
some parts of this country as the Summer Bell Pear. It is a profitable 
market sort, bearing regularly large crops, and selling well, although in 
quality it is, from its astringency, almost uneatable, and to be valued 
only as a cooking fruit. The tree is remarkable for its stout, perfectly 
upright dark brown shoots. 

Fruit large, pyriform or bell-shaped, widest above the middle, nar- 



884 



THE PEAR. 



rowing to the eye. Skin yellowish green. Flesh white, tender or soft, 
coarse-grained, with a somewhat astringent juice. Rots at the core. 
Last of August. 



WlNSHIP. 
Winship Seedling. 

Originated in the nurseries of the Messrs. Winship, Brighton, Mass. 
Tree vigorous. Young wood rich dull yellow reddish brown. 

Fruit medium size, oblong acute pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
with traces and patches of russet. Stalk long, rather stout, and uneven. 
Calyx large. Segments short, erect. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh 
white, coarse, not juicy or melting. Poor. August. 



Winter Bonchretien. 



Bon Chretien d'Hiver. 

Poire d'Angoise. 

Good Christian of Winter. 

Winter Good Christian 

Bon Chretien de Constantinople. 

Panchresta. 

Poire d'Apothecaire. 

Crustemenie. 

A Tetine. 



De Dos. 
De Fesses. 

De Bon Crustemenien. 

De Chretien. 

Bon Chretien de Tours. 

Bon Chretien de Vernon. 

Bon Chretien. 

Bon Chretien d'Auch. 

De Saint-Martin. 



This is perhaps one of the oldest Pears known, having been de- 
scribed in 1485. Its value is only for cooking. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin dull yellow, tinge of 
brown in the sun, and sprinked with russet dots. Stalk medium. 
Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin deep. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, 
sweet, perfumed. December to "March. 



Winter Nelis. 

Nelis d'Hiver. Etourneau. 

Bonne de Malines. Bergamotte Thouin. 

Beurre de Malines. Colmar Nelis. 

La Bonne Malinaise. Thouin. 

Milanaise Cuvelier. Colmar d'Hiver. 

The Winter Nelis holds, in our estimation, nearly the same rank 
among winter Pears that the Seckel does among the autumnal varieties. 
It is a very hardy and thrifty tree, and bears regular crops of pears, 
which always ripen well, and in succession. Branches diverging, rather 
slender, dark reddish brown. It is a Flemish Pear, and was originated 
by M. Nelis, of Mechlin. 

Fruit of medium size, or usually a little below it, roundish obovate, 
narrowed-in near the stalk. Skin yellowish green at maturity, dotted 
with gray russet, and a good deal covered with russet patches and 
streaks, especially on the sunny side. Stalk an inch and a half long, 
bent, and planted in a narrow cavity. Calyx open, with stiff, short di- 
visions, placed in a shallow basin. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, 
buttery, and very melting, abounding with juice of a rich, saccharine, 
aromatic flavor. Best. In perfection in December, and keeps till the 
middle of January. 



1 



THE PEAR. 



885 




Winter Nelis. 

Winter Seckel. 

Origin, near Fredericksburg, Ya. Introduced by H. R. Roby. 

Fruit small, obovate, yellow, with a brownish cheek in sun, patches 
and nettings of russet, and many large green and brown dots. Stalk 
slender. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, a little coarse at core, juicy, 
half melting, sweet. Good. J anuary to March. 

; Winter Thorn. 

fipine d'Hiver. £pine Rose d'Hiver. 

! Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, with grayish 
I brown dots. Calyx small, open. Flesh whitish, tender, buttery, sweet, 
musky. November, January. (Hogg.) 

Woodbridge's Seckel. 

Originated at Detroit, Mich. Tree moderately vigorous. 
• Fruit small, ovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded and marbled 
' with crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with brown and crimson 
i dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt- 
5 ing, sweet, vinous. Yery good, but rapidly decays at the core. Sep- 
tember. 



886 



THE PEAR. 



Woodstock. 

Origin, Yerniont. Tree a moderate grower, very productive. Young 
wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium or below, varying in form from roundish obtuse to 
obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, netted and patched, and thickly 
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, rather slender, inserted in a 
small cavity, often by a lip. Calyx open. Segments long, slender, per- 
sistent. Basin abrupt. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, 
slightly musky. Good to very good. September. 



Wredow. 

This is of unknown origin, probably French. Tree moderately vi- 
gorous, very productive. Young wood dark olive. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, shade of 
crimson in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with rich golden russet. 
Stalk long, slender, inserted in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. 
Calyx open. Segments recurved. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, brisk, 
vinous. Good to very good. September. 



Yat. 



Xutte. 

Beurre Gris d'£fce. 
De Hollande. 
Gute Graue. 



Graue Sommer Butterbirne. 

Jutjesbirne. 

Jut-peer. 

Jutte. 



Tree vigorous. 



Young 



Originated in Holland, of little value, 
wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit small, obovate pyriform, green, with some large, round, light- 
colored specks, brown russet in sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet. 
Rots quickly. September. 



Zepherin Louis. 
Zepherin Louis Gregoire. 

Originated and first described by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Bel- 
gium. Tree a moderate healthy grower. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin dull greenish yellow, clouded 
with brownish red, and shades of russet. Stalk very short. Cavity 
narrow, round. Calyx small. Flesh yellowish white, tinge of green, 
half melting, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. January. (Al. Pom.) 



Zephirin Gregoire. 

Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, in 1843. Tree a free grower. 
Young wood smooth, light olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, irregular, roundish acute pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, reddish in the sun, with patches of russet, and many green and 
gray dots. Stalk short, fleshy, very fleshy at insertion, and without a 
cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, 
perfumed. Good to very good. October, November. 



THE PEAR. 



887 



Zoar Beauty. 
Zoar Seedling. 

A native of Ohio. Tree vigorous," dark brown shoots, an early and 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin yellow, with a beautiful crim- 
son or carmine cheek in sun, thickly dotted with minute green dots. 
Stalk long, curved, fleshy at insertion, often by a ring or lip, in a small 
cavity. Calyx open. Segments erect, sometimes recurved. Flesh 
white, granular, half breaking, moderately juicy, sweet, aromatic, per- 
fumed. Unless gathered early it rots at core. Good. Early August. 



SELECT LIST OF PEAKS FOR TABLE USE, MARKETING, 
AND COOKING. 

Ananas d'Ete. Table and market. 

Baron de Mello. Table and market. 

Bartlett. Table and market. 

Beurre d'Albret. Table and market. 

Beurre d'Anjou. Table and market. 

Beurre Bosc. Table and market. 

Beurre Brignais. Table and market. 
f Beurre Clairgeau. Market. 

Beurre Diel. Table and market. 
/ Beurre Giffart. Table. 

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. Table and market. 

Beurre Hardy. Table and market. 

Beurre Koning. Table and market. 

Beurre Sterckmans. Table and market. 

Beurre Superfm. Table and market. 

Black Worcester. Market and cooking. 

Bloodgood. Table. 

Brandy wine. Table. 

Brialmont. Table and market. 

Buffum. Table and market. 

Catillac. Market and cooking. 

Church. Table. 

Clapp's Favorite. Table and market. 
Coit's Beurre. Table and market. 
Dana's Hovey. Table and market. 
Dearborn Seedling. Table. 
Dix. Table and market. 
Doctor Reeder. Table. 
Doyenne Boussock. Table and market. 
Doyenne Cornice. Table and market. 
Doyenne d'Ete. Table and market. 
Doyenne Gris. Table and market. 



888 



THE PEAR. 



Duchesse D'Angoulenie. Table and market. 

Duchesse D' Orleans. Table and market. 

Edmonds. Table and market. 

Emile d'Heyst. Table and market. 

Flemish Beauty. Table and market. 

Fondante d'Automne. Table and market. 

Foote's Seckel. Table. 

Fulton. Table and market. 

Gansel's Bergamotte. Table and market. 

Henkel. Table and market. 

Howell. Table and market. 

Jones' Seedling. Table and market. 

Josephine Malines. Table and market. 

Lawrence. Table and market. 

Leon le Clerc Laval. Market and cooking. 

Louise Bonne de Jersey. Table, market, and cooking. 

Lycurgus. Table. 

McLaughlin. Table and market. 

Madame Eliza. Table and market. 

Manning's Elizabeth. Table. 

Marechal de la Cour. Table and market. 

Merriam. Table and market. 

Onondaga. Table and market. 

Paradise d'Automne. Table and market. 

Pound. Market and cooking. 

Prince's St. Germain. Table and market. 

Rostiezer. Table and market. 

Putter. Table and market. 

Seckel. Table and market. 

Sheldon. Table and market. 

Souvenir d'Esperen. Table and market. 

Spanish Bon Chretien. Market and cooking. 

Stevens' Genesee. Table and market. 

Surpasse Virgalieu. Table and market. 

Tyson. Table and market. 

Urbaniste. Table and market. 

Yicar of Winkfield. Market and cooking. 

Washington. Table and market. 

White Doyenne. Table and market. 

Winter Bonchretien. Market and cooking. 

Winter Nelis. Table and market. 



THE PLUM. 



889 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

THE PLUM. 

Prunus domcstica, L. Rosacea, of botanists. 
Prumer, of the French ; Pflaumenbaum, German ; Prugno, Italian ; Ciruelo, 

Spanish. 

The original parent of most of the cultivated Plums of our gardens 
is a native' of Asia and the Southern parts of Europe, but it has become 
naturalized in this country, and in many parts of it is produced in the 
greatest abundance.* That the soil and climate of the Middle States 
are admirably suited to this fruit is sufficiently proved by the almost 
spontaneous production of such varieties as the Washington, Jefferson, 
Lawrence's Favorite, &c. ; sorts which equal or surpass in beauty or 
flavor the most celebrated Plums of France or England. 

Uses. The finer kinds of plums are beautiful dessert fruits, of rich 
and luscious flavor. They are not, perhaps, so entirely wholesome as 
the peach and the pear, as, from their somewhat cloying and flatulent 
nature, unless when very perfectly ripe, they are more likely to disagree 
with weak stomachs. 

For the kitchen the plum is also very highly esteemed, being prized 
for tarts, pies, canning, sweetmeats, etc. In the South of France an 
excellent spirit is made from this fruit fermented with honey. In the 
western part of this State, where they are very abundant, they are 
halved, stoned, and dried in the sun or ovens in large quantities, and 
are then excellent for winter use. For eating, the plum should be 
allowed to hang on the tree till perfectly ripe, and the fruit will always 
be finer in proportion as the tree has a more sunny exposure. The size 
and quality of the fruit is always greatly improved by thinning the 
fruit when it is half-grown. Indeed, to prevent rotting, and to have 
this fruit in its highest perfection, no two plums should be allowed to 
touch each other while growing, and those who are willing to take this 
pains, are amply repaid by the superior quality of the fruit. 

* There are three species of wild plum indigenous to this country — of toler- 
able flavor, but seldom cultivated in our gardens. They are the following: — 

I. The Chickasaw Plum, (Primus Chicasa, Michaux.) Fruit about three- 
fourths of an inch in diameter, round, and red or yellowish red, of a pleasant, 
subacid flavor, ripens pretty early. Skin thin. The branches are thorny, the 
head rather bushy, with narrow lanceolate serrulate leaves, looking at a little 
distance somewhat like those of a peach-tree. It usually grows about 12 or 14 
feet high ; but on the Prairies of Arkansas it is only 3 or 4 feet high, and in this 
form it is also common in Texas. The Dwarf Texas Plum described by Ken- 
rick is only this species. It is quite ornamental. 

II. Wild Red or Yellow Plum. (P. Americana, Marshall.) Fruit round- 
ish oval, skin thick, reddish orange, with a juicy, yellow, subacid pulp. The 
leaves are ovate, coarsely serrate, and the old branches rough and somewhat 
thorny. Grows in hedges, and by the banks of streams, from Canada to the 
Gulf of Mexico. Tree from 10 to 15 feet high. Fruit ripens in July and 
August. 

III. The Beach Plum, or Sand Plum. (P. Maritima, Wang.) A low shrub 
with stout straggling branches, found mostly on the sandy sea-coast, from Mas- 
sachusetts to Virginia, and seldom ripening well elsewhere. Fruit roundish, 
scarcely an inch in diameter, red or purple, covered with a bloom. Pleasant, 
but seme what astringent. Leaves oval, finely serrate. 



890 



THE PLUM. 



One of the most important forms of the plum in commerce is that of 
prunes, as they are exported from France to every part of the world. 
We quote the following interesting account of the best mode of prepar- 
ing prunes from the Arboretum JBritannicum ; — 

The best prunes are made near Tours, of the St. Catherine Plum 
and the Prune d' Agen ; and the best French plum,s (so called in Eng- 
land) are made in Provence, of the Perdrigon blanc, the Brignole, and 
the Prune d'Ast ; the Provence plums being the most fleshy, and hav- 
ing always most bloom. Both kinds are, however, made of these and 
other kinds of plums, in various parts of France. The plums are 
gathered when just ripe enough to fall from the trees on their being 
slightly shaken. They are then laid, separately, on frames or sieves 
made of wicker-work or laths, and exposed for several days to the sun, 
till they become as soft as ripe medlars. When this is the case they 
are put into a spent oven, shut quite close, and left there for twenty- 
four hours ; they are then taken out, and the oven being slightly re- 
heated, they are put in again when it is rather warmer than it was be- 
fore. The next day they are again taken out, and turned by slightly 
shaking the sieves. The oven is heated again, and they are put in a 
third time, when the oven is one-fourth degree hotter than it was the 
second time. After remaining twenty-four hours, they are taken out, 
and left to get quite cold. They are then rounded, an operation which is 
performed by turning the stone in the plum without breaking the skin, 
and pressing the two ends together between the thumb and finger. 
They are then again put upon the sieves, which are placed in an oven 
from which the bread has been just drawn. The door of the oven is 
closed, and the crevices are stopped round it with clay or dry grass. 
An hour afterwards the plums are taken out, and the oven is again 
shut, with a cup of water in it, for about two hours. When the 
water is so warm as just to be able to bear the finger in it, the prunes 
are again placed in the oven, and left there for twenty-four hours, when 
the operation is finished, and they are put loosely into small, long, and 
rather deep boxes, for sale. The common sorts are gathered by shaking 
the trees ; but the finer kinds, for making French plums, must be 
gathered in the morning, before the rising of the sun, by taking hold of 
the stalk between the thumb and finger, without touching the fruit, 
which is laid gently on a bed of vine-leaves in a basket. When the bas- 
kets are filled, without the plums touching each other, they are removed 
to the fruit-room, where they are left for two or three days exposed to 
the sun and air ; after which the same process is employed for the others ; 
and in this way the delicate bloom is retained on the fruit, even when 
quite dry. 

Propagation and Culture. The plum is usually propagated in 
this country by sowing the seeds of any common free-growing variety 
(avoiding the Damsons, which are not readily worked), and budding 
them, when two years old, with finer sorts. The stones should be 
planted as soon as gathered, in broad drills (as in planting peas), but 
about an inch and a half deep. In good soil the seedlings will reach 
eighteen inches or two feet in height the next season, and in the 
autumn or the ensuing spring they may be taken from the seed-beds, 
their tap-roots reduced, and all that are of suitable size planted at once 
in the nursery rows, the smaller ones being thickly bedded until after 
another season's growth. 



THE PLUM. 



891 



The stocks planted out in the nursery will ordinarily be ready for 
working about the ensuing midsummer, and, as the plum is quite diffi- 
cult to bud in this dry climate, if the exact season is not chosen, the 
budder must watch the condition of the trees, and insert his buds as 
early as they are sufficiently firm, — say, in this neighborhood, about the 
10th of July. Insert the buds, if possible, on the north side of the 
stock, that being more protected from the sun, and tie the bandage 
rather more tightly than for other trees. 

The English propagate very largely, by layers, three varieties of the 
common plum — the Muscle, the Brussels, and the Pear Plum, which 
are almost exclusively employed for stocks with them. But we have not 
found these stocks superior to the seedlings raised from our common 
plums (the Blue Gage, Horse Plum, &c), so abundant in all our 
gardens. For dwarfing, the seedlings of the Mirabelle are chiefly em- 
ployed. 

Open standard culture is the universal mode in America, as the plum 
is one of the hardiest of fruit-trees. It requires little or no pruning 
beyond that of thinning out a crowded head, or taking away decayed or 
broken branches, and this should be done before midsummer, to prevent 
the flow of gum. Old trees that have become barren may be renovated 
by heading them in pretty severely, covering the wounds with a 
solution of gum shellac, and giving them a good top-dressing at the 
roots. 

Soil. The plum will grow vigorously in almost every part of this 
country, but it only bears its finest and most abundant crops in heavy 
loams, or in soils in which there is a considerable mixture of clay. In 
sandy soils the tree blossoms and sets plentiful crops, but they are 
rarely perfected, falling a prey to the curculio, an insect that harbors in 
the soil, and seems to find it difficult to penetrate or live in one of a 
heavy texture, while a warm, light, sandy soil is exceedingly favorable 
to its propagation. It is also undoubtedly true that a heavy soil is na- 
turally the most favorable one. The surprising facility with which su- 
perior new varieties are raised merely by ordinary reproduction from 
seed, in certain parts of the valley of the Hudson, as at Hudson or near 
Albany, where the soil is quite clayey, and also the delicious flavor and 
great productiveness and health of the plum-tree there, almost without 
any care, while in adjacent districts of rich sandy land it is a very un- 
certain bearer, are very convincing proofs of the great importance of 
clayey soil for this fruit.* 

Where the whole soil of a place is light and sandy, we would recom- 
mend the employment of pure yellow loam or yellow clay in the place 
of manure, when preparing the border or spaces for planting the plum. 
Yery heavy clay, burned slowly by mixing it in large heaps with brush 
or fagots, is at once an admirable manure and alterative for such soils. 
Swamp muck is also one of the best substances, and especially that from 
salt-water marshes. 

Common salt we have found one of the best fertilizers for the plum- 
tree. It greatly promotes its health and luxuriance. 

Insects and Diseases. There are but two drawbacks to the culti- 

* When this was written it was generally supposed that the curculio would 
not attack the fruit of plums growing on trees in clayey soils ; but practical ex- 
perience has shown that such is not the fact. — Revisor. 



892 



THE PLUM. 



vation of the plum in the United States, but they are in some districts 
so great as almost to destroy the value of this tree. These are the cur- 
culio and the knots. 

The curculio, or plum-weevil (Rhynchcenus Nenuphar), is the un- 
compromising foe of all smooth-stone fruits. The cultivator of the 
Plum, the Nectarine, and the Apricot, in many parts of the country, 
after a flattering profusion of snowy blossoms and an abundant promise 
in the thickly set young crops of fruit, has the frequent mortification of 
seeing nearly all, or indeed, often, the whole crop, fall from the trees 
when half or two-thirds grown. 

If he examines these falling fruits he will perceive on the surface 
of each, not far from the stalk, a small semi-circular scar. This scar is 
the crescent-shaped insignia of that little Turk the curculio — an insect 
so small as, perhaps, to have escaped his observation for years, unless 
particularly drawn to it, but which nevertheless appropriates to himself 
the whole product of a tree, or an orchard of a thousand trees. 

The habits of this curculio, or plum- weevil, are not yet fully and en- 
tirely ascertained. But careful observation has resulted in establishing 
the following points in its history : — 

The plum-weevil is a small, dark brown beetle, with 
spots of white, yellow, and black. Its length is scarce- 
ly one-fifth of an inch. On its back are two black 
humps, and it is furnished with a pretty long, curved 
throat and snout, which, when it is at rest, is bent 
between the forelegs. It is also provided with two 
wings, with which it flies through the air. How far 
this insect flies is yet a disputed point, some cultiva- 
tors affirming that it scarcely goes farther than a 
single tree, and others believing that it flies over a 
whole neighborhood. Our own observation inclines 
us to the belief that this insect emigrates just in 

me curculio, ana , • u j * 1 i i .i 

its mark. proportion as it finds m more or less abundance the 

tender fruit for depositing its eggs. Very rarely do 
we see more than one puncture in a plum, and, if the 
insects are abundant, the trees of a single spot will not afford a sufficient 
number for the purpose ; then there is little doubt (as we have seen 
them flying through the air) that the insect flies farther in search of a 
larger supply. But usually, we think, it remains nearly in the same 
neighborhood, or migrates but slowly. 

About a week or two after the blossoms have fallen from the trees, 
if we examine the fruit of the plum in a district where this insect 
abounds, we shall find the small, newly formed fruit beginning to be 
punctured by the proboscis of the plum-weevil. The insect is so small 
and shy, that unless we watch closely it is very likely to escape our no- 
tice. But if we strike or shake the tree suddenly, it will fall in consider- 
able numbers on the ground, drawn up as if dead, and resembling a small 
raisin, or, perhaps more nearly, a ripe hemj3-seed. From the first of 
April until August this insect may be found, though we think its de- 
predations on fruit, and indeed its appearance in any quantity, is con- 
fined to the months of May and June in this climate. In places where 
it is very abundant, it also attacks to some extent the cherry, the peach, 
and even the apple and pear. 

Early in July the punctured plums begin to fall rapidly from the 




THE PLUM. 



893 



tree. The egg deposited in each, at first invisible, has become a white 
grub or larva, which slowly eats its way towards the stone or pit. As 
soon as it reaches this point the fruit falls to the ground. Here, if left 
undisturbed, the grub soon finds its way into the soil. 

There, according to most cultivators of fruit, and to our own observa- 
tions, the grubs or larvae remain till the ensuing spring, when in their 
perfect form they again emerge as beetles and renew their ravages on 
the fruit. It is true that Harris and some other naturalists have 
proved that the insect does sometimes undergo its final transformation 
and emerge from the ground in twenty days, but we are inclined to the 
opinion that this only takes place with a small portion of the brood, 
which, perhaps, have penetrated but a very short distance below the 
surface of the soil. These making their apj>earance in midsummer, and 
finding no young fruit, deposit their eggs in the young branches of trees, 
etc. But it is undeniable that the season of the plum- weevil is early 
spring, and that most of the larvae which produce the annual swarm, re- 
main in the soil during the whole period intervening since the fall of the 
previous year's fruit. Plum-trees growing in hard trodden court-yards 
usually bear plentiful crops. 

The modes of destroying the plum-weevil are the following : — 

1. Shaking the tree and killing the beetles. Watch the young fruit, 
and you will perceive when the insect makes its appearance by its 
punctures upon them. Spread some sheets under the tree, and strike 
the trunk pretty sharply several times with a wooden mallet. The in- 
sects will quickly fall, and should be killed immediately. This should 
be repeated daily for weeks, or so long as the insects continue to make 
their apjDearance. Repeated trials have proved, beyond question, that 
this rather tedious mode is a very effectual one if persisted in.* Coops 
of chickens placed about under the trees at this season will assist in de- 
stroying the insects. 

Dr. E. S. Hull, of Alton, Illinois, has invented a machine for 
catching the curculio on a large scale for orchard culture, but not having 
seen it, we copy an extract from the Hearth and Home : 

" This is nothing but a gigantic white umbrella, turned bottom up- 
ward, mounted upon an immense wheelbarrow, and split in front to re- 
ceive the trunk of the tree which is to be operated upon. At the in- 
terior end of the split in front is a padded bumper, which strikes against 
the trunk as the operator wheels the barrow, first against one tree, and 
then against another, and with two or three sudden jars fetches all the 
insects off the boughs into the white umbrella, which gapes widely open 
to receive them. Really, it is a most magnificent institution, but for its 

* Merely shaking the tree is not sufficient. The following- memorandum, as 
additional proof, we quote from the Genesee Farmer : — ' ' Under a tree in a re- 
mote part of the fruit-garden, having spread the sheets, I made the following 
experiment. On shaking the tree well I caught five curculios ; on jarring it with 
the hand I caught twelve more ; and on striking the tree with a stone, eight 
more dropped on the sheets. I was now convinced that I had been in error ; and 
calling in assistance and using a hammer to jar the tree violently, we caught, in 
less than an hour, more than two hundred and sixty of these insects. " We will 
add to this, that to prevent injury to the tree a large wooden mallet should be 
substituted for a hammer, and it is better if a thick layer of cloth is bound over 
its head. A sharp stunning blow is found necessary to readily dislodge the in- 
sect, and as such, when given directly upon the bark of the tree, often causes a 
bruise, it is found to be a good practice to saw off a small limb and strike the 
blow upon the stump. 



THE PLUM. 



practical success three things are necessary : 1st. That the land should 
be decently clean, and not overgrown with rank weeds four or five feet 
high. 2d. That the orchard be a sufficiently large one to pay the inter- 
est on the prime cost of the machine. 3d. That the trees have a clean 
trunk of some three or four feet." 

For those wishing a full description of the machine, we refer them 
to the Doctor's own statement in the American JSntomologist for July, 
1869. 

2. Gathering the fruit and destroying the larvce. As the insect, in 
its larva or grub form, is yet within the plums when they fall prema- 
turely from the tree, it is a very obvious mode of exterminating the next 
year's brood to gather these fallen fruits daily, and feed them to swine, 
boil, or otherwise destroy them. 

A simple and easy way of covering the difficulty, where there is a 
plum orchard or enclosure, is that of turning in swine and fowls dur- 
ing the whole season, when the stung plums are dropping to the 
ground. The fruit, and the insects contained in it, will thus be de- 
voured together. This is an excellent expedient for the farmer, who 
bestows his time grudgingly on the cares of the garden. 

The knots or black gum. In some parts of the country this is a 
most troublesome disease, and it has, in neighborhoods where it has been 
suffered to take its course, even destroyed the whole race of Plum-trees. 

The knots is a disease attacking the bark and wood. The former 
at first becomes swollen, afterwards bursts, and, finally, assumes the 
appearance of large, irregular, black lumps, with a hard, cracked, uneven 
surface, quite dry within. The passage of the sap upwards becomes stop- 
ped by the compression of the branch by the tumor, and, finally, the 
poison seems to disseminate itself by the downward flow of the 
sap through the whole trunk, breaking out in various parts of it. 

The sorts of plum most attacked by this disease are those with pur- 
ple fruit, and we have never known the green or yellow fruited varieties 
infected, until the other sorts bad first become filled with the knots. 
The common Horse Plum and Damson appear to be the first to fall a 
prey to it, and it is more difficult to eradicate it from them than from 
most other sorts. The common Morello cherry is also very often in- 
jured by the same disease, and, in some districts, the sweet cherry also. 

There is yet some doubt respecting the precise cause of these knotty 
excrescences, though there is every reason to think it is the work of an 
insect. Professor Peck and Dr. Harris believe that they are caused by 
the same curculio or plum- weevil that stings the fruit ; the second brood 
of which, finding no fruit ready, choose the branches of this tree and 
the cherry. This observation would seem to be confirmed by the 
fact that the grubs or larvae of the plum-weevil are frequently found in 
these warts, and that the beetles have been seen stinging the branches. 

On the other hand, the following facts are worthy of attention. 
First, in some parts of the country, where the curculio has been trouble- 
some for many years, the knots have never been known. Secondly, 
in many cases, the knots have been abundant on Plum-trees, when the 
fruit was entirely fair and uninjured by the curculio, even upon the 
same branches. 

These facts seem so irreconcilable with the opinion that the curculio 
produces both these effects, that we rather incline at present to the be- 
lief, that though the curculio deposits its eggs in the tumors on the 



THE PLUM. 



895 



branches while they are yet soft and tender, yet it is not to the curculio, 
but to some other insect or cause that we owe this unsightly disease. 

Practically, however, this is of little account. The experience of 
many persons, besides ourselves, has proved most satisfactorily that it is 
easy to extirpate this malady, if it is taken in season and unremittingly 
pursued. As early as possible in spring the whole of the infected trees 
should be examined, and every branch and twig that shows a tumor 
should be cut off and immediately burned. Whatever may be the in- 
sect, we thus destroy it, and, as experience has taught us that the 
malady spreads rapidly, we will thus effectually prevent its increase. If 
the trees are considerably attacked by it, it will probably be necessary 
to go over them again about the middle of May^ but, usually, once a 
year will be sufficient. If any of the trees are very much covered with 
these knots, it is better to head back the shoots severely, or dig them 
up and burn them outright, and it will be necessary to prevail upon 
your neighbors, if they are near ones, to enter into the plan, or your 
own labors will be of little value. Pursue this simple and straightfor- 
ward practice for two or three seasons (covering any large wounds 
made with the solution of gum shellac), and the knots will be found to 
disappear, the curculio to the contrary notwithstanding. 

Varieties. There are now a pretty large number of fine plums, 
and some most important additions have been made by the seedlings 
raised in this country. The Green Gage still stands at the head of the 
list for high flavor, though several other sorts are nearly or quite equal 
to it. The Washington, the Jefferson, and the Madison are among 
the largest and most beautiful ; and Coe's Golden Drop and Peine 
Claude de Bavay are very desirable for their late maturity. 

In describing Plums, the surface of the young wood, when just 
ripened, is an important character ; as it is smooth in some varieties, 
and downy, or covered with soft hairs, in others. In some varieties 
the flesh parts from the stone, while in others it adheres. And, finally, 
the depressed line or channel which runs down one side of the exterior 
surface of the plum is called the suture, and the prominence or absence 
of this feature enables us to distinguish many kinds at first sight. 

VARIETIES. 
Abricotee de Braunau. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, rather flattened on the 
sides, and marked with a suture which is deep towards the stalk, and 
higher on one side than the other. Skin whitish green, covered with a 
thick white bloom on the shaded side, and reddish, with some spots of 
a deeper red on the side next the sun. Stalk an inch long, thick. 
Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, sugary, and rich flavored, separating 
from the stone. Pipe middle of September. (Hogg.) 

Albany Beauty. 
Denniston's Albany Beauty. 
Originated with Isaac Denniston, Albany, N. Y. Tree moderately 
vigorous. Branches smooth. 



896 



THE PLUM. 



Fruit rather below medium size, roundish oval, with an obscure su- 
ture. Skin pale whitish green, marked with numerous small purplish 
dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk an inch or more long, slen- 
der, very slightly inserted. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, rich, and 
sweet ; separates from the stone, which is small and pointed. Good to 
very good. Bipe August. 

American Magnum Bonum. 

A native variety, quite common, but its origin unknown. Tree 
very vigorous, with strong, downy branches. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Suture broad, shallow. Skin deep pur- 
ple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather long, curved, set in 
a moderately deep cavity. Flesh greenish yel]ow, juicy, sweet, and 
pleasant ; adheres to the stone. Good. Early September. 

American Wheat. 

Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Branches smooth, grayish 
brown. 

Fruit quite small, roundish, with a shallow suture. Stalk slender. 
Skin greenish, shaded with violet purple, and covered with a thin blue 
bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet. Good. Adheres partially to the 
stone. Last of August. 

Angelina Burdett. 

An English variety, raised by Mr. Do wring, Southampton. Tree 
moderate grower, productive, hardy. Branches smooth. 

Fruit above medium, round, with a suture deepest next the stalk. 
Skin thick, dark purple, thickly covered with brown dots and a blue 
bloom. Flesh yellowish, juicy, well flavored; separates from the stone. 
Good. Early September. 

Anna Maria. 

Raised by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Tree moderately vigo- 
rous, rather spreading, very productive. Branches slightly downy, gray, 
short-jointed. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oval, without suture. Skin pale 
greenish yellow, splashed with darker green, and covered with a thin blue 
bloom. Stalk rather short, in a small cavity. Flesh pale green, very 
juicy, melting, rich, sugary. Good to very good. Adheres slightly at 
one edge of the stone. Last of August. 

Apple Plum. 

From the garden of D. U. Pratt, Chelsea, Mass. 

Fruit medium, roundish flattened, a little swollen on one side. Su- 
ture medium. Skin reddish purple, with a blue bloom and light dots. 
Flesh greenish yellow, a little coarse, sweet, sprightly, with considerable 
austerity at the skin ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Sep- 
tember. 

Apricot. 

Apricot Plum of Tours. Abricotee. Abricotee Blanche. 

Abricotee de Tours. Yellow Apricot. Old Apricot. 

Abricotee Blanc. 

Branches quite downy, nearly white. 



THE PLUM. 



897 



Fruit above medium size, roundish, with a deep suture or furrow. 
Skin yellow, dotted and tinged with red on the sunny side, covered 
with a white bloom. Flesh yellow, rather firm, separates from the 
stone ; slightly bitter, until fully ripe, when it is melting, juicy, and 
high-flavored. Good. Ripe the middle of August. 

Auburn. 

A native of Western New York. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, 
reddish. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Skin light reddish purple, 
with a thin lilac bloom. Stalk rather short. Flesh rather coarse, 
orange yellow, not juicy, sweet, pleasant; separates from the stone. 
Good. Early August. 

AUTOMNE DE SdlAMALI. 

Prune d'Automne de Schamili. Damascena Schamali. 

D'Automne de Schamal. 

A German variety. Tree vigorous. Branches upright, smooth, 
light reddish brown. 

Fruit large, oval, with a long, peculiar mamelon neck, one side 
sometimes enlarged. Suture large, deep, two-thirds around. Skin 
light reddish purple, with a light lilac bloom. Stalk long and stout. 
Flesh orange yellow, juicy, sweet; adheres firmly to the stone. Good. 
September. 

Autumn Compote. 

This variety was grown by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Eng- 
land, from seed of Cooper's Large. Tree vigorous, moderately produc- 
tive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, oblong oval, narrowing to the lower end. Suture broad 
and shallow, one side often swollen. Skin dull whitish yellow, with 
light crimson on the sunny side, and covered with a thin lilac bloom. 
Stalk long, set in a small narrow cavity. Flesh yellow, a little coarse,, 
juicy, sweet, pleasantly mixed with acid; adheres partly to the stone. 
Good to very good. September. 

Autumn Gage. 
Roe's Autumn Gage. Heine Claude d'Automne. 

Raised by Wm, Roe, of Newburg. Of good quality, a very abun- 
dant bearer. Branches smooth. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium size, oval, rather broadest towards the stalk. Stalk 
three-fourths of an inch long, inserted without any depression. Skin 
pale yellow, covered with thin whitish bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, 
separating from the stone, juicy, sweet, and of delicate, pleasant flavor. 
Good to very good. Stone long, compressed, pointed at both ends. 
September. 

Bavay's Green Gage. 
Reine Claude de Bavay. Monstrueuse de Bavay. Saint Clair. 

Raised by Major Esperen, and dedicated to M. De Bavay, of Yil- 
vorde. A very vigorous grower, very productive, and a valuable- 
addition to the late varieties. Branches smooth. 

57 



898 



THE PLUM. 



Fruit large, roundish, slightly depressed. Skin greenish yellow, 
with stripes and splashes of green, covered with a thin bloom. Su- 
ture medium. Apex dimpled. Stalk short and stout, set in a small 

cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, melt- 
ing, with a sugary, rich, excellent 
flavor ; separates from the stone. 
Best. Last of September and 
first of October. 

Bejonnieres. 

Prune des Bejormieres. 

A foreign variety. Tree vigo- 
rous. Branches smooth, reddish 
brown. 

Fruit medium or below, oval, 
often with a slight neck. Suture 
broad, shallow. Skin pale yellow, 
with a thin light bloom. Stalk 
rather stout, in a small cavity. 
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, 
slightly vinous ; separates from the 

Belgian Purple. 
Bleu de Belgique. Bleu de Perque. 

From Belgium. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. Buds prominent. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture shallow. Apex sunken. 
Skin deep brownish purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk half 
inch long, rather slender. Cavity large. Flesh a little coarse, greenish, 
juicy, rich, sugary; adheres to the stone. Very good. Early Septem- 
ber. 

Belle de Louvain. 
Prune de Louvain. 

A Belgian variety, of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Branches stout, smooth, grayish brown. 

Fruit large, long oval. Suture deep. Skin purplish red, covered 
with a thin bloom. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, agreeable; 
separates from the stone. September. (Al. Pom.) 

Belle de Septembre. 

Van Mons' Red ? Reine Claude Rouge de Septembre. 

Van Mons' Red Gage ? Reina Nova. 

Autumn Beauty. Gros Rouge de Septembre. 

Reine Claude Rouge Van Mons ? 

A variety introduced from Brussels. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval. Sides unequal. Suture 
large, extending a little beyond the apex. Skin light reddish purple, 
■covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk short, slender. Cavity small. 




Bavay*s Green Gage. 

stone. Good. Last of August. 



THE PLUM. 



899 



Flesh orange yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous ; adheres to the stone. Good 
to very good. September. 

Benedict. 

Origin, Pa. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish. 

Fruit small, oval, one side a little enlarged. Suture distinct, extend- 
ing a little beyond the apex. Skin pale yellow, covered with a thin 
white bloom and a few red dots and blotches on the sunny side. Stalk 
of medium length, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh pale yellow, juicy, 
sweet and pleasant. Good. Adheres to the stone. 

Bingham. 

A native fruit, originally from Pennsylvania, and named after the 
Bingham family. Tree vigorous, productive. Branches downy. 

Fruit large, long oval, rather widest towards the stalk. Skin deep 
yellow, somewhat spotted with rich red on the sunny side. Stalk 
slightly inserted. Flesh yellow, adhering to the stone, juicy, and of 
rich and delicious flavor. Yery good. Last of August and first of 
September. 

Bleecker's Gage. 
German Gage. Bleecker's Yellow. Bleecker's Yellow Gage. 

A fruit of the first quality, not only excellent but remarkably hardy, 
and a good and regular bearer. It was raised by the late Mrs. Bleecker, 
of Albany. Tree very vigorous. Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval, 
very regular. Suture scarcely percep- 
tible. Stalk quite long, an inch or 
more, straight and pretty stout, downy, 
slightly inserted. Skin yellow, with 
numerous imbedded white specks, and 
a thin white bloom. Flesh yellow, 
rich, sweet, and luscious in flavor; 
separates almost entirely from stone, 
which is pointed at both ends. Yery 
good. Easily distinguished from 
Yellow Gage by its longer and stouter 
stalk. Yery good. Last of August. 

Blue Gage. 

Azure Hative. Little Blue Gage. 

Black Perdrigon. Cooper's Blue Gage. 

An ordinary little round blue Plum, 
the Azure Jldtive of the French. 
Branches slender and downy. Bleecker's Gage. 

Fruit quite small and round. Skin 
dark blue, covered with light blue bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, a 
little acid, somewhat rich, and separates from the stone. Good. 
Ripe middle of August. 




900 



THE PLUM. 



Blue Imperatrice. 

Imperatrice. Violette. Empress. 

Veritable Imperatrice. Imperatrice Violet. Violet Empress. 

The true Blue Imperatrice is an admirable Plum, one of the finest 
of the late plums, hanging for a long time on the tree, and may be 
kept in the fruit-room a considerable period after being gathered. It 
is rich, sugary, and excellent. The branches are long, smooth, and 

slender, and the smaller twigs start out 
at nearly right angles with the main 
branches. 

Fruit of medium size, oval obovate, 
obtuse, tapering most towards the stalk. 
Stalk nearly an inch long, set in a slight 
hollow. Skin deep purple, covered with 
a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yel- 
low, pretty firm, rather dry, but quite 
rich and sugary, adhering closely to the 
stone. Very good. Ripens in Octo- 
ber, and will hang, in sheltered situa- 
tions, till the middle of November. 

Blue Perdrigon. 

Violet Perdrigon. Perdrigon Violette. 
Brignole Violette. 

A very old variety from Italy. 
Blue imperatrice. Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, oval. Skin 
reddish purple, with many brown dots, and a very thick whitish 
bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, rather firm, sugary; adhering to the 
stone. Good. Last of August. 




Blue Plum. 

From the South. Propagated by suckers. Tree productive. Branches 
smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish, scarcely oval. Suture obscure. Skin dark 
blue, with light blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet ; adheres 
to the stone. Early August. (White.) 

Blum. 

This is supposed to be a seedling of North Carolina. The Country 
Gentleman describes it as: — 

" Fruit full medium or rather large, oval. Color dull orange, with 
numerous small brown dots. Suture distinct. Stalk short. Cavity 
narrow. Flesh yellowish brown, fine-grained, very juicy. Very good. 
July, August." 

Bonnet d'Eveque. 
Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, obovate. Skin dark purple. Flesh rich, separating 
from the stone. October. (Hogg.) 



THE PLUM. 



901 



BOULOUF. 

Fruit large, roundish, red or reddish violet, with spots. Flesh 
yellow, fine, juicy, slightly acid, perfumed. September. (S. Y. M.) 

Bradshaw. 
Black Imperial. Blue Imperial. 

Tree an upright, vigorous grower. Branches smooth, brownish. 
Fruit large, oval obovate, sometimes with a slight neck. Suture 

half round,broad, shallow. Apex 
a little sunk. Skin reddish pur- 
ple, covered with a light blue 
bloom. Stalk rather stout, curv- 
ed, set in a small cavity. Flesh 
yellowish, coarse, juicy, brisk, 
pleasant ; adheres partially to the 
stone. Good to very good. Au- 
gust. 

Brahy's Green Gage. 

Keine Claude de Brahy. 

Tree vigorous, with stout, 
smooth branches, brownish pur- 
ple. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclin- 
ing to oval. Suture half round, 
large. Skin greenish yellow, 
splashed with darker green, and 
covered with a pretty thick 
light bloom. Flesh greenish 
yellow, sugary, rich; adheres to 
the stone. Yery good. Sep- 
tember. 

Brevoort's Purple. 

New York Purple. Brevoort's Purple Washing-ton. 

Brevoort's Purple Bolmar. Washington Purple. 

liaised by Henry Brevoort, New York. Tree vigorous. Branches 
long, smooth. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin reddish, covered with a violet bloom. 
Flesh yellowish, soft, juicy, not very sweet, but with considerable 
vinous flavor ; adheres closely to the stone. Good. Bipe the first of 
September. 

Bricetta. 

Petit Bricette. Bricet. Mirabelle Tardive. Mirabelle d'Octobre. 
Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin yellow, with spots of red. 
Stalk of medium length, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, rather 





Bradshaw. 



902 



THE PLUM. 



firm, very juicy, sugary, and excellent; adheres to the stone. Good. 
Ripens middle of September. 

Bryanston's Gage. 

Fruit medium, oval, with a shallow suture. Apex a little sunk. 
Skin dull pale yellow, with a bronze cheek in the sun, covered with a 
light bloom. Stalk rather stout. Cavity medium. Flesh yellow, a 
little coarse, juicy, sweet, pleasant; adheres partially to the stone. 
Good to very good. October. 

Buel's Favorite. 

An excellent Plum, raised by Isaac Denniston, of Albany, N. Y. 
Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth, reddish. 

Fruit pretty large, ovate, broadest towards the stalk. Suture quite 
distinct for half the circumference. Stalk nearly three-quarters of an 
inch long, rather stout, slightly inserted. Skin pale green, thickly 
sprinkled with lighter dots, and speckled with a little red next the 
stalk. Flesh greenish yellow, rather firm, juicy, and quite rich and high- 
flavored ; adheres to the stone, which is long and pointed. Good. 
Last of August. 

Burgundy Prune. 

Prune de Bourgogne. 

Fruit medium, egg-shaped, with a neck. Suture indistinct. Skin red- 
dish black, with a blue bloom, covered with numerous small dots. Stalk 
long, set in a very small cavity. Flesh fine, juicy, sugary, very pleasant ; 
separates from the stone. Good. Middle of September. 

Burlington Gage. 

Origin, Burlington, Yt. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, irregular 
grower, productive even when young. Wood yellowish gray. 

Fruit medium size. Form roundish oval. Color dark purplish blue, 
with rich bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich. Freestone. Good. 
August. 

Burettes. 

Raised by M. Gregoire. Tree of medium vigor, very fertile. 

Fruit large, long oval. Skin dull yellow. Flesh very delicate, 
melting, abounding in juice, very sweet, with a delightful aroma. Ripe 
the end of September. (Al. Pom.) 

Byfield. 

i 

Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit small, round. Skin light yellow. Flesh yellow, of good fla- 
vor ; adheres to the stone, which is thick. Good. Middle to last of 
August. 

Caldwell's Golden Drop. 
An American variety. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. 



THE PLUM. 



903 



Fruit large, oval, one side often enlarged. Suture half round, large. 
Skki yellow, marbled with crimson in the sun, thin bloom. Stalk slen- 
der. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, rich ; adheres to the 
stone. Good. August. 

Caldwell's White Gage. 

Americau. Tree productive. Branches smooth or slightly downy, 
grayish. 

Fruit medium, oval, narrowing a little to the apex. Suture shal- 
low. Point at apex. Skin greenish yellow, dotted with purple in the 
sun, covered with a thick bloom. Stalk long. Flesh greenish yellow, 
rather coarse, j uicy, sugary; adheres to the stone. Good. September. 

Cambell. 

Cambell's Seedling. McCauley's Seedling. 

Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Suture shallow. Skin pale yellow, splashed 
with green, dotted and marbled with crimson in the sun, light bloom. 
Stalk long. Cavity small. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse, juicy, 
sweet ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. September. 

Chapin. 

Originated with Aaron Chapin, Hartford, Conn. Tree vigorous 
grower. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Skin light reddish purple 
or chocolate, blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, and vinous; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Late 
October. 

Cherry. 

Early Scarlet. De Virginie. Prunus Cerasifera. 

Myrobolan. D'Amerique Kouge. Miser Plum. 

Virginia Cherry. Prunus Myrobolana. 

The Cherry Plum or Early Scarlet is a very distinct species. Tree 
grows rapidly, forming a bushy head, with slender branches and small 
leaves. A beautiful early fruit. Good for preserving or market. 

Fruit is round, about an inch in diameter, of a lively red, with very 
little bloom, and a very slender, short stem, set in a narrow cavity. The 
flesh is greenish, melting, soft, very juicy, with a pleasant, lively, sub- 
acid flavor — neither rich nor high flavored — and adheres closely to the 
stone. It ripens about the middle of July, before most other plums, 
and this, and its pretty appearance at the dessert, arc its chief merits. 
Branches smooth. The common Cherry Plum, or Myrobolan, of Europe, 
is rather larger, and shaped like a heart. In all other respects the same. 

Chester County Prune. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright, with long, slen- 
der branches, smooth, and of a light grayish brown. 

Fruit medium or below, long oval or oblong oval, almost without 
suture. Skin black, with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather long, slen- 
der. Cavity small. Flesh greenish, swoet ; separates freely from the 
stone. Good. Early September. 



904 



THE PLUM. 



Cheston. 

Matchless. Diapree Yiolette. Violet Diaper. 

A pleasant early Plum, but superseded now by better ones. 
Branches downy. 

Fruit rather small, oval. Skin dark purple, with a blue bloom. 
Stalk quite short, set without depression. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, 
and rather sprightly ; separating from the stone. Good, Last of July 
and first of August. 

Cleavingee. 

A native of Philadelphia Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading. 
Branches downy. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Suture distinct, one side often enlarged. 
Skin deep purple, thick blue bloom. Stalk moderately stout. Cavity 
deep. Flesh orange yellow, coarse, juicy, vinous, subacid ; adheres to 
the stone. Good. Last of August. 



Coe's Golden Drop 



Bury Seedling. 
Coe's Imperial. 
New Golden Drop. 
Fair's Golden Drop. 
Golden Gage. 



Waterloo of some. 
Goutte d'Or. 
Coe's Plum. 
Prune Goutte d'Or. 



Raised by Mr. Coe, an English gardener, near London. Tree mo- 
derately vigorous, productive ; re- 
quires a warm, late season to ripen 
it north of 41° latitude. Branches 
smooth. 

Fruit of the largest size, oval, 
with a well-marked suture, on one 
side of which it is a little more swol- 
len than the other, the outline nar- 
rowing towards the stalk. Skin light 
yellow, with a number of rich dark 
red spots on the sunny side. Stalk 
nearly an inch long, rather stiff, set 
on the end of the fruits. Flesh yel- 
low, rather firm, adhering closely to 
the stone, which is quite pointed. 
Flavor rich, sweet, and delicious. 
Yery good. Last of September. 




Coe's Golden Drop. 



Coe's Late Red. 

Saint Martin. 
Saint Martin Rouge. 
Prune de St. Martin. 
Red Saint Martin. 

Tree vigorous, with long, rather 
slender branches, very productive. 
A good late variety. Branches 
downy. 

Fruit of medium size, nearly round, with a well-marked suture 



THE PLUM. 



905 



running along one side. Skin light purplish red, with a thin blue bloom. 
Stalk pretty stout, three-fourths of an inch long, set nearly even with 
the surface. Flesh yellowish, rather firm and crisp, juicy, with a rich 
vinous flavor ; separating almost entirely from the stone. Good to very 
good. October and November. 



Coe's Violet. 
Coe's Golden Drop Violette. 
Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, dark brown. 

Fruit large, oval. Suture large, extending a little beyond the apex. 
Skin light reddish, thickly sprinkled 
with brown dots and a lilac bloom. 
Stalk rather long and stout. Cavity 
small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet ; 
adheres to the stone. Good to very good. 
September. 

Columbia. 

Columbian Gage. 

Raised by L. IT. Lawrence, Hudson, 
N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive, but 
subject to rot. 

Fruit of the largest size, six or seven 
inches in circumference, nearly globular, 
one half rather larger than the other. 
Skin brownish purple, dotted with nu- 
merous fawn-colored specks, and cov- 
ered with much blue bloom, through 
which appears a reddish brown tint on 
the shaded side. Stalk about an inch 
long, rather stout, inserted in a narrow, 
sinal] cavity. Flesh orange, not very 

juicy, but when at full maturity very rich, sugary, and excellent ; it 
separates freely from the stone, except a little on the edge. The stone 
is quite small and compressed. Good. Last of August. 




Coe's Violet. 



COMTE GUSTAVE d'EgGER. 



An Austrian variety, originated with M. Liegel, of Braunau, from 
seed of the Abricotee. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches downy. 

Fruit small or medium, oblong oval. Suture half round, broad, 
deep, distinct. Skin pale yellow, bronzed in sun and tinged with violet. 
Flesh yellowish, fine, sweet, juicy, delicious; separates from the stone. 
September. (An. Pom.) 

Cooper's Large. 

Cooper's Large Red. Cooper's Large American. La Delicieuse ? 

Coxe, who first described this Plum, says it was raised by Mr. 
Joseph Cooper, of New Jersey, from a stone of the Orleans. He con- 



906 



THE PLUM. 



siders it as a fine large plum, but exceedingly liable to rot upon the tree. 
Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, dark brown. 

Fruit large, oval. Sides unequal. Suture broad, large, often ex- 
tending beyond the apex. Skin deep bluish purple, pretty thickly covered 
with a blue bloom. Stalk medium. Cavity large, deep. Flesh yellow- 
ish, not very juicy, sweet, slightly vinous; adheres to the stone. Good. 
September. 

Cope. 

Raised by John Cope, near Philadelphia. 

Fruit large, long oval, dark purple. Flesh not juicy, acid; separates 
from the stone. Good for cooking. 

Copper. 
French Copper. 

An old Plum, very productive and profitable. Tree vigorous. 
Branches smooth. Very productive and a good market sort. 

Fruit medium or below, oval, without suture and with a slight niame- 
lon neck. Skin deep copper color, covered with a thick blue bloom. 
Stalk rather long, slender, set on a point without depression. Flesh 
greenish, juicy and acid ; adheres to the stone. Good. Valued for cook- 
ing. Last September. 

Corse's Admiral. 

Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal, Canada. Branches downy. 

Fruit above medium size, oval. Skin light purple, covered with a 
pale lilac bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy and sprightly, but second- 
rate in flavor, and adhering closely to the stone. Good. September. 

Corse's Field Marshal. 

Skin lively purplish red. Raised by Henry Corse, Montreal, Canada. 
Fruit rather large, oval. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, but a little 
tart ; adheres closely to the stone. Ripe middle of August. 

Corse's ISTota Bene. 

Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal, Canada. Tree very vigorous, 
very productive, and hardy. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of rather large size, round. 'Skin pale lilac or pale brown, 
often dull green on the shaded side, with much light blue bloom. Stalk 
half an inch lon£, set in a round hollow. Flesh greenish, rather firm, 
juicy, sweet, and rich, and separates from the stone. Good. First of 
September. 

Cox's Seedling. 

Raised by Mrs. Cox, York, Pa. Tree a vigorous upright grower. 
Branches smooth. 

Fruit very large, roundish oval, slightly compressed. Suture broad, 
shallow. Skin yellow, sometimes a little splashed with green, and cov- 



THE PLUM. 



907 



ered with a light bloom. Stalk rather stout, in a narrow, rather deep 
cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, sweet; separates 
from the stone. Good. Early August. 

Croft's Early. 

Fruit small, reddish blue. Flesh yellow, dry, devoid of flavor. 
August. (Elliott.) 

Cruger's Scarlet. 
Cruger's. Cruger's Seedling. Cruger's Scarlet Gage. 

Raised by Henry Cruger, of New York. Tree of free growth. 
Branches long, downy, very productive. 

Fruit rather larger than a Green Gage, roundish oval, with an obscure 
suture. Skin, when fully exposed, a lively red, but usually a bright 
lilac, covered with a thin bluish bloom, and speckled with numerous 
golden dots ; in the shade it is pale fawn-colored on one side. Stalk 
half an inch long, set in a shallow depression. Flesh deep orange, not 
very juicy nor rich, but with a very agreeable, mild, sprightly flavor. 
It hangs well after ripening. Good. Last of August. 

Damson. 

Common Damson. Purple Damson. 

Black Damson. Early Damson of many. 

The common oval Blue Damson is almost too well known to need 
description, as every cottage garden in the country contains this tree, 
and thousands of bushels are annually sold in the market for preserves. 
The tree is enormously productive, but in the hands of careless cultiva- 
tors is liable to be rendered worthless by the knots, which are easily extir- 
pated if the diseased branches are regularly burned every winter or 
spring. Branches slender, a little thorny and downy. 

Fruit small, oval, about an inch long. Skin purple, covered with 
thick blue bloom. Flesh melting and juicy, rather tart; separates par- 
tially from the stone. September. 

As the Damson is frequently produced from seed, it varies somewhat 
in character. 

The Shropshire or Prune Damson is an English purple variety, 
rather obovate in figure, but little superior to our common sort. The 
Sweet Damson resembles the common Damson, and is but slightly acid. 

The Late Black Damson, Late Purple Damson, Prince's Early 
Damson, Small Bed Damson, Small White Damson, Large White 
Damson, are also varieties not of sufficient value or distinctness to ren- 
der separate description necessary. 

The Winter Damson is a valuable market sort from its extreme 
lateness. It is small, round, purple, covered with a very thick light 
blue bloom. Flesh greenish, acid, with a slight astringency, but makes 
good preserves. It bears enormous crops, and will hang on the tree till 
the middle of November, six weeks after the common Damson, unin- 
jured by the early frosts. 



908 



THE PLUM. 



Dana's Yellow Gage. 

A New England variety, raised by the Rev. Mr. Dana, of Ipswich, 
Mass. It is a very hardy and healthy tree, and bears abundantly. 
Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, pale yellow, with a very thin bloom, the 
skin clouded like that of the Imperial Gage. Flesh adheres to the stone, 
juicy, sweet, with a lively peculiar flavor. Good. Last of August and 
first of September. 

Date Plum. 

Prune Datte. Quetsche de Hongrie. 

Prune d'Autriche. Quetsche Datte. 

D'Autriche. Dattelzwetsche. 

Fruit small, nearly round. Suture distinct, rather flat. Skin yel- 
low, marked with touches of bright red in the sun, and covered with a 
whitish bloom. Flesh yellow, soft. Early September. (Pom. Mag.) 

De Delice. 

A foreign variety of excellence. Tree moderately vigorous and pro- 
ductive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, with a slight neck, a little swollen on 
one side. Suture small. Skin green, marbled and shaded with violet, 
and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
rather stout, very slightly inserted. Flesh orange yellow, juicy, melt- 
ing, with a rich, sugary, luscious flavor ; adheres slightly to the stone. 
Yery good. Bipens the last of September. 

De Montfort. 

A seedling of Prevost. Tree of moderate growth, spreading, very 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oval. Suture large, extending to apex. 
Skin dull purple, with, russet dots and stripes, a thin blue bloom. Stalk 
nearly an inch long, rather stout, without depression. Flesh greenish, 
juice abundant, sweet, and rich; separates from the stone. Yery good. 
Bipens last of August. 

Denniston's Bed. 

Baised by Isaac Denniston, Albany. Yigorous grower, productive. 
Branches smooth, dark colored. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval, narrowed towards the stalk. Su- 
ture running half round. Skin of a beautiful light red, sprinkled with 
many small, fawn-colored dots, and dusted with a very light bloom. 
Stalk very long and slender, slightly inserted. Flesh amber color, 
juicy, rich, and sprightly, with an excellent flavor. It separates from 
the stone, which is small, oval, and compressed. Good. Last of Au- 
gust. 

Denniston's Superb. 
Madison. 

An excellent seedling, from Mr. Denniston's famous plum orchard, 



THE PLUM. 



909 



near Albany, K Y., of the Green Gage family, a third larger than the 
latter variety, and nearly as rich in 
flavor. Tree very vigorous and pro- 
ductive. Branches downy. 

Fruit round, a little flattened, and 
having a distinct suture, often extending 
quite round the fruit. Skin pale yellow- 
ish green, marked with a few large pur- 
ple blotches and dots, and overspread 
with a thin bloom. Stalk rough, three- 
fourths of an inch long, set in a cavity 
of moderate size. Flesh very thick 
(the stone being small), moderately 
juicy, with a rich vinous flavor ; stone 
parts readily, and is roundish and thick. 
Best. Middle and last of August. 

Diamond. 

English origin. Branches long, Denniston's Superb, 

downy. 

Fruit of the largest size, oval. Skin black, covered with a blue 
bloom. Flesh deep yellow, coarse-grained, and rather dry, a little acid, 
and without flavor; separates from the long-pointed stone. Scarcely 
good. Valuable for cooking only. First of September. 

Dictator. 

Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal. Tree vigorous and hardy. 
Fruit very large, brownish purple, covered with a bloom. Flesh 
juicy, rich, and high-flavored. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Domine Dull. 
Dutch Prune. Dutch Quetzen. 

This good American Prune was raised from a seed brought from 
Holland by the Rev. Mr. Dull, a Dutch minister, who afterwards re- 
sided at Kingston, N. Y. The parent tree was the common Dutch 
Prune. Branches long and smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, long oval, with little or no suture. Skin very 
dark purple, nearly black, dusted with some blue bloom. Stalk nearly 
an inch long, inserted with very little cavity. Flesh yellow, quite juicy 
at first, but if allowed to hang on the tree becomes dry, rich, and sweet ; 
it adheres closely to the stone. Good. A prodigious bearer, and a 
really good fruit. September. 

Dorr's Favorite. 

Originated with Elisha Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree moderately 
vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish. 

Fruit large, oval, with a slight neck. Suture broad. Apex a little 
sunk. Skin yellowish, marbled and dotted in the sun with purplish 
crimson, thin lilac bloom. Stalk long. Cavity small. Flesh yellowish, 
a little coarse, juicy, sweet; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. 
Last of September. 




910 



THE PLUM. 



Downing's Early. 

Originated at Newburgk, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches 
short-jointed, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture half round. Skin yellow, slight blush, 
and minute crimson dots. Flesh yellow, sweet ; adheres slightly to the 
stone. Good. Early September. 

Downton Imperatrice. 

Raised by Mr. Knight. A strong, upright growing tree. Branches 
long, smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, narrowing a little to the stalk. Skin 
pale yellow, quite thin. Flesh yellow, melting, and sweet when fully 
ripe, with a little acidity before ; adhering to the stone. Good to very 
good. Ripens last of September, and hangs some time on the tree. 

Drap d'Or. 

Mirabelle Double. Mirabelle Grosse. Yellow Perdrigon. 

The Drap d'Or, or Cloth of Gold Plum, is about the size and figure 
of the Green Gage, but of a fine golden yellow, and ripens a week earlier. 
Branches slightly downy. 

Fruit below medium size, round, with an indistinct suture, and a 
dimpled or pitted apex. Stalk slender, half an inch long. Skin rich 
bright yellow, with a few crimson specks when fully exposed. Flesh 
yellow, sugary, and rich ; separates freely from the stone. Good to very 
good. Early in August. 

Dronet Damask. 
Damas Dronet. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit small, oval. Skin yellowish, with a thin light bloom. Flesh 
greenish, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. Late August. 

Duane's Purple. 
Purple Magnum Bonum. Pourpree Duane. 

Raised by J ames Duane, of Duanesburgh, N. Y. Tree very vigor- 
ous, distinct from the Red Magnum Bonum of Europe. Branches very 
downy. 

Fruit very large, oval or oblong, considerably swollen on one side of 
the suture. Skin reddish purple in the sun, but a very pale red in the 
shade, sparingly dotted with yellow specks, and covered with lilac bloom. 
Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, set in a narrow cavity. 
Flesh amber-colored, juicy, sprightly, moderately sweet ; adheres par- 
tially to the stone. Good. Ripens with the Washington (or a little 
before), about the 10th of August. 

Dunmore. 
Dumore. 

Foreign origin. 

Fruit small, oblong oval. Skin thick and green, becomes golden 



THE PLUM. 



Oil 



yellow at maturity. Flesh yellow, fine, very juicy, sweet, very aroma- 
tic; separates from the stone. Ripens the first of October. (AX Pom.) 

Early Amber. 

Fruit small, somewhat oblong, broadest at apex. Skin pale greenish 
yellow, with small crimson specks in sun, covered with a thin whitish 
bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, subacid; adheres to the stone. 
Early August. (Lind.) 



Early Apricot. 
Abricote Hatif. Abricotee Hative. 



Fruit small, roundish. Skin prle red, darker in the sun. Flesh 
yellowish green, moderately juicy, acid ; adheres to the stone. Good. 
Early August. 

Early Cross. 

Originated with Mr. Cross, Salem, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish. Skin reddish purple, covered 
with a thick bloom. Stalk half an inch long. Flesh greenish yellow, 
juicy, sweet, and good ; adheres to the stone. Good. Ripens the second 
week in August. 

Early Favorite. 
Rivers's Early Favorite. Rivers' No. 1. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Tree moderately vigorous. 
Branches rather slender, slightly downy. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish oval, with a shallow suture. Skin 
almost black, sprinkled with russet dots, and covered with a blue 
bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous, not quite as early 
as Jaune Hative, separates from the stone. Good. First of August. 

Early Green Gage. 

Reine Claude Hative. 

Fruit small, round, flattened at top. Skin yellowish green, with 
a red cheek, and a few dots. Stalk about half an inch long. Flesh 
yellow, very tender, juicy, sweet, rich; separates from the stone. Last 
of July. (Hogg.) 

Early Orleans. 

New Early Orleans. Monsieur Hatif de Montmorency. 

New Orleans. Wilmot's Orleans. 

Grimwood's Early Orleans. Wilmot's Early Orleans. 

Hampton Court. Early Monsieur. 

Monsieur Hatif. Monsieur Hative. 

Tree a moderate grower. Branches downy. 

Fruit of the size and color of the common Orleans, a little more 



912 THE PLUM. 

oval, and with a more shallow suture. Skin a little marbled. Flesh 
yellowish green, of brisk flavor, rather richer than the old Orleans, and 
separates from the stone. Good. Last of August. 

Early Prolific. 
Early Rivers. Rivers' Early Prolific. Rivers' Early No. 2. 

Raised by Thos. Rivers, England. A prolific early Plum. Tree 
moderately vigorous, with smooth grayish branches. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin reddish purple, covered with a 
fine blue bloom. Stalk about half an inch long, set in a very small 
cavity. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet, and pleasant ; separates from the 
stone. Good. First of August. 



Early Royal of ISikita. 



A. German variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth, 
gray. 

Fruit small, roundish oval, narrowing towards the stalk. Skin vio 
let purple, with a thin blue bloom. Stalk set with little or no cavity. 
Flesh orange yellow, juicy, sugary, rich ; adheres to the stone. Good to 
very good. Early September. 

Early St. John. 
Prune de St. Jean. St. Jean. 

Tree moderately vigorous. Branches slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish cblong. Suture shallow, distinct. Skin 
reddish purple. Flesh green, firm, sweet, sprightly ; separates from 
stone. Good. Last of August. 

Early Yellow Prune. 

A foreign sort. Tree vigorous and very productive. Branches 
downy. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Skin yellow, with a very slight bloom, 
and dotted with red in the sun. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a 
small cavity. Flesh yellow, sweet, juicy, with somewhat of a melon fla- 
vor. Separates from the stone. Good. Middle of August. 

There is another Early Yellow Prune that originated in Bedford 
Co., Pa., which differs but little from the above either in appearance 
or quality. 

Edouard Sexeclauze. 

Branches downy. 

Fruit very small, obovate, narrows toward the stalk. Skin clear 
golden yellow. Flesh very tender, sweet, and rich ; separates freely 
from the stone. July. (Hogg.) 

Elfrey. 
Elfry's Prune. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit small, oval. Skin blue. Flesh greenish, very sweet, dry, and 
firm ; parting very freely from the stone. Good. Last of August. 



THE PLUM. 



913 



Emerald Drop. 

Origin, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous, and very pro- 
ductive. Branches long and smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, long oval. Suture strongly marked, and the 
fruit larger on one of its sides. Skin pale yellowish green, sometimes 
dull green only in the shade. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
inserted with scarcely any depression. Flesh greenish yellow, very 
juicy ; adheres somewhat to the stone, which is long and pointed. Good. 
Last of August. 

English Wheat. 

Wheat Plum. Wheaton. Whitlow. Nutmeg. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture moderate. Skin reddish pur- 
ple, with a blue bloom, covered with numerous white dots. Stalk half 
an inch long, rather strong, set in a rather deep cavity. Flesh yellow, 
a little coarse, juicy, sweet, with a rich flavor. It adheres to the stone. 
Good. Last of August. 

English Yellow Gage. 

Little Queen Claude. Heine Claude Blanche. Small Green Gage. 

Petite Pteine Claude. petite espe.ce. Gonne's Green Gage. 

White Gage. 

This Plum, formerly known, we believe, as the little Queen Claude, 
but which has now received the sobriquet of Yellow Gage, we suppose 
for good reasons, from the head of the fruit department in the London 
Horticultural Society's garden, is an old French variety described by 
Puhamel. Branches smooth and rather long. 

Fruit below medium size, round, with a distinct suture on one side. 
Stalk half an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a slight hollow. 
Skin pale yellowish green, speckled with a few reddish dots, and over- 
spread with a good deal of bloom. Flesh pale yellow, sweet, and plea- 
sant ; separates freely from the stone. Good. Middle of August. 

Eugene Furst. 
Sweet Damson. Quetsche Precoce de Furst. 

A new German variety. Branches smooth. 

Fruit small, obovate pointed. Skin dark purple, with a thick bloom. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet; separates from the stone. Good. Last of 
August. 

Fine Bonte. 

This variety originated at Moselle, France. Tree vigorous. Branches 
smooth. 

Fruit small, oval pointed. Skin reddish purple or lilac, blue 
| bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. 
Last of July. (Verg.) 

Foote's Early Orleans. 

Raised by Asahel Foote, Williamstown, Mass. Tree vigorous,, 
! spreading. Branches slightly downy, grayish. 

58 



914 



THE PLUM. 



Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval, dot at apex. Skin deep 
black covered with a blue bloom. Stalk medium, slender, set in a deep 
cavity. Flesh greenish, moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant ; adheres to 
the stone. Good to very good. Early August. 

Foote's Golden Gage. 

Same origin as the preceding. Tree very vigorous, upright. Branches 
slightly downy, reddish brown. 

Fruit large, nearly globular. Suture shallow, half round. Skin 
golden yellow, with obscure splashes of green, and shaded with red in 
the sun ; thin bloom. Stalk slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, sweet, slightly vinous; adheres very slightly to the stone. Very 
good. Early September. 

FOTHERINGHAM. 
Sheen. Fotheringay. Grove House Purple. 

An old English Plum of good quality. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, with a distinct suture. Skin reddish 
purple, covered with a pale blue bloom. Flesh pale greenish yellow, 
juicy, sprightly, and rich; separating from the stone. Good. Middle of 
August. 

Frost Gage. 
Frost Plum. 

A late Plum, scarcely yielding to any other late variety in the excel- 
lence of its flavor. It appears to have originated in Fishkill, Dutchess 
Co., 1ST. Y., where it has for many years past been most extensively 
cultivated for market ; but of late has been so subject to knots that it 
is not now much grown. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather below medium size, roundish oval, with a distinct suture 
on one side. Skin deep purple, with a few brown specks, and a thin 
bloom. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch in length, inserted with 
little or no depression. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, rich and 
melting; adhering to the stone. Good to very good. First of October. 

Fulton. 

Origin uncertain. Found at Johnstown, Fulton Co., N. Y. Tree 
vigorous and productive. Branches smooth, reddish. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture shallow, half roimd. 
Skin whitish yellow, covered with a bloom, blotched and marbled in the 
sun. Stalk rather stout. Cavity large. Flesh golden yellow, juicy, 
sugary, vinous. Good to very good. Separates from the stone. Early 
October. 

Galbraith. 

Originated with Mr. Galbraith, near Boalsburg, Pa. A straggling 
'grower. Tree very vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish gray. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oval. Suture shallow. Skin pur- 
ple. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Flesh tender, juicy; adheres to the 
stone. Good. August. 



THE PLUM. 



915 



Gem. 

Originated near Albany, 1ST. Y. Tree vigorous. Branches downy. 

Fruit small, roundish. Suture slight. Apex a little sunk. Skin 
whitish, mostly shaded and mottled with violet in the shade and purple 
in the sun, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk rather long. Cavity 
large. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, adheres partially to the stone. Its 
beauty its only merit. Last of August. 



Genl. Hand. 

Origin uncertain ; supposed to have originated on the farm of Genl. 
Hand, near Lancaster, Pa. Tree very vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit very large, roundish, oval. Suture obscure, running half 
round. Skin deep golden yellow, slightly marbled with greenish yellow. 
Stalk long, set in a shallow cavity, the whole of that end being flattened. 
Flesh coarse, pale yellow, moderately juicy, sweet and good, but not 
high flavor ; separates freely from the stone. Good. September. 



German Prune. 



Common Quetsche. 

True Large German Prune. 

Turkish Quetsche. 

Leipzic. 

Sweet Prune. 

Damask. 

Imperatrice Violette. 
Imperatrice Violette Grosse. 
Damas Violet Gros. 
Zwetscke. 



Quetsche Grosse. 

Prune d'Allemagne. 

Quetsche d'Allemagne Grosse. 

Damas Gros. 

Covetche. 

Early Russian. 

German Quetsche. Couetsche. 

Koetsche. 

Quetzen. 

Large German Prune. 



So many Plums are cultivated under the name of German Prune 
that it is difficult to fix this fickle title, a circumstance owing to the fact 
that the prune frequently comes the same, or 
nearly the same, from seed, and in prune-grow- 
ing districts this is a popular way of increasing 
them, while it, of course, gives rise to many 
shades of character. It is a valuable class of 
plums, of fair quality for the table, but most 
esteemed for drying and preserving — abundant 
bearers, and hanging long on the tree. Branches 
smooth. The common German Prune is describ- 
ed as follows : — 

Fruit long oval, nearly two inches long, pecu- 
liarly swollen on one side, and drawn out towards 
the stalk. Suture distinctly marked. Skin pur- 
ple, with a thick blue bloom. Stalk three-fourths 
of an inch long, slender, slightly inserted. Flesh 
firm, green, sweet, and pleasant ; separates from 
the stone, which is flat, very long, and a little 
curved. Good to very good. 10th of Septem- 
ber. 

This prune is, perhaps, the most universal 
and most valuable fruit-tree in Germany, Hun- 
gary, Saxony, and all Central Europe. Pre- 
served, it is used in winter as a substitute for German Prune. 




916 



THE PLUM. 



butter by the laboring peasantry ; and dried, it is a source of large 
profit in commerce. 

The Austrian Quetsche, Thomp. ( Quetsche de JBreme, Bremen 
Prune) , is a sub-variety, much like the foregoing, purple, a freestone, of 
rather better flavor, and ripening somewhat later. 

St. James' Quetsche is another variety, with smooth branches, and 
oblong fruit of medium size. Flesh purple, adheres to the stone, of very 
good flavor. It yields good crops. September. 

Ghiston's Early. 
Branches smooth, short-jointed. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin clear yellow, with a light bloom. Flesh yel- 
low ; separates from the stone. Poor. Middle of August. 

Gifford's Lafayette. 
Tree very vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit medium, long oval, purple, with a bloom. Flesh greenish, 
coarse, juicy, not rich ; adheres to the stone. Poor. Last of August. 

Gisborne's. 
G-isborne's Early. Paterson's. 

Tree a moderate grower, spreading, productive. Branches downy. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture distinct, one side often enlarged. Skin 
greenish yellow, with red next the sun, marbled and spotted, thin bloom. 
Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, moder- 
ately juicy ; separates from the stone. Good. Last of August. 

Golden Cherry Plum. 

Raised by Samuel Peeve, Salem, 
N. J. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish. 
Skin fine waxen yellow, becoming bronzed 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, brisk, 
subacid ; adheres to the stone. J uly. 

Golden Esperen. 

Cloth of Gold Esperen. 
Drap d'Or Esperen. 

Raised by Major Esperin. Tree of 
moderate growth, sj)reading. Buds large, 
pointed, a promising variety. Branches 
smooth, reddish brown 
Golden Esperin. Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin 

golden yellow, with light streaks of green 
beneath, covered with a thin bloom, and a few crimson dots on the sunny 
side. Suture shallow. Stalk short and rather stout, in a small cavity. 
Flesh light yellowish, rather coarse, very juicy, sugary, and rich. Good 
to very good. Adheres partially to the stone. Pipens last of August. 




THE PLUM. 



917 



Goliath. 

Caledonian. Saint Cloud. 

Steers's Emperor. Wilmot's late Orleans . 

A large and handsome Plum. It is easily distinguished from the 
Nectarine Plum, with which it has been confounded, by its gray, very 
downy shoots. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, enlarged on one side of the suture. 
Skin a fine deep red, approaching purple, a little paler in the shade, 
dusted with a thin blue bloom. Flesh yellow, adheres considerably to the 
stone, rather juicy, with a brisk, sprightly flavor. Good. Last of 
August. 



Gonne. 
Prune Gonne. 

A large and handsome Belgian Plum. Tree vigorous productive. 
Branches downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Skin reddish purple, 
with carmine dots and specks in sun, thin bloom. Flesh yellowish, 
rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet ; separates from the stone. Early 
September. (An. Pom.) 



Great Damask Violet of Tours. 

G-ros Damas de Tours. Largest Damask of Tours. 

Dainas de Tours gros. 

This French Plum is described by Lindley, whom we copy. Branches 
downy. 

Fruit medium, somewhat oval. Skin dark blue, covered with a vio- 
let bloom. Flesh yellow, and loosely adheres to the stone. Early 
August. 



Green Gage. 



Bruyn Gage. 
Bradford Gage. 
Wilmot's Green Gage. 

New Green Gage. 

Late Green Gage. 

Isleworth Green Gage. 
Brugnon Gage. 
Reine Claude. 
Grosse Reine Claude 
Grosse Reine. 
Damas Vert. 
Sucrin Vert. 
Vert Bonne. 



Abricot Vert. 
Dauphine. 
Louis Brun ? 
Abricotee Sageret ? 
Ida Gage. 

Cant's late Green Gage. 
Aloise's Green Gage. 
Goring's Golden Gage. 
Great Green Damask. 
Ida Green Gage. 
Mirabelle Vert Double. 
Queen Claudia. 
Rensselaer Gage. 



Schuyler Gage, incorrectly . 

Trompe Garyon. 

Trompe Valefc. 

Verducia. 

Verdochio. 

Verte Tiquetee. 

Murray's Reine Claudia. 

Huling's Reine Claudia. 

Reine Claudia blanche la grosso. 

Gros Damas vert. 

Livingston Manor. 

Reine Claude Doree. 



The Green Gage is universally admitted to hold the first rank in 
flavor among all Plums, and is everywhere highly esteemed. In France 
this variety is generally known as the Peine Claude, having, it is said, 
been introduced into that country by Queen Claude, wife of Francis I. 
During the last century an English family by the name of Gage ob- 
tained a number of fruit-trees among the monks of Chartreuse, near Paris. 
Among them was a tree of this plum, which, having lost its name, was 



918 



THE PLUM. 



called by the gardener the Green Gage. It is pronounced, by Lindley, 
the best plum in England, and we must admit that we have no superior 
to ifc here. 

The Green Gage is a very short-jointed, slow-growing tree, of spread- 
ing and rather dwarfish habit. It is an 
abundant and pretty regular bearer, though 
the fruit is a little liable to crack upon the 
tree in wet seasons. Branches smooth. 
Buds with large shoulders. 

Fruit round, rather small, seldom of 
medium size. Suture faintly marked, but 
extending from the stalk to the apex. 
Skin green, or yellowish green at full ma- 
turity, when it is often a little dotted or 
marbled with red. Stalk half to three-fourths 
of an inch long, slender, very slightly insert- 
ed. Flesh pale green, exceedingly melting 
and juicy, and usually separates freely from 
Green Gage. the s tone. Flavor at once sprightly and 

very luscious. Best. Ripe about the middle of August. 

There are several seedling varieties of this Plum in various parts of 
this country, but none superior or scarcely equal to the old. , 

Gundaker Prune. 
Groundacre. 

Raised by Samuel E. Gundaker, of Lancaster, Penn. 

The Gundaker Prune is of a yellowish white color, nearly as large as 
the Blue Prune, and of the same oval shape, very high-flavored, and a 
good bearer. 

Gundaker Plum. 

Same origin as the Prune, of a purple color on one side, and the 
other a light color, heart-shaped, resembling a Plum called Golden 
Drop, but larger in size, and a great bearer. (Gundaker in Hort.) 

Guthrie's Apricot. 
Guthrie's Golden. 

Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland. Tree very vigorous, hardy, pro- 
ductive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture very slight. Skin yel- 
low, sprinkled with a few crimson dots, and covered with a thin bloom. 
Stalk rather long, set in a small depression. Flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, 
sweet, but not high -flavored ; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. 
Ripens the last of August. 

Guthrie's Aunt Ann. 
Aunt Ann. 

Same origin as the preceding. Tree vigorous, upright. Branches 
smooth, reddish. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow, a little more than half round. 




THE PLUM. 



919 



( Apex a little sunk. Skin pale yellow, somewhat splashed with green, 
i covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long. Cavity moderate. 

Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, slightly vinous; adheres to the stone. Good 

to very good. Early September. 

Guthrie's Late Green. 
Minette. 

Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland. A very rapid grower. Branches 
smooth. 

Fruit medium, globular, swollen on one side. Skin yellow, with 
splashes of green, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk three-fourths 
of an inch long, inserted in a small 
cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, 
sugary, rich; adheres to the stone. 
Very good. Early September. 



Guthrie's Russet. 

Another of Mr. Guthrie's origi- 
nating. Tree vigorous. Branches 
smooth, brownish. 

Fruit large, oval. Suture large, 
half round. Skin yellow, covered 
with a thin bloom, sometimes marbled 
in the sun with crimson. Stalk long, 
slender. Cavity small. Flesh yel- 
low, juicy, sweet, rich; adheres to 
the stone. Good to very good. Last 
of August. 

Guthrie's Taybank. 

Same origin as above. Branches smooth, short-jointed. 
Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy. Good. Last of September. (Elliott.) 

Guthrie's Topaz. 

Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland. Tree a moderate grower, with 
smooth reddish brown branches, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oval, with a slight neck, one side somewhat swollen. 
Suture moderate. Skin golden yellow, with a thin bloom. Stalk an 
inch long, slender, curved, inserted in a small deep cavity. Flesh yel- 
low, juicy, sweet, not very rich, but pleasant ; adheres to the stone. 
Good. Middle of September. 

Gwalsh. 

Fruit large, oblong oval. Suture shallow. Skin deep purple, with 




Guthrie's Late Green. 



920 



THE PLUM. 



a bloom. Stalk rather short, slightly sunk. Flesh greenish, coarse, 
not very juicy, sweet, and pleasant ; adheres to the stone. Good. 
First of September. 

Hallenbeck. 

Originated with Henry Hallenbeck, East Greenbush, Rensselaer Co., 
N. Y. Tree vigorous, with upright stout shoots and prominent buds, 
rather slow growth. Branches smooth or slightly downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, one side often enlarged. Suture broad, 
shallow. Skin deep reddish purple, sprinkled with numerous minute 
dots, and covered with a grayish blue bloom. Stalk stout. Cavity 
large. Flesh greenish yellow, very juicy, sugary, with a brisk flavor; 
adheres closely to the stone. Good. Last of August. 

Hartwiss' Yellow Prune. 

A German variety. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oval, narrowed toward the stalk, next which is a 
slight mamelon neck. One side compressed. Skin fine yellow, 
slightly blotched and dotted with crimson, thin light bloom. Stalk 
long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, 
sugary. Separates freely from the stone. Good to very good. Early 
September. 

Henrietta Gage. 
Early Genesee. 

Originated in the town of Henrietta, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree of 
rather slow growth. Branches brownish gray, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture shallow, a little more than 
half round. Skin pale yellowish white, with a thin white bloom. Stalk 
rather short, stout, in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, not very juicy, 
sweet; adheres to the stone. Good. Early August. 

Henry Clay. 

Raised by Elisha Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree vigorous and pro- 
ductive. Its great beauty will make it desirable. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, somewhat oval, inclining to a neck, with a slight 
suture. Skin yellow, with a light bloom, and the cheek beautifully 
marbled and shaded with red. Stalk long, slender, inserted in a small 
cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, and sweet ; adheres slightly to the stone. 
Good to very good. Last of August. 

Highlander. 

Origin, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree vigorous and very productive. 
Branches gray, smooth. 

Fruit large, irregularly ovate, somewhat swelled on one side. Su- 
ture moderate, half round. Skin deep blue, inclining to reddish brown, 
covered with a thin bloom, and thickly sprinkled with brown dots. 
Stalk very short, inserted in a slight cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, 
juicy, sugary, rich, vinous ; adheres slightly to the stone. Good to 
yety good. Last of September. 



THE PLUM. 



921 



Holland. 

Blue Holland. Holland Prune. 

Tree vigorous. Branches downy, rather slender. 

Fruit round, slightly flattened. Skin blue or light reddish purple, 
covered with a blue bloom. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant; 
separating freely from the stone. Good. Last of August to the middle 
of September. 



Horse Plum. 
Large Early Damson. Sweet Damson. 

Tree vigorous, upright. Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, with a deep suture on one side. Skin 
purple in the sun, reddish on the shaded side, with blue bloom. Flesh 
greenish yellow, rather dry and acid, separates from the stone. Scarcely 
good. Last of August. 



Howard's Favorite. 

Raised by E. Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree a vigorous grower, very 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, oval, narrowing toward the stalk, and flattened at apex. 
Suture shallow, a little more than half round. Skin pale yellow, dotted 
and marbled with carmine in the sun, 

covered with a thin lilac bloom. Stalk y^V\ 
rather long. Cavity small. Flesh 

yellow, j uicy, sweet ; adheres to the // 
stone. Good to very good. September. // 



Howell's Early. 
Sea. Early Purple. Chapin's Early. 

Origin unknown ; brought from 
Virginia. Tree of rather slow growth. 
Wood slender, gray, and downy. 

Fruit rather below medium size, 
oval, without any suture, one side a 
little enlarged. Skin pale red, reddish 
purple in the sun, covered with a light 
lilac bloom. Stalk short, stout, with 
a slightly elevated collar. Flesh yel- 
low, juicy, rich, sweet; separates from 
the stone. Good to very good. Early 
August. 



Howard's Favorite. 



How's Amber. 

Origin, Portsmouth, N. H. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slight suture. Skin amber-colored in the 
shade, mottled with rose, thinly covered with pale violet bloom. Stalk 
of medium length, inserted without cavity. Flesh coarse, yellow, melt- 
ing, juicy; adhering to the stone. First of September. (Hov. Mag.) 



922 



THE PLUM. 



Hudson Gage. 
Reine Claude d'Hudson. 

Raised by L. U. Lawrence, of Hudson, N. Y. Tree thrifty, produc- 
tive. Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, a little enlarged on one side of the ob- 
scure suture. Skin yellow, clouded with 
green streaks under the skin, and covered 
with a thin white bloom. Stalk short, 
little more than half an inch long, insert- 
ed in a moderate hollow. Flesh greenish, 
very juicy and melting, with a rich, spright- 
ly, excellent flavor. It separates from the 
stone (adhering very slightly). "Very good. 
First week in August. 

Hulings' Superb. 

Keysets Plum. Gloire de New York. 

Raised by Mr. Keyser of Pennsylvania, 
and brought into notice by Dr. W. E. 
Hulings of that State. Tree very vigo- 
Hudson Gage. rous, upright, large foliage, blunt shoots, 

large-shouldered buds, moderate bearer. 
Branches downy. 

Fruit very large, roundish oval, with a distinct though shallow su- 
ture. Stalk strong and stout, set in a round, small cavity. Skin rather 
dull greenish yellow, thinly covered with pale bloom. Flesh greenish 
yellow, rather coarse, but with a rich, brisk, sprightly flavor. Good. 
It adheres to the stone. Middle of August. 

ICKWORTH IMPERATRICE. 
Knight's No. 6. 

Raised by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle. It hangs a long while 
on the tree, and if gathered and wrapped in soft paper, will keep many 
weeks. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather above medium size, obovate. Skin purple, peculiarly 
traced or embroidered with streaks of golden fawn color. Stalk mode- 
rately long and thick. Flesh greenish yellow, sweet, juicy, and rich, 
mostly adhering to the stone, which is rather small. Yery good. Early 
in October. 

Imperiale de Milan. 
Prune de Milan. 

Tree vigorous, rather spreading. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture broad, extending two- 
thirds around one side, often enlarged. Skin deep purple, covered with 
a thick blue bloom. Stalk stout, set in a small cavity. Flesh greenish, 
juicy ; sugary, adheres to the stone. Good. Early September. 




THE PLUM. 



923 



Imperial Gage. 

Flushing 1 Gage. Reine Claude Imperiale. 

White Gage. Prince's Gage. 

Prinee's Imperial Gage. Admiral de Rigny ? 

Superior Green Gage. Prince's White Gage. 

Prince's Imperial. 

The Imperial Gage has long enjoyed 
the reputation of one of the most excellent 
and productive of Plums. It was raised at 
Prince's Nursery, Flushing, 1ST. Y., from 
the seed of the Green Gage, and the fact 
of the fruit of a single tree near Boston 
having produced fruit to the value of near- 
ly fifty dollars annually, has often been 
repeated as a proof of the profit of its cul- 
tivation for market. The tree grows freely 
and rises rapidly, and has long dark shoots, 
slightly downy. 

Fruit rather above medium size, oval, 
with a distinct suture. Stalk nearly an 
inch long, slightly hairy, and pretty stout, 
inserted in an even hollow. Skin pale 
green until fully ripe, when it is tinged 
with yellow, showing a peculiar marbling imperial Gage. 

of dull green stripes, and covered with 

copious white bloom. Flesh greenish, very juicy, melting, and rich, with 
a very slightly agreeable flavor ; it separates pretty freely from the stone. 
The latter is oval, and pointed at both ends. Best. Early September. 

Imperial Ottoman. 

A very neat early Plum, of good flavor, 
and a prolific bearer. It has the reputation 
of having been brought from Turkey, but it is 
uncertain whether this is correct. Tree vigor- 
ous, upright. Branches long, slightly downy. 

Fruit scarcely below medium size, round- 
ish, between Green Gage and the American 
Yellow Gage in appearance, and having a 
suture on one side, from the stalk half way 
down. Stalk downy, slender, curved, three- 
fourths of an inch long, inserted in a very 
slight cavity. Skin dull yellow, clouded 
with darker streaks, and covered with a 
thin bloom. It adheres considerably 
to the stone. The flesh is juicy, sweet, 
melting. Good to very good. Last of 
July. 

Imperial Ottoman. 

Imperial Purple 

Originated with Wm. R Prince, Flushing, L. I. Tree vigorous, 
very productive. Branches smooth. 





924 



THE PLUM. 



Fruit medium, roundish oval, one side slightly compressed. Suture 
slight. Skin reddish purple, covered with a pretty thick lilac bloom. 
Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity small. Flesh greenish, j uicy, sweet ; 
adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Last of August. 

Incomparable. 

Nonpareil. Incomparable Prune. 

A German Prune Plum. Tree vigorous, upright, with long slender 
smooth branches. 

Fruit medium or below, long oval, narrowing at ends. Suture shal- 
low, pointed at apex. Skin deep purplish black, covered with a thick 
blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellowish, 
sweet ; adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Last of September. 

Isabella. 

This is an attractive-looking English Plum. Branches quite downy 
and gray. 

Fruit medium size, oval, rather narrower towards the stalk. Skin 
dark dull red in the sun, paler in the shade, and thickly sprinkled with 
darker colored dots. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, a little hairy, 
set in a moderate hollow. Flesh yellow, rich, juicy, with a smart flavor, 
and adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. 

Italian Damask. 
Damas d'ltalie. 

Tree thrifty, vigorous. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture shallow. Apex slightly 
sunken. Skin purplish black, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk 
rather stout. Flesh light green, a little firm, moderately juicy, slightly 
vinous ; separates from the stone. Good. Late August. 

Italian Prune. 

Prune d'ltalie. Altesse Double. ' 

Fellenberg. Italian Quetsche. 

Quetsche d'ltalie. 

Tree vigorous, spreading. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture moderate. Skin dark blue, with a 
bloom. Stalk an inch long, rather stout, inserted in a very small cavity. 
Flesh dark yellow, juicy, sweet, and good; separates from the stone. 
Good. First of October. 

Ives. 

Ives' Washington. Ives' Seedling. 

Raised by J. M. Ives, Salem, Mass. Tree of moderate growth, strag- 
gling and irregular, prominent buds. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture a mere line. Skin pale yellow, with a 
light thin bloom. Stalk long, slender. Flesh yellow, melting, juicy ; 
separates from the stone. Good. Early September. 



THE PLUM. 



925 



Jacob. 

Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, oval, with a neck, one side enlarged. Suture large. 
Skin violet purple, covered with lilac bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cav- 
ity small. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. 
September. 

Jaune Hative. 



Early Yellow. 
Catalonian. 
White Primordian. 
Jaune de Catalogue. 
Prune de St. Barnabe. 
D'Avoine. 



Amber Primordian. 

Jean Hative. 

Early John. 

Bilboa. 

St. Bamabee. 

Loudon Plum. 



Prune de Catalogue. 
Avant Prune blanche. 
Cerisette Blanche. 
Pickett's July. 
Prune Monsieur Jaune. 
Prune dAltesse blanche. 



The earliest of Plums, which is its chief recommendation. It is a 
very old variety, from Catalonia and the South of France, and has been 
in cultivation more than two hundred years. It is a pretty little fruit, 
and is worthy of a place in the garden of the amateur. The tree has 
long, slender, downy branches. 

Fruit small, oval or obovate, with a shallow suture on one side. 
Stalk slender, half an inch long. Skin pale yellow, thinly coated with 
bloom. Flesh yellow, tolerably juicy, and melting, of sweet and plea- 
sant flavor ; separates from the stone. Good. From the 10th to the 
middle of J uly. 

Jefferson. 

If we were asked which we think the most desirable and beautiful 
of all dessert Plums, we should undoubtedly give the name of this new 

variety. When fully ripe, it is nearly 
equal in flavor to the Green Gage, 
that unsurpassable standard of flavor. 
But when we contrast the small ap- 
pearance of the Green Gage with the 
unusual size and beauty of the J effer- 
son, we must admit that it takes the 
very first rank. It is about ten days 
or a fortnight later than the Washing- 
ton, ripening the last of August. 

We received the Jefferson Plum, a 
few years ago, from the late Judge 
Buel, by whom it was raised and 
named. It is a good moderate grower 
and regular bearer, and the crop is 
very handsome on the tree. Branches 
slightly downy. 

Fruit large, oval, slightly narrowed 
on one side towards the stalk. Skin 
golden yellow, with a beautiful pur- 
plish-red cheek, and covered with a 
thin white bloom. Stalk an inch 
long, pretty stout, very slightly in- 
serted. Suture indistinct. Flesh 
deep orange; parts freely, and al- 
most entirely from the stone, which is long and pointed. Yery rich, 
juicy, luscious, and high-flavored. Best. ' 




Jefferson. 



926 



THE PLUM. 



Jerusalem. 

Prunier de Jerusalem. Prune Violet de Jerusalem. 

Violette Jerusalem. De Bordeaux. 

CEil de Bceuf. 

Fruit large, long, egg-shaped. Skin dark purple, covered with a 
dense blue bloom. Stalk an inch long, hairy. Flesh firm, sweet, brisk ; 
separates from the stone. Middle September. (Hogg.) 

Jodoigne Green Gage. 
Boulouf. Kerne Claude de Jodoigne. Royal de Vilvorde. 

Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, stout, short-jointed. 

Fruit large, round, inclining to oblate. Suture shallow, half round. 
Skin thin, greenish yellow, with blush red strewed green and yellowish 
dots on the side next the sun, and covered with a thin blue bloom. 
Stalk half an inch long. Flesh whitish yellow, firm, very juicy, tender, 
sugary, rich. Late September. (Hogg.) 

JuDSON. 

Raised by Mr. Judson, of Lansingburgh, 1ST. Y. Tree thrifty and 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, long oval. Suture broad, rather deep. Skin reddish 
purple, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk long, stout. Flesh 
greenish, rather coarse, not very juicy, sweet; adheres partially to the 
stone. Scarcely good. Last of August. 

July Green Gage. 
Reine Claude de Bavay Hative. Early Bavay. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblong. Suture distinct, a little 
more than half round. Skin greenish yellow, tinged with purple in the 
sun, thin bloom. Stalk rather stout. Cavity broad, shallow. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, sweet; separates from the stone. Very good. Last Au- 
gust. 

Kester's Green Gage. 

Raised by Weaver, Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland Co., Pa. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small, nearly globular, one side enlarged. Suture rather large. 
Skin pale yellowish green, with splashes of deeper green, slight bloom. 
Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cavity. Flesh greenish, j uicy, 
sugary, rich. Very good. Adheres slightly to the stone. 

Kester's Yellow Gage. 

Raised by Weaver, Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland Co., Pa. 

Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture broad and shallow. Skin pale 
yellow, splashed with green, and covered with a thick white bloom. 
Stalk of medium length, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh greenish yel- 
low, juicy, sugary, rich. Very good. Adheres partially to the stone. 

Kirke's. 

Kirke's Plum is a variety which came to us from England, where 



THE PLUM. 



927 



it was first brought into notice by Mr. Kirke, the nurseryman, at 
Brompton. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong, with very little suture. 
Skin dark purple, with a few golden dots, and coated with an unusually 
thick blue bloom, which adheres pretty closely. Stalk three-fourths of 
an inch long, inserted in a very slight depression. Flesh greenish yel- 
low, firm, and very rich in flavor. It separates freely from the stone, 
which is flat and broad. Good to very good. Last of August and first 
of September. 

Kolenkamp. 

Originated in the garden of W. Kolenkamp, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Fruit large, oval, red. Flesh yellowish, dry ; separates from the 
stone. Last of September. (Am. P. Soc.) 

Lady Plum. 

Raised by Isaac Denniston, Albany, N". Y. Tree of slender growth, 
productive. It is quite a pretty fruit, esteemed highly for preserving, 
this being its chief quality. It is *a rampant grower, an abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit quite small, oval. Stalk short and stout. Color light yellow, 
spotted with red. Stone free and small. Flavor acid. First of Sep- 
tember. (E. Dorr in Cult.) 

Langdon. 
Langdon's Seedling-. 

Raised by Reuben Langdon, of Hartford, Conn. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval, with a moderate suture. Skin 
reddish purple, covered with a thick lilac bloom. Stalk three-fourths 
of an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh greenish yel- 
low, coarse, juicy, sprightly, subacid, and adheres mostly to the stone. 
Good. Last of August. 

Large Green Drying. 
Knight's Large Drying. 

A late variety, raised, we believe, by Mr. Knight, and introduced 
here from the garden of the Horticultural Society of London. The tree 
is vigorous, and the branches are smooth. 

The fruit large, round, greenish yellow. The flesh yellowish, mo- 
derately juicy, sweet. Good. Adheres to the stone. Middle of Sep- 
tember. 

Late Black Orleans. 

Tree vigorous, with long and slender smooth branches ; very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, nearly round. Suture broad, shallow. Dot at apex. 
Skin deep black, covered with a thick blue bloom, and thickly sprinkled 
with minute brown dots. Stalk rather stout. Cavity small. Flesh 
deep yellow, juicy, sugary ; adheres firmly to the stone. Good. Last 
of September. 



928 



THE PLUM. 



Late Bolmer. 
Winter Bolmar. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin yellow, mottled with, red next the 
sun. Flesh yellow, rather firm, sweet, but not rich ; separates from 
the stone. Good. Middle of September. 

Late Rivers. 

A seedling of Thomas Rivers, England. Branches smooth. 

Fruit below medium size, round, slight suture. Skin dark purple, al- 
most black. Stalk an inch or more long, slender. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of October. (Hogg.) 

Lawrence's Early. 

A foreign variety. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oval, flattened at ends. Skin dark pur- 
plish red, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh juicy ; separates from the 
stone. Good. Middle August. 



Lawrence's Favorite. 



Lawrence's Gage. 



Heine Claude de Lawrence. 



Lawrence's Favorite is a fruit of high merit, raised by Mr. L. U. 
Lawrence, of Hudson, N. Y., from a seed of the Green Gage. 

The general appearance of the fruit is like that of its parent, except 

that it is much larger. It hangs well 
on the tree, and its size, flavor, and pro- 
ductiveness should give it a place in 
every garden. 

Lawrence's Favorite forms an up- 
right tree of thrifty growth. Young 
branches smooth. 

Fruit large, heavy, roundish, a little 
flattened at either end. Skin dull yel- 
lowish green, clouded with streaks of a 
darker shade beneath, and covered with 
a light bluish-green bloom. The upper 
part of the fruit, when fully ripe, is cov- 
ered with a peculiar brownish network, 
and a few reddish dots. Stalk short, 
only half an inch long, slender, inserted 
in a narrow cavity. Flesh greenish, 

Lawrence's Favorite. . r ,i r * % 

resembling that 01 the Green Gage, re- 
markably juicy and melting, perhaps scarcely so rich as the latter, but 
with a very rich, sprightly vinous flavor, and one of the most delicious 
of plums. The flesh sometimes adheres a little when not fully ripe, 
but then separates freely. Best. Middle of August. 

Lawson's Golden. 

Damas Lawson. Golden Gage Lawson. 

Tree vigorous, productive. Branches smooth. 
Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture very shallow. Skin pale yel- 




THE PLUM. 



929 



low, lightly shaded and mottled in the sun with dull crimson, covered 
with a thin bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow 
juicy, sweet. Adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Last of 
August. 

Lewiston Egg. 

Origin, Lewiston, N. Y. Tree vigorous and productive. Branches 
downy. 

Fruit medium size, oval. Skin pale yellow, with a bloom. Flesh 
yellow, adhering closely to the stone, not very sweet, and only second- 
rate flavor. Good. Last of August. 

Liegel's Apricot. 
Abricotee de Braunau Nouvelle. 

Branches downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture deep. Skin like Green Gage, 
covered with a white bloom, becoming yellowish as it ripens. Flesh 
greenish yellow, melting, juicy, sugary ; separates from the stone. Last 
of September. 



(Hogg.) 



Bleecker's Scarlet. 



Lombard. 
Beekman's Scarlet. 



Montgomery Prune. 
Tree very vigorous, hardy, has strikingly crimpled leaves, bright 
purple glossy shoots, very productive, popular. 

It was called the Lombard Plum by the Massachusetts Horticul- 
tural Society, in compliment to Mr. Lombard, of Springfield, Mass., 
who first brought it into notice in that 
State ; and it is said to have been received 
by him from Judge Piatt, of Whitesbo- 
rough, jST. Y., who raised it from seed. But it 
was previously well known here by the name 
of Bleecker's Scarlet. Never having been 
described under that name, however, we 
adopt the present title. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval, slight- 
ly flattened at either end. Suture obscure. 
Stalk quite slender, scarcely three-fourths of 
an inch long, set in a broad, abruptly narrow- 
ing cavity. Skin delicate violet red, paler in 
the shade, dotted with red, and dusted 
thinly with bloom. Flesh deep yellow, 
juicy, and pleasant, but not rich ; adhering 
to the stone. Good. Middle and last of 
August. 

Long Scarlet. 
Scarlet Gage. Bed Gage, incorrectly. 

American. Tree very vigorous, and very productive. Shoots downy- 
Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate, swollen on one side of the 
suture, and tapering to the stalk. Skin bright red in the sun, pale- 
yellowish red on the shady side, covered with a fine lilac bloom. Flesh 
deep yellow, juicy, acid at first, but, if allowed to hang, it becomes rather 
rich and sweet. It adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. 

59 




Lombard. 



930 



THE PLUM. 



Louisa. 

From Missouri. Tree vigorous, very productive, spreading. Branches 
evidence of its native wild character. 

Fruit medium, nearly round, yellow, nearly covered with purplish 
red, gray dots, thin bloom. Suture slight. Flesh yellow, juicy. Good. 
Adheres to the stone. Last of August. (Husmann.) 

Lucombe's Nonesuch. 

An English Plum, raised by Lucombe, of the Exeter Nursery. Tree 
moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish, shaped and colored much like the 
Green Gage, but much more distinctly streaked with yellow and orange, 
and covered with a whitish bloom. Suture broad. Stalk straight, 
three-fourths of an inch long, set in a wide hollow. Flesh pretty firm, 
greenish, and adheres to the stone. Good. Last of September. 

McLaughlin. 

Raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Me. Tree hardy, vigorous, 
and productive, a valuable variety, nearly or quite equal to Green Gage. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, nearly round, oblate, flat- 
tened at both ends. Suture slight. Stalk 
three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a 
small cavity by a ring. Skin thin and ten- 
der, yellow, dotted and marbled with red 
on the sunny side, and covered with a thin 
bloom. Flesh dull yellow, rather firm, juicy, 
very sweet and luscious, perfumed. It ad- 
heres to the stone. Best. Last of August. 

Mamelonnee. 
Mamelon Sageret. 
A seedling of Sageret, near Paris. Tree 
moderately vigorous. Branches smooth, 
brownish gray. 

Fruit of remarkable shape, having a 
neck or (mamelon) at the base of the stock. It is of excellent quality, 
hardy and prolific. Fruit of medium size, oval, tapering towards the 
apex, and a well-marked suture on one side. Stalk small, inserted 
without depression. Skin pale yellow, a few splashes and streaks of 
green, dotted and marbled with crimson in the sun, covered with a thin 
light bloom. Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, rich; separates from the 
stone. Good to very good. Middle August. 

Manning's Long Blue Prune. 

Manning's Prune. Large Long Blue. Manning's Long Blue. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, with long dark-colored shoots, very 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit quite large, long oval, a little one-sided, with an obscure suture. 
Stalk very long and slender, set in a very trifling depression. Skin dark 
purple, with a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, rather 




THE PLUM. 



931 



juicy, with a sweet, sprightly, pleasant flavor. It separates pretty readily 
' from the stone, which is long and pointed. Good. First to last of Sep- 
tember. Ripens gradually and bears carriage well. 

Mann's Imperial. 

Brandy Gage. Mann's Brandy Gage. 

This fruit is a small form of Coe's Golden Drop, of rich flavor, but 
very much earlier. It differs from Coe's Golden Drop by having downy 
shoots. (Hogg.) 

Marten. 
Marten's Seedling. 

An accidental seedling in the garden of Mr. Marten, Schenectady, 
1ST. Y. A very vigorous, upright grower, productive. Branches smooth, 
grayish. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, irregular suture, rather deep from stalk 
to apex, which is a little sunk. Skin yellow, somewhat streaked with 
green, and dotted with red on the sunny side. Stalk nearly an inch 
long, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, with a 
brisk sprightly flavor. Separates from the stone. Good to very good. 
First of September. 

Maugeron. 

Damascene Maugeron. Mangeron. 

Damas de Mangeron. Maugeron Damask. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, round, depressed. Skin purplish, dotted with yellowish 
dots, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh whitish yellow, not very juicy, 
breaking, sweet; separates from the stone. Early September. (Liegel.) 

Mediterranean. 

Tree vigorous, productive. Branches smooth, quite reddish. 

Fruit medium, ovate-necked. Suture medium. Skin light crimson. 
Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, sweet, sprightly ; sepa- 
rates from the stone. Good. Early September. 

Meigs. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture indistinct. Skin dull reddish 
purple, with numerous gray dots. Stalk long, curved, slender, set in a 
small cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich, sugary and excellent; 
adheres to the stone. Good. Last of September. 

Miner. 

Hinckley. Gillett. Robinson. 

Isabel. Townsend. 

This is an improved variety of the wild or Chickasaw Plum, origi- 
nated with Mr. Miner, Lancaster, Pa. Branches smooth, dark red. 

Fruit medium, oblong, pointed at apex. Skin dark purplish red, 
with a fine bloom. Flesh soft, juicy, vinous; adheres to the stone. 
Early October. 



932 



THE PLUM. 



MiRABELLE. 

Mirabelle Petite. Mirabelle de Vienne. Gelbe Mirabelle. 

Mirabelle Jaune. White Mirabelle. Small Mirabelle. 

Mirabelle Blanche. Mirabelle Precoce. Little Mirabelle. 

Mirabelle Perle. Prune de Mirabelle. Petit Drap d'Or. 

A very pretty little fruit, exceedingly ornamental on the tree, 
the branches of which are thickly sprinkled with its abundant crops. 
The tree is small in all its parts, and although the fruit has a tolerable 
flavor, yet from its size and high perfume it is chiefly valued for pre- 
serving. Branches downy. 

Fruit quite small, obovate, with a well-marked suture. Stalk half 
an inch long, slightly inserted. Skin of a beautiful yellow, a little 
spotted with red at maturity, and covered with a white bloom. Flesh 
orange, sweet, and sprightly, becoming dry when over-ripe, and sepa- 
rates from the stone. Good. Middle of August. 



Mirabelle de Nancy. 

A variety resembling the foregoing, except in its maturing later. 
Fruit small, nearly round, rich yellow, dotted with red. Flesh 
juicy. September. (Hogg.) 

Mitchelson. 
Mitchelson's. 

Raised by Mitchelson, England. Tree hardy, productive. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit above medium size, oval, without suture. Skin black, dotted 
with a few minute fawn-colored dots, covered with a thin blue bloom. 
Stalk stout. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sweet ; separates from the 
stone. Good. Early September. (F. and P.) 

Monroe. 
Monroe Egg-. 

Raised by Miss Dunham, Penfield, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree very 
vigorous and productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium or above, oval. Skin greenish yellow, with rarely a 
blush. Stalk rather long, with very little depression. Flesh greenish 
yellow, not very tender, sweet. Good. First of September. 



Morocco. 

Early Morocco. Black Morocco. 

Early Black Morocco. Early Damask. 

A good early Plum, of rather slow growth, and a moderate bearer. 
Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, with a shallow suture on one side, 
a little flattened at both ends. Skin dark purple, covered with a pale 
thin bloom. Stalk half an inch long, rather stout. Flesh greenish 
yellow, adhering slightly to the stone, juicy, with a smart, rich flavor, 
becoming quite sweet at maturity. Good. First to middle of Au- 
gust. 



THE PLUM. 



933 



Moyret's Gage. 
Heine Claude Moyret. 

A new French Plum, originated by M. Moyret, at Neuville-sur-Ain. 
Tree vigorous. Branches slightly downy. 

^ Fruit medium, roundish. Suture half round, distinct, not deep. 
Skin light reddish, covered with an amber-blue bloom. Stalk rather 
stout, set in a cavity rather deep. Flesh greenish yellow, fine, juicy, 
sweet, perfumed ; separates from the stone. Early August. (Verg.) 

Mulberry. 

Raised by Isaac Denniston, of Albany. The tree is a vigorous 
grower. 

Fruit large, oval, somewhat narrowest towards the stalk. Skin 
ale whitish yellow, sprinkled with white dots, and dusted with a pale 
loom. Stalk an inch long, rather slender, very slightly inserted. 
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, good; adheres slightly to the stone. 
Good. First of September. 

Muscle. 

This variety is only valuable for stocks on which to propagate other 
sorts. 

Fruit small, oblong, dark red. Stone large. 

Musk Damask. 

Prune de Malthe. Damas Musque. 

De Chypre. Prune de Chypre. 

Musque de Malta ? 

Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth or slightly downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish. Suture distinct. Skin deep purple 
or bluish black, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh yellow or 
greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, musky. Good. Adheres slightly to the 
stone. Last of August. 

Nectarine. 

Caledonian. Peach Plum, erroneously. 

Howell's Large. Prune Peche. 

Jenkins' Imperial. Louis Philippe. 

Tree vigorous, upright, stout, blunt, purplish shoots, nearly smooth. 
A fine-looking fruit, of foreign origin, but only of second quality. 

Fruit of the largest size, regularly formed, roundish. Stalk about 
half an inch long, rather stout, and set in a wide shallow depression. 
Skin purple, dusted with a blue bloom. Flesh dull greenish yellow, be- 
coming tinged with red at maturity, a little coarse-grained, with a rich, 
brisk flavor, and adhering partially to the stone. Good. Middle of 
August. 

Nelson's Victory. 

Knevett's Late Orleans. 

Tree very vigorous, an abundant bearer. Branches smooth. 
Fruit medium-sized, round, marked with a shallow suture. Skin 
deep purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk half an inch long, set 



934 



THE PLUM. 



in a shallow cavity. Flesh firm, rather coarse, sweet, briskly flavored ; 
adhering to the stone. Middle September. (Hogg.) 

Newman. 

A variety of the Chickasaw family, that has recently come into no- 
tice through D. L. Adair, of Kentucky. Tree healthy, hardy, vigorous, 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin light scarlet, with a thin bloom. 
Flesh soft, light pinkish, vinous, juicy ; adheres to the stone. Early 
August. 

NORBERT. 

Prune de Lepine. Prune de Prince. 

Branches slightly hairy. 

Fruit very small, round, inclining to oblate. Skin dark purple, 
covered with a thick, clear, light blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, 
firm, sweet, not juicy. Separates from the stone. (Hogg.) 

Norman Perdrigon. 
Perdrigon Normand. 

A French variety. 

Fruit medium, nearly round. Skin light purple, considerable bloom, 
marked with fawn-colored dots. Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet; 
adheres to the stone. Last of August. (Pom. Man.) 

North. 
North's Seedling. 

Raised by Professor North, Clinton, N. Y. Tree very vigorous, 
very productive. Branches slightly downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong oval. Skin reddish purple, with a 
thin bloom. Flesh yellowish, juicy, moderately sweet, perfumed. Good 
to very good. Early September. 

NOUVELLE DE DORELLE. 

Prune Grosse Quetsche Nouvelle. Dorelle's Neue Grosse Zwetsche. 
Prune Nouvelle de Dorrel. Quetsche de Dorelle Nouvelle Grand. 

Dorelle's New Purple Prune. 1 

A German variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches downy. 

Fruit large, oval, somewhat pointed at the stalk. Suture shallow, dis- 
tinct, one side often a little enlarged. Skin violet purple, covered with a 
thin blue bloom, and pretty thickly sprinkled with whitish brown dots. 
Stalk rather long and stout, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, sugary, vinous ; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. 
Last of August. 

Oberley. 

Oberley's Greenwood. 

Originated in Northampton Co., Pa., on the farm of Ober- 
ley. Tree a thrifty, upright grower, very productive. Branches smooth, 
greenish. 



THE PLUM. 



935 



Fruit medium size, roundish. Suture shallow. Apex a little sunk. 
Skin amber, nearly covered with rosy red, thin light bloom. Stalk me- 
dium, slender, set in a moderate cavity by a ring. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
vinous, rather sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. 



October Green Gage. 
Late Green Gage. Reine Claude Tardive. Reine Claude d'Octobre. 

Tree very vigorous. Young wood smooth, stout, and short-jointed. 

Fruit small, roundish. Suture moderate. Apex dimpled. Skin 
greenish yellow, covered with a thin white bloom, mottled with crimson 
in sun. Stalk stout, rather long. Flesh green, juicy, sugary, and rich ; 
separates from the stone. Good to very good. First of October. 



Orange. 

Orange Gage. Wager. 

Origin, Ehinebeck, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree a vigorous grower, 
productive. Branches stout and smooth. 

Fruit very large, oval, flattened at both ends. Skin bronze yellow, 
marked with roughish white dots and clouded with purplish red near 
the stalk. The latter is three-fourths of an inch long, rather rough, in- 
serted in a narrow round cavity. Flesh deep yellow, a little coarse- 
grained, moderately juicy, sugar and acid combined. It adheres a little 
to the stone. Good. Last of August. 



Orleans. 

Monsieur. Anglaise Nbir. Prune de Monsieur. 

Monsieur Ordinaire. English Orleans. Common Orleans. 
Old Orleans. Prune d'Orleans. Red Orleans. 

Red Damask. Late Monsieur. 

A popular English market Plum, being hardy and uniformly produc- 
tive. Tree vigorous. Branches gray, and very downy. 

Fruit middle-sized, round, a little enlarged on one side of the distinct 
suture. Skin dark red, becoming purple in the sun. Flesh yellowish, 
sweet, mixed with acid, and separates freely from the stone. Good. 
Middle of August. 



Oullin's Golden. 



Reine Claude d'Oullins. Oullin's Golden Gage. 

Reine Claude Precoce. Monstrueuse d'Oullins. 

Ouillin's Gage. 

This is a German Plum, large and showy. Tree very vigorous and 
productive, with smooth branches, stout, short jointed. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Suture very shallow. Skin rich yel- 
low, flecked and shaded with green, small crimson dots in sun, and cov- 
ered with a thin white bloom. Stalk inserted in a broad, moderately 
deep cavity. Flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, sugary ; adhering slightly 
to the stone. Very good. Middle of August. (Hogg.) 



936 



THE PLUM. 



Parsonage. 

Origin, Rhinebeck, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree very vigorous, up- 
right, productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium to large, oval. Skin pale yellow, lightly splashed with 
green. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a small depression. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, with a rich sugary flavor. It separates freely from the 
stone. Good. First of September. 

Peach Plum. 

Prune Peche. Large Peach. Reine Claude Berger ? 

Tree upright, vigorous, only a moderate bearer. Tree rather tender 
at the North. Branches smooth. 

Fruit very large, shaped more like a peach than a plum, roundish, 
much flattened at both ends. Suture shallow, but strongly marked. 
Apex much depressed. Skin light brownish red, sprinkled with obscure 
dark specks, and covered with a pale bloom. Stalk short, rather stout, 
set in a shallow narrow cavity. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse-grained, 
but juicy, and of pleasant sprightly flavor when fully ripe ; separates 
freely from the stone. Good. Last of July. 

Penobscot. 

Raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Me. Tree vigorous, hardy, 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, oval. Suture distinct. Stalk three-fourths of an inch 
long, set in a small cavity. Skin yellow, tinged with green and a faint 
red cheek. Flesh yellow, sweet, and pleasant ; adheres to the stone. 
Good. First of September. 

Peoly's Early Blue. 

This is a native fruit, of medium quality. Branches very downy. 

Fruit middle-sized, roundish. Suture scarcely visible. Skin very 
dark blue, covered with light blue bloom. Flesh yellow, of pleasant 
flavor, adhering partially to the stone. Good. Early August. 

Perdrigon Violet Hatif. 

Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Branches downy. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly oval. Suture half round, 
shallow. Apex a little sunk. Skin violet or reddish purple, sprinkled 
with brownish dots and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk short, stout. 
Cavity small. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, with a sugary pleasant 
flavor ; separates from the stone. Good or very good. Middle Au- 
gust. 

Pershore. 

An English variety. Branches smooth. 

Fruit above medium size, obovate. Skin yellow, with a golden 
tinge. Flesh tender, with a fine subacid flavor ; adhering to the stone. 
Last of August. (Hogg.) 



THE PLUM. 



937 



Peter's Yellow Gage. 

Tree moderately vigorous, with short branches, which are downy. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular, a little depressed at base. Suture 
broad, shallow. Apex broad, shallow, sunken. Skin pale yellow, some- 
times with crimson dots in the sun and a thin light bloom. Stalk rather 
short and stout, set in a large cavity. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sugary; 
adheres slightly to the stone. Good to very good. Middle August 

Pond's Seedling. 
Pond's Purple. 

American origin. Tree very vigorous. Brandies downy. 

Fruit middle-sized, roundish. Skin purple. Flesh yellowish, rather 
dry, separates from the stone, sweet, mingled with acid. Good. Early 
in August. 

Pond's Seedling. 
Plurn de l'lnde. Fonthill. Pond's Purple. 

English origin. Tree very vigorous and productive ; a beautiful 
fruit. Branches smooth, grayish. 

Fruit very large, oval, taper- 
ing a little towards the stalk, some- 
times with a mamelon neck. Skin 
yellowish, nearly covered with 
bright red or carmine, having a 
thin whitish bloom, and sprinkled 
with brownish dots. Flesh yel- 
low, a little coarse, juicy, and 
sugary, but not rich. Good. 
Middle of September. 

Precoce de Tours. 

Early Violet. 
Violette Hutive. 
Early Tours. 
Perdrigon Violet. 
Blue Perdrigon. 
Violet de Tours. 
Noire Hutive. 
Prune de la Madelaine. 
Damas de Tours. 
Prune de Gaillon. 

Of foreign origin. Tree vigo 
rous, with long, slender branches, 
moderately productive. Branches 
downy. 

Fruit rather more than an inch in pond's Seedling (English.) 

diameter, oval, with a shallow su- 
ture. Skin deep purple, covered with a thick azure bloom. Stalk 
half an inch long, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh at first greenish, but 
becoming dull yellow at maturity ; a little fibrous, but juicy, sweet, melt- 
ing, and slightly perfumed ; it adheres considerably to the stone. Good. 
First of August. 




938 



THE PLUM. 



Precoce de Bergthold. 
Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit small, nearly globular. Suture shallow, but distinct point at 
apex. Skin pale yellow, sometimes with marblings of green, and cov- 
ered with a thin white bloom. Stalk short, stout. Cavity shallow. 
Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary; adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Early 
August. 

Prince Englebert. 

From Belgium. This is a promising variety for market growing, as 

the tree is a great bearer, and the 
fruit valuable for dessert and cooking. 
Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, oblong oval. Suture 
very slight, one side a little enlarged. 
Skin very deep purple, sprinkled 
with brown dots, and covered with a 
deep blue bloom. Stalk rather stout, 
set in a deep cavity. Flesh yellowish 
green, juicy, sugary ; separates from 
the stone. Very good. Last of Au 
gust. 

Prince of Wales. 

Chapman's Prince of Wales. 
Prince Albert ? 

English origin. Tree very vigo- 
rous, very productive. Branches 
smooth or slightly downy. 
Prince Engeibert. Fruit large, globular, inclining to 

oblong, with a moderate suture on 
one side. Skin reddish purple, with brownish yellow dots, and a thick 
bloom. Stalk short and stout, set in a moderate cavity. Flesh a little 
coarse, greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, and sprightly, not rich, partially 
adhering to the stone. Good. First of September. 

Prince's Orange Egg. 

Raised by William Prince, Flushing, Long Island, 1ST. Y. Tree very 
vigorous and productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Skin yellow, covered with a thin bloom. 
Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather stout, set in a small cavity. 
Flesh golden yellow, coarse, j uicy, sprightly, subacid, not rich ; ad- 
heres to the stone. Good. Middle of September. 

Prince's Orange Gage. 
Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture moderate. Skin yellow. 




THE PLUM. 



939 



Stalk long, set in an open cavity. Flesh light yellow, coarse, juicy, 
pleasant, but not rich; adheres to the stone. Good. First of Sep- 
tember. 

Prince's Primordian. 

Prince's Blue Primordian. 

Originated with "William Prince, of Flushing, L. I. Branches slen- 
der, grayish. 

Fruit small, oval, blue. Flesh pleasant ; its principal value is its 
early maturity. (Pom. Man.) 

Prince's Yellow Gage. 

American Yellow Gage of some. White Gage of some. 

The Yellow Gage was raised so long ago as the year 1783, by the 
elder Mr. Prince, of Flushing, L. I. Its 
great hardiness and productiveness, joined 
to its rich, sugary flavor, make it a favor- 
ite sort. Branches smooth, short-jointed, 
and the tree forming a large spreading 
head. 

Fruit a little above medium size, oval, 
rather broadest towards the stalk. Su- 
ture a mere line. Skin golden yellow, a 
little clouded, and covered with a copious 
white bloom. Stalk an inch long, inserted 
in a small round cavity. Flesh deep yel- 
low, rich, sugary, and melting, though 
sometimes rather dry ; parts freely from 
the stone. Very good. Early in Au- 
gust. 

Provence Damask. 

Damas de Provence. 
Early Damask of Provence. Prince's Yellow Gage. 

Damas de Provence Hatif. 

Tree vigorous, branches downy. 

Fruit above medium, roundish. Suture deep. Skin reddish pur- 
ple, covered with blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green ; separates from 
the stone. Good for cooking. Last of July. 

Prune d'Agen. 

D'Agen. Robe de Sergent. St. Maurin. 

Prune d'Ast. Agen Datte. Prune de Brignole of some. 

Prune du Roi. 

A foreign variety of excellent quality. Tree of moderate growth, 
Branches smooth. Very productive. 

Fruit medium size, oval, slightly necked. Suture small. Skin vio- 




940 THE PLUM. 

let purple, covered with a thick bloom and numerous small dots. Stalk 
nearly an inch long, a little curved, set in a small depression. Flesh 
greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich, and delicious, slightly adherent to 
the stone. Best. Middle and last of September. 




Prune d'Agen. Purple Favorite. 



Purple Favorite. 

This delicious fruit received its name from us some years ago. The 
tree from which the stock now in this country was derived, stood for 
many years (until it died of old age) in the centre of the principal gar- 
den here, and was planted by the father of the author. Its origin we 
were never able to learn, and we have not been able during all our 
pornological researches and comparisons to identify it with any other 
sort. 

The Purple Favorite, when in perfection, is not surpassed by any 
other Plum in luscious flavor. It is more juicy and melting than the 
Purple Gage, and has some affinity to the Diapree Rouge, or Minims. 
It should have a place in every garden, as it bears well, and is very 
hardy. In the nursery it has the dwarfish habit of the Green Gage, 
but more slender shoots. Branches nearly smooth, short-jointed. 

Fruit medium size, often large, roundish obovate. Suture none. 
Skin light brown in the shade, brownish purple in the sun, dotted with 
numerous golden specks, and dusted with, thin, light blue bloom. Stalk 
three-fourths to one inch long, set in a very slight depression. Flesh 
pale greenish, very juicy, tender, melting, with a luscious sweetness. 
Parts freely from the stone, which is very small and roundish. Best. 
Begins to ripen about the 20th of August, and will hang for a fortnight 
on the tree. 

Purple Gage. 

Reine Claude Violette. Violette Queen Claude. 

Die Violette Konigin Claudie. Violet Gage. 

The Purple Gage holds the first place for high flavor among purple 



THE PLUM. 



941 



plums abroad. Although it is well known in France under the title of 
the Reine Claude Violette, as in England under that of the Purple 
Gage, yet its native country is not precisely determined. Tree mod- 
erately vigorous. Branches smooth, much like those of the Green Gage. 

Fruit medium sized, shaped like the Green Gage, roundish, a little 
flattened. Suture shallow, but distinct. Stalk an inch long, rather 
thick, set in a narrow cavity. Skin a little thick, violet, dotted with 
pale yellow, and covered with light blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, 
rather firm, rich, sugary, and very high-flavored; separates from the stone, 
which is oval and compressed. Ripens rather late, and will hang on the 
tree — shrivelling a little, but not cracking — all the month of September. 
Very good. 

QcACKENBOSS. 

Introduced by Mr. Quackenboss, of Greenbush, N. Y. Origin in 
the garden of S. C. Groot, Albany. A very rapid upright grower, and 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, oblong roundish. Skin deep purple, covered with a blu- 
ish bloom. Suture scarcely apparent. Stalk long, slender, and set in a 
slight depressed cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, sprightly, juicy, a little 
coarse-grained, sweet, and subacid • adheres slightly to the stone. Good. 
September. 

Queen Motiiek. 

Ked Queen Mother. Pigeon's Heart. Danias Yiolet. 

A neat little reddish Plum, long known in European gardens. 
Branches smooth, rather feeble in growth. 

Fruit rather small, round, about an inch in diameter. Skin dark, 
purplish red in the sun, pale reddish amber in the shade, with many red- 
dish dots. Stalk half an inch long. Flesh yellow, sweet and rich, sepa- 
rating freely from the stone. Good. September. 



Reagle's Ancient City. 

Originated at Schenectady, IS". 
Y., by C. Reagles. Tree very 
vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. 
Skin clouded orange, red in the 
sun. Suture distinct. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, sweet ; separates from the 
stone. Good. Last of August. 

Reagle's Gage. 



Another of the seedlings raised 
by C. Reagles, Schenectady, N. Y., 
from seed of the Washington. Tree 
vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular. 
Suture broad and shallow. Apex 



Reagle's Gage. 



942 



THE PLUM. 



sunken. Skin greenish yellow, with splashes of darker green, and covered 
with a bloom. Stalk medium in length and thickness. Cavity large. 
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous; separates from the 
stone. Very good. Last of August. 

Beagle' s Union Purple. 

Same origin as the preceding. Tree vigorous, branches smooth. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin reddish purple, covered with a thin 
bloom, suture only perceptible near the stalk and apex. Stalk short, 
stout. Flesh greenish, a little coarse, vinous, sweet; adheres to the 
stone. Good. September. 

Red Apricot. 
Abrieotee Rouge. 

A French variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval. Skin of a fine clear red in the 
shade, violet in the sun. Flesh orange color, sweet, but rather dry, and 
without much flavor ; separates freely from the stone. Good. Last of 
August. 

Bed Diaper. 

Diapree Rouge. Mimms. 

Roche Carbon. Imperial Diadem. 

The Diapree Bouge, or Bed Diaper, is ,a very large and handsome 
French Plum. A rather slow grower. Branches almost smooth. 

Fruit large, obovate. Skin of a reddish purple, with a few golden 
specks, and a light blue bloom, easily rubbed off. Stalk three-fourths 
of an inch long, slender, hairy, slightly inserted. Flesh pale green, juicy, 
very melting, rich, and delicious, separating from the stone, which is 
quite small. Good to very good. Last of August. 

Bed Gage. 

An American Plum, of delicious flavor, very hardy, and a prodigious 
bearer. It is a seedling raised from the Green Gage by the elder Wm. 

Prince, of the Flushing Nurseries, in 1790. 
It grows very vigorously, and is distin- 
guished, when young, by its deep green 
crimped foliage. Branches dark reddish, 
smooth. 

Fruit about as large as the Green Gage, 
but more oval, regularly formed. Skin 
brownish or brick red, with little bloom. 
Stalk rather slender, set in a narrow cavity. 
Flesh greenish amber, very juicy, melting, 
sugary, and luscious. It parts freely from 
the stone, which is small. Best. Middle of 
August. 

Bed Gage of Dutchess County. 




Eed Ga s e - A seedling of Dutchess Co., K Y. Tree 

vigorous, upright, productive. Branches slightly downy. 



THE PLUM. 



943 



Fruit medium, roundish oval, a little compressed. Suture large, 
often extending two-thirds around the fruit. Skin yellowish, nearly 
covered with a light reddish purple, and with a thin lilac bloom, thickly 
sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, stout. Cavity large. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, slightly vinous ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of 
August. 

Red Magnum Bonum. 

Purple Egg-. Imperial Violet. Prune d'CEuf. 

Red Imperial. . Imperiale Violette. Red Egg-. 

Imperial. Imperiale Rouge. Askew's Purple Egg. 

Purple Magnum Bonum. Dame Aubert Violette. Die Rothe Eiperflaume. 

Florence. Imperiale. Shepler ? 

A foreign variety of moderate growth, slender smooth shoots, dis- 
tinct from the American variety, which is a vigorous grower, with 
downy shoots. 

Fruit large, oval, with a strong suture, on one side of which the 
fruit is more swollen. Skin rather pale in the shade, but deep red in 
the sun, sprinkled with many gray dots, and dusted with but little pale 
bloom. Stalk an inch or more long, slender, set in a narrow cavity. 
Flesh greenish, rather firm and coarse, with a subacid flavor, separating 
from the stone, which is oval and pointed. Good. First of September. 

Red Perdrigon. 
Perdrigon Rouge. 
Foreign. Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Sides often unequal. Skin fine deep 
red, much lilac bloom. Stalk long, slender. Flesh pale yellow, a little 
coarse, moderately juicy and sweet, and parts from the stone. Good. 
Last of August to the middle of September. 

Red Primordian. 

Originated with William Prince, Flushing, L. I. Tree vigorous, 
upright, with long, smooth, brownish gray branches. 

Fruit medium or small, oval, somewhat pointed, slightly necked. 
Skin light lilac or chocolate, and covered with a thin, light lilac bloom. 
Stalk rather long, slender, set in a small ring. Flesh yellowish, moder- 
ately juicy, with a slight acid flavor ; separates from the stone. Good. 
Early August. 

Reine Victoria. 

This is a French variety, and quite distinct from the Victoria. 
Branches downy. It is of short oval shape, much like Kirke's, but not 
quite so round/ Skin dark reddish purple. Flesh very juicy, rich, and 
agreeable, and separating from the stone. It is from two to three weeks 
later than Kirke's. (Hogg.) We think this may yet prove to be Sharp's 
Emperor. 

Reizenstein's Yellow Prune. 

An Italian fruit. Tree very vigorous and productive. Branches 
smooth. 



944 



THE PLUM. 



Fruit medium size, oval, narrowing at both ends, often enlarged on 
one side and swollen on one edge. Small mamelon neck. Suture 
large, extending beyond the apex. Skin fine yellow, often much shaded 
and marbled with rich crimson, and covered with a thin lilac bloom. 
Stalk long, rather slender. Cavity small. Flesh golden yellow, juicy, 
sweet ; adheres closely to the stone. Good to very good. Last Sep- 
tember. 

Rhinebeck Yellow Gage. 

Origin, Rhinebeck, 1ST. Y. Tree very strong and vigorous. Branches 
smooth. 

Fruit large, oval. Suture deep. Skin yellow. Stalk rather long, 
inserted by a fleshy ring without depression. Flesh coarse, juicy, sweet, 
and pleasant ; adheres to the stone. Good. First of September. 

Rhue. 
Rime's Seedling. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. Branches slightly 
downy. 

Fruit large, oval. Suture shallow, broad, half round. Apex slightly 
sunk. Skin reddish purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk rather 
short, stout. Cavity deep. Flesh green ish yellow, rather coarse, juicy, 
sweet, vinous ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Middle Au- 
gust. 

Richland. 

Originated on the farm of Randall Elden, Richland, Bucks Co., Pa. 
Tree upright, vigorous. Branches smooth, long, slender. 

Fruit medium size, oval, a little pointed at apex. Skin reddish pur- 
ple, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk in a small cavity. Flesh 
greenish yellow, juicy, sugary ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. 
Last of August. 

Roby's Yellow. 

A seedling raised by H. R. Roby, Fredericksburgh, Ya. Tree mode- 
rately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather small, roundish. Suture broad, shallow. Sides unequal. 
Skin greenish yellow, covered with a copious light bloom, and a few red 
dots in the sun. Stalk short. Cavity small. Flesh greenish yellow, 
juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. 

ROLLANDE GALLOPPI. 

Tree very vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, elongated oval, with a large neck. Suture large, half 
round. Skin pale yellowish green, dotted and marbled with crimson in 
the sun, and covered with a thin light bloom. Stalk slender. Cavity 
small. Flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. 
Last of September. 



THE PLUM. 



945 



Eonald's Fancy. 

Fruit medium or above, oval. Suture half round. Skin yellow, 
striped, marbled, and splashed with green, and covered with a thin light 
bloom. Stalk half inch long. Cavity moderate. Flesh greenish yel- 
low, juicy, sugary, vinous, sprightly; separates from the stone. Good. 
Early October. 

Rostrave Bell. 

Originated with John D. Stephens, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Tree 
very vigorous and productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture broad, shallow, two-thirds round, 
one side enlarged. Skin reddish purple, many brown dots, and covered 
with a blue bloom. Stalk medium. Cavity large, rather deep. Flesh 
yellowish, coarse, not very juicy, vinous ; adheres partially to the stone. 
Good. Early September. 

ROYALE. 

La Royale. Royal Red. French Royal. 

Royal. Sir Charles Worsley's. Prune Royale. 

The Royale, a French variety, is remarkable for the exceedingly 
thick coat of bloom which covers the skin. The tree is a slow grower, 
forms a bushy, spreading head, and its very downy shoots have a gray 
or whitish appearance. It bears regularly, but moderately, and though 
not fit for the orchard, it is a first-rate garden fruit. 

Fruit of medium size, often quite large, round, lessening a little to- 
wards the stalk. Suture distinct at the apex on one side only. Skin 
reddish purple, dotted with light brown specks, and covered with a thick 
pale bloom, which adheres closely. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
downy, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh dull yellow, rather firm, but 
melting, very juicy, with an exceedingly rich, vinous flavor ; it sepa- 
rates from the stone, which is small, roundish, pointed at both ends. 
Good to very good. Last of August, till the middle of September. 

Royale de Tours. 
Royal Tours. 

A French variety, received from several sources, but they do not 
agree, neither do the authorities; some say a freestone, and others a 
cling. Branches always quite downy. 

Fruit large, roundish, but marked with a large and deep suture ex- 
tending quite half round, and enlarged on one side. At the apex is a 
small, white, depressed point. Skin lively red in the shade, deep violet 
in the sun, with many minute golden dots, and coated with a thick blue 
bloom. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, stout, set in a nar- 
row cavity. Flesh greenish, rather firm, with a rich, high-flavored, 
abundant juice. Good to very good. Middle A ugust. 

Royale Hative. 

Early Royal. Marian. 

An early Plum, of French origin. Tree vigorous, with stout short 
branches. Branches very downy. 

60 



946 



THE PLUM. 



Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little wider towards the stalk. 
Skin light purple, dotted (and faintly streaked) with brownish yellow, 
and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk half an inch long, stout, in- 
serted with little or no depression. Flesh yellow amber, with rich, high 
flavor, and parts from the stone (adhering slightly till ripe). Very 
good. Early August. 



Royale Hative. Saint Catherine. 

Saint Catherine. 

Among the fine old varieties of late Plums the St. Catherine is one of 
the most celebrated. In France it is raised in large quantities, in some 
districts making the most delicate kind of prunes. It is also much 
esteemed for preserving, and is of excellent quality for the dessert. 
Branches smooth, upright, rather slender. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, narrowing considerably towards the 
stalk, and having a strongly marked suture on one side. Stalk three- 
fourths of an inch or more long, very slender, inserted in a slight cavity. 
J3kin very pale yellow, overspread with thin white bloom, and occasion- 
ally becoming a little reddish on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
rather firm, and adheres partially to the stone. In flavor it is sprightly, 
rich, and perfumed. Yery good. Middle to last of September. 

Saint Etienne. 
Tree of moderate growth. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish heart-shaped. Suture shallow, half round. 
Skin yellow, shaded, marbled, and dotted with rich dark crimson. 
Stalk short, rather slender. Cavity small. Flesh fine yellow, juicy, 
sweet, and rich ; separates from the stone. Good to very good. Last 
<of August. 

Saint Julien. 
Common St. Julien. Petit St. Julien. 

French St. Julien. St. Julien petit. 

Fruit small, oval, dark violet, covered with bloom. Flesh greenish, 
sslightly acid j separates from the .stone. JLast of August. (Pom. Man.) 



7 



THE PLUM. 



947 



Saint Martin's Quetsche. 

A very late variety of Prune from Germany. Hardy and a good 
bearer. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, ovate, or considerably broadest towards the 
stalk. Suture broad, shallow. Skin pale yellow, covered with a white 
bloom. Flesh yellowish, with a rich and excellent flavor, and separates 
readily from the stone. Good. First of October, and will hang a month. 



Schenectady Catherine. 

Origin, Schenectady, IS". Y. Tree vigorous, very productive. 
Branches smooth, grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture shallow on one side. Skin red- 
dish purple, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk of medium length, 
slender, set in a small cavity. Flesh 



greenish yellow, 
rich ; separates 



very juicy, sugary, and 
freely from the stone. 



Very good. First of September. 



Schuyler Gage. 



Originated with Gen. Schuyler, Alba- 
ny, N. Y., from a seed of the Green Gage. 
Tree upright, very vigorous and produc- 
tive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture moderate. 
Skin yellow, with small green splashes, 
dotted and washed with carmine on the 
sunny side, and covered with a thin bloom. 
Stalk long, curved, inserted in a small ca- 
vity. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, and 
excellent ; separates from the stone. Very good. 




Schenectady Catherine. 

Last of September. 



Semiana of Boston. 
Blue Imperatrice of some. 

This is quite distinct from the Semiana of Europe. It is probably a 
native fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, with slender shoots nearly 
smooth, very productive, late, keeps well — a good market fruit. 

Fruit medium, oval, with a slight rise or neck next the stalk. Skin 
deep purple, covered with blue bloom. Stalk short. Cavity very small. 
Flesh greenish, juicy, subacid, not rich; adheres to the stone. Good. 
Last of September and first of October. 



September Damask. 
Damas de Septembre. Prune de Vacance. Prunier des Vacances. 

Branches downy. 

Fruit small, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Skin dark purple, 
covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, sweet; sepa- 
rates from stone. Poor. Last of September. 



948 



THE PLUM. 



Sharp's Emperor. 

Dolphin. Denyer's Victoria. Victoria. 

Dauphin. Alderton. Royal Dauphine. 

Imperial de Sharp. 

A beautiful Plum, brought into notice by Denver, of Sussex, England. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Branches strong, downy, and foliage large. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture shallow, but distinct. Skin 
light yellow, marbled, spotted, and shaded with light lilac and purple, 
thickly sprinkled with light and gray dots, and covered with a thin lilac 
bloom. Stalk medium length, rather stout, set in a rather deep cavity. 
Flesh golden yellow, coarse, not very j uicy or sugary , a little vinous ; 
separates from the stone. Good. Middle September. 

Sheldon. 

Originated on the farm of Wareham Sheldon, Huron, "Wayne Co., 
N. Y. Tree a rapid grower, and very productive. Branches smooth, 
stout. 

Fruit large, oval. Suture shallow. Skin deep purple, thick blue 
bloom. Stalk short, in a small cavity. Flesh greenish, juicy, slightly 
acid ; separates from the stone. Good. September. 

Siamese. 

Branches long, slender, and smooth. 

F-ruit mostly in pairs, distinct, but closely joined on one side, medium- 
sLzed obovate. Skin pale yellow, with a white bloom. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, and sprightly, of second-rate flavor, and adheres to the stone. 
Good. Early September. 

Smith's Orleans. 

Violet Perdrigon, incorrectly. Red Magnum Bonum of some. 

Smith's Orleans, the largest and finest of this class of Plums, is a 
native variety raised from the old Orleans by Mr. Smith, of Gowanus, 

Long Island. It is one of the most 
/P* vigorous of all plum-trees, making 

if straight, glossy, reddish purple shoots, 

/ / with dark green crimped leaves. Very 

— productive. Bearing branches smooth, 

*<-5 \ or nearly so. 

/ \ Fruit large, often of the largest 

/ \ size, oval, rather widest towards the 

/ \ stalk, a little irregular, with a strongly 

\ marked suture on one side. Stalk 
quite small and slender, little more 
than half an inch long, inserted in a 
/ deep narrow cavity. Skin reddish 
V / purple, covered with a deep blue 
\ / bloom. Flesh deep yellow, a little 
\ / firm, very juicy, with a brisk, rich 
\ / vinous flavor (not sweet and cloying), 
\. / and adheres to the stone. Good to 
very good. 20 1 h to the last of Au- 

Smith's Orleans. gust. 



THE PLUM. 



949 



Spanish Damask. 
Damas d'Espagne. 

Fruit small, nearly round. Skin deep purple, covered with bloom. 
Flesh yellowish, not rich, mild, sweet ; separates from the stone. Last 
of August. (Pom. Man.) 

Spotted Gage. 

Tree vigorous, very productive. Branches downy. 

Fruit medium or above, oval. Suture shallow. Skin greenish yel- 
low, shaded, mottled, and patched with crimson and lilac, numerous 
light dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Flesh coarse, yellow, sugary, 
juicy, a little vinous ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Early Sep- 
tember. 

Standard of England. 

Said to have been raised by Mr. Dowling, of Southampton, England. 
Tree vigorous. Branches smooth or slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, ovate, slight character of neck. Suture shallow. 
Skin purplish lilac, many dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk 
inserted in a small cavity. Flesh greenish, juicy, moderately sweet ; 
separates from the stone. Good. Early September. 

Stoneless. 

Kirke's Stoneless. Sans Noyau. Pitless. 

Branches downy. Of no value except as a curiosity. 

Fruit small, oval. Skin dark purple, covered with blue bloom. 
Flesh greenish, harsh acid. Kernel without any stone surrounding. 
Early September. 

Suisse. 

Simiana. Swiss Plum. 

Monsieur Tardif. Monsieur Tardive. 

Prune d'Altesse. Switzer's Plum. 

Prune Suisse. 

A foreign variety, of free growth, with long, slender, smooth branches, 
distinct from Semiana of Boston. 

Fruit rather small, roundish oval. Skin violet red, covered with a 
thick bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, rather dry, but sweet, and 
separates from the stone. Good. Last of September. 

Thomas. 

A handsome native fruit, originated in the garden of William 
Thomas, of Boston. A free grower, and bears abundantly. Branches 
slightly downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, a little irregular, and rather compressed 
in the direction of the suture. Stalk hairy, half an inch or more long, 
stout, set in a small narrow cavity. Skin salmon color, with numerous 
dots, and a soft red cheek. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse-grained, 
but with a mild pleasant flavor ; separating freely from the stone. 
Good. Last of August. 



950 



THE PLUM. 



Thorndyke Gage. 

A native fruit, originated near Newburgh, N. Y. Tree moderately 
'vigorous. Branches downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish. Suture slight. Skin pale green, 
with a blue bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet, pleasant ; adheres 
to the stone. Good. Early September. 

Tomlinson's Charlotte. 
Charlotte. 

A seedling raised by Judge Tomlinson, Schenectady, N. Y. Tree 
vigorous. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin yellow. Flesh sweet, agreeable. August. 
(Pom. Man.) 

Transparent Gage. 

Heine Claude Diaphane. Prune Diaphane Laffay. 

Diaphane Laffay. Heine Claude Transparent. 

Diaphane. 

A French variety, evidently from seeds of the Green Gage, raised 
by M. LafFay, of Paris. Tree vigorous, with long, stout, and smooth 
branches. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Suture shallow, distinct. 
Apex sunk. Skin greenish yellow, marbled and specked in the sun 
with carmine red. Stalk medium. Cavity small, rather deep. Flesh 
greenish yellow, tender, juicy, sugary, rich. Very good or best. Mid- 
dle of September. 

Trouvee de Voueche. 

Found in the woods by Gregoire, and by him introduced. Tree mo- 
derately vigorous and very fertile. 

Fruit medium or small, regularly oval. Skin thick, reddish vio- 
let with a shady side, and a violet bloom on the sunny side. Flesh 
juicy, sweet, and very good. Last of August. (Al. Pom.) 

Ulysses. 

A variety from Western New York. Branches smooth. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oval. Skin whitish, shaded and mot- 
tled with violet purple, thin blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet ; 
adheres to the stone. Good. Early September. 

Virgin. 

Virginale Blanc. Virginal Blanc. 

White Virginale. Virginal a gros Fruit blanc. 

Virginal a Fruit blanc. 

A foreign variety, of free growth. Branches smooth, rather slender. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin reddish purple, with a thick bloom. 
Flesh greenish, very juicy, sweet. Good to very good. Adheres slightly 
to the stone. First of September. 



THE PLUM. 



951 



Wangenheim. 



A German variety. Tree a moderate grower. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Apex a little sunk. Skin 
deep purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather short. 
Cavity small. Flesh rather firm, greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich. 
Separates from the stone. Good to very good. Last of August. 



Bolmar. 
Bolmer. 

New Washington. 



Washington. 

Bolmer's Washington. 
Franklin. 
Irving's Bolmar. 
J ackson. 



Parker's Mammoth. 
Washington Jaune. 
Philippe I. 



The Washington, although not equal to the Green Gage and two or 
three others in high flavor, yet its great size, its beauty, and the vigor 
and hardiness of the tree, are qualities which have brought this noble 
fruit into notice everywhere. The 
parent tree grew originally on De- 
lancey's farm, on the east side of 
the Bowery, New York, but, being 
grafted with another sort, escaped 
notice until a sucker from it, planted 
by Mr. Bolmer, a merchant in Chat- 
ham Street, came into bearing about 
the year 1818, and attracted uni- 
versal attention by the remarkable 
beauty and size of the fruit. In 
1821, this sort was first sent to the 
Horticultural Society of London, by 
the late Dr. Hosack. 

The Washington has remarkably 
large, broad, and glossy foliage, is a 
strong grower, and forms a hand- 
some round head. Wood light 
brown, downy. 

Fruit of the largest size, round- 
ish oval, with an obscure suture, 
except near the stalk. Skin dull yellow, with faint marblings of green, 
but when well ripened, deep yellow, with a pale crimson blush or dots. 
Stalk scarcely three-fourths of an inch long, a little downy, set in a shal- 
low, wide hollow. Flesh yellow, firm, very sweet and luscious, separa- 
ting freely from the stone. Good to very good. Middle to the last of 
August. 




Washington. 



Wax. 

Raised by Elisha Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, ronndish oval. Suture slight, broad, shallow. Skin 
yellow, with a bright carmine cheek, and covered with a thin whitish 
bloom. Stalk long, slender, set without cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
subacid, sprightly ; separates from the stone. Good. Early October. 



952 



THE PLUM. 



White Apricot. 

Abricote Blanc. Abricotae Blanche. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow. Flesh rather firm, slightly acid ; 
separates from the stone. Good. Middle August. 



White Bullace. 

Branches downy. 

Fruit small, round. Skin yellowish white, mottled with red in the 
sun. Flesh, firm, juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Cooking. Early 
October. 

White Damask. 
Damas Blanc. Damas Blanc Gros. Damas Blanc Hitif Gros. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oval. Skin greenish yellow, with 
white bloom. Flesh sweet, pleasant ; separates from the stone. Cook- 
ing. Last of September. 

White Damsox. 

Late Yellow Damson. White Damascene. 

White Prune Damson. Late Cluster. 

Shailer's White Damson. Frost Plum. 

White Winter Damson. 

Branches smooth, and of thrifty growth, very productive. 

Fruit small, oval. Skin pale yellow, with a white bloom, and 
frprinkled with reddish-brown spots at maturity. Flesh adheres closely 
to the stone, is yellow, and when fully ripe of a rich, sprightly, subacid, 
agreeable flavor. Good. Last of September. 



White Diaper. 

Diapre Blanc. Diapree Blanche. 

Fruit small, round. Skin whitish green, covered with bloom* 
Flesh, rather firm, pale yellow, sweet. Good. Last of August. 



White Imperatrice. 
White Empress. Imperatrice Blanche. 

In the habit of the tree, appearance and flavor of the fruit, and sea- 
son of maturity, it strongly resembles the St. Catherine, but is a free- 
stone. It is not equal to the latter in flavor. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, a little flattened at the ends. Suture 
rather obscure. Skin bright yellow, covered partially with a thin white 
bloom, and spotted with, a little red. Stalk a little more than half an 
inch long, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh yellow, very juicy, crisp, sweet, 
and quite transparent in texture; separates freely from the stone. 
Good. Early in September. 



THE PLUM. 



953 



White Perdrigon. 
Perdrigon Blanc. Maitre Claude. Brignole. 

Tree rather a slow grower. Branches downy. 

Fruit middle-sized, oval, narrowing towards the stalk. Skin pale 
greenish yellow, a few crimson dots in the sun and numerous small 
white dots, and thinly coated with bloom. Flesh pale yellow, sweet, 
with a slight perfume, and adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Last 
of August. 

Wilde's. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, dark brownish orange, covered with 
a white bloom. Flesh sweet, not juicy ; separates from the stone. Early 
August. 

Wild Goose. 
Nolen Plum. 

An improved variety of the Chickasaw, evident in the greater vigor 
of the tree and increased size of the fruit, which is nearly as large as a 
Green Gage. Skin purple, with a blue bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet; 
adheres to the stone. Last of July. 

Wilkinson. 

Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, rather slender. 

Fruit medium, oval, slightly necked. Skin reddish purple, covered 
with a thick bloom. Stalk medium, set in a small cavity. Flesh dark 
yellow, rather firm, sweet, not rich or high flavored ; adheres partially 
to the stone. Good. Last of July. 

Winesour. 
Rotherham. 

An English Plum, valued for cooking. Branches downy. 
Fruit below medium, oblong oval. Skin dark purple. Flesh green- 
ish yellow, acid ; adheres to the stone. September. 

Woolston's Black Gage. 

Of same origin as Angelina Burdett and Standard of England. Tree 
vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish, with a shallow suture. Skin very deep 
purple, with many small dots, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh 
melting, j uicy, sugary ; separates from the stone. Good. Early Septem- 
ber. 

Yellow Damask. 
Damas Jaune. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit below medium, nearly round. Skin yellow, with a fine white 
bloom. Flesh very juicy, separating from the stone. Early October. 
(Hogg.) 



954 



THE PLUM. 



Yellow Egg. 



White Magnum Bonum. 
Askew's Golden Egg". 
Egg Plum. 
White Egg. 
Magnum Bonum. 
Yellow Magnum Bonum.* 
White Mogul. 
Wentworth. 



White Imperial. 
White Holland. 
Dame Aubert. 
Dame Aubert blanche. 
Dame Aubert jaune. 
Imperial e blanche. 
Grosse Luisante. 
Prune d'Inde blanc. 



The White Magnum Bonum, or Egg Plum, as it is almost universally 

known here, is a very popular fruit, 
chiefly on account of its large and 
' f splendid appearance, and a slight acid- 

/ 1 ity, which renders it admirably fitted 

/ / for making showy sweetmeats or pre- 

^^11 serves. When it is raised in a fine 

*$~^ / '~ > v warm situation, and is fully matured, 

/ \ it is pretty well flavored, but ordina- 

/ \ rily it is considered coarse, and as be- 

/ \ Ion sins to the kitchen and not to the 

/ \ dessert. Branches smooth, long. 

/ \ Fruit of the largest size, measur- 

/ \ ing six inches in its longest circumfer- 

I \ ence, oval, narrowing a good deal to 

both ends. Suture well marked. 
\ Stalk about an inch long, stout, insert- 

\ / ed without cavity in a folded border. 

\ / Skin yellow, with numerous white 

V / dots, covered with thin white bloom — 

\ / when fully ripe, of a deep gold color. 

\ / Flesh yellow, adhering closely to the 

\^ / stone, rather acid until very ripe, when 

it becomes sweet, though of only 
second-rate flavor. Stem long, and 
pointed at both ends. A pretty good 
bearer, though apt, in light soils, o drop from the tree before matured. 
Middle of August. 

Yellow Imperatrice. 
Altesse Blanche. Monsieur a fruits Jaune. 

Branches smooth. 

Emit large, roundish oval, marked with a suture, deep at apex, 
shallow at the stalk. Skin deep golden yellow, with a few streaks of 
red about the stalk. Elesh yellow, juicy, melting, sugary, rich, adheres 
to the stone. Middle of August. (Hogg.) 

Yohe's Eagle. 

An accidental seedling in the garden of Caleb Yohe, Bethlehem, 

Pa. 

* There is really no practical difference between the White and the Yellow 
Magnum Bonum. The fruit is precisely similar in appearance and quality, though 
the growth of the two trees may not fully agree . 



THE PLUM. 



955 



Fruit large, roundish, oblong oval. Skin greenish yellow, slight red 
cheek in sun, thin white bloom. Flesh firm, yellow, melting, juicy, 
sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. Early September. 

Young. 
Young's Seedling. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, deep reddish purple, with a blue 
bloom. Flesh yellow, not juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. 
Last of August. 

ORNAMENTAL VARIETIES. 

There are few varieties of Plums which are considered purely orna- 
mental. One, however, is a remarkable exception to this, as it is scarcely 
exceeded in beauty in the month of May by any other flowery shrub — 
we mean the Double-Flowering Sloe. It is a large shrub, only 10 
or 12 feet high, with quite slender shoots and leaves, but it is thickly 
sprinkled, every spring, with the prettiest little double white blossoms 
about as large as a sixpence, resembling the Lady Banks' Poses. It is 
one of the greatest favorites of the Chinese and Japanese — those flower- 
loving people. 

The Common English Sloe, or Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), is 
rather an ornamental tree in shrubbery plantations. The branches are 
more thorny than those of the common Damson, and the fruit is nearly 
round, quite black, but covered with a thick blue bloom. In the spring 
this low tree is a perfect cloud of white blossoms. 

The Double-blossomed Plum has large and handsome double white 
flowers. Except in strong soils, however, they are apt to degenerate 
and become single, and are, indeed, always inferior in effect to the 
Double Sloe. 

The Cherry Plum we have already described. It is one of the fruit- 
bearing sorts. 

SELECTION OF VARIETIES FOR TABLE, MARKET, AND COOKING. 

Bavay's Green Gage. Table and market. 

Bleecker's Gage. Table and market. 

Bradshaw. Market and cooking. 

Coe's Golden Drop. Table, market, and cooking. 

Denniston's Superb. Table and market. 

German Prune. Market and cooking. 

Green Gage. Table and market. 

Howard's Favorite. Table and market. 

Hudson Gage. Table and market. 

Imperial Gage. Table and market. 

Imperial Ottoman. Table and market. 

Jefferson. Table and market. 

Lawrence's Favorite. Table and market. 

Lombard. Market and cooking. 



95G 



THE POMEGRANATE. 



McLaughlin. Table and market. 

Pond's Seedling (English). Market and market. 

Prince Engelbert. Table and market. 

Prince's Yellow Gage. Table and market. 

Prune d'Agen. Table and market. 

Purple Favorite. Table. 

Smith's Orleans. Table and market. 

Transparent Gage. Table and market. 

Washington. Table and market. 

Yellow Egg. Market and cooking. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

THE POMEGRANATE. 

Punica granatum, L. ; Granatacea, of Botanists. 
Grenadier, of the French ; Granatenbaum, German ; Melagrano y 
Italian ; Granado, Spanish. 

This unique fruit, the most singularly beautiful one that ever appears 
at the dessert, is a native of China and the South of Europe. It grows 
and bears very readily in this country, as far north as Maryland and the 
Ohio River, though the fruit does not always mature well north of 
Carolina, except in sheltered places. It is even hardy enough to stand 
the winter here, and will bear very good fruit if trained as an espalier 
and protected in winter. 

The fruit is as large as an apple. Its skin is hard and leathery, of 
a yellowish orange color, with a rich red cheek. It is crowned in a 
peculiar manner with the large calyx, which remains and increases in 
size after the flower has fallen. There is a pretty bit of mythological 
history told by Rapin, the French poet, respecting this fruit. Bacchus 
once beguiled a lovely Scythian girl, whose head had been previously 
turned by the diviners having prophesied that she would some day wear 
a crown, and who therefore lent a willing ear to his suit. The fickle 
god, however, not long after abandoned her, when she soon died of 
grief. Touched at last, he metamorphosed her into a pomegranate- tree, 
and placed on the summit of its fruit the crown (calyx) which he had 
denied to his mistress while living. 

The fruit of the common Pomegranate is acid, but the cultivated 
variety bears fruit of very agreeable, sweet flavor. The interior of the 
fruit consists of seeds enveloped in pulp, much like those of the goose- 
berry, but arranged in compartments, and of the size and color of red 
currants. Medicinally, it is cooling and much esteemed, like the orange, 
in fevers and inflammatory disorders. 

The tree is of low growth, from twelve to twenty feet, with nume- 
rous slender, twiggy branches, and is very ornamental in garden scenery, 
either when clad with its fine scarlet flowers or decked with fruit, 
which hangs and grows all summer, and does not ripen till pretty late 
in the season. It is well worthy of a choice sheltered place at the 



THE QUINCE. 



957 



North, on a wall or espalier rail, where it can be slightly protected with 
nlats or stra.w in winter ; and it deserves to be much more popular than 
it now is in every Southern garden. If raised in large quantities there, 
it would become a valuable fruit for sending to the Northern cities, as 
it is now constantly sent from the South of Europe to Paris and London. 
Hedges are very often made of it near Genoa and Nice. 

Propagation and Culture. This tree is readily propagated by 
cuttings, layers, suckers, or seeds. When by seeds, they should be sown 
directly after they ripen, otherwise they seldom vegetate. Any good 
rich garden soil answers well for the Pomegranate ; and, as it produces 
little excess of wood, it needs little more in the way of pruning than an 
occasional thinning out of any old or decaying branches. 

Varieties. There are several varieties. The finest, viz. : — 

1. The Sweet-Fruited Pomegranate [Grenadier a Fruit Doux), 
with sweet and juicy pulp. 

2. The Subacid Fruited Pomegranate ; the most common va- 
riety cultivated in gardens. 

3. The Wild or Acid-Fruited Pomegranate, with a sharp, acid 
flavor, which makes an excellent syrup. 

Besides these, there are several double-flowering varieties of the 
Pomegranate, which are very beautiful, but bear no fruit. They are 
also rather more tender than the fruit-bearing ones. The finest are the 
Double Red Pomegranate, with large and very splendid scarlet blos- 
soms, and the Double White Pomegranate, with flowers nearly white. 
There are also the rarer varieties, the Yellow Flowered and the 
Variegated Flowered Pomegranate, seldom seen here, except in 
choice green-house collections. 



CHAPTER XXX. 

THE QUINCE. 

Cydonia vulgaris, Dec. ; Romcece, of Botanists. 
Coignassier, of the French ; Quittenbanm. German ; Kivepeer, Dutch ; Cotogno, 
Italian ; and. Membrillo, Spanish. 

The Quince is a well-known hardy, deciduous tree, of small size, 
crooked branches, and spreading, bushy head. It is indigenous to 
Germany and the South of Europe; and it appears first to have attracted 
notice in the city of Cydon, in Crete or Candia, whence its botanical 
name, Cydonia. The fruit is of a fine golden yellow, and more nearly 
resembles that of the orange than any other. It was even more highly 
esteemed by the Greeks and Romans, for preserving, than by us. 
" Quinces," says Columella, " not only yield pleasure, but health." 

The Quince seldom grows higher than fifteen feet, and is usually 
rather a shrub than a tree. Its large white and pale pink blossoms, 
which appear rather later than those of other fruit-trees, are quite orna- 
mental ; and the tree, properly grown, is very ornamental when laden 
in October and November with its ripe golden fruit. 



958 



THE QUINCE. 



Uses. — The Quince is, in all its varieties, unfit for eating raw. It is, 
however, much esteemed when cooked. For preserving it is every- 
where valued, and an excellent marmalade is also made from it. 
Stewed, it is very frequently used to communicate additional flavor and 
piquancy to apple-tarts, pies, or other pastry. In England, wine is 
frequently made from the fruit by adding sugar and water, as in 
other fruit wines ; and it is a popular notion there that it has a 
most beneficial effect upon asthmatic patients. Dried Quinces are 
excellent. 

In this country large plantations are sometimes made of the Quince ; 
and as it is in good soil a plentiful bearer, it is considered one of the 
most valuable market fruits. The Apple Quince is the most productive 
and salable ; but as the Pear Quince ripens and can be sent to market 
much later, it frequently is the most profitable. The Angers is also a 
profitable market sort, producing abundantly, and keeping equally as 
well as the Pear-shaped. 

Propagation. — The Quince is easily propagated from seed, layers, or 
cuttings. From seeds the Quince is somewhat liable to vary in its 
seedlings, sometimes proving the apple-shaped and sometimes the pear- 
shaped variety. Cuttings prepared in the autumn, heeled-in, and pro- 
tected during winter, and planted in a shaded situation early in the 
spring, root very easily, and this is perhaps the simplest and best way 
of continuing a good variety. Another way is to bud upon free grow- 
ing sorts, as that of the Angers. 

Quince stocks are extensively used in engrafting or budding the pear, 
when it is wished to render that tree dwarf in its habit. 

Soil and Culture. — The Quince grows naturally in rather moist soil, 
by the side of rivulets and streams of water. Hence it is a common idea 
that it should always be planted in some damp, neglected part of the 
garden, where it usually receives little care, and the fruit is often knotty 
and inferior. 

This practice is a very erroneous one. No tree is more benefited by 
manuring than the quince. In a rich, mellow, deep soil, even if quite 
dry, it grows with thrice its usual vigor, and bears abundant crops of 
large and fair fruit. It should therefore be planted in a deep and good 
soil, kept in constant cultivation, and it should have a top-dressing of 
manure every season when fair and abundant crops are desired. As to 
pruning or other care, it requires very little indeed — an occasional 
thinning out of crowding or decayed branches being quite sufficient. 
Thinning the fruit when there is an overcrop improves the size of the 
remainder. Twelve feet apart is a suitable distance at which to plant 
this tree. 

The Quince, like the apple, is occasionally subject to the attacks of 
the borer and a few other insects, which a little care will prevent or 
destroy. For their habits we refer the reader to the Apple. 



VARIETIES. 
Angers. 

This is the variety most generally used for stocks on which to bud 
the pear. It is only within a few years that its value as a fruit has been 



THE QUINCE. 



959 



known. The tree is one of the most thrifty growing, and an abundant 
bearer. It does not cook quite as tender as the apple, but will keep 
much longer. In form it is much like the apple, but the flesh is a little 
harsher and more acid. 

Apple-shaped Quince. 
Orange Quince. 

This is the most popular variety in this country. It bears large 
roundish fruit, shaped much like the apple, which stews quite tender, 
and is of very excellent flavor. It also bears most abundant crops. 
Leaves oval. 

There are several inferior varieties of the Apple Quince. The true 
one bears fruit of the size of the largest apple, fair and smooth, and a 
fine golden color. 

New Upright. 
Paris de Fontenay. 

This is an upright growing variety, forming quite small, compact lit- 
tle trees. Of little or no value as a fruit. 

Pear-shaped Quince. 
Oblong- Quince. 

The Pear-shaped Quince is drier and of firmer texture than the fore- 
going. It is rather tough when stewed or cooked, the flesh is less lively 
in color, and it is therefore much less esteemed than the apple-shaped 
variety. The fruit is of medium size, oblong, tapering to the stalk, and 
shaped much like a pear. The skin is yellow. The leaves are oblong 
ovate. It ripens about a fortnight later than the apple-shaped, and may 
be preserved in a raw state considerably longer. 

Portugal Quince. 

The Portugal Quince is rather superior to all others in quality, as it 
is less harsh, stews much better, and is altogether of milder flavor, though 
not fit for eating raw. For marmalade and baking it is much esteemed, 
as its flesh turns a fine purple or deep crimson when cooked. 

The leaf of the Portugal Quince is larger and broader than that of 
the common quince, and the growth of the tree is stronger. The fruit 
is of the largest size, oblong ovate, obtuse. The skin is in color not so 
deep an orange as that of the other sorts. 

The Portugal Quince is unfortunately a shy bearer, which is the 
reason why it has never been so generally cultivated as the Apple 
Quince. 

Rea's Seedling. 
Van Slyke. 

A new seedling, raised by Joseph Pea, Coxsackie, Greene Co., 
N. Y. It is a superb fruit, averaging one-third larger than the apple or 



9G0 



THE RASPBERRY. 



orange quince, of the same form and color, fair and handsome, and 
equally as good, and by some preferred to the apple quince for culinary 
purposes. Tree healthy, a thrifty grower, and moderately productive — 
an acquisition. 

Ornamental Varieties. — There are two or three ornamental varieties 
of the Quince, which are natives of China and Japan, and are now among 
the most common and attractive of our garden shrubs. They are the 
following : — 

Chinese Quince. 

We have had this pretty shrub in our garden for several years, 
where it flowers abundantly, but has as yet produced no fruit. The 
leaves are oval, somewhat like those of the common Quince, but with a 
shining surface. The flowers are rosy red, rather small, with a delicate 
violet odor, and have a very pretty effect in the month of May, though 
much less showy than those of the $ apan Quince. The fruit is described 
as large, egg-shaped, with a green skin and a hard dry flesh, not of any 
value for eating. The leaves assume a beautiful shade of red in autumn. 

Japan Quince. 
Cydonia Japonica. Pyrus Japonica. 

The Japan Quince is a low thorny shrub, with small dark green 
leaves. It is the most brilliant object in the shrubbery during the 
month of April, the branches being clothed with numerous clusters of 
blossoms, shaped like those of the Quince, but rather larger, and of the 
brightest scarlet. The fruit which occasionally succeeds these flowers is 
dark green, very hard, and having a peculiar and not unpleasant smell. 
It is entirely useless. 

The White, or Blush Japan Quince ( C. jap. fl. alio) resembles the 
foregoing, except that the flowers are white and pale pink, resembling 
those of the common apple-tree. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

THE RASPBERRY. 

Rubus Idcnis, 4 ; Rosacea, of botanists. 
Framboisicr, of the French ; Himbeerstrauch, German ; Framboos, Dutc'i ; Hovo 
idco, Italian; and Frambucso, Spanish. 

The Raspberry is a low deciduous shrub, which in several forms is 
common in the woods of both Europe and America. The large-fruited 
varieties most esteemed in our gardens ha ve all originated from the long 
cultivated JRubus Idceus, or Mount Ida bramble, which appears first to 
have been introduced into the gardens of the South of Europe from 
Mount Ida. It is now quite naturalized in some parts of this country. 



THE RASPBERRY. 



961 



Besides this, we have in the woods the common black raspberry, or 
thimbleberry (JRubus occidentalism L.), and the red raspberry {Hubus 
strigosus, Michx.), with very good fruit. 

The name raspberry [Haspo, Italian) is probably from the rasp- 
ing roughness of prickly wood. The term raspis is still used in Scotland. 

Uses. — The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as one 
of the most refreshing and agreeable subacid fruits for the dessert, but 
it is employed by almost every family in making preserves, jams, ices, 
sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by confectioners for mak- 
ing syrups, by distillers for making raspberry brandy, raspberry vinegar, 
(fee. Raspberry wine, made in the same way as that of currant, is con- 
sidered the most fragrant and delicious of all home-made wines. 

Succeeding the strawberry at the beginning of summer, when there 
is comparatively little else, this is one of the most invaluable fruits, and, 
with the strawberry, generally commands the attention of those who 
have scarcely room for fruit-trees. It is, next to the strawberry, one of 
the most wholesome berries, and not being liable to undergo the acetous 
fermentation in the stomach, it is considered beneficial in cases of gout 
or rheumatism. 

Propagation. — The raspberry is universally propagated by suckers, 
or offsets, springing up from the main roots. It may also be grown 
from pieces of the roots, two to three inches long, and planted in a 
light sandy soil early in the spring, covering about one inch deep, and 
adding a slight coat of light mulch to prevent the earth from drying or 
baking. The Black Caps, Yellow Caps, and the Purple Cane varieties 
are grown from burying the tips of canes in the latter part of August 
or September, or as soon as the ends of the canes stop growing about one 
inch deep, when they will form roots and make good plants for trans- 
planting the following spring. Seeds are only planted when new va- 
rieties are desired. The seedlings come into bearing at two or three 
years of age. 

Soil and Culture. — The best soil is a rich deep loam, rather moist 
than dry, but the raspberry will thrive well in any soil that is rich and deep. 

In making a plantation of raspberries, plant the suckers or canes 
in rows, from three to four feet apart, according to the vigor of the 
sort. Two or three suckers are generally planted together, to form a 
group or stool, and these stools may be three feet apart in the rows, or 
they may be set one plant in a place, at distances of one foot to eighteen, 
inches along in the row. 

The plantation being made, its treatment consists chiefly in a single 
pruning every year, given early in the spring. To perform this, ex- 
amine the stools in April, and leaving the strongest snoots or suckers, 
say about three or five to each stool, cut away all the old wood and all 
the other suckers. The remaining shoots should have about a foot of 
their ends cut off, as this part of the wood is feeble and worthless. 
It is also a good plan soon after the fruit is gathered to cut out the old 
canes, which have fruited so as to give the new a better chance to ripen. 
With a light top-dressing of manure, the ground should then be dug 
over, and little other care will be requisite during the season, except 
keeping down the weeds. 

"When very neat culture and the largest fruit are desired, more space- 
is left between the rows, and after being pruned the canes are tied to 

61 



962 



THE RASPBERRY. 



long lines of rods or rails, like an espalier, by which means they are 
more fully exposed to the sun and light. 

For field culture, the European varieties ought to be planted four or 
five feet apart each way, which gives room for the plow and cultivator to 
work both ways. The Black Cap varieties should be five or six feet 
each way, and the growing canes of these should be stopped or shortened 
in when about three feet high, which causes them to grow stocky and 
throw out lateral shoots, and these should be cut back to within eighteen 
inches or two feet the following spring. 

A fine crop of the autumnal varieties of raspberries is readily ob- 
tained by cutting down the canes over the whole stool, in the spring, to 
within a few inches of the ground. They will then shoot up new wood, 
which comes into bearing in August or September. 

We have found a light application of salt, given with the top-dressing 
of manure in the spring, to have a most beneficial effect on the vigor of 
the plants and the size of the fruit. 

A plantation of raspberries will be in perfection at the third year, 
and after it has borne about eight or ten years it must be broken up 
and a new one formed on another plot of ground. 

All the raspberries except the hardy American varieties should be 
pruned in the fall. After which bend the canes gently on the ground, 
and cover them an inch or two deep with earth ; let them remain in the 
spring until the cold winds are over, or until the buds begin to swell, 
then take them up and tie them to stakes or frames. 

Varieties. — The finest raspberries in general cultivation for the 
dessert are the Hudson River Antwerp, Fastollf, Orange, Belle de 
Pallan, Knevett's Giant, French, Franconia, and Clarke. 

The common American Bed is most esteemed for flavoring liqueurs 
or making brandy, and the American Black is preferred by most persons 
for cooking and drying. The Ever-bearing varieties are valuable for 
prolonging the season of this fruit till late frosts. 

Allen. 

Allen's Antwerp. English Red Cane. False Red Antwerp. 

The origin of this variety is unknown. It is said by F. B. Elliott 
to have been brought to Cleveland by an English gardener, and was, by 
Mr. Elliott, sent to W. H. Sotham, Black Bock, N. Y., from whose gar- 
den Lewis F. Allen obtained it. Canes strong, vigorous, upright, some- 
what branching. Spines purplish, quite numerous. This and the fol- 
lowing, in foliage and fruit, are similar to American Bed, and no doubt 
are improved seedlings of it, or a cross between it and some foreign sort, 
both throw up a large quantity of suckers, which should not be allowed 
to grow if a crop of fruit is wanted. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular, light red, juicy, not very firm ; sep- 
arates freely ; mild, pleasant flavor. 

Allen's Bed Prolific. 

Same origin as the preceding. Canes strong, upright, without 
branches. Spines whitish, rather scattering. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular, light red or crimson, rather juicy, 
not very firm, separates freely, productive. 



THE RASPBERRY. 



963 



American Black. 

Common Black-Cap. Black Raspberry. 

Thimbleberry. Rubus Occidentalis. 

This Raspberry, common in almost every field, with long, rambling, 
purple shoots, and flattened, small, black berries, is everywhere known. 
It is frequently cultivated in gardens, where, if kept well pruned, its 
fruit is much larger and finer. Its rich acid flavor renders it, perhaps, 
the finest sort for kitchen use — tarts, puddings, &c. It ripens a little 
earlier than most of the European sorts. 

American Red. 

Common Red. Stoever. 

The Common Red Raspberry is a native of this and all the Middle 
States. It ripens nearly a week earlier than the Antwerps, bears well, 
and though inferior in flavor and size to these sorts, is esteemed by many 
persons, particularly for flavoring liqueurs. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, light red, pleasant subacid in flavor. 
Shoots very vigorous, long, upright, and branching, grows from four to 
six feet high. Light shining brown, with purplish spines. Leaves nar- 
row, light green. 

A merican White. 
Yellow Cap. Golden Cap. 

A variety resembling the American Black in all respects, except in 
the color of its fruit, which is pale yellow or white, and the flavor not 
as rich or sprightly. 

Arnold's Orange. 

Originated with Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, C. "W. Canes strong, 
branching, yellowish brown, almost smooth, and produces but few suckers. 

Fruit large, somewhat shorter than Brinckle's Orange, and of a dark- 
er orange color, unsurpassed by any for rich flavor. (Arnold's MS.) 

Arnold's Red. 

Same origin as the preceding. A strong grower. Canes strong 
branching, dark purple, somewhat drooping. Spines slightly purple, 
stout, quite numerous. 

Fruit large, red, about the size and shape of Philadelphia, but of 
superior flavor. An enormous bearer both in July and September. 
(Arnold's MS.) 

August Black. 

This variety was received from Thomas Rivers, England. Canes 
strong, branching. Spines greenish, quite numerous. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, dark red, slight bloom, rather 
soft, subacid. 

Autumn Black. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. It is said by its author to be 
propagated only from seeds. We quote his description of the fruit : — 

" Fruit medium size or large, dark purple, very juicy and agree- 
able." 



964 



THE RASPBERRY. 



Bagley's Perpetual. 
Fruit medium, oblate, crimson, brisk subacid. Of poor quality. 

Barnet. 

Cornwall's Prolific. Lord Exmouth's. 

Cornwall's Seedling. Large Red. 

Barnet Cane. 

An old English variety. Canes long, yellowish green, branching. 
Fruit large, roundish conical, bright purplish red. Pleasant fla- 
vor. 

Belle de Fontenay. 
Belle d' Orleans. 

A variety producing its fruit mainly in the autumn. It suckers 
freely, and requires to be carefully thinned out. The canes should all 
be cut down in spring in order to obtain good crops. Canes strong, 
stout, branching. Spines purplish, short, and stiff, quite numerous. 

Fruit large, long conical. Grains large, dark crimson, thin bloom. 
Flesh moderately firm, juicy, sprightly ; adheres slightly to the core. 

Belle de Paluau. 

A new French variety, of good promise. Canes strong, vigorous, 
upright. Spines short, purplish, rather slender, and numerous at 
base. 

Fruit very large, conical, a little obtuse, bright light crimson. 
Grains large, regular, a few hairs. Flesh quite firm, juicy, rich. Very 
good. Separates freely from the germ in picking. 

Black. 

English Black. 

This is a hybrid from England. An old variety. Canes mode- 
rately vigorous, with numerous purple spines. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dark crimson or purplish. Grains medium 
or small, compact. Flesh rather firm, brisk subacid, separates freely. 

Brentford Cane. 

English. 

Fruit medium, oval conical, dull dark red. Inferior to the best. 
Jtfot productive. 

Burlington. 
Prosser. 

Originated by Benjamin Prosser, of Burlington, K. J. There is 
some confusion as to this kind, two or three having been sent out under 
this name. The one we have is moderately vigorous and productive 
Spines greenish white, with a brownish tinge, slender, and more numer- 
ous than any kind we have ever seen. 

Fruit large, roundish conical. Grains rather small, compact, scar- 
let. Flesh quite firm, juicy sweet and good. 

Canada Black Cap. 

A variety of American Black, which we have not seen, but said to 
have been brought from Canada to Piqua, Ohio, where it is popular. 



THE RASPBERRY. 



965 



Carter's Prolific. 
Prolific (Carter's). 
An English variety. Canes strong, with purplish spines. 
Fruit large, roundish or obtuse conical, deep scarlet, slight bloom. 
Grains medium compact. Flesh rather firm, moderately juicy, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. 

Catawissa. 

A native of Columbia Co., Penn. Vigorous and very productive. 
This is especially valued in some localities as an autumn or late-bearing 
variety. In order to obtain the best crops, the canes should all be cut 
away in spring, and as the new sprouts grow they should be thinned to 
four to six canes only. It is a little tender, and should always be 
covered in winter. 

Fruit medium size, flattened, dark crimson, covered with thick bloom. 
Flavor sprightly, rather acid, more suited to the amateur than for gen- 
eral cultivation. Commences ripening about the first of August, and 
continues in use a long time. 

Clarke. 

Raised by E. E. Clarke, New Haven, Conn. Canes very strong, vigo- 
rous, upright. Spines purplish, rather long and stiff. Foliage large, 
flat, and thick, and endures heat and cold better than any European 
kind we have. It is not entirely hardy, but more so than any foreign 
sort, and produces better crops by being covered. It is better suited to 
light sandy soils than any of its class. 

Fruit large, conical, regular. Grains large, quite hairy, bright 
crimson. Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and excellent. 

Col. Wilder. 

Originated with Dr. Brinckle, Philadelphia. Strong white spines. 
Leaf much crimped. Productive, and a good grower. 

Fruit large, roundish, semi-transparent, yellowish white or cream 
color, pleasant flavor, but not rich. 

Cope. 

Raised by Dr. Brinckle. Canes strong, upright. Spines short, 
purplish, numerous. 

Fruit large, obtuse conical, or nearly globular. Grains compact, 
scarlet, with a slight bloom. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, sweet, and 
pleasant. 

Cretan Red. 
A rather late variety, of medium quality. 

Fruit of medium size, globular, inclining to conical, deep purplish 
red, subacid, and good. 

Cushing. 

Originated with Dr. Brinckle, Philadelphia. Canes moderately 
vigorous. Productive. Spines purplish, long, stiff, rather numerous. 

Fruit roundish conical, regular in form, crimson, with a thin 
bloom, sprightly rich acid flavor. Parts freely from the germ. 



966 



THE RASPBERRY. 



Davison's Thoristless. 
Thornless Black Cap. 
Said to have originated in the garden of Mrs. Mercy Davison, Go- 
wanda, Angola, Erie Co., 2ST. Y. It differs from the American Black 
Cap only by its ripening a few days earlier. It is nearly as vigorous, 
and about as productive, not quite as large, but a little sweeter and the 
canes without spines, except a small one on the leaf stalk. 

Doolittle. 

American Improved. Joslyn's Black Cap. 

Doolittle's Black Cap. Joslyn's Improved. 

Joslyn's Improved Black Cap. 

Introduced by Leander Joslyn, of Phelps, Ontario Co., N. Y. Canes 
very vigorous, branching. Spines whitish, stout, and numerous. Very 
productive. 

Fruit similar to American Black, but an improvement on it, and is 
one of the best of its class for market. 

D OU BLE-BE AR LNG. 

Perpetual Bearing. Late Liberian. 

A variety of the Antwerp, formerly esteemed for its habit of bear- 
ing late in the season ; but is now surpassed by better kinds. 

DUHRING. 

Originated with Henry Duhring, Philadelphia, Pa. Canes strong. 
Spines slightly purplish, not very strong, but quite numerous. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse, deep red or crimson. Grains large, 
rather soft, sweet. Good. Separates freely. 

Ellisdale. 

Described by H. A. Terry as having been found growing wild upon 
the Ellisdale Farm, in Iowa. It is a variety of the Purple Cane Family, 
but of stronger growth. 

Fruit large, darker in color, with a little more bloom, and about the 
same quality. 

Elm City. 

A hardy sort, size and flavor much like Philadelphia. Eight to ten 
days earlier than other sorts. (F. Trowbridge, MS.) 

Elsie. 

A seedling raised by Samuel Miller, of Bluffton, Mo., who describes 
it as very large and excellent. We have not fruited it. 

Emily. 

A seedling from the Col. Wilder. White spines. 
Fruit large, conical, sometimes round, often shouldered, which dis- 
tinguishes it from the other varieties ; light yellow. 

English Globe. 

Canes strong. Spines short, purplish, moderately numerous. 
Fruit large, obtuse conical, dark crimson. Flesh soft, juicy, 
sweet. 



THE RASPBERRY. 



967 



Fastollf. 
Filby. 

The Fastollf Raspberry is an English variety of high reputation. It 
derives its name from having originated near the ruins of an old castle, 
so called, in Great Yarmouth. Canes strong, rather erect, branching, 
light yellowish brown, with few pretty strong bristles. 

Fruit very large, obtuse or roundish conical, bright purplish red, 
rich and high-flavored, slightly adhering to the germ in picking. 

Franconia. 
Abel. 

This was imported from Yilmorin, of Paris, under this name, by S. 
G Perkins, Esq., of Boston, some years ago. Its crops are abundant, 
the fruit is firm, and bears carriage to market well, and it ripens about 
a week later than Red Antwerp. It is one of the finest for preserving. 
Canes strong, spreading, branching, yellowish brown, with scattered, 
rather stout ourple spines. Leaves rather large, very deep green 

Fruit large, obtuse conical, dark purplish red, of a rich acid flavor, 
much more tart and brisk than that of the Red Antwerp. 

Naomi so closely resembles this in growth, fruit, &c, that we ar« 
unable to see any difference, yet it is claimed to be a seedlmg, differing 
in the canes being more hardy and the grains of less size, &c. 

French. 
Vice-President French- 
Originated with Dr. Brinckle. A little later than most sorts, a ve ry 
productive, vigorous grower. Canes very strong, tall and upright. 
Spines purplish, stout and short, numerous at base, few at top. foliage 
large, deep green, with many deep veins. ...... 

Fruit medium to large, roundish or very obtuse conical, inclining to 
oblate, deep crimson, slight bloom. Grains large. Flesh rather firm, sweet 
and very good. Separates freely. 

Fulton. 

A seedling of the French. Raised by Dr. Brinckle. 
Fruit large, round, crimson, productive ; a vigorous grower, red 
spines. 

Garden. 
Doolittle's Red Flavored Black Cap. 
A variety of the Black Cap, lighter in color, more acid. Good cook- 
ing sort. 

Gen. Patterson. 
A seedling of the Col. Wilder. Raised by Dr. Brinckle; vigorous 
grower, very productive, red spines. 

Fruit large, round, crimson ; does not part readily from the stem. 

Golden Thornless. 
A larze variety of the American white or yellow, introduced from 
the west by Purdy and Johnston, of Palmyra, N. Y. It is moderately 
vigorous, very productive, and has but few spines. 



968 



THE RASPBERRY. 



Fruit equal in size to the McCorcnick, oblate, occasionally conical, 
slight bloom, dull orange or darker than the American yellow, rather 
firm, juicy, sweet and pleasant. 

HlLDRETH. 

Introduced by Isaac Hildreth, of Big Stream Point, Yates Co., N. Y. 
as a native sort near that place. It does not grow readily from the tips 
of the canes and produces but few suckers. Canes rather strong. Spines 
purplish, stiff, numerous. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull red or maroon, thick bloom, half 
firm, juicy, sweet, subacid and similar to Purple Cane in flavor. 

Hornet. 

Raised by Souchet, near Paris, very productive. Canes very strong, 
vigorous, upright. Spines purplish, rather stout, and numerous at the 
base. 

Fruit very large, conical, often irregular. Grains large, quite hairy, 
compact, crimson. Flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet, and good. Separates 
freely. 

Hudson River Antwerp. 
New Red Antwerp. 

Origin unknown, but as far as we have been able to trace it, was first 
brought to this country by the late Mr. Briggs, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
Its firmness of flesh and parting readily from the germ, together with its 
productiveness, render it the most popular variety for market. Canes 
short, but of sturdy growth, almost spineless, of a very peculiar gray or 
mouse color. 

Fruit large, conical. Flesh firm, rather dull red, with a slight bloom, 
not very juicy, but of a pleasant, sweet flavor. 

Huntsman's Giant. 

Raised by Prof. T. W. Huntsman, Flushing, L. I. Fuller describes 
it as similar to the Franconia in size, shape, and quality, but the canes 
taller, and having a peculiar grayish white bark. 

Imperial. 

A large French variety. Canes pale green, nearly white, with a 
pale red blush. 

Fruit large, roundish, bright red. Flesh firm, excellent. (Gar. 
Mon.) 

Imperial Red. 
Red Imperial. 

A variety grown in New Jersey, where it proves hardy. 
Fruit medium, roundish, scarlet, half firm, juicy, pleasant. 

Jouet. 

A French variety. Canes yellowish green. Spines whitish, numerous. 
Fruit small, long conical, bright lemon yellow, with a whitish bloom. 
Flesh soft, sweet. Only good. 



THE RASPBERRY. 



969 



KlRTLAND. 
Cincinnati Red ? 

Origin unknown. A vigorous, upright grower, not much branched. 
Spines whitish, not very stout nor numerous ; the earliest to ripen, suckers 
freely. 

Fruit medium, roundish or obtuse conical, inclining to oval. Grains 
small, light crimson, slight bloom. Flesh tender, soft, not very juicy, 
nor high flavored ; separates freely. 

Knevet's Giant. 

This is one of the strongest growing varieties. Yery productive, 
and of excellent flavor. Canes strong, erect. Spines small, reddish, 
very few. 

Fruit of the largest size, obtuse conical, deep red, firm in texture, 
and hangs a little to the germ in picking. Berries sometimes double, 
giving them a cock's-comb appearance. 

Large-Fruited Monthly. 
Rivers' New Large Monthly. 

Canes moderately strong, upright. Spines red, stout, and numerous. 
Fruit above medium size, roundish conical, crimson. Flesh soft, 
sweet, and excellent. 

Lindley. 

Raised by Joseph B. Lindley, of Newark, IS". J. Canes strong, tall, 
upright, much branched. Spines greenish and stout, numerous ; suckers 
too freely. 

Fruit medium to large, conical, a little obtuse, crimson. Grains 
medium to large, compact. Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and good; 
adheres slightly. 

Lum's Ever-Bearing. 

Autumn Black Raspberry. 

"Raised by H. B. Lum, of Sandusky, O. This variety is much like 
the Ohio Ever-bearing Black Cap, and is increased by layers from the tips 
of the canes. Like the Catawissa, it is advisable, when a full autumn 
crop is desired, to cut away the canes in spring. It is similar in size 
to the Black Cap, but not quite as firm. 

McCormick. 

Miami Black Cap. Large Miami Black Cap. Mammoth Cluster. 
Collinsville Miami. Improved Miami. Superior Miami. 

A variety of the American Black Cap, with stronger and more vigo- 
rous canes, having fewer spines, and more productive, and is the largest 
and best Black Cap we have yet seen. 

Fruit similar in form to American Black Cap, but of much larger size, 
of deeper color, more bloom, juice, and sweetness. 



970 



THE RASPBERRY. 



Magnum Bonum. 

A white or yellowish fruit, of large size, rather firm flesh, and 
finely flavored, similar to the Old Yellow Antwerp. Very productive 
and vigorous. 

Miami Black. 
Little Miami Black Cap. 

A common Black Cap, originally found growing along the Miami 
Biver, in Ohio, from whence its name. It is of less value than the above, 
but very vigorous, very productive, of a more brownish red, not quite as 
sweet, and not quite as late in ripening. 

Mrs. Wood. 

Originated with Mrs. Beuben Wood, near Cleveland, O. Supposed 
a hybrid between the Black Cap and Burple Cane families. Canes 
very strong, much branched, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse, purplish red, with a bloom. Flesh 
moderately firm, juicy, sprightly subacid ; separates freely. Matures 
its crop quite late, and is on that account valuable. 

Mote's Ever-Bearing. 

Raised by L. S. Mote, of West Milton, O. A new Ever-bearing va- 
riety, of vigorous growth, somewhat like Catawissa. Canes of a brownish 
color, branching. Spines slender, but sharp, and quite numerous at the 
base, few at the top. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse, dark red, with a bloom. Grains quite 
large, rather firm, juicy, subacid ; separates freely. 

Northumberland Fill-Basket. 

A foreign variety. Canes strong, vigorous, with numerous rather 
strong crimson-colored spines. 

Fruit somewhat globular or obtuse conical. Grains large, compact, 
deep red, with a good, pleasant, slightly acid flavor ; adheres a little 
to the core. 

Nottingham Scarlet. 

An old English variety, of medium size, obtuse conical, red, good 
flavor. 

October Bed. 
Merreille de Quatre Saisons. 

A French variety. Bequires the canes to be cut down in spring in 
order to produce much fruit. Canes strong, upright. Spines purplish. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic or obtuse conical, crim- 
son. Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and separates freely. 

October Yellow. 
Merveille de Quatre Saisons. 

This is of same origin and similar to the above, except that the 
fruit is of a yellow color and not quite as firm. 



THE RASPBERRY. 



971 



Ohio Ever-Bearing. 
Ohio Raspberry. 

This is a native of Ohio. It is precisely like the American Black 
Raspberry, or Black Cap, in all respects, except that it has the valuable 
property of bearing abundant crops of fine fruit till late in the season. 

Orange. 
Brinckle's Orange. 

Originated with Dr. W. D. Brinckle. It is unquestionably the 
largest and finest flavored light-colored Raspberry yet known, and 
deserves a place in every garden. Canes strong, branched. Strong 
white spines. Very productive. 

Fruit large, conical, sometimes ovate, beautiful orange color. Grains 
large. Flesh juicy, a little soft, sweet, rich. Excellent. 

Philadelphia. 

Supposed a chance native variety, found-wild in the county of Phila- 
delphia, Pa. The canes have proved hardy, very productive, and well 
suited to light soils in the southern portions of the Middle States. 
Canes vigorous, tall, branching, almost free from spines. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dark crimson or purplish red. Flesh, 
rather soft, moderately juicy, mild subacid; separates freely. Good. 

Pilate. 

This is a French variety, of good flavor. Canes moderately strong, 
with a tinge of purple. Spines purplish. 

Fruit large, conical, crimson, with a slight bloom. Flesh moderately 
firm, juicy, sweet. Good. Separates freely. 

Prince of Wales. 
Cutbush's Prince of Wales. 

An English variety. Canes strong, nearly upright. Spines purplish. 

Fruit large, conical, somewhat obtuse. Grains small, rather com- 
pact, regular, quite hairy, crimson. Flesh moderately firm. Sweet 
and very good. Separates freely. 

Prince's Globose. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I. Canes strong, upright, 
branching. Spines long, very stout, and numerous. Suckers numerous. 

Fruit large, nearly globular or very obtuse conical. Grains very 
large, dull red, with a deep bloom. Flesh coarse, rather dry, crum- 
bling. JSTot valuable. 

Purple Cane. 

Purple Prolific. English Purple. Red Prolific. 

Huntsville. English Red. Allen, erroneously. 

A native variety. Canes strong and tall, often branching, reddish 
purple. Spines rather long, stiff, and moderately numerous. 



972 



THE RASPBERRY. 



Fruit medium size, oblate, purplish maroon, slight bloom. Flesh 
soft, juicy, and rich. 

Red Antwerp. 

Old Red Antwerp. HowlancTs Red Antwerp. 

Knevett's Antwerp. Framboisier a Gros Fruit. 

True Red Antwerp. Burley. 

This is the common Red Antwerp of England and this country, and 
is quite distinct from the North River variety, which is shorter in 
growth, and has a conical fruit. Canes strong and tall. Spines light red, 
rather numerous, and pretty strong. 

Fruit large, nearly globular or obtuse conical. Color dark red, with 
large grains, and covered with a thick bloom. Flesh juicy, with a brisk 
vinous flavor. 

Red Pearl. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, light red, moderately firm. Scarcely 
good. 

Riley's Early. 

From New Jersey. It is described as of medium size, good flavor, 
and quite early. We have not seen it. 

Rivers' Orange. 
Large Orange. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Canes strong, branching. 
Spines greenish, stout, not numerous. 

Fruit medium to large size, roundish conical, pale reddish orange or 
deep orange. Grains large. Flesh soft, juicy, subacid, but not rich; 
separates freely. 

Russell's Red. 

Raised by Dr. G. W. Russell, of Hartford, Conn. Belonging to the 
Antwerp family. Canes strong. Spines short, stout, whitish, productive. 

Fruit large, conical, scarlet. Grains medium, compact. Flesh rather 
firm, juicy, sweet; separates freely. 

Semper Fidelis. 

An English variety. Canes strong, upright. Spines purplish, short, 
and stitf. 

Fruit large, conical, somewhat irregular, dull red, with a thick bloom. 
Grains medium, compact. Flesh firm, not very juicy, subacid. Good. 

Seneca Black Cap. 

A variety of the American Black Cap, raised by Mr. Dell, of Seneca 
Co., N. Y. It is larger and later than Doolittle, very vigorous, very 
productive. Spines reddish, strong, and numerous. 

Fruit rather larger than Doolittle, not as black, but with a shade of 
purple, light bloom, juicy, and sweet. 



THE RASPBERRY. 



973 



SOUCHETTI. 
White Transparent. 

A French variety, raised by M. Souchet, near Paris, France. Canes 
moderately strong. Spines greenish, short, slender, scattering. 

Fruit rather large, conical, a little elongated. Grains medium, com- 
pact, pale creamy yellow. Flesh rather soft, moderately juicy, mild, 
sweet, not rich ; separates freely. 

Summit. 

Of the American Yellow Cap class, raised by O. T. Hobbs, Ran- 
dolph, Pa. Canes strong, branching. Spines stout and numerous. 

Fruit large for its class, roundish oblate, orange color, with pink at 
the base of most of the grains, which are rather small and compact. 
Much like Yellow Cap in form, but the flesh firmer and richer. 

Surprise. 

This is another variety of the American Black Cap, found wild 
and introduced to notice by George Husman, of Blufi'ton, Mo. In 
growth its canes have few and short spines, and have stiff upright 
branches. 

The fruit is larger, more conical, darker in color, with a peculiar 
deep bloom, and fewer seeds than the Common Black Cap. 

Sweet Yellow Antwerp. 

An old English variety, sweet but unprofitable. Canes slender. 
Fruit medium, roundish obtuse conical, light yellow. Grains small. 
Flesh soft, juicy, sweet. 

Thunderer. 

Foreign. Strong grower. Canes erect. Spines red, not numerous, 
productive. 

Fruit rather large, obtuse conical, deep red, rather acid flavor. 

Yictoria. 
Roger's Victoria. 

An English variety, of rather dwarf and delicate habit. It is an 
autumn-bearing sort. 

Fruit rather large, dark red. Good. 

Walker. 

Raised by Dr. Brinckle. Canes strong, with few reddish spines. 
Fruit large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, 
keeps long in perfection on the plant, bears carriage well. 

White Canada. 

Raised by Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, C. W. Canes vigorous, 
upright, brownish yellow. Spines white, quite stout, numerous. 

Fruit about the shape of Brinckle's orange, pale yellow, of a decid- 
edly Antwerp flavor. (C. Arnold, MS.) 



974 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



WOODSIDE. 

Originated in New Jersey. One of the Black Cap family. Canes 
light crimson or dark scarlet. Spines few and scattering. 

Fruit very large, globular, black, with little bloom, sweet, juicy, and 
good. Produces a second crop in autumn. (Fuller.) 

Woodward. 

Raised by Dr. Brinckle. This is one of the smallest varieties, 
though larger than the ordinary wild Raspberry. 

Fruit round, sometimes roundish ovate, crimson, ripens quite early. 

Yellow Antwerp. 
White Antwerp. Double -Bearing Yellow. 

The Yellow Antwerp is a large, light-colored Raspberry, and, with 
a high cultivation, a good sort, but greatly surpassed by the Orange. 
Canes strong and vigorous, light yellow, sometimes with many bristles 
or spines, often nearly smooth. Productive. 

Fruit large, nearly conical, pale yellow, sweet, and of good flavor. 

Yellow Pearl. 

A variety of the Yellow Cap. More vigorous, very productive, 
often produces a fall crop. 

Fruit darker in color, with a slight bloom, and more sprightly in 
flavor. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

THE STRAWBERRY. 

Fragaria (of species), L. Rosacea, of botanists. 
Fraisier, of the French ; Erdbeerpflanze, German ; Aadbezie, Dutch ; Pianta 
di Fragola, Italian ; and Fresa, Spanish. 

The Strawberry is the most delicious and the most wholesome of all 
berries, and the most universally cultivated in all gardens of temperate 
climates. It is a native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, 
— of Europe, Asia, North and South America, — though the species 
found in different parts of the world are of distinct habit, and have each 
given rise, through cultivation, to different classes of fruit. 

The name of this fruit is by some understood to have arisen from the 
common and ancient practice of laving straw between the plants to keep 
the fruit clean. Another reason of the origin of the name comes from 
the custom of children stringing the berries on straws. 

In the olden times the variety of strawberries was very limited, and the 
garden was chiefly supplied with material for new plantations from the 
woods. Old Tusser, in his " Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry," 
points out where the best plants of his time were to be had, and turns 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



975 



them over with an abrupt, farmer-like contempt of little matters, to 
feminine hands : — 

" Wife, into the garden, and set me a plot 
With strawberry roots, of the best to be got ; 
Such growing abroad, among thorns in the wood, 
Well chosen and picked, prove excellent good." 

The Strawberry, though well known, is of comparatively little value 
in the South of Europe. Old Roman and Greek poets have not, there- 
fore, sung its praises ; but after that line of a northern bard, 

" A dish of ripe strawberries, smothered in cream," 

which we consider a perfect pastoral idyl (as the German school would 
say) in itself, nothing remains to be wished for. 

Ripe, blushing Strawberries, eaten from the plant, or served with 
sugar and cream, are certainly Arcadian dainties with a true paradisiacal 
flavor, and, fortunately, they are so easily grown that the poorest owner 
of a few feet of ground may have them in abundance. 

To the confectioner this fruit is also invaluable, communicating its 
flavor to ices, and forming several delicate preserves. In Paris a cooling 
drink, bavaroise a la grecque, is made of the juice of strawberries and 
lemons, with the addition of sugar and water. 

The Strawberry is perhaps the most wholesome of all fruits, being 
very easy of digestion, and never growing acid by fermentation, as most 
other fruits do. The often quoted instance of the great Linnseus curing 
himself of the gout by partaking freely of strawberries — a proof of its 
great wholesomeness — is a letter of credit which this tempting fruit has 
long enjoyed, for the consolation of those who are looking for a bitter 
concealed under every sweet. 

Propagation and Soil. The strawberry propagates itself very ra- 
pidly by runners,* which are always taken to form new plantations or 
beds. These are taken off the parent plants early in spring, or in Au- 
gust and September, and at once planted in the rows or beds where they 
are to fruit. 

The best soil for a strawberry is a deep rich loam. Deep it must 
be, if large berries and plentiful crops are desired ; and the wisest 
course, therefore, where the soil is naturally thin, lies in trenching and 
manuring the plot of ground thoroughly before putting out the plants. 
But even if this is not necessary, it should be dug deeply, and well en- 
riched with strong manure beforehand. 

The best exposure for strawberries is an open one, fully exposed to 
the sun and light. 

Culture in Rows. The finest strawberries are always obtained 
when the plants are kept in rows, at such a distance apart as to give suf- 
ficient space for the roots, and abundance of light and air for the leaves. 

In planting a plot of strawberries in rows, the rows should be two 
feet apart, and the plants of the large-growing kinds, two feet from 
each other in the rows ; of the smaller growing kinds, from one foot to 
eighteen inches is sufficient. The runners must be kept down by cut- 
ting them off at least three times a year, and the ground must be main- 
tained in good order by constant dressing. During the first year a row 

* Excepting the Bush Alpines, which have no runners, and are propagated by 
division of the roots. 



976 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



of any small vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows. 
Every autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure 
should be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thrifty it 
should be omitted, as it would cause them to run too much to leaf. 

A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late in 
the fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plaDts, and secures the most 
tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold winter. Before the 
fruit ripens the ground between the rows should be covered with 
straw, or light new-mown grass, to keep it clean. 

A plantation of this kind in rows will be found to bear the largest 
and finest fruit, which, being so fully exposed to the sun, will always 
be sweeter and higher flavored than that grown in crowded beds. 

Culture in alternate Strips. A still more easy and economical 
mode is that of growing the strawberry in strips. 

Early in April, or in August, being provided with a good stock of strong 
young plants, select a suitable piece of good deep soil. Dig in a heavy 
coat of stable manure, pulverizing well and raking the top soil. Strike 
out the rows, three feet apart, with a line. The plants should now be 
planted along each line, about a foot apart in the row. They will soon 
send out runners, and these runners should be allowed to occupy a 
width of one foot, leaving an alley of two feet, which is kept clear from 
weeds, and is used to walk in when gathering the fruit. 

The occupied strip or bed of runners will now give a heavy crop of 
strawberries, and the open strip of two feet will serve as an alley from 
which to gather the fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this 
alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next season's 
crop. The runners from the old strip will now speedily cover the new 
space allotted to them, and will perhaps require a partial thinning out 
to have them evenly distributed. As soon as this is the case, say about 
the middle of August, dig under the whole of the old plants with a 
light coat of manure. The surface may be then sown with turnips or 
spinage, which will come off before the next season of fruits. 

In this way the strips or beds occupied by the plants are reversed 
every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be continued for 
years, but less productive than when new land is taken. 

It may be remarked that the Alpine and European Wood strawber- 
ries will do well and bear longer in a rather shaded situation. The 
Bush- Alpine, an excellent sort, having no runners, makes one of the 
neatest borders for quarters or beds in the kitchen garden, and produces 
considerable fruit till the season of late frosts. If the May crop of 
blossoms is taken off, they will give a moderate crop in September. 

To accelerate the ripening of early kinds in the open garden, it is only 
necessary to plant rows or beds on the south side of a wall or tight 
fence. A still simpler mode, by which their maturity will be hastened 
ten days, is that of throwing up a ridge of soil three feet high, running 
east and west, and planting it in rows on the south side. (The north 
side may also be planted with later sorts, which will be somewhat re- 
tarded in ripening.) 

Hermaphrodite and Pistillate Plants. — A great number of ex- 
periments have been made, and a great deal has been written lately, in 
this country, regarding the most certain mode of producing large crops 
of this fruit. 

Cultivators divide all Strawberries into classes, characterized by their 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



977 



blossoms. The first of these they call staminate (or male), from the 
stamens being chiefly developed. The second they call hermaphrodite (or 
perfect), from their having both stamens and pistils developed. The third 
are called pistillate (or female), from the pistils being chiefly developed. 

The first class really does not exist among cultivated varieties, be- 
cause a pure male variety, or one producing only male flowers, cannot 
bear fruit. 

In planting strawberry beds it is important, therefore, to the cultiva- 
tor to know which are the perfect, or hermaphrodite, and which are the 
pistillate varieties — as they are found to be permanent in these cha- 
racters. We have accordingly designated these traits in the descriptions 
of the varieties which follow. 

Upon the relative proportion of hermaphrodites, cultivators are not 
absolutely agreed. Some considering one plant of a hermaphrodite 
sufficient to* impregnate ten or twelve pistillates • others again set 
twenty pjistillates to one. The hermaphrodite, or perfect flowering 
j sorts, require no special care of this kind, and are generally preferred by 
| planters, and are considered fully as productive as an entire pistillate, 
even when most advantageously impregnated. 



STRAWBERRY BLOSSOMS. 




Perfect or Hermaphrodite blossom. Pistillate blossom. 

Nothing is easier than to distinguish the two classes of strawberries- 
when in blossom. In the Hermaphrodite, the long yellow anthers (a) T bear- 
ing the fine dust or pollen, are abundant. In the pistillate, only the cluster 
of pistils (b), looking like a very minute green strawberry, is visible 
(that is, to the common observer, for the male organs are merely rudi- 
mentary, and not developed), while the perfect, or hermaphrodite flower,, 
as seen in the drawing, has both stamens and pistils developed. 

Varieties. 

The varieties of this fruit are very numerous, indeed quite unnecessa- 
rily so for all useful purposes. They were formerly divided into classes, 
designated as the pine and scarlet, but the introductions of late years 
have become so intermingled as to make reference thereto of no prac- 
tical value, if indeed it can be done correctly. 

The characters of the flowers corresponding with the above are noted 
in the text by the words Hermaphrodite and Pistillate. 

As before remarked, the varieties of the Strawberry are very nume- 
rous. They are also comparatively evanescent. We have therefore 
omitted to name or describe many sorts once recorded, because of a 
doubt as to their present existence. Again, others have perhaps only a 

62 



978 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



local habitation and name, and, possessing no superior qualities, are not 
worthy of perpetuation, and are therefore omitted. 

Adair. 
Nimorod. 

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, conical, dark red. Flesh deep red, soft, hollow at core. 

Admiral Dundas. 

An English variety, of vigorous habit. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit large. Color pale scarlet. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, with 
a good but not high flavor. 

Agriculturist. 
Abraham Lincoln. President. 

Raised by Seth Boyden, Newark, N J. Plant vigorous, foliage dark 
green ; hardy and very productive. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, elongated, often with a neck. Sur- 
face somewhat uneven ; first berries often cock's-comb shape, deep crim- 
son. Flesh dark red, quite firm, juicy, sweet, and rich. 

Ajax. 

An English variety. A large dark-colored fruit, of a blunt ovate 
form, with a deep-colored flesh, well flavored and good. Vines not 
hardy. (Hov. Mag.) 

Alice Maud. 
Princess Alice Maud. 
A foreign variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, conical. Color dark glossy scarlet. Flesh light scarlet, 
juicy, rich, and excellent. 

Ambrosia. 

An English variety. 

Fruit large, roundish, dark shining crimson. Flesh juicy, rich. 
{Hogg.) 

America. 

Paised by J. Keech, Waterloo, 1ST. Y., who informs us they ripen 
nearly all at the same time, and quite as early as the Early Scarlet. 

Fruit large, obtuse conical, often wedge shape, crimson. Flesh quite 
firm, juicy, rich subacid. 

Ariadne. 

Pistillate. 

Fruit rather large, conical, slight neck, light scarlet, sweet, fine fla- 
vor. (Hov. Mag.) 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



979 



Austin. 

Austin Seedling. Austin Shaker. Shaker's Seedling. 

Originated at the Shaker Settlement, near Albany, N. Y. Hardy and 
productive. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, light scarlet. Flesh white, rather soft, 
acid, and deficient in flavor. 

Barnes Mammoth. 

Raised by D. H. Barnes, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Plant very vigo- 
rous, very productive, and said to be one of the best for market. 

Fruit very large, roundish obtuse conical. Surface somewhat un- 
even ; crimson. Flesh scarlet, firm, juicy, sprightly subacid. 

Baron Deman de Lennick. 

Fruit very large, elongated flattened cone, light scarlet. Flesh 
pink, solid, sweet. (Fuller.) 

Bicolor. 

Foreign. 

Fruit large, conical, rich blush red. Flesh moderately firm. 

Bicton Pine. 

Barnes' White. Virgin Queen. 

An English variety, but too tender for our climate. 
Fruit large, roundish. Color white, with a tinge of pink on the 
sunny side. Flesh tender, delicate, mild and pleasant, but not rich. 

Bijou. 

Raised by M. De Jonghe. Not profitable. 

Fruit medium, conical, bright crimson or scarlet. Flesh white, firm. 

Bishop's Orange. 

Bishop's New. Orange Hudson Bay. 

Pistillate. Vines hardy, vigorous, and productive. 
Fruit medium, conical, regular. Color light scarlet, approaching 
orange. Flesh rather firm, rich, and excellent. 

Black Prince. 

Black Imperial. Cuthill's Black Prince. Malcolm's Aberdeen Seedling. 

A foreign variety, and, when in perfection, of the best quality. 
Variable. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, regular roundish or ovate depressed. Color very deep 
crimson, almost black, glossy. Flesh deep crimson, rather firm, rich, 
and high-flavored. 



980 THE STRAWBERRY. 

Black Roseberry. 

Fruit medium, nearly round, dark red or purplish, pleasant flavor, 
moderate bearer. 

Bonte de St. Julian. 

A foreign variety. 

Fruit medium size, roundish conical, bright scarlet. Flesh tinged 
with red, rich, sugary. 

Boston Pine. 
Bartlett. 

Raised by C. M. Hovey, Boston, Mass. This fine Strawberry, to 
have it in perfection, requires rich, deep soil, and to be grown in Kills 
or bunches eighteen or twenty inches apart each way. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly conical. Color deep glossy 
crimson. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, and of excellent flavor — an un- 
certain variety in many places. 

Boudinot. 

Originated with H. Boudinot, Alexandria, Licking Co., O. Herma- 
phrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, rich clear scarlet. Flesh firm, good 
flavor, and productive. 

Boule d'Or. 
Boisselot. 

Plant robust, moderately productive. 

Fruit very large, roundish flattened, bright glossy orange scarlet. 
Flesh white, sweet. (Fuller.) 

Boyden's Mammoth. 

Raised by Seth Bo} 7 den, Newark, N. J. Plant vigorous, not very 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, often depressed, dark crimson. 

Boyden's No. 30. 

Raised by Seth Boyden, of Newark, N. J. Plant vigorous, very 
productive. Its large size, productiveness and firmness give promise 
as a valuable market variety. 

Fruit very large, roundish obtuse conical, regular, often with a short 
neck, bright crimson. Flesh quite firm, juicy, rich subacid. 

Brewer's Emperor. 
English. Hermaphrodite. Medium size, ovate, dark red, good flavor. 

Brighton Pine. 

Raised by T. Scott, of Brighton, Mass. Said to be early, hardy, 
and productive. 

Fruit medium to large, conical, light crimson, rich sprightly flavor. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



981 



Brilliant. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit large, conical, deep crimson. 

British Queen. 
Myatt's British Queen. 

Raised by Mr. Myatt, England. Flowers hermaphrodite. Plant 
vigorous, rather tender, requires deep, rich cultivation. 

Fruit very large, roundish conical, occasionally cock's-comb-shaped, of 
a beautiful shining scarlet. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, and excellent. 

Brooklyn Scarlet. 
Raised by A. S. Fuller. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium to large, elongated, a little compressed, bright scarlet. 
Flesh rather soft, sweet, rich. 

Bryan's Satisfaction. 

A new sort. Originated with S. Bryan, Vineland, N. J. 
Fruit small, heart-shape pointed, glossy crimson. Flesh firm. 



Burr's New Pine. 

Raised by Zera Burr, Columbus, O. Vines moderately vigorous, 
productive. Flowers pistillate. 

Fruit medium, regular roundish conical. Color light crimson. 
Flesh tender, juicy, with a sweet, rich, aromatic flavor. 

Burr's Seedling. 
Burr's Old Seedling. Burr's Staminate. 

Raised by Zera Burr, Columbus, O. Hermaphrodite. Vines hardy, 
vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to conic. Color light scarlet. 
Flesh tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant flavor. 

Caleb Cope. 

An American variety. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, pointed, scarlet. Flesh white. 

Capt. Cook. 

An English variety, of large size, somewhat resembling the British 
Queen, but not quite so large; the color is dark and rich. Poor 
bearer. 

Carolina Superba. 

An English variety. Plant hardy and productive. 
Fruit very large, ovate, sometimes cock's-comb shape. Seeds not 
deeply embedded, pale red. Flesh clear white, firm, solid, rich. (Hogg.) 



982 * THE STRAWBERRY. 

Champion. 

Originated by Dr. J. C. Neff, Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Pa. Her- 
maphrodite. 

Fruit large. Flesh firm, melting, sweet. (Dr. NefF.) 

Charles Downing. 

Raised by J. S. Downer, Fairview, Ky. Plant very vigorous and 
very productive. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit very large, nearly regular, conical, deep scarlet. Seeds brown 
and yellow, rather deep. Flesh quite firm, pink, juicy, sweet, rich. 

Charles Favorite. 

A seedling from Hovey's Seedling. Size, shape, flavor, and color 
similar, but ripens ten days earlier. (Hov. Mag.) 

Charlotte. 

Pistillate. 

Fruit large, obovate, dark scarlet. Flesh sweet. 

Chillian. 
Pyramidal Chillian, or Newland. 
Raised by Mr. Newland, in New Jersey. 

Fruit medium, conical, bright crimson. Flesh rather firm, mild 
acid, late. Productive, sometimes very good. 

Chorlton. 
Charlton Prolific. 

Raised by William Chorlton, Staten Island, N. Y. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit large, roundish obtuse, slight neck, scarlet. Flesh light 
scarlet, rather acid. 

Clinton. 

Raised by Elias Camfield, near Newark, N. J. Plant hardy, healthy, 
vigorous, productive, rather early, and said to be a valuable market 
sort. 

Fruit large, roundish, crimson. Flesh quite firm, juicy, rich, 
sprightly subacid. 

Cockscomb. 

Obtained in the Royal Gardens, Windsor, England. 
Fruit very large, ovate, occasionally cock's-comb-shaped. Skin pale 
scarlet. Flesh white, with a rosy tinge, rich. (Hogg.) 

Colfax. 

From Indiana. Plant very vigorous, very productive, but too small 
to be of much value. 

Fruit small size, round, dark crimson. Flavor subacid, with a 
peculiar spicy taste. 



the strawberry. 983 

Colonel Ellsworth. 

Raised by A. S. Fuller, Ridge wood, Bergen Co., N. J. Plant 
moderately vigorous, productive, the foliage often burns with the sun. 
Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, somewhat obtuse, slight neck, dark 
scarlet. Flesh rather firm, not very juicy, sweet. 

Columbus. 

American. Pistillate. Large, roundish, hardy, productive, dark red, 
tender, and sweet. 

COMTE DE FlANDRE. 

Fruit large, conical, bright crimson, fine flavor. Excellent bearer. 
(Gar. Mon.) 

Comte de Paris. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin scarlet, becoming deep crim- 
son. Flesh pale red, and solid throughout, with a brisk acid flavor. 
(Hogg.) 

Cornucopia. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I. Plant vigorous, moder- 
ately productive. 

Fruit large, conical, bright scarlet. Flesh rather soft, sweet. Good. 
Crimson Cluster. 

An English variety. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, sometimes cock's-comb shape, dark red. 
Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. (Hogg.) 

Crimson Cone. 

Scotch Pineapple. Dutchberry. Scotch Runner. 

An old and beautiful variety, a hardy, vigorous grower, productive. 
Pistillate. 

Fruit medium, irregular elongated conic. Color deep crimson. Seeds 
deeply embedded. Flesh rather firm, sprightly, with a rich acid flavor, 
rather late in ripening. One of the best for preserving. 

Crimson Favorite. 

Originated with A. S. Fuller. Plant vigorous, not productive. 
Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, somewhat irregular. Color 
crimson. Flesh rich, juicy, sweet, sometimes hollow. 

Crimson Queen. 
Doubleday's No. 2. 
An English variety, moderately productive. 

Fruit medium to large, cock's-comb shape, irregular, bright scarlet. 
Flesh firm, brisk acid. 



984 the strawberry. 

Culverwell's Seedling. 
An English variety. 

Fruit long, tapering, much furrowed, very dark red, almost black. 
Flesh firm, and rich flavored. (Hogg.) 

Cushing. 

Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color light scarlet. Flesh tender, 
with a sprightly, pleasant flavor. 

Cutter's Seedling. 
Bunce. 

Originated in Massachusetts. Plant vigorous, productive. Herma- 
phrodite. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse conical, slight neck, bright 
scarlet. Seeds yellow and brown. Flesh scarlet, rather soft, juicy, 
sweet. 

De Bath. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Color pale rose, or white tinted with rose. 
Flesh white, fine, sweet, juicy, excellent. (Al. Pom.) 

Delices d'Automne. 

Not productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, light scarlet, sweet, rich, high-flavored. 

Deptford Pine. 

Myatt's Deptford Pine. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, wedge-shaped, bright glossy scarlet. 
Flesh solid, rich, subacid. Shy bearer. 

Diadem. 

Raised by William R. Prince. Pistillate. Large, showy, rounded, 
beautiful light scarlet, pleasant flavor, a fine and beautiful berry. (W. 
R. P., in Hort.) 

Doctor Hogg. 

This variety is from Nottingham, England. It is described by for- 
eign authors as very hardy, holding its foliage well, and one of the finest. 

Fruit very large, cock's-comb-shaped. Skin pale red. Flesh pale 
red, sweet, very rich flavor. 

Doctor Nicaise. 

This is a French variety, of recent introduction, often producing fruit 
of extra large size. It is hermaphrodite ; not productive. 

Fruit very large, irregular cock's-comb shape, bright clear scarlet red. 
Flesh moderately firm, juicy, sweet, a little hollow at centre. 

Downer's Prolific. 

Raised by J. S. Downer, Kentucky. Hermaphrodite. Plant vigorous? 
very productive, early. Valuable for near market growing. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 985 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, light clear bright scarlet. 
Flesh rather soft, j uicy, rich, but a little acid. 

DOWNTON. 
Knight's Seedling. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Medium, with a neck, ovate, dark pur- 
plish scarlet, good flavor. Poor bearer. 

Due de Brabant. 

From Belgium. 

Fruit large, conical, bright scarlet, good flavor, tolerably productive, 
and early. 

Due de Malakoff. 

Fruit large, handsome, roundish, a cock's-comb shape, deep red. Flesh 
red, sweet. 

Duke of Kent. 

Austrian Scarlet . Early Prolific Scarlet. 

Nova Scotia Scarlet. Oatland's Scarlet. 

Globe Scarlet. Duke of York Scarlet. 

English. Plant vigorous, productive. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit small, roundish conical, bright scarlet. Flavor sharp and good. 
Bipens early, which is its chief merit. 

Dundee. 

A Scotch variety. Pistillate. Medium, roundish oval, light scarlet, 
rich acid flavor, productive, late. 

Durand. 
Durand's Seedling 1 . 

Baised by Elias W. Durand, Irvington, N. J. Plant moderately vigo- 
rous, not very productive. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, irregular in form, from conic to oblong. Color scarlet. 
Flesh somewhat firm, juicy, nearly white. 

Eclipse. 
Keeve's Eclipse. 

Fruit above medium size, conical. Seeds small. Skin glossy red, 
shining as if varnished. Flesh firm, solid, white. (Hogg,) 

Crystal Palace. 
Myatt's Eleanor. 

An English variety, of vigorous growth, hardy, and requires plenty 
of room. 

Fruit large, very conical, regular, brilliant glossy scarlet. Flesh 
firm, fine-grained, juicy, and high-flavored. 



986 the strawberry. 

Elton. 

Elton Seedling. Elton Pine. 

An old English variety, that ripens quite late. 
Fruit large, ovate, frequently cock's-comb shape, bright shining crim- 
son. Flesh red, firm, brisk subacid. 



Elton Improved. 

Raised at the Royal Garden at Frogmore, England. 
Fruit large, conical, bright glossy crimson. Flesh solid, sweet, and 
good. (Fuller.) 

Emily. 

An English variety. Plant hardy, not very productive. 
Fruit large, round, pale red. Flesh white, j nicy, and sweet. 



Emma. 

One of M. de Jonghe's raising ; vigorous, moderately productive. 
Fruit medium size, obtuse conical, bright deep red. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, moderately sweet. 

Empress Eugenie. 

A variety from France. Not valuable. 
Fruit large, irregular in form, deep red. Flesh red, sweet, tolerably 
good. 

English Lady Finger. 

Fruit medium size, oblong, orange scarlet. Flesh white, sweet, and 
good. 

Fairy Queen. 

Raised in the Royal Gardens at Frogmore, England. 
Fruit large, conical. Skin pale scarlet, shining as if varnished. 
Flesh pure white, tender, juicy, sweet, very rich. (Hogg.) 



Ferdinande. 
This is a French variety, of good promise. 

Fruit large, regular obtuse conical, rich deep scarlet red. Seeds 
light yellow. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. (Am. Pom.) 

Filbert Pine. 
Myatt's Seedling. 

An English sort, that is said to succeed finely in light soils. Vines 
prolific, matures late. 

Fruit above medium size, conical, occasionally cock's-comb shape, 
dull red. Flesh pale pink, firm, rich, brisk, with a fine aroma. (Hogg.) 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



987 



Fill-Basket. 

An English variety, very large, ronndish, dark scarlet, beautiful, 
good flavor. 

Fillmore. 

Raised by Samuel Feast & Sons, Baltimore, Md. Plants mode- 
rately vigorous. Pistillate. In deep rich soils, under high culture, this is 
one of value for amateur cultivation ; not profitable for market. 

Fruit medium to large, obtuse conical, rich deep scarlet. Seeds yel- 
low, and near the surface. Flesh moderately firm, rich acid. 

Fleming. 

Originated in Pennsylvania. Plants vigorous, moderately pro- 
ductive. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, deep scarlet. Seeds yellow, 
not deep. Flesh rather soft, sweet, and rich. 

Florence. 

Raised by ¥m, P. Prince ; vigorous, moderately productive. Her- 
maphrodite. 

Fruit large, conical, scarlet, fine flavor. 

French. 
French's Seedling. 

From Moorestown, 1ST. J. Plant vigorous, moderately productive. 
Hermaphrodite. A fine early variety for private gardens. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse conical, light bright scarlet. 
Flesh rather soft, rich, and good. 

Frogmore Late Pine. 

Raised by Mr. Ingram, at the Poyal Gardens, Frogmore, England. 
Fruit large, conical or cock's-comb shape, with a glossy neck, bright, 
rich dark red. Flesh juicy, rich, high-flavored. Late. (Hogg.) 

Garibaldi. 

An American variety, raised by W. A. Burgess, near New York. 
Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obtuse conical, light scarlet. Seeds 
yellow. Flesh soft, rich, sweet. 

Genesee. 

Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, 1ST. Y. Hardy, vigorous, 
moderately productive. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, somewhat oblate, largest at centre, 
tapering towards base and apex, generally necked. Color scarlet, 
I inclining to crimson. Flesh tender, juicy, mild, and pleasant, not 
rich. 



988 the strawberry. 

General Scott. 

-* 

Raised by W. A. Burgess, near New York. Plant vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish, obtuse, deep scarlet, rather soft, rich, subacid. 

Globe. 
Hyatt's Globe. 

English. Large, rich scarlet, excellent flavor, moderately productive. 

Globose Scarlet. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y. Plant 
vigorous, moderately productive. Pistillate. 
Fruit large, roundish, light scarlet. (Pr.) 

Golden Seeded. 

Raised by W. H. Read, Port Dalhousie, C. W. Poor bearer. 
Fruit medium, conical, rich crimson, bright yellow seeds. Flesh 
half firm, juicy, rich, mild, pleasant. 

Goliath. 
Kitley's Goliath. 

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Plant vigorous, hardy, and 
moderately productive. 

Fruit very large, irregular, often cock's-comb shape, bright scarlet, 
rich, high flavor, and, like all the English varieties, requires plenty of 
room and high culture. 

Great Eastern. 

Plants vigorous, not very productive. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit large, broadly conical, light crimson. Flesh whitish, rather 
firm, sweet, not high-flavored, a little hollow. 

Green Prolific. 
Newark Prolific. 

Raised by Seth Boyden, Newark, N. J. Plant hardy, very vigorous, 
very productive, and is highly valued by some as a market sort. 
Pistillate. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, orange scarlet. Surface soft, 
centre of flesh firm, rather acid. 



Grove End Scarlet. 




Atkinson's Scarlet. Aberdeen Beehive. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Medium, globular, bright scarlet, rather 

acid, early, productive. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



989 



Haquin. 

This foreign variety is of good rich quality, but not productive. 
Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, broadly conical, sometimes irregular, bright scarlet. 
Seeds yellow brown. Flesh pinkish, rather firm, juicy, rich. 

Harlem Orange. 
Originated near Baltimore, Md. Pistillate. 

Fruit orange color, pineapple shape, glossy. Good. (Hov. Mag.) 
t 

Hathaway. 
Hathaway' s Seedling. 

Raised by B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Bonde, Mich. Plant vigo- 
rous, very productive. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse or oblate. Seeds yellow and brown. 
Color deep scarlet. Flesh scarlet, juicy, moderately firm, rich acid. 

Hendry. 

A new foreign variety, very beautiful. 

Fruit large, long ovate, slight neck, light red or pale red at point, 
glossy. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, rich, sweet. 

Hero. 

Fruit large, regular, globular, bright red. Flesh carmine, very 
sweet. Early. (Fuller.) 

Highland Chief. 

This variety, Hogg writes, " deserves universal cultivation." It is 
worthy of trial here. We copy his description : — 

Fruit large, roundish ovate, and somewhat flattened. Seeds not 
deep. Skin fine, clear red, becoming dark red. Flesh dark red, firm, 
very juicy, vinous, with a rich pine flavor. 

Highland Mary. 
An English variety ; an abundant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, conical, inclining to cock's-comb shape, dark 
red. Flesh white, hollow at core. (Hogg.) 

Hooker. 

Baised by H. E. Hooker, Rochester, 1ST. Y. Plant vigorous, hardy, 
and productive. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, broadly conical, regular, very large, specimens some- 
times cock's-comb-shaped or depressed. Color deep crimson, almost 
maroon, with a polished surface, which is rather soft. Flesh deep crim- 
son, rather tender, j uicy, with a fine rich flavor. 



990 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



Hooper's Seedling. 

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Medium, conical, deep glossy 
crimson, rich and sweet, not productive. 

Hovey's Seedling. 
Young's Seedling. Germantown. 

This splendid Strawberry was raised in 1834, by Messrs. Hovey, 
seedsmen, of Boston, and is undoubtedly one of the finest of all varieties. 
The vines are vigorous and hardy, producing moderately large crops, and 
the fruit is always of the largest size, and finely flavored. It is well 
known at the present moment throughout all the States. The leaves are 
large, rather light green, and the fruit-stalk long and erect. Pistillate. 

Fruit very large, roundish oval or slightly conical, deep shining 
scarlet. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh firm, with a rich, agreeable 
flavor. It ripens about the medium season, or a few days after it. 



Hudson. 

Hudson's Bay. American Scarlet. 

Late Scarlet. York River Scarlet. 

An old American variety, formerly much cultivated for the markets, 
but other and larger kinds are taking its place. Pistillate. 

Fruit medium, conical, sometimes with a neck. Color rich, dark 
shining red. Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh firm, of a high, but brisk 
acid flavor. Good for preserving. 

Huntsman. 

American. Pistillate. Large roundish, light scarlet, poor flavor, very 
productive. 

Ida. 
Miss Ida. 

Raised by E. H. Cocklin. Plants vigorous, and when fertilized very 
productive. Pistillate. Foot-stalks long, holding the fruit well up. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, dark rich red. Flesh moderately 
firm, juicy, sprightly, rich, a little acid. Ripens among the earliest, and 
continues late. 

Imperatrice Eugenie. 

Fruit large, conical, bright glossy rosette, handsome, firm, sweet, 
perfumed. 

Imperial Crimson. 

Raised by W. R. Prince. Plant vigorous, productive. Pistillate. 
Fruit large, short cone, or rounded. Color dark scarlet or crimson. 
Flesh firm, sweet, and fine flavor. (Pr.) 



THE STRAWBERRY. 991 



Imperial Scarlet. 



Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Plant vigorous, productive. Pistillate. 
Fruit very large, obtuse cone or rounded, scarlet, juicy, and spright- 
ly flavor. 

Ingram's Prince Arthur. 

Raised at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, England. 
Fruit medium, conical, regular, with a glossy neck, brilliant scar- 
let. Flesh white, solid, juicy, brisk, rich and fine flavor. 

Iowa. 

Early Washington. Washington. Brook's Prolific. 

A seedling of the Western prairies. Hermaphrodite. Plant hardy, 
vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, light orange scarlet. Flesh tender, 
juicy, very acid ; an early variety. 

Jenny Lind. 

Raised by Isaac Fay, Cambridgeport, Mass. Hermaphrodite. Vines 
hardy, vigorous, and productive ; an early variety. 

Fruit medium, conical. Color rich crimson, glossy. Flesh rather 
firm, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. 

Jenny's Seedling. 
An American variety, hardy, vigorous, and productive. Pistillate. 
Fruit large, roundish conical. Color rich dark red. Flesh firm, 
rich, sprightly subacid. 

Jessie Read. 

Raised by W. H. Read, Port Dalhousie, C. W. Hermaphrodite. 
Moderately productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, light scarlet. Flesh soft, sweet, rich. 

John Powell. 

Fruit above medium size, long ovate, with a neck, bright shining 
red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, sugary, rich. (Hogg.) 

JlJCUNDA. 
Knox's 700. 

A foreign variety, that, like some others of its class, does extremely 
well in some few localities, under high cultivation. Plants moderately 
vigorous. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large to very large, obtuse conical or coxcomb flattened, bright 
light scarlet. Seeds mostly yellow. Flesh light pink, moderately firm, 
sweet, not high flavor, often hollow. 

Julien. 

Originated with W. F. Kramer, Dubuque, Iowa. Said to be from 
seed of the Peabody. 



992 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



Fruit medium, roundish, rich scarlet, glossy, Flesh moderately 
firm, sweet, well flavored. 

Keen's Seedling. 
Keen's Black Pine. Murphy's Child. 

An old well-known English sort of the finest quality, but does not 
generally succeed here. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish, often coxcomb-shaped, dark purplish scarlet. 
Surface polished. Flesh firm, with a rich high flavor. 

Kentucky. 

liaised by J. S. Downer, of Fairview, Todd Co., Ky. TVe have not 
seen the fruit, and give Wm. Parry's description. Plant strong, vigo- 
rous, very productive, with long fruit-stalks, bearing the berries well up 
from the ground, and the foliage standing the heat of summer and cold 
of winter, and is a week later than most varieties. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish conical, bright scarlet. Flesh 
white, firm, juicv, rich, sweet, and of excellent quality. (Wm. Parry's 
MS.) 

Kimberly Pine. 

Fruit large, irregular oval, bright crimson scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, 
subacid. 

Kramer. 

Origin, near Dubuque, Iowa. Plant vigorous, hardy. Hermaphro- 
dite. Productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich dark red, moderately firm, 
juicy, a little acid, but pretty rich and good. 

La Challonaise. 

Fruit large, conical, bright pale scarlet. Flesh white, juicy, sweet. 
(Hogg.) 

La Constante. 

A foreign variety that occasionally succeeds, but generally it burns 
and dies out. In quality it is excellent, and for some amateur gardens 
a desirable variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, bright lively crimson. Flesh white, 
tinged with rose-color, firm, juicy, rich, and delicious. 

La Delicieuse. 

Of foreign origin. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale red. Flesh whitish, sweet. 
Ladies' Pine. 

Originated with W. H. Read, Canada. Unproductive. Pistillate. 
Fruit small, roundish, light scarlet. Flesh soft, sweet, rich, and 
delicious. 

Lady. 

This is comparatively a new variety from England. It is described 



THE STRAWBERRY. 993 

as large in size, bright salmon-color, tinged with crimson. Flesh juicy, 
and delicious flavor. 

Lady Finger. 
Ladies' Finger. 

Originated in Burlington, N. J. Plants vigorous, moderately pro- 
ductive. Hermaphrodite. 

Emit medium, oblong conical, dark rich clear scarlet or red. Flesh 
firm, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. Very good. 

Lady of the Lake. 

Raised by John C. Scott, Brighton, Mass. Plants vigorous, hardy, 
productive. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, rather uneven, dark red. Flesh firm. (Jour, of Hort.) 

La Fertile. 

Fruit large, conical, bright red. Flesh white, with a rosy tinge, 
firm, juicy, sweet. (Hogg.) 

La Grosse Sucree. 
A German variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, oblong, dark crimson. Flesh white, solid, sweet, 
pleasant. 

La Liegeoise. 

French. Hermaphrodite. Large, bright scarlet, medium quality, 
unproductive. 

La Perle. 

Foreign. 

Fruit medium, conical, bright red. 

La Peine. 

A foreign sort. It is described as of large size, conical, or cox- 
comb shape. Flesh white, juicy, sweet, rich, not productive. 

Large Early Scarlet. 
Early Virginia. 

An American variety, one of the earliest, an abundant bearer ; popu- 
lar in many sections. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate, regularly formed, light 
scarlet. Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh tender, of a rich, excellent flavor.. 

La Sultane. 

This is a French variety, of large size, conical in form, light clear 
red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet, perfumed. 

Laurella. 

Origin unknown. Plant vigorous, productive. Pistillate. 
Fruit large, broadly conical, scarlet. Seeds yellow brown. Flesh 
rather soft, pink, rather acid, not rich. 

63 



994 the strawberry. 

La Versaillaise. 

A French variety. 
Fruit very large, oblong, bright scarlet. Flesh shaded with red, 
firm, juicy, rich, sweet. 

Le Baron. 
Raised by ¥m. R. Prince. Hermaphrodite 

Fruit early, very large, obtuse cone, dark scarlet, not showy, sweet, 
rich, melting. 

Lennig's White. 

White Pineapple. Albion White. 

Albino. White Albany. 

Origin, supposed Germantown, Pa. This is one of the very finest- 
flavored sorts grown ; but unfortunately it does not produce but very 
moderate crops, and is therefore unsuited to any but amateurs. Plants 
vigorous. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical. Seeds reddish, not deep. 
Color whitish, tinged with red. Flesh soft, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, 
delicious pineapple flavor. 

Leonce de Lambertye. 

Fruit very large, conical. Skin bright shining red, as if varnished. 
Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh firm, rosy white, very juicy, rich and 
sweet. (Hogg.) 

Leopold I. 

This is a Belgian variety. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, rich deep red. Seeds yellow, promi- 
nent. Flesh tinted with rose, juicy, sweet, delicious. (An. Pom.) 

Little Monitor. 
Originated with W. A. Burgess. 

Fruit small, roundish obtuse conical, light scarlet. Flesh soft, rich, 
sweet. 

Lizzie Randolph. 

American. Pistillate. Medium, roundish, light crimson, poor flavor, 
productive. 

Longworth's Prolific. 

Originated at Cincinnati, on the lands of Mr. Longworth, in the Gar- 
den of Eden, by Mr. Schneicke. Hermaphrodite. Vines vigorous and 
very productive. Footstalks long, stout. Leaves large, not very thick, 
considerably ruffled. 

Fruit large, roundish, broad at base, sometimes oblate. Color 
light crimson. Flesh firm, scarlet, with numerous rays (the remains of 
the filaments). Flavor rich, briskly acid. Valuable for preserving. 

Lorenz Booth. 

Fruit large, oval, bright glossy red. Flesh dark crimson, firm, sweet. 



the strawberry. 995 
Lorio. 

A new German variety. 

Fruit large, obtuse conical, rich clear dark red. Flesh reddish 
tinged, juicy, vinous, sweet. 

Lucas. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, glossy crimson. Flesh firm, rich. Good. 

Lucida Perfecta. 

Fruit medium to large, light clear crimson, conical or obtuse conical, 
occasionally coxcomb shape. Flesh white, juicy, sweet. 

McAvoy's Extra Red. 
McAvoy's No. 1. 

Same origin as Superior. Pistillate. Yines hardy, vigorous, and 
very productive. 

Fruit large, irregularly oblate, generally necked. Color deep scarlet. 
Flesh tender, juicy. Flavor exceedingly acid. Excellent for preserving. 

McAvoy's Superior. 
McAvoy's No. 12. General McLellan. Buffalo. 

Origin, Cincinnati, on the lands of Mr. Longworth. Pistillate. 
Vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish irregularly oblate, more or less necked. Color 
light crimson, becoming deep crimson at full maturity. Flesh deep 
scarlet, tender, very juicy, with an exceedingly rich vinous flavor. 
Surface of the fruit rather tender, and will not bear long carriage. 

Mead's Seedling. 

Raised by Peter B. Mead, Tenafly, Bergen Co., 1ST. J. Plant a good 
grower, moderately productive. Pistillate. 

Fruit medium size, long conical, inclining to a neck, light scarlet. 
Seeds brown yellow. Flesh pinkish, rather firm, sweet, and rich. 

Marguerite. 

A French variety. 

Fruit large, elongated conical, bright shining red. Flesh whitish 
pinkish, sweet, coarse, hollow, poor. 

Mammoth. 
Myatt's Mammoth. 

English. Hermaphrodita. Large, roundish, dark crimson, poor fla- 
vor, unproductive. 

Melon. 

Scotch, medium, roundish, dark color ; not of much value. 



£96 the strawberry. 

Metcalf's Early. 

Origin, Niles, Mich. Plant hardy, vigorous, moderately productive. 
Fruit small, roundish, inclining to oval, light scarlet. Flesh rather 
soft, mild acid. Not very early. 

Methven Scarlet. 

Methven Castle. Keen's Seedling of some. 

Warren's Seedling. Higgins' Seedling. 

Southampton Scarlet. British Queen of some. 

An English variety, of large size, roundish or coxcomb-shaped, rather 
dull scarlet. Flesh soft, and of ^different flavor. Pistillate. 

Monitor. 

Raised by A. S. Fuller. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, with a neck, bright scarlet. 
Flesh dry, coarse, firm. Poor. Carries well to market. 

Monroe Scarlet. 

Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N". Y. Pistillate. Plant 
vigorous and productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, light scarlet. Flesh tender, juicy, and 
of very good flavor. 

Montevideo Pine. 
Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, conical, pineapple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. P. in 
Hort.) 

MOYAMENSING. 

Raised by Gerhard Schmitz, of Philadelphia. Pistillate. Moderately 
vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium to large, broadly conical, deep crimson. Seeds numer- 
ous, deeply embedded. Flesh red, rather firm, pretty briskly acid, much 
like Hudson. 

Myatt's Eliza. 
Omer Pacha. Rival Queen. 

An English variety, of fine flavor ; but, like most of its class, a poor 
bearer. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, with a glossy neck, light 
glossy scarlet. Flesh rich, sweet, delicious. 

Naomi. 

An accidental American seedling. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval, quite deep scarlet. Flesh 
white, sweet, soft, not high-flavored. 



the strawberry. 997 
Napoleon. 

This variety originated with M. Lorio, of Liege, Belgium. Herma- 
phrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish, light clear red or scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, 
sweet. 

Napoleon III. 

Originated with M. Gloede. Plants vigorous, productive. Herma- 
phrodite. 

Fruit large to very large, conical, irregular, sometimes coxcomb- 
shaped, light scarlet. Seeds yellow, reddish near the surface. Flesh white, 
rather firm, juicy, sweet, rich. 

Necked Pine. 

Unique Prairie. Pine Apple. 

An American variety, rather early. Pistillate. Medium size, conical, 
with a neck, light scarlet. Flesh tender, sprightly, rather acid. 

New Jersey Scarlet. 

Originated near Burlington, N. J. Plants vigorous, moderately 
productive. Hermaphrodite. Early. 

Fruit medium, conical, with a neck, light clear scarlet. Flesh mode- 
rately firm, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid. 

Nicanor. 

Raised by Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Plants 
vigorous, productive. Hermaphrodite. Footstalks tall, upright. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish obtuse conical, bright scarlet, 
somewhat glossy. Seeds brown yellow, not deeply embedded. Flesh 
juicy, reddish, rather firm, rich, sweet. 

Old Black. 

Black. Mulberry. 

Black Pine. Black Canterbury. 

Black Beacon. Turkey Pine.- 

A very old variety, described by Lindley, as : — 

" Fruit middle-size, conical elongated and pointed, with a neck, 
hairy, very dark purplish red. Flesh scarlet, firm, with a buttery core, 
very rich and high-flavored." 

Old John Brown. 

Raised by Dr. H. Schroeder, of Bloomington, 111. 
Fruit very large, broadly conic, pointed, light crimson, sweet. (Ful- 
ler.) 



998 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



Old Pine, or Carolina. 

Pine Apple. Old Scarlet. 

Carolina. Blood Pine. 

Old Scarlet Pine. Grandiflora. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Medium, conical, with a neck, some- 
times coxcomb-shaped, bright scarlet. Flesh solid, juicy, and rich. 

Orange Prolific. 

Raised by Elhvanger & Barry, Rochester, N". Y. Pistillate. Vines 
hardy, vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, sometimes oblate, often necked, deep crimson. 
Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh somewhat firm, with a brisk, rather acid 
flavor. 

Oscar. 

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, irregular in form, from ovate to coxcomb, rich deep 
crimson. Flesh red, melting, firm, j uicy, rich, and sweet. 

Peabody. 

Peabody's Seedling-. New Hautbois. 

This variety originated with Charles A. Peabody, Columbus, Ca. 

Fruit of large size, form irregular. Flesh firm, sweet, melting, juicy, 
with a pineapple flavor. When fully ripe the color is a rich deep 
crimson. 

Peak's Emperor. 
Originated by E. Peak, South Bend, Ind. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, dark crimson. Flesh firm, juicy, mild, 
subacid. 

Pennsylvania. 

Raised by Gerhard Schmitz, of Philadelphia. Pistillate. Plant mo- 
derately vigorous, not productive. 

Fruit medium to large, broadly conical, deep crimson. Flesh red, 
very similar to Moyamensing. 

Premier. 
British Green Seedling. 

An English variety. 

Fruit large, roundish or roundish ovate, bright red, shining. Flesh 
white, firm, juicy, rich. (Hogg.) 

President Wilder. 

Raised in 1860 by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, of Dorchester, Mass., 
from seed of Hovey's Seedling impregnated with La Constante, and dedi- 
cated to him by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. This new va- 
riety, as grown on the originator's grounds, promises to be valuable, and if 
it succeeds as well in other soils and localities it will be an acquisition. 
Plant healthy, hardy, vigorous, and very productive. Fruit-stalk short, 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



999 



stout, erect. It is said to stand the heat of summer and cold of winter 
uninjured. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish obtuse conical, very regular, 
bright crimson scarlet. Seeds mostly yellow, near the surface. Flesh 
rosy white, quite firm, juicy, sweet, and rich. 

There is another President Wilder, originated in Europe, that is de- 
scribed as large, ovate conical, with a neck, bright rich deep crimson. 
Flesh rose-color, moderately firm, juicy, rich, and excellent. 

Primordial. 

Raised by Win. R. Prince. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, conical, deep scarlet. (W. P. P., in Hort.) 

Prince Albert. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, oblong cone, deep scarlet, not 
high flavor, moderately productive. 

Peine des Belges. 
A new Belgian variety. 

Fruit large. Form variable, from long conical to obtuse conical, 
bright rich scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Agreeable. (An. Pom.) 

Prince Frederick William. 
An English variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale red. Flesh with a rosy tint, sweet, and 
good flavor. 

Prince of Orleans. 
Hermaphrodite. Medium. Roundish, dark color, poor bearer. 

Prince of Wales. 

An English fruit of large size, with a bright deep red glossy sur- 
face, and a delicate solid flesh, somewhat acid. 

Prince's Climax. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I. Pistillate. Productive. 
Fruit large, conical, bright scarlet. Flesh sweet, good flavor. 

Prince's Excelsior. 
Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, obtuse conical or rounded, deep scarlet. Flesh sweet, 
fine flavor. 

Prince's Magnate. 
Scarlet Magnate. 
Originated with Wm. R. Prince. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, bright scarlet. Flesh rather 
soft, pinkish, hollow, not rich. 



1000 the strawberry. 

Princess Royal. 
Ingram's Princess Royal. 
This is an English variety. Pistillate. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, bright deep scarlet. Flesh firm, 
juicy, rich, perfumed. 

Princess Royal. 
Originated in France, by M. Pelvilian. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse conical in form. Skin very bright rich 
scarlet. Flesh half firm, juicy, melting, sweet. (An. Pom.) 

Princess Royal of England. 
Cuthill's Princess Ptoyal. 
An English variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium size, roundish ovate or conical, with a neck. Seeds 
deeply embedded. Skin deep scarlet. Flesh pale red at the surface, 
whitish at the core, rich, high flavor. (Hogg.) 

Prolific. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, conical, light glossy scarlet, rich 
flavor, unproductive. 

Profuse Scarlet. 

American. Pistillate. Medium, a little improvement on the old Early 
Scarlet, which it much resembles. Productive. 

Randolph Pine. 
Raised by O. T. Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. 

Fruit medium, long conical, bright scarlet. Flesh sweet, whitish, 
not rich. 

Richardson's Early. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Medium, conical, dark crimson, early, 
good flavor. Not productive. 

Richardson's Late. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Large, roundish, light scarlet, good 
sprightly flavor, moderately productive. 

RIFLE3IAN. 

An English variety. 

Fruit large, ovate or coxcomb shape. Skin bright salmon-colored. 
Flesh solid, white, firm, juicy, rich. (Hogg.) 

Ripawam. 

Faulkner's King. Faulkner's Seedling. 

Raised by J. W. Faulkner, Stamford, Conn. Plant moderately 
vigorous and productive. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 1001 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, sometimes coxcomb shape, 
scarlet. Flesh whitish, rather firm, juicy, sweet. 

Rival Hudson. 

Raised by Mr. Burr, Columbus, O. An improvement on the old 
Hudson. Plant hardy and productive. Pistillate. 

Fruit medium, conical. Color deep crimson. Flesh firm, with a 
brisk subacid flavor. 

Rivers' Eliza. 
Seedling Eliza. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit large, ovate conical, glossy scarlet. Flesh moderately firm, 
good flavor. 

Robinson's Defiance. 

Raised in Ohio. Plant vigorous, not productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish conical, necked, dull red. Flesh quite 
firm, acid. 

ROSEBERRY. 

Aberdeen. Prolific Pine. 

Scotch Scarlet. Kose. 

Aberdeen Seedling-. Brickley Scarlet. 

Foreign. Pistillate. Rather small, ovate, dark scarlet, tolerable fla- 
vor. Poor bearer. 

Rosebud. 

Fruit large, ovate, coxcomb shape, with a neck. Skin fine bright 
red. Flesh rich. (Hogg.) 

Ross's Phcenix. 

Raised by Alexander Ross, Hudson, N. Y. Hermaphrodite ; does 
not succeed unless with deep, rich soil, and good cultivation. 

Fruit large, generally coxcomb-shaped. Color very dark red. 
Flesh firm, and high-flavored. 

Ruby. 

English. Medium size. Bright-colored berry of a long ovate form, 
similar in shape to Scott's Seedling. Flesh juicy, rich, and excellent. 
Not very hardy. 

Russell's Prolific. 

Originated with H. Russell, Seneca Falls, N. Y. Vines vigorous, 
productive. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, conic, compressed, ribbed, scarlet, changing to crimson. 
Seeds small, pretty deeply embedded. Flesh mild, moderately rich, 
rather soft, pleasant. 



1002 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



Sabreur. 
A foreign variety, productive. 

Fruit medium, conical, bright orange scarlet. Seeds prominent. 
Flesh solid, white, sweet, and of high flavor. (Fuller.) 

Salter's Yersaillaise. 
An English variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, ovate, sometimes flattened or coxcomb-shaped, dark 
red. Flesh pale, juicy, and rich. (Thomp.) 

Scarlet Cone. 

Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, 1ST. Y. Pistillate. Plant 
vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit large, perfectly conical, bright scarlet, beautiful. 

Scarlet Melting. 

American. Pistillate. Medium, conical, light scarlet, showy, very 
tender, not rich. Yery productive. 

Scarlet Nonpareil. 

English. Large, pretty regularly formed, roundish conical, bright 
glossy red, saccharine, and rich. 

Scott's Seedling. 

Raised by Mr. J. Scott, of Brighton, Mass. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit rather large, elongated conic, regular, light crimson or scarlet. 
Flesh pale red, not very juicy, nor high-flavored. 

Sir Charles Napier. 
An English variety. Plant tender. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened or coxcomb-shaped, light scarlet. 
Flesh whitish pink, juicy, not high-flavored. 

Sir Harry. 

A seedling of the British Queen, impregnated with Keen's Seed- 
ling. The berries are large, of a thick coxcomb form, large calyx, and 
stout fruit stems. Color deep dark red, or mulberry, glossy. Flesh 
red, solid, fine-grained, very juicy, and of delicious flavor. 

Sir Joseph Paxton. 

A fine early variety. 

Fruit large, roundish, bright shining crimson. Seeds prominent. 
Flesh salmon-colored, firm, and rich. (Hogg.) 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



1003 



SOUTHBOROUGH. 
Southborough Seedling. Marshall's Seedling. 

English. Pistillate. 

Fruit medium, ovate conical, rich deep scarlet. Flesh firm, mild, 
rich flavor. (Elliott.) 

Souvenir. 
Souvenir de Kieff ? 
Raised by M. de Jonghe, of Brussels. 

Fruit large, roundish ovate to long conical, irregular and corrugated, 
bright shining red. Seeds large, even with the surface. Flesh white, 
firm, juicy, rich. 

Stinger. 

Union. Stinger's Seedling. 

Raised by Wm. H. Stinger, near Philadelphia. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit large, roundish, sometimes coxcomb shape, brilliant glossy 
scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, pleasant 

Stirling Castle Pine. 

Fruit large, ovate or conical, bright deep scarlet. Flesh pale scarlet, 
brisk. (Hogg.) 

Swainstone's Seedling. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, ovate, beautiful light glossy scar- 
let, and good flavor. Bears only very moderate crops. 

The Prairie Farmer. 

Originated on the grounds of Wm. D. NefT, of Ottawa, 111. Plant 
strong and vigorous. Foot-stalks large and tall, and promise well as a 
market variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit very large, oblong compressed or ovate, occasionally coxcomb- 
shape, irregular, deep scarlet ; texture firm ; subacid. (Prairie Farmer.) 

Topsy. 

One of De Jonghe's seedlings, not valuable. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, light scarlet. Flesh firm, sweet. 

Triomphe de Gand. 

The Triomphe de Gand is a Belgian variety, which appears to stand 
our climate, and produce more crops in more localities than any other 
foreign sort. The vines are vigorous, hardy, moderately productive, and 
well suited to strong clayey soils, requires high cultivation and to be 
grown in hills. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse, sometimes coxcomb shape, bright rich 
red next the calyx, almost greenish white at point, glossy as if varnished. 
Seeds light yellow brown, near the surface. Flesh firm, white, a little 
hollow at core, juicy, with a peculiar rich and agreeable flavor. 



1004 THE STRAWBERRY. 

Romeyn Seedling so closely resembles this that we are unable to see 
any difference ; but the originator claims that it is a seedling of more 
vigor in foliage and roots, more productive, and less number of coxcomb 
berries. 

Triomphe de Liege. 
A Belgian variety, raised by M. Lorio. 

Fruit large, oval, with a slight neck, bright deep scarlet. Seeds 
few, long-pointed. Flesh rather soft, juicy, rich, aromatic. (An. Pom.) 

YlCOMTESSE HfiRICART DE THURY. 
Duchesse de Trevisse. Marquise de la Tour Maubourg. 

A French variety, of fine quality, but the foliage does not stand our 
climate well. Hermaphrodite. Moderately productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, broadly conical, sometimes coxcomb-shaped, 
deep scarlet, somewhat glossy. Flesh rich, sweet, and high-flavored. 

Victoria. 

Trollope's Victoria. Golden Queen. 

Union. Trembly's Union. 

An English variety, moderately productive, quite handsome. Her- 
maphrodite. 

Fruit very large, nearly globular, regular. Calyx very large, in a 
depression. Color light crimson. Flesh light scarlet, tender, juicy, 
sweet, rich, with a somewhat peculiar aromatic flavor. 

Victory of Bath. 

Fruit large, ovate, bright red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, rich. 
(Hogg.) 

Vineuse de Nantes. 

Fruit medium to large, flattened, bright glossy crimson. Flesh red, 
solid, sweet, peculiar vinous flavor. (Fuller.) 

Walker's Seedling. 

Raised by Samuel Walker, Roxbury, Mass. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium to large, regular, generally conic. Color very deep 
crimson, becoming maroon at maturity, glossy. Flesh deep crimson, 
tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, brisk acid flavor. 

Ward's Favorite. 
Fruit medium to large, roundish, deep crimson. Flesh sweet, rich. 

Western Queen. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, Cleveland, O. Pistillate. Vines hardy 
and productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical. Color rich glossy dark 
red. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid, sprightly and agreeable flavor. (Elliott.) 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



1005 



WlLLEY. 

American. Pistillate. Vigorous, hardy, and very productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish. Color deep crimson. Flesh firm, with a 
sprightly acid flavor. A good sort for preserving. 

Wilmot's Prince Arthur. 

Fruit medium size, conical. Skin deep red and glossy. Flesh scar- 
let, firm, hollow at core. (Hogg.) 

Wilson's Albany. 

Raised by the late James Wilson, Albany, 1ST. Y. Although not of 
high quality, because of its superabundance of acid, yet no variety has 
become so generally cultivated as the Wilson's Albany. The vine is 
very hardy and vigorous, very productive, commencing to ripen its fruit 
early, and continuing to the latest. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, broadly conic, pointed. Color deep crimson. Flesh 
crimson, tender, with a brisk acid flavor. 

Wizard of the North. 
A Scottish variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse, dull red. Flesh red, soft, 
juicy, not rich. 

Wonderful. 

Jeyes' Wonderful. Myatt's Prolific. 

Fruit large, conical, frequently coxcomb-shaped and fingered. Skin 
pale red, whitish at apex. Seeds numerous. Flesh white, tender, melt- 
ing, juicy, sweet, with a fine aroma. (Hogg.) 

ALPINE AND WOOD STRAWBERRIES. 

Brune de Gilbert. 

A variety of the Alpine, with larger fruit than the common, and 
remarkable for its reddish-brown color. It is well flavored, and an 
abundant bearer. (Hogg.) 

Galland. 

This is a variety of the Alpine, of a dark red color. 

Red Alpine. 

Red Monthly Strawberry. Des Alpes a Fruit Rouge. 

Des Alpes de Tous les Mois a Fruit Rouge, &c. 

The common Red Alpine, or monthly-bearing Strawberry, is a native 
of the Alps, and succeeds well with very trifling care in this country. 
The Alpines always continue bearing from June till November ; but a 



1006 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



very fine autumnal crop is secured by cutting off all the spring blossoms. 
The plant resembles the Red Wood, and the fruit is similar in flavor 
and color, but long conical in form. Flowers always perfect. 

Red-Bush Alpine. 

Ruisson. Monthly, without Runners. 

Des Alpes sans Filets. Commun sans Filets. 

The Bush Alpines are remarkable among Strawberries for their total 
destitution of runners. Hence they always grow in neat, compact 
bunches, and are preferred by many persons for edging beds in the 
kitchen garden. The fruit is conical, and the whole plant, otherwise, is 
quite similar to common Alpines. We think it one of the most desira- 
ble sorts, and it bears abundantly through the whole season. The Bush 
Alpines were first introduced into the United States by the late Andrew 
Parmentier, of Brooklyn. To propagate them the roots are divided. 
Flowers always perfect. 

Red Wood. 

English Red Wood. Newland's Mammoth. 

Des Bois a Fruit Rouge. Stoddard's Alpine. 

Common Rouge. Washington Alpine. 

This is the wild Strawberry of Europe (F. vesca), long more com- 
monly cultivated in our gardens than any other sort, and still, perhaps, 
the easiest of cultivation, and one of the most desirable kinds. It al- 
ways bears abundantly ; and though the fruit is small, yet it is produced 
for a much longer time than that of the other classes of strawberries, 
and is very sweet and delicate in flavor. Flowers always perfect. 

Fruit red, small, roundish ovate. Seeds set even with the surface 
of the fruit. It ripens at medium season. 

Triomphe d'Hollande. 

Triumph of Holland Alpine. Des Quatre Saisons. 

This new variety of the Alpine comes from the Netherlands, where 
it is said to have been raised by M. J. "Verkroost, Utrecht. The habit 
of growth is very vigorous, compact, and the plant very productive. 
The fruit is large for its class, regular, roundish conical, light scarlet red. 
Seeds light yellow. Flesh juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic, delicious. 

White Alpine. 

White Monthly. Des Alpes a Fruit Blanc. 

Des Alpes de Tous les Mois a Fruit Blanc, &c. 

Precisely similar to the Red Alpine, except in color. 
Fruit conical, white. 

White-Bush Alpine. 

White Monthly, without Runners. Buisson des Alpes Blanc, &c. 

This differs from the Red-Bush Alpine only in the color of the fruit, 
which is conical and white. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



1007 



White Wood. 

This is precisely similar in all respects to the Red Wood, except in 
its color, which is white. It ripens at the same time. 

HAUTBOIS * STRAWBERRIES. 

Belle de Bordelaise. 

A new variety. Plants very vigorous and productive. 
Fruit medium or large, ovate, deep rich crimson. Flesh firm and 
high-flavored. 

Prolific or Conical. 

Musk Hautbois. Double Bearing-. Sir Joseph Banks. 

French Musk Hautbois. Caperon Royal. Caperon Hermaphrodite. 
Sacombe. Regent's Dwarf. 

This is a capital variety. Its strong habit and very large, usually 
perfect flowers, borne high above the leaves, distinguish it. The fruit 
is very large and fine, dark-colored, with a peculiarly rich, slightly 
musky flavor. It bears most abundant crops. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, conical, light purple in the shade, dark blackish purple 
in the sun. Seeds prominent. Flesh rather firm, sweet, and excel- 
lent. It ripens tolerably early, and sometimes gives a second crop. 

The Common Hautbois, Globe, Large Flat, &c, are scarcely worthy 
of cultivation here. 

Royal Hautbois. 

This is one of the largest, most vigorous, and prolific of the Hautbois 
family. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, regular. Seeds yellow, 
on the surface, rich dark crimson. Flesh whitish, soft, sweet, rich. 

CHILI STRAWBERRIES. 
True Chili. 

Patagonian. Greenwell's New Giant. Greenwell's French. 

Fruit very large, bluntly conical or ovate, dull red. Seeds dark 
brown, projecting. Flesh very firm, hollow-cored, of a rather indifferent 
sweet flavor. Ripens late. 

Wilmot's Superb. 

An English seedling, raised from the foregoing, very showy in size, 
but indifferent fruit and a poor bearer. 

Fruit roundish, sometimes coxcomb-shaped; surface pale scarlet, 
polished; seeds projecting. Flesh hollow, and of only tolerable flavor. 
Medium season. 

* Haut-bois, literally high-wood, that is, wood strawberries with high leaves 
and fruit-stalks. 



1008 



THE STRAWBERRY. 



Yellow Chili. 

Fruit very large, irregular in form, yellow, with a brown cheek. 
Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh very firm, rather rich. 

GREEN STRAWBERRIES. 

Little valued or cultivated, being more curious than good. They 
resemble, in general appearance, the Wood Strawberries. Leaves light 
green, much plaited. Flesh solid. There are several sorts grown by 
the French, but the following is the only one of any value, and it is a 
shy bearer. 

Green Strawberry. 

Green Pine. Fraisier Yert. Green Alpine. 

Green Wood. Powdered Pine. 

Fruit small, roundish or depressed, whitish green, and at maturity 
tinged with reddish brown on the sunny side. Flesh solid, greenish, 
very juicy, with a peculiar rich, pineapple flavor. Ripens late. 

SELECTION OF VARIETIES. 

The Strawberry is so variable in soils and climates that it is very 
difficult to select such as will always give satisfaction. We present the 
following as a list embracing varieties that have proved satisfactory 
with us : — 

Agriculturist, Charles Downing, Downer's Prolific, French, Green 
Prolific, Hovey's Seedling, Jucunda, Longworth's Prolific, Napoleon III., 
Poyal Hautbois, Triomphe de Gand, Wilson's Albany. 

Key to French standard names of Fruit. — To meet the wants of 
some of our farming friends in various parts of the country who are 
zealous collectors of fruit, but at the same time are more familiar with 
plough-handles than with the sound of Monsieur CrapauaVs polite ver- 
nacular, we have prepared the following little key to the pronunciation 
of such French names as are necessarily retained among the standard 
varieties. 

So long as these sorts must retain their foreign names, it is very 
desirable that they should be correctly pronounced. To give to these 
French terms what appears to merely English readers the proper sound 
is often as far as possible from the true pronunciation. A skilful Hiber- 
nian gardener puzzled his employer, a friend of ours, during the whole 
month of September with some pears that he persisted in calling the 
" Lucy Bony," until, after a careful comparison of notes, the latter 
found he meant the Louise Sonne. 

We have therefore, in the following, eschewed all letters with signs, 
and given, as nearly as types alone will permit us, the exact pronun- 
ciation of the French names. 



KEY TO FRENCH NAMES. 



APPLES. 

Court Pendu Plat.— Coor Pahn du Plah. 

Drap d'Or — Drah dor. 

Fenouillet Gris. — Fen-nool-yai Gree. 

Male Carle. — Mai Carl. 

Porame de Neige. — Pum de Naije. 

Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. — Ren-ett-Blansh d'Espagne. 
Reinette Triornphante. — Een-ett Tre-ome-fant. 

APRICOTS. 

Albergier. — Al-bare-je-ai. 

Briancon. — Bre-ahn-sohn. 

Belle de Choisy. — Bel de Shwoi-sey. 

Belle Magnifique. — Bel Man-gne-feek. 

Bigarreau. — Be-gar-ro. 

Bigarreau Rouge. — Be-gar-ro Rooje. 

Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. — Be-gar-ro Coo-lur de Shair. 

Bigarreau Gros Cceuret. — Be-gar-ro Gro Keur-ai. 

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. — Be-gar-ro Tar-deef de Hildesheim. 

Gros Bigarreau Rouge. — Gro Be-gar-ro Rooje. 

Griotte d'Espagne. — Gre-ote Des-pan. 

GRAPES. 

Chasselas Musqu6. — Shah-slah Meuskay. 

Chasselas de Fontainebleau. — Shah-slah de Fone-tane-blo. 

Ciotat. — Se-o-tah. 

Lenoir. — Lun-war. 

NECTARINES. 

Brugnon Violet Musque. — Brune-yon Ve-o-lay Meus-kay. 
Brugnon Musque. — Brune-yon Meus-kay. 
D'Angleterre. — Dahn-glet-are. 
Due du Tellier. — Deuk du Tel-yay. 

PEACHES. 

Abricote*e. — Ab-re-co-tay. 

Belle de Vitry. — Bell de Ve-tree. 
I Grosse Mignonne. — Groce Mene-yon. 
j Madeleine de Courson. — Mad-lane de Coor-son. 

Pavie de Pompone. — Pah-vee de Pom-pone. 

Pourpree Hative. — Poor-pray Hat-eve. 

Sanguinole a Chair adherente. — Sahn-gwe-nole ah Shair Ad-hay-rent. 

64 



1010 



KEY TO FRENCH NAMES. 



PEARS. 

Amire* Joannet. — Am-e-ray Jo-ahn-nay. 

Ananas. — An-an-ah. 

Ananas d'Ete. — An-an-ah Da-tay. 

Angleterre. — Ahn-glet-are. 

Beurre. — Bur-ray. 

Belle de Bruxelles. — Bel-de Broos-ell. 

Belle et Bonne. — Bel-a-Bun. 

Belle-Lucrative. — Bel-lu-crah-teve. 

Beurre de Capiumont. — Bur- ray de Cap-u-nic-hn. 

Beurre d'Amalis. — Bur-ray Dah-mah-lee. 

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. — Bur-ray Gree Dee-vair Noo-vo. 

Beurre Diel. — Bur-ray De-ell. 

Beurre Bronzee. — Bur-ray Brone-zay. 

Bezi d'Heri. — Ba-zee Daree. 

Bezi Vaet. — Bazee Vah-ai. 

Beurre Crapaud. — Bur-ray Crah-po. 

Bezi de Montigny. — Bay-zee de Mon-teen-gnee. 

Bon Chretien Fondante. — Bone Cray-te-an Fone-donte. 

Boucquia. — Boo-kiah. 

Calebasse Grosse. — Cal-bass Groce. 

Capucin. — Cap-u-san. 

Chaumontel tres Gros. — Sho-mone-tell tray Gro. 

Compte de Lamay. — Conte de Lah-me. 

Colmar Epine. — Cole-mar A-peen. 

Crassane. — Cras-sahn. 

Cuisse Madame. — Kuees Mah-dam. 

D' Am our. — Dam-oor. 

De Louvain. — Dul-oo-van. 

Delices d'Hardenpont. — Day-lece Dar-dahn-pone. 
Doyenne d'Ete. — Dwoy-on-nay Day-tay. 
Doyenne Panache. — Dwoy-on-nay Pan-ah-Shay. 
Dumortier. — Du-mor-te-ay. 

Duchesse d'Angouleme. — Du-shess Dong-goo-lame. 
Duchesse d'Orleans. — Du-shess Dor-lay-on. 
Enfant Prodige. — On-font Pro-deeje. 
flpine d'Ete. — A-peen day-tay. 
Figue de Naples. — Feeg de Nah-pl. 
Fondante d'Automne. — Fone-donte do-tonn. 
Forme de Delices. — Form de Day-lece. 
Forelle. — Fo-rel. 

Fondante du Bois. — Fone-dont du Bwoi. 
Fortunee. — For-tu-nay. 

Franc Real d'Hiver.— Fronk Ray-ahl Dee-vair. 
Glout Morceau. — Gloo Mor-so. 
Hericar t. — Hay-re-car. 
Jalousie — Jal-oo-zee. 

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee. — Jal-oo-zee de Fone-ten-ai Von-day. 

Leon le CI ere. — Lay-on le Clair. 

Lira on. — Lee-mohn. 

Louise Bonne. — Loo-eze Bun. 

Madeleine, or Citron des Carmes. — Mad-lane, or Cee-trone day Cam. 
Marie Louise. — Mah-re Loo-eze. 
Michaux. — Me-sho. 

Passans de Portugal. — Pah-sahn de Por-tu-gal. 
Pailleau. — Pahl-3^0. 

Paradise d'Automne. — Par-ah-deze do-tonn. 
Passe Colmar. — Pass Col-mar. 
Quilletette— Keel-tet. 



KEY TO FRENCH NAMES. 



1011 



Heine Caroline. — Rane Car-o-lene. 
Eeine des Poires. — Rane day Pwore. 
Rousselet Hatif. — Roos-lay Hat-eef. 
Sanspeau. — Sahn-po. 
Sieulle. — See-ull. 

Sucree de Hoyerswarda. — Seu-cray de Hoyersworda. 

Surpasse Virgalieu. — Seur-pass Vere-gal-yu. 

St. Germain. — San J are-man. 

Sylvange. — Seel-vonje. 

Vallee Franche. — Vol-lay Fronsh. 

Verte Longue. — Vairt Longh. 

Verte Longue Panachee. — Vairt Longh Pan-ah-shay. 
Virgouleuse. — Vere-goo-leuz. 
Wilhelmine. — Wil-el-meen. 

PLUMS. 

Abricotee Rouge. — Ab-re-co-tay Rooje. 

Diapree Rouge. — De-ah-pray Rooje. 

Drap d'Or. — Drah-dor. 

Jaune Hative. — Jaun Hat-eve. 

Mirabelle. — Me-rah-bell. 

Precoce de Tours. — Pray-cose de Toor. 

Prune Suisse. — Prune Su-ece. 

Royale Hative. — Rwoy-al Hat-eve. 



INDEX TO THE DIFFERENT FRUITS. 



[The standard names are in Roman letters. The synonymous names in Italic] 



ALMONDS. 



Bitter Almond 431 

Common Almond 431 

Common Sweet 431 

Doux d Coque Tendre 431 

Dwarf Double Flowering- Almond.. .432 

Ladies' Tliin Shell 431 

Large Double Flowering Almond. . 432 

Long Hard-Shell Almond 432 

Peach Almond 431 

Peach Almond 431 

Picher 431 

Pistachia Sweet Almond 431 

Soft-Shell Sweet Almond 431 

Sultan 432 

Saltan d Coque Tendre 431 

Sultana Sweet Almond 432 



APPLES. 

Abbott 72 

Abbott's Five- Sided Spice 72 

Abbott's Sweet 72 

Abe Lincoln 323 

Aberdeen 280 

Abram 73 

Accidental. . . 286 



PAGE 

73 
73 
73 
73 
164 
164 
73 
73 
74 
74 
422 
265 
74 
419 
74 



Alfriston 74 

Alleghany 286 

Allemand 74 

Allen's Choice 75 

Allen's Pippin 75 

All-Hallows 75 

All-Summer 75 

Allum 75 

Alsace 75 

Althorp Pippin 267 

Amber Crab. 427 

Amelia 75 

American Beauty 75 

American Golden Pippin 76 

American Golden Russet 76 

American Mammoth 191 

American Newtown Pippin 201 

American Nonpareil 77 

American Peach 304 

American Pippin 77 

American Plate 77 

American Red Juneating 157 

American Summer Pearmain 78 

Ananas 78 

Ananas de Liege 79 

Angle 79 

Anglo-American 79 

Annaberger 341 

Api 244 

Apt Petit 244 

Aporta 74 

Arabian Apple 304 

Arbroath Pippin 296 



PAGE 

A. c. Dulcis 431 

Amande Commune 431 

Amande Pistache 431 

Amande Princesse 431 

Amande Sultane 432 

Amandier d Coque Tendre 431 

Amandier d Gros Fruit 432 

Amandier d Gros Fruit Bur 432 

Amandier a Petit Fruit 431 

Amandier Commun 431 

Amandier des Dames 431 

Amandier- Picher 431 

Amandier Pistache 431 

Amandier Sultane 432 



Acklam's Russet. . . . 

Aclemy Busset 

Adams 

Adams Pearmain. . . . 
vFsopus Spitzenberg . 
^Fsopus Spitzenburg . 
Agate D'Enckhuysen 

Agathe 

Agnes's 

Ailes , 

Akin's Winter 

Alabama Pearmain . . 

Alant 

Albemarle Pippin 

Alexander 



1014 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Archiduc Antoine 79 

Arley 417 

Aromatic Carolina 79 

Aromatic Russet i 79 

Arundel Pearmain ! 222 

Ashland 79 

Ashmead's Kernel 80 

Ashmore 80 

Asterus 80 

Astracan 422 

Astracanisclier Sommerapfel 401 

Astrachan 422 

Astrachan Rouge 323 

August Apple 155, 181 

August Sweet 250 

Augustine 80 

Augustus Pearmain 80 

Aunt Anna 80 

Aunt Anna's Seedling 80 

Aunt Dorcas 199 

Aunt Hannah 81 

Aunt Susan's Favorite 81 

Aunt's Apple 81 

Aurora 388 

Aurore 195 

Austin Sweet 81 

Autumn Golden Pippin 81 

Autumn Pearmain 81 

A utumn Pippin 413 

Autumn Romanite 81 

Autumn Rose 82 

Autumn Seek-No-Farther 82 

Autumn Strawberry 250 

Autumn Sweet Bough 82 

Autumnal Swaar 82 

Autumnal Sweet Swaar 82 

Averill 83 

Avery Sweet 163 

Baccolinus 83 

Backers Kernel 96 

Bachelor 109 

Bachelor's Blush 83 

Bachelor's Glory 83 

Backhouse's Lord Nelson 83, 284 

Baddow Pippin 83 

Baer .. 215 

Bagby Russet 159 

Bailey's Golden 83 

Bailey's Spice 84 

Bailey's Sweet 84 

Baker 84 

Baker's Sweet 84 

Baldwin 85 

Baldwin 226 

Baldwin Sweet 86 

Balgone Pippin 194 

Ball Apple 299 

Balm 84 

Baltimore 86 

Baltimore 74, 167, 191 

Baltimore Greening 86 

Baltimwe Pippin 86, 93, 191 



PAGE 

Baltimore Red 93, 98 

Baltimore Red Streak 93, 98 

Baltzby 87 

Bar 87 

Barbour 87 

Barcelona Pearmain 87 

Barchard's Seedling 87 

Bar din 175 

Bark Apple 88 

Barlow 135 

Bamham's Sweet 87 

Barnhilt 87 

Barre 88 

Barrett 88 

BarretVs Spitzenburgh 285 

Bars 88 

Bartlett 88 

Bartlett Ill 

Barton 88 

Barton's Incomparable 88 

BaUhelor 329 

Baumans Reinette 88 

Baxter's Pearmain. 89 

Bay Apple 148 

Bayfordbury Golden Pippin 194 

Beachemwell Seedling 89 

Beadell 89 

Bean Swirt 89 

Bear Sweet 89 

Beard Burden 152 

Beau 89 

Beau Rouge 219 

Beauty 373 

Beauty of America. 75 

Beauty of Kent 89 

Beauty Red 132 

Beauty of the West 89 

Bedford Sweet 323 

Bedfordshire Foundling 90 

Beefsteak 90 

Beeler's Russet 90 

Belden 90 

Belden Sweet 90 

Bell Dubois 332 

BeWs Early 356 

BelVs Scarlet Pearmain 347 

Bell Bonde 90 

Belle d' Angers 91 

Belle Bonne 91 

Belle et Bonne 91 

Belle et Bonne 375 

Belle Fille 204, 412 

BeUe-Fleur 324, 418 

Belle- Fleur Rouge 324 

Belle Grideline 91 

BeUe Grkdeline 91 

Belle JosepMne 191 

Belledge 91 

Belledge Pippin 91 

Bellflower Pippin 91 

Belmont 92 

BeUefleur de France 183 

BeUefleur Yellow 418 



APPLES. 



1015 



PAGE 

Belly Bounder 90 

Belpre Keeper 92 

BelpreBusset 342 

Bel voir Pippin 93 

Belzer 93 

Ben Apple 165 

Ben Davis 93 

Ben Harris 210 

Bennet 94 

Bennington 356 

Benoni 94 

Bentley's Sweet 94 

Benwell's Pearmain 95 

Bere Court Pippin 95 

Bergner 95 

Berliner Glossapfel 341 

Berry 286 

Berry Bough 358 

Bess Pool 95 

Best Bache 96 

Best Bool 95 

Bethleniite 96 

Betsey 96 

Betsy's Fancy 96 

Better than Good 97 

Bevan's Favorite 97 

Big Fruit 383 

Big Em 286, 316 

Big Bed 310 

Big Bomanite 302 

Big Sweet 392 

Big Vandevere 391 

Bigg's Nonsuch 97 

Billy Barker 97 

Billy Bond 90 

Billy's Pippin 97 

Bischoffs Reinette 98 

Bishop's Bourne 98 

Bisliop's Bippin of Nova Scotia 418 

B irniingham 97 

Birmingham Pippin 97 

Black American 99 

Black Annette 99 

Black Apple 99 

Black Apple 144 

Black Coal 98 

Black Detroit 144 

Black Gilliflower 99 

Blackjack 98 

Black Lady Apple 245 

Black Oxford 98 

Black Warrior 98 

Blackburn 109 

Blackstone Valley Sweet 98 

Blair 275 

Blake 99 

Blakely 99 

Blakely 265 

Bland's Jubilee. 99 

Blandilalie 212 

Blauberger 101 

Bleckensderfer 99 

Bledsoe Pippin 99 



PAGE 

Blenheim 100 

Blenheim Orange 100 

Blenheim Pippin 100 

Blinkbonny 100 

Blinkbonny Seedling 100 

Blockley 100 

Bhckley Bippin 100 

Blondin 100 

Blooming Orange 100 

Blue Mountain 101 

Blue Mountain Sweet 101 

Blue Pearmain 101 

Blue Sweet 313 

Bluff Sweet 101 

Blush June 118 

Boalsburg 101 

Boas 101 

Bodickheimer 341 

Bohannan 101 

Bonne de Mai 148 

Bonne Bouge 219 

Bonne Virginie 103 

Bonum 102 

Bordeauer Gold Beinette 197 

Borden's Early 102 

Borovitsky 102 

Borsdorf Ognon.- 103 

Borsdorffer 103 

Bossom 103 

Boston Busset 342 

Botigne 103 

Bottle Greening 103 

Bough 250 

Bourassa 104 

Bowker 104 

Bowling's Sweet 104 

Bowyer's Russet 104 

Boxford 104 

Brabant Belle- fleur 105 

Brabant Bellflower 105 

Braddick's Nonpareil 104 

Bradford 's Best 238 

Bradley's Autumn 104 

Bradley's Winter 399 

Brandy Apple 193 

Brandy wine 1 04 

Brandywine 276 

Braunschioeiger Milch 275 

Bread-and- Cheese Apple 319 

Breedon Pippin 105 

Brennaman 105 

Brentford Crab 229 

Brewer 105 

Brewer's Pippin 105 

Brickley Seedling 105 

Bridge water Pippin 106 

Brigg's Auburn 105 

Brill's Seedling 106 

Brimer 106 

Brinckeley White Sweet 106 

Bringewood Pippin 106 

Bristol 106 

Bristol Pearmain 106 



1016 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Brittle Sweet 107 

Broad-End 107 

Broad-Eye Pippin 107 

Broad River 339 

Broading 107 

Broadwell 107 

Broadicell Sweet 107 

Bromelia Ananas 78 

Bronson Sweet 108 

Brooke's Pippin 201 

Brookes 108 

Broughton 109 

Brown 108 

Broicn Cockle 129 

Brown Renting 108 

Brown 's Golden Sicect 379 

Brown's Summer Beauty 108 

Brown's Winter 108 

Brownite 108 

Brownlee's Russet 108 

Brownlee's Seedling Russet 108 

Brubacker 1G7 

Brummage Pippin 97 

Buchanan 101 

Buchanan's Pippin 109 

Buchanan 's Seedling 109 

Buck Meadow 110 

Buckham 215 

Buckingham 109 

Buckley 124 

Bucks County Pippin 109 

Buel's Favorite 110 

Buel's Sweet 110 

Buff Ill 

Buffington's Early 110 

Bull's Golden Reinette Ill 

Bullett Ill 

Bullock's Pippin 76, 166 

Bullnpe 152 

Buncombe 329 

Bunkum 329 

Burlington 285 

Burlington Greening 332 

Burr Knott 193 

Burr's Seedling Ill 

Burr's Winter Sweet Ill 

Burrell'sRed Ill 

Burroughs Greening 112 

Bursdorff 103 

Bursdorffer 103 

Burst Open 112 

Bush 112 

Bush's Beauty 112 

Bushwhacker 112 

Butter. 112 

Butter 375 

Butter Pippin 1 95 

Butters 85 

Byam's Sweet 113 

Bycr's 109 

Byer's Red 109 

By son Wood 113 

Byson Wood Russet 113 



PAGE 

Caas 5 134 

Cabashea 113 

Cabbage Head 113 

Cable's Gilliflowcr 86 

Cache 113 

Cadeau du General 392 

CaiUot Rosat 328 

Cain 235 

Cake Apple 113 

Caldwell. 344 

Caleb Sweet 113 

Calef's Sweet 114 

Calf Pasture 123 

Calkin's Pippin 368 

Calville Ananas de Liege 79 

Calville Blanc 372 

Calville Blanche a Cote's 114 

Calville Blanche d'Ete 372 

Calville Blanche d'Hiver. 401 

Calville d' Angleterre 133 

CalviUe d! Automne. 324 

Calville cT Etc 371 

CalviUe d' River de Mensfield 272 

Calville des Prairies 812 

CalviUe Etoile 165, 360 

Calville Malingre 114 

Calville Rouge 324, 328 

Calville Rouge cPAnjou 328 

Calville Rouge tfAutwnne 182, 324 

Calville Rouge de Micoud 114 

CalviUe Rouge oVEte 371 

Calville Rouge d'Hiver 328 

Calville Rouge Normande 328 

Calville Roy ale d'Hiver. ... 328 

Calville Saint Sauveur 345 

CalviUe Tulipee 387 

Calville vraie des Allemands 328 

Camack's Sweet 114 

Camack's Winter Sicect 114 

Cambridge Pippin 90 

Cambusnethan Pippin 115 

Camnesar ... 404 

Campbell 114 

Campbellite 405 

Campfield 115 

Can 115 

Canada Pippin 402 

Canada Reinette 115 

Canada Reinette Gris. 204 

Canada Reinette Grise 116 

Canada Sweet 218 

Canadian Reinette 115 

Cane 235 

Cane Creek Sweet 116 

Cann 115 

Cannon Pearmain 116 

Canterbury Reinette 116 

Capendu 134 

Capital H7 

Capron's Pleasant 117 

Caraway Russet H7 

Carbage 11*7 

Cardinal Red 117 



APPLES. 



1017 



PAGE 

Carey's Seedling 117 

Carlisle Codlin 117 

Carmel Sweet 117 

Carnahan's Favorite 117 

Carnation 118 

Carolina 402 

Carolina Baldwin 118 

Carolina Greening 201 

Carolina June 119 

Carolina Red June 118 

Carolina Red Streak 93 

Carolina Red Stripe 328 

Carolina Spice 286 

Carolina Striped June 119 

Carolina Sweet 119 

Carolina Watson 119 

Caroline 118 

Caroline 286, 402 

Caroline Auguste 118 

Carpenter 119 

Carpentin Reinette 120 

CarreWs Seedling. 306 

Carse of Gowrie 384 

Carter 120 

Carter of Ala 265 

Carter's Blue 120 

Carter's Winter 265 

Carthouse 191 

Carver 120 

Cary's Summer 120 

Case 120 

Cash Sweet 120 

Cassel Reinette 87 

Castle Major 121 

Cat's Head 285 

Catface 121 

Cathead 169, 324 

Cathead Greening 121 

Cathead Sweet 121 

Catline 121 

Cato 121 

Catooga 121 

Catshead 121 

Catshead Beaufin 288 

Cattell Apple 291 

Cattoogaja 121 

Cayuga Red Streak 388 

Cay wood 121 

Cedar Falls 122 

Celestia : 122 

Cellini 122 

Challenge 122 

Chalmers Large 151 

Chaltram Pippin 286 

Champaigne Reinette 122 

Champlain. . 368 

Chandler 122 

Chaney 123 

Chapman's Orange 123 

Charles Apple 263 

Charles Pearmain 344 

Charley's Winter 123 

Chase's Seedling 123 



I'Aorc 

Chase's Winter Sweet 422^ 

Chatham Pippin 286 

Chattahoochie 123 

Cheat 147 

Cheatan Pippin 286 

Cheataw 286 

Cheese 123 

Cheese 265 

Cheese Apple 367 

Cheeseboro 123 

Cheeseborough Russet 123 

Cheltenham 123 

Chenango Strawberry 124 

Cheney 124 

Cherry 422 

Chestatee 125 

Chester 125 

Chester Pearmain 125 

Chester Red Streak 125 

Chester Spitzenberg 125 

Chestoa : 125 

Chicago 422 

Chicago 229 

Chief Good 125 

Christ's Deutsche Goldreinette 126 

Christ's Gold Reinette 126 

Christiana 125 

Christie's Pippin 1 26 

Chronical 126 

ChucketEgg 382 

Church's Late Sweet 126 

Churchill Greening 126 

Citron des Cannes 1 26 

Citronen Reinette 126 

Clapper Flat 127 

Clara Pippin 127 

Clarem&nt Pippin 158 

Clark's Seedling 255 

Clarke 127 

Clarke's Delaware 127 

Clarke Pearmain 127 

Clarkson 127 

Claygate Pearmain 128 

Clayton 128 

Clepington 128 

Cley Pippin 128 

Clifton Nonsuch 174 

Cling Tight 147' 

Clissold's Seedling 254 

Clothes- yard Apple 1 99'- 

Cluster 128; 

Cluster Golden Pippin 128. 

Cluster Pearmain 128 

Cluster Pippin 12.8 

Clyde Beauty 128; 

Coate's 42,1 

Coate's Greening 416 

Cobbctfs Fall Pippin 404 

Cobham 129 

Cobourg Pippin 129 

Coccagee 129 

Cockle Pippin 129 

Cocklin's Favorite 129 



1018 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Cocko Gee 129 

Cockpit 129 

Coe's Golden Drop 129 

Coe's Spice 152 

Cceur de Pigeon 304 

Cogswell 130 

Cogswell Peannain 130 

Cole 130 

Coleman 388 

Coles Quince 319 

Colonel Vaughn's 392 

Colored Harbord's Pippin 209 

Columbian 131 

Columbian Russet 127 

Colvert 131 

Colville Barre 88 

Compote 298 

Comstock's Garden 186 

Conant's Red 131 

Concombre des Cliartreux 345 

Condit Sweet 131 

Congress 131 

Connecticut Cake 113 

Connecticut Seek-no- Further 399 

Connecticut Summer Sweet 131 

Connett's Sweet 131 

Contin Reinette 131 

Conway 132 

Cook's Red Winter 132 

Cooke's Greening 416 

Cooledge's Favorite 132 

Cooper 132 

Cooper's Early White 132 

Cooper's Market 132 

Cooper's Redling 132 

Cooper's Russeting 132 

Copmanthorpe Crab 151 

Corbin 121 

Coral 423 

Coral Blush 134 

Corchoall 344 

Coriandre Rose 134 

Corlie's Sweet 133 

Cornell's Fancy 133 

Cornell's Favorite 133 

Cornell's Savewell 346 

Cornfield 133 

Comish Aromatic 133 

Cornish Gilliflower 133 

Cornish July Flower 133 

Cornish Spice 133 

€orse's Favorite 133 

CornwallisseT 133 

■Cos 134 

Costard 134 

•Cotsville Spitzenberg 134 

Cotton Apple 126 

{Joulthard 134 

Court de Wick 135 

Court of Wick 135 

Court of Wick Pippin 135 

Court-pendu 134 

■Court Pendu de Tournay 134 



PAGE 

Court-pendu Bore 195 

Court-pendu Extra 134 

Court-pendu Gris 175 

Court-pendu Musque 134 

Court Pendu Plat 134 

Court-pendu plat rougedtre 134 

Court-pendu Rond Gros 134 

Court Pendu Rosat 135 

Court Pendu Rose 135 

Court-pendu Rose 134 

Court-pendu Rouge Musque 134 

Cowarne Red 135 

Cowarne's Queening 135 

Cox's Orange Pippin 135 

Cox's Pomona 135 

Cracking 135 

Cram 136 

Cranberry 136 

Cranberry Pippin 136 

Cranberry Russet 136 

Crane's Pippin 296 

Crawford 136 

Crawford's Keeper 136 

Cray Pippin 136 

Crayton 137 

Cream 137 

Crede's Quittenreinette 137 

Credo's Gutten Reinette 137 

Creed's Marigold 137 

Creek 137 

Creeper 137 

Crego Red Streak 137 

Crimson Pippin 144 

Crimson Queening 137 

Crispin 138 

Crittenden 138 

Crofton Pippin 138 

Crook's Seedling 138 

Crooked Limb P ippin 151 

Cropsey's Favorite 138 

Crotcher 138 

Crow Egg 138 

Crow Nest 138 

Cullasaga 139 

Cullawhee 139 

Culp 139 

Cumberland Black 146 

Cumberland Seedling 139 

Cumberland Spice 139 

Currant Crab 423 

Curry's Red Winter 139 

Curtis Early Stripe 363 

Curtis Greening 140 

Curtis Sweet 140 

Cushman's Black 328 

Custard 140 

Cut Pippin 140 

Cuttugaja 121 

Baddy 322 

Dahlongea 140 

Dahlton 140 

Bahlton Pippin 140 



APPLES. 



1019 



PAGE 



Dainty Apple 218 

Bale's Sweet Fall Queen 377 

Dame Jeannette 140 

Dan Pearmain 141 

Dana 141 

Dana Greening 141 

Dana's Striped Sweet 141 

Daniel 141 

Daniel's Apple 141 

Danvers Winter Sweet 141 

Dapper 141 

Darling Pippin 142 

Darlington 142 

Darlington Russet 142 

Dartmouth Sweet 142 

D'Asterus 80 

Davis 142 

Davis 296 

Dans White Bellflower 296 

Davis's Sweet 142 

Dawson's Cluster. 142 

Day 142 

Dayton 142 

De BouUgne 103 

De Bretagne 115 

D'Espagne 404 

D'Eve 148 

De Saint Julien 345 

De Witt 146 

Defiance 143 

Delaware 143 

Delaware 319 

Delight 143 

Democrat 143, 144 

Der Carpentin 120 

Derrick's Graft 334 

Derrikinan 334 

Derry Nonsuch 144 

Deter ding's Early 323 

Detroit 144, 296 

Detroit Black 144 

Detroit Eed 144 

Devonshire Buckland 144 

Devonshire Golden Ball 144 

Devonshire Quarrenden 145 

Devonshire Queen 145 

Devonshire Red Streak 145 

Devonshire Wilding 145 

Dickskill 145 

Dickson's Emperor 145 

Diel Kernobst. 145 

Diel's Reinette 145 

Dietzer Rothe Mandel Reinette. ... 145 

Dillingham 146 

Dinsmore. 144 

Dirck's Graft 334 

Disharoon 146 

Double Flowering Apple 423 

Double Flowering Chinese Crab. . . 423 

Double White Siberian Crab 423 

Dobb's Kernel Golden Pippin 146 

Dobbel Bellefleur 183 

Doctor 146 



TAGE 

Doctor Fulcher 146 

Doctor Harvey 211 

Doctor Helsham's Pippin 146 

Dr. Watson 82 

Dodge's Crimson 146 

Dodge's Early Bed 356' 

Domine 147 

Donnelan's Seedling 148 

Double Bellefleur 183 

Doux (V Angers 148 

Doux d' Argent 148 

Dow's Winter Pippin 148 

Dowell's Pippin 148 

Downing' s Paragon 148 

Downton Golden Fippin 148 

Downton Pippin 148 

Downy 218 

Drapd'Or 148 

Drap d'Or 175 

Dredge's Beauty of Wilts 211 

Dredge's Fair Maid of Wishford. .. 149 

Dredge's Fame 149 

Dredge's Golden Pippin 149 

Dredge's White Lily 144 

Du Haider 150 

Due cTArsel 288 

Duchess of Oldenburgh 149 

Duchesse de Brabant 149 

Duckett 150 

Dufiield Pippin 150 

Duif Apfel 304 

Duke of Beaufort's Pippin 150 

Duke of Devonshire 150 

Dulce Doman. 151 

Duling 130 

Dumelow's Grab 151 

Dumelow's Seedling 151 

Dumpling 151 

Duncan 151 

Dundee 195 

Dusten 151 

Dutch Codlin 151 

Dutch Mignonne 151 

Dutch Pearmain 194 

Dutch Tulip 387 

Dutchess County Sweet 417 

Duzenbury 152 

Dyer or Pomme Royale 152 

Earl of Yarmouth's Fearmain 297 

Early Chandler 153 

Early Crofton 229 

Early French Beinette 153 

Early Golden Sweet 196 

Early Harvest 153 

Early Joe 154 

Early Joe 259 

Early Jennetting 402 

Early Julien 155 

Early Long Stem 155 

EarlyMarrow 155 

Early May 402 

Early Nonpareil 155 



1020 



APPLES. 



PAGE 



Early Pennock 155 

Early Queening 156 

Early Bed Juneating 156 

Early Eed Margaret 156 

Early Eed Streak 156 

Early Bed Streak 21 1 

Early Red Sweet 156 

Early Ripe 156 

Early Spice 156 

Early Spice 155 

Early Strawberry 157 

Early Summer Pearmain 78 

Early Sweet 157 

Early Sweet Bough 250 

Early Tart 157 

Early Tart Harvest 158 

Early Tart Harvest 313 

Early Wax 158 

Early Yellow Reinette 158 

East Grinstead 158 

East Grinstead 400 

Easter Pippin 158 

Eaton 158 

Edel K6nig 158 

Edgar's 159 

Edgerlifs Sweet 84 

Edler Winter Borsdorffer 103 

Edmonton 's Aromatic Pippin 239 

Edward Shantee 286 

Edward's 159 

Egg 402 

Egg Top 159 

Eggermont 159 

Eggermonfs CalviUe 159 

Egyptian Belle 159 

Egyptian Russet 159 

Eighteen Ounce Apple 388 

Eldon Pippin 159 

Elford Pippin 160 

Elgin Pippin 404 

Elicke's Winter Sweet 160 

Elizabet 195 

Ellijay 160 

Ellis 160 

Ellsworth 160 

Elton Pippin 148 

Embroidered Pippin .. .148, 175 

Emperor ... 160 

Emperor Alexander 74 

Ene's Winter Sweet 160 

Enfield Pearmain 161 

English Beauty 161 

En glish Beauty of Pa 1 47 

English Codlin 293 

English Crab 161 

English Gilliflower 161 

English Golden 196 

English Golden Bussct 196 

English G-ranat Reinette 162 

English Nonpareil 288 

English Pippin , 195 

English Bambo 147 

English Bed Streak 147, 410 



PAGE 

English Bed Stripe 328 

English Reinette 162 

English Russet 162 

English Sweet 163 

English Siceet 218 

English Vandevere 355 

Episcopal 169 

Epse's Sweet 141 

Epsy 163 

Eptings Premium 163 

Eptings Eed Winter 163 

Equinetely 109 

ErdBeere 324 

Erie Sweet 163 

Eimsts Pippin 292 

Esopus Spitzenburgh 164 

Esquire Miller's Best Sort 314 

Essex Pippin 164 

Esten 165 

Etoile 165 

Eustis 165 

Ere 159, 402 

Eve Apple of the Irish '. 156 

Eve of Scotland 265 

Evening Party 165 

Evergreen Apple Crab 422 

Ewalt 166 

Excel. 166 

Exquisite 166 

Eyer's Greening 166 

Fail-Me-Never 166 

Fair Maid 167 

Pair Maid of Taunton 167 

Fair's Nonpareil 167 

Fairbanks 166 

Fairfield Summer Queen . . 167 

Falder 167 

Fall Bough 82 

Fall Butter 167 

Fall Cheese 265 

Fall de Walldes 167 

Fall Greening 167 

Fall Harvey 168 

Fall Jenneting 168 

Fall Limbertwig 168 

Fall Orange 168 

Fall Pearmain 168 

Fall Pippin 169 

Fall Pippin 404 

Fall Queen 109 

Fall Bomanite 319 

Fall Seek-No-Further 170 

Fall Spitzenburgh 169 

Fall Sicaar of West 82 

Fall Vandevere 391 

Fall Wine 170 

FallWinesap 171 

Fallawater 167 

Fallawalder 167 

Falwalder 167 

Fama Gusta 171 

Fameuse 171 



APPLES. 



1021 



PAGE 

Family 172 

Fancher 172 

Fanny 173 

Farleigh Pippin 173 

Farley Pippin 173 

Farley's Red. 173 

Faros 205 

Farrar's Summer 337 

Fat Apple 176 

Father 174 

Father Apple 306 

Faust 174 

Faust's Winter 174 

Favorite 174 

Fay's Russet 174 

Fearns Pippin 174 

Federal Pearmain 174 

Felch 85 

Fell's Winter Sweet 174 

Fenley 175 

FennouiUet Jaime 148 

Fenouillet Gris 175 

Fenouillet Jaune 175 

Fenouillet Rouge 175 

Fenton Sweeting 386 

Ferdinand 175 

Ferris 175, 176 

Ferris Pippin 174 

Fett 176 

Field 176 

Findkiy Apple 367 

Findley 175 

Fink 176 

Fink's Seedling 176 

Finley 175 

First and Last 176 

Fish's Seedling 176 

Fishkill Beauty 176 

Fiske 177 

Five Crowned Pippin 255 

Flake's Fall ] 77 

Flanders Pippin 177 

Flanders Reinette 178 

Flat Apple 127 

Flat Pippin 178 

Flat Pippin 306 

Flat Sweet 178 

Fleet's Nonpareil 178 

Fleiner 178 

Flint Russet 317 

Flora 178 

Florence Pippin 174 

Flory 179 

Flory's BeUfloicer 179 

Flower of Kent 179 

Flushing Seek- No- Further 202 

Flushing Spitzenburgh 179 

Focht 179 

Foote's Nonpareil 179 

Forange 179 

Ford Apple 179 

Forelle 101 

Forest 180 



P-AGB 

Forest Styre 180 

Forest Styre 365 

Forever Pippin 123 

Forge 180 

Forman's Crew 180 

Formosa Pippin 333 

Fornwalder 167 

Forsyth {not of Coxe) 158 

Forsythe's Seedling 286 

Fort Miami 180 

Foster Sweet 180 

Fouldon Pearmain 181 

Foundling 181 

Fourth of July 181 

Faust 174 

Foicle?* 354 

Fox-Whelp 182 

Foxley Crab 423 

Fragrant 423 

Fraise 182 

Framboise 182 

Framboos 182 

Franchot 182 

Frank 124 

Frank Rambour 370 

Frankfort Queen 109 

Franklin's Golden Pippin 182 

Franz Rennette 184 

Franzdsische Edelreinette 184 

Freeman 183 

Freeze and Thaw. . ., 183 

Fremont Pippin 183 

French 183 

French Bellflower 183 

French Crab 183 

French Crab 158, 273 

French Nonpareil 183 

French Pippin 184 

French Pippin 184, 285 

French Pippin of Indiana 151 

French Reinette 184 

French Russet 184 

French's Sweet 184 

Friar 184 

Frisland Reinette 184 

Frith Pippin 265 

Frith Pitcher 265 

Fronclin 185 

Front Door 185 

Fry's Pippin 135 

Fuller 354 

Fullerton Sweet 185 

Fulton 185 

Fulton Strawberry 185 

Fulwood 185 

Funkhouser 93 

Gabriel 186 

Gaesdonker Gold Reinette 186 

Ganges 186 

Garden 186 

Garden Apple 90 

Garden Royal 186 



1022 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Garden Stripe 187 

Garden Sweet 187 

Gardeners Apple 281 

Gardner Sweet 188 

Gardner Sweeting 188 

Gardner's Sweet Pearmain 188 

Garnon's Apple 134 

Garret Pippin 103 

Garrettson's Early 188 

Garter 188 

Gate 92 

Gault's 'Beilflower.' '. '. '. [ 188 

Ganmont 188 

Gay's Romanite 302 

General Grant 423 

General Haskell 188 

Generale 298 

Genesee Chief 188 

Geneva Pearmain 368 

Geneva Pippin 189 

Gennetting 402 

Gentle's Rarge Red 189 

George 189 

Georgia June 118 

Gestreifter Sommer Zimmetapfel. . 190 

Gewiss Good 190 

Gewiss Guth 190 

Giant 190 

Giles 190 

GilleWs Seedling 340 

Gilpin 191 

Ginetting ' 402 

Gipson's Kentucky 191 

Gips&n's Kentucky Seedling 191 

Girkin Pippin 417 

Glace Rouge 87 

Glace de Lelande 401 

Gladney's Red 191 

Glammis Castle 384 

Glanz Reinette 191 

Glazenwood Gloria Mundi 191 

Gleason Sweet 191 

Glendale 191 

Gloria Mundi 191 

Glory of England 192 

Glory of the West 192 

Glory of York 333 

Gloucester Pearmain 127 

Gloucester White 192 

Goble Russet 192 

Gogar Pippin 192 

Golay 192 

Gold Reinette von Bordeaux 197 

Golden 192, 424 

Golden Apple 76 

Golden Ball 192 

Golden Burr 193 

Golden Drop 135 

Golden Goss 193 

Golden Harvey 193 

Golden Knob 193 

Golden Lustre 193 

Golden Monday 193 



PAGE 

Golden ftoble 193 

Golden Nonpareil 194 

Golden Pearmain 194 

Golden Pearmain 127 

Golden Pippin 194, 195 

Golden Pippin. . . .76, 92, 169, 258, 296 

Golden Red 195 

Golden Reinette 195 

Golden Reinette of Vanderlaans. . 195 

Golden Russet 196 

Golden Russet 76, 303 

Golden Russet of Massachusetts. . . 196 

Golden Seedling , 196 

Golden Spice 152 

Golden Streak 196 

Golden Sweet 196 

Golden Sweet 290 

Golden Vining 224 

Golden Wilding 197 

Golden Worcester 197 

Golding 76 

Goodyear 198 

Good year's Seedling 198 

Gooseberry 198 

Gooseberry Pippin 198 

Gould's Sweet 198 

Governor 198 

Governor Charter 198 

Governor Charter's Seedling 198 

Gowden 286 

Gracey 198 

G rafton Swee t 349 

Graham's Red Warrior 286 

Grand Sachem 144 

Grandfather 129 

Grandmother 361, 414 

Grandmother's Apple. 199 

Grange 198 

Grange's Pearmain 199 

Grange's Pippin 199 

Granite Beauty 199 

Graniwinkle ... 199 

Granny Buff. Ill 

Granny Ear'le 199 

Grape Vine 114 

Grau Osnabmcker Reinette 296 

Graue Portugiesische Reinette 310 

Grauwe Franse Rennett 412 

Grave Slije 199 

Gravenstein 199 

Gray Apple 308 

Gray Pippin 170 

Gray Romanite 191, 319 

Greasy Back 306 

Greasy Pippin 258, 296 

Great Pearmain 413 

Great Unknown 200 

Green Abram Ill 

Green Beilflower 296 

Green Cheese 201 

Green Cossings 344 

Green Crank 201 

Green Domine 201 



APPLES. 1023 



PAGE 

Green Fulwood 185 

Green Mountain Pippin 201 

Green Mountain Pippin 1G7, 893 

Green Newtown Pippin 201 

Green Nonpareil 303 

Green Keinette. 202 

Green Seek -no-Further 202 

Green Skin 201 

Green Street Apple 395 

Green Sweet 203 

Green Sweet 302 

Green Sweet of Indiana 203 

Green Tiffin 203 

Green Vandevere 391 

Green Whiter Pippin 201 

Green Woodcock 203 

Green's Choice 201 

Greening 201 

Greenup's Pippin 203 

Greenus's Pippin 203 

Greg son Apple 121 

Greist's Fine Winter 203 

Grey Canada Reinette 204 

Grey French Reinette 204 

Grey Leadington 204 

Grey Leadington Pippin 204 

Grey Reinette 204 

Greyhouse 204 

Griffith 204 

Grimes Golden 205 

Grimes' Golden Pippin 205 

Grindstone 77 

Grise 308 

Groene Franse Benette 202 

GroeneRenct 202 

Grooveland Sweet 206 

Gros Api Rouge 244 

Gros Cceur de Pigeon 304 

Gros Faros 205 

Grosh 205 

Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre 115 

Grosser Casselar Reinette 151 

Grosser Edler Prinzessinapfel. 314 

Groton 181 

Grouzier 206 

Grumas Pippin 97 

Grummage Pippin 97 

Grune Reinette 202, 288 

Griinling von Rhode Island 332 

Graver's Early 206 

Guernsey Pippin 206 

Gullett 206 

Gully 206 

Gully 265 

Guttry 226 

Haas 223, 259 

Habersham's Pearmain 206 

Hagloe 367 

Hagloe Crab 206 

Hague Pippin 207 

Hain 207 

Haley 142 



PAGE 

Hall 207 

Hall Door 207 

HaWs Red 207 

Hall's Seedling 207 

Hall's Sweet 208 

Hallum 75 

Hambleton Deux Ans 208 

Hamilton 208, 305 

Hammond 208 

Hampshire Greening 350 

Hampshire TeUoio 240 

Hampton Bellflower 208 

Hampton's Fall Sweet 208 

Hampton's Honey Sweet 208 

Hampton's Late Sweet 209 

Hampton's Russet 209 

Hampton's Siberian Crab 424 

Hancock 209 

Hang- On 383 

Hannah 209 

Hanover Seedlin g 89 

Hanwell Souring 209 

Harbord's Pippin 209 

Hardingham 's Russet 305 

Hardskin 220 

Hardicick 373 

Hare 209 

Hargreave's Green Sweet 210 

Harkness New Favorite 326 

Harmony 155 

Harnish 210 

Harrigan 275 

Harris 210 

Harrison 210 

Harry Sweet 210 

Hartford - 220 

Hartford Sweet 210 

Harvest Red Streak 211 

Harvey 211 

Harvey's Pippin 211 

Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance 211 

Haskell Sweet 211 

Haute Bonte 212 

Haverstraic Pippin 368 

Hawberry Pippin 219 

Hawley 212 

Hawthornden 212 

Hay Boys 213 

Hay's Winter 410 

Haymaker 140 

Heaster 215 

Hector 213 

Heicke's Winter Sweet 255 

Heidelocher 224 

Heilige Julians Apfel 345 

Heister 215 

Helen's Favorite 213 

Hemphill 213 

Hempstead 362 

Henrick Sweet 378 

Henry Apple 213 

Henry Sweet 378 

Henshaw 109 



1024 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Henwood 213 

Hepler 213 

Herbstrich Apfel 298 

Herefordshire Golden Pippin 194 

Herefordshire Pearmain 214 

Herefordshire Queening 137 

Herefordshire Red Streak 328 

Herman 214 

Hermann 214 

Hess 214 

Hetterich 214 

Hewe's Virginia Crab 214 

Hewitt's Sweet 215 

Hick's 215 

Hick's Fancy 155 

Hiester 215 

Higby Sweet 215 

Highlander 210 

Hightop 216 

Hightop Sweet 216 

Hill's Favorite 217 

Hill's Sweet 217 

Hilton 217 

Hinckman 284 

Hinnersley 217 

Hoary Moming 218 

Hobb's Sweet 218 

Hockett's Sweet 218 

Hocking 384 

Hodge's Limber Twig 218 

Hog Island Sweet 218 

Hcgan 147 

Hogpen 168 

Holbert's Victoria 218 

Holcomb 218 

Holdcn 168 

Holden Pippin 168 

Hollady 219 

Holland Pippin 219 

Holland Sweet 219 

Hollandbury 219 

Hollingbury 219 

Hollow Core 219 

Hollow Core 321 

Hollow- Cored Pippin 296 

Hollow Crown. . . 220 

HoUow Crown Pearmain 255 

Hollow Crown Pippin 220 

Hollow-Eyed Pippin 220 

Holly 220 

Holmes 220 

Holmes's Sweet 220 

Holsten Sweet 220 

Hominy 356 

Hornmacher Apfel 140 

Honemaker Pippin 140 

Honey Greening 221 

Honey Greening 203 

Honey Sweet 221 

Honey Sweet 221, 404 

Hood 221 

Hood's Seedling 221 

Hooker 221 



PAGE 

Hoopes 204 

Hoover 221 

Hopkins 222 

Hopper 222 

Hopsey 204 

Hormead Pearmain 222 

Horm ea d Pippin 2 22 

Horn 223 

Horrex's Pearmain 181 

Horse 175 

Horse Apple 223 

Horse Block 265 

Horsham Russet 223 

Horsley Pippin 219 

Hoskreiger 224 

House 170 

Housum's Red 224 

Howard 286 

Howard Russet 123 

Howard's Edgemont 224 

Hoieard's Sweet 84 

Howburry Pippin 219 

Hoice Apple 415 

Hoice's Russet 342 

Hower 170 

Hubbard 224 

Hubbard 286 

Hubbard's Pearmain 224 

Hubbard's Russet Pearmain 224 

Hubbard's Sugar 224 

Hubbardston 224 

Hubbardston Nonsuch 224 

Hubbardton Pippin 225 

Hudson Red Streak 235 

Hughes 225 

Hughes' Golden Pippin 225 

Hughes' Virginia Crab 214 

Hull Blossom 226 

Hull Sweet 226 

Hunge 226 

Hunger 226 

Hunt 226 

Hunt's Connecticut 226 

Hunt's Deux Ans 226 

Hunt's Duke of Gloucester 227 

nts Fine Green Pippin 20 L 

Hunts Green Newtown Pippin .... 201 

Hunt's Nonpareil 227, 288 

Hunt's Russet 227 

Hunthouse 226 

Hurlbut 227 

Hurlbut Stripe 227 

Hurlbut Sweet 163 

Hutcheson 228 

Hutching' s Seedling 366 

Hutchison's Winter Sweet 424 

Hutton Square 228 

Hyde's Sweet 416 

Hyslop 424 

Imperial 228 

Imperial Vandevere 391 

Indeed Good 190 



APPLES. 



1025 



Indian Prince .... 

Indian Queen 

Indiana Beauty. . . . 
Indiana Favorite. . . 

Indiana Jan netting. 
Indiana Vandevere . 

Ingram 

In/man 



Irish Codlin 

Irish Peach Apple 

Irish Pitcher 

Irish Reinette 

Irish Russet 

Iron Apple 

Ironstone Pippin 

Island Beauty 

Me of Wight Orange 229 

Isle of Wight Pippin 

Isle worth Crab 

Italian Rose 



,124, 



Jabe 

Jabez Sweet 

Jack Apple 

Jackson 

Jackson Apple 

Jackson Red 

Jackson 's Red 

Jacques Lebel 

James River 

James River 

J ane 

Januarea 

J arminite 

Jefferis 

Jefferson County 

Jeniton 

Jenkins 

Jennett 

Jennetting 

Jenning's Sweet 

Jenny Seedling 

Jersey Black 

Jersey Greening 298, 

Jersey Pippin 

Jersey Sweeting 

Jerusalem 

Jewett's Best 

Jewett's Fine Red 

Joanneting 

JoannetterCs Reinette 

Joe Berry 

Joel 

John Carter 

John May 

Jno. Snepps 1 

John's Sweet 

Johnson 

Johnson 

Johnson Russet 

Johnson 1 s Fine Winter 

Johnston's Favorite 

Jolly Beggar 



TACK 

228 
155 
228 
228 
321 
391 
229 
296 
265 
229 
265 
229 
346 
105 
158 
229 
294 
229 
229 
229 

230 
230 
296 
230 
131 
286 
329 
230 
409 
253 
230 
115 
230 
2^0 
231 
321 
231 
321 
402 
231 
207 
99 
332 
231 
231 
304 
232 
232 
402 
140 
285 
232 
233 
224 
356 
233 
233 
328 
233 
420 
2J5 
234 



PAGE 

Jonathan 232 

Jones' Pippin 168 

Journalaskia 235 

Jubilee Pippin 234 

Judge Andrews 234 

Juicy Bite 234 

Julian 234 

Julien 234 

Juling 234 

July Apple 313 

July Pippin 153 

Junaliska 235 

Junaluskee 235 

June Sweeting 326 

Juneating 402 

Juneting 402 

Juniting 402 

Kaighn's Spitzenburgh 235 

Kane 235 

Keddleston Pippin 235 

Keeping Red Streak 235 

Keeping Russet 236 

Keim 236 

Keiser 236 

Kelley White 92 

Kelsey 236 

Kelsey 220 

Kelsey Sweet 236 

Kelter 101 

Kempstefs Pippin 100 

Keney's Sioeet 210 

Kennebec Russet 236 

Kennedy's Red Winter 23$ 

Kenney 237 

Kenrick 237 

Kenrick 1 s Autumn 23T 

Kenrick' 's Red Autumn 237 

Kent 237 

Kentish Broading 237 

Kentish Broading 107 

Kentish Fill-Basket 23? 

Kentish Pippin 237 

Kentucky 238. 

Kentucky Cream ... 238 

Kentucky King 238 

Kentucky Pippin 93' 

Kentucky Queen 109 

Kentucky Red Streak 238 

Kentucky Sweet . . 238 

Kerry Pippin. ... 239 

Keswick Codlin 239 

Ketchum's Favorite 239 

Kikita 240 

KilhamHill.... 240 

Kinellan 240 

King 103, 109, 113, 246 

Kin g Apple , 241 

King George the Third 103 

King Philip 232 

King of the Pippins 240 

King Tom 241 

King of Tompkins, County 241 



G5 



1026 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Kingsbury Russet 123 

Kingsley 241 

Kingston Black 241 

Kinney 241 

Kirk's Lord Nelson 242 

Kirkbridge White 241 

Kir he's Golden Reinette 195 

Kirke's Lemon Pippin 252 

Kirke's Scarlet Admirable 219 

Kirtland 241 

Kirtland's Seedling 241 

Kittageskee 242 

Klaproth 242 

Kleine Casseler Reinette 8? 

Kleine Graue Reinette 120 

Knickerbocker 243 

Knights Codling 416 

Knights Golden Pippin 148 

Knights Red June 118 

Knightwick Pippin 135 

Knobbed Russet 243 

Knobby Russet 243 

Knowles' Early 243 

Knox Russet 243 

Konig's Reinette 243 

Koening's Pippelin 194 

Kohl 243 

Kool-appel 321 

Kountz 285 

Kram 136 

Krauser 243 

Krauter Reinette 244 

Krouser 243 

Krowser 243 

La Canelle 190 

La Mere des Pommes 321 

Labute 244 

Lacker 244 

Lacy's Nonpareil. 155 

Ladies 1 Blush 186, 215 

Ladies' Favorite 109 

Ladies' 1 Sweet 246, 378 

Lady Apple 244 

Lady Blush 245 

Lady Cheek Sweet 215 

Lady Crab 424 

Lady Finger 245 

Lady Finger 235 

Lady Fitzpatnck 120 

Lady de Grey's 237 

Lady Halev's Nonsuch 246 

Lady Washington 132, 257, 418 

Lady of the Weniyss 246 

Lady's Delight. . " 246 

Lady's Fancy 246 

Lady's Finger 402 

Lady's Seedling 246 

Lady's Sweet 243 

Lady's Sweeting 246 

Lady's White 247 

Lafayette 247 

Lake 248 



PAGP 

Lamb Abbey Pearmain 248 

Lamb Abbey Pearmain 248 

Lancashire Crab 276 

Lancaster Crab 276 

Lancaster Greening 248 

Lancaster Pippin 248 

Lancaster Queen 370 

Lancaster Sweet 248 

Landon 248 

Lane's Red Streak 249 

Lane's Sweet 249 

Lansingburgh 249 

Laquier 244 

Large Black 144 

Large Early Red 323 

Large Fall Pippin 404 

Large Golden Pippin 195, 368 

Large Ramho 319 

Large Red Siberian Crab 424 

Large Romanite 302 

Large Striped Winter Pearmain. .. 363 
Large White Lncomparable Crab . .. 402 

Large White Jun eating 153 

Large Yellow Bough 250 

Large Yellow Siberian Crab 425 

Large Yellow Summer 259 

Larue's Big Green 250 

Lasting Yandertere 391 

Late Bough 82 

Late Carse of Goicrie 384 

Late Chandler 122 

Late Golden Sweet , 84 

Late Strawberry 250 

Late Sweet 251 

Late Wine 251 

Latham 251 

Lauren's Greening 251 

Lawyer 251 

Le Grand Bohemian Borsdorffer. .. 103 

Leadington's Grauer Pippin 204 

Leanham 286 

Leather Apple 308 

Leather Coat Russet 293, 343 

Leaver 251 

Ledge Sweet 252 

Leech's Red Winter 223 

Leicester Sweet 252 

Leithemer Streifling 252 

Leland Pippin 252 

Leland Spice 252 

Lemon 338 

Lemon Pippin 252 

Lesher 252 

Lewis 253 

Lewis's Incomparable 253 

Lexington Queen 109 

Liberty 253 

Libhart 283 

Ligoz 253 

Lily Buckland 144 

Lima 388 

Limber Twig 253 

Lincoln Pippin 415 



APFLES. 



1027 



PAOIS 

Lincolnshire Holland Pippin 253 

Lindenwald 254 

Lindley's Nonpareil 254 

Lippincott Sweet 254 

Lippincott's Earrly 371 

Litchfield Pippin 254 

Little Beauty 254 

Little Pearmain 76 

Little Romanite 191 

Little Vandevere 391 

Loan's Pearmain 254 

Locy 254 

Lodgemore Nonpareil 254 

L/ondon Golden Pippin 194 

London Pippin 255 

London Sweet 255 

London Winter Sweet 255 

Londonderry 144 

Long Lsland 168 

Long- Island Pearmain 255 

Long- Island Pippin 255 

Long- Island Russet 255 

Long John 255 

Long John 235 

Long May 4.02 

L/ong Pearmain 235 

Long's Red Winter 256 

Long Start 256 

Long Stem 256 

Long Stem Sweet 84 

Longville's Kernel 256 

Ljop- Sided Pearmain 270 

Ljord Burghley 257 

Lord Burleigh. 257 

Lord Gwydr's Newtown Pippin. ... 74 

LordSuffield 257 

Lorick Cluster 257 

Loring Sweet 257 

Loudon Pippin 257 

Louise Renard 257 

Loure Queen 258 

LonederCs Pippin 288 

Lovett's Sweet 258 

Lowell 258 

Lowre Queen 258 

Luce's Early Joe 259 

Lucombe's Pine-Apple 259 

Lucombe's Seedling 259 

Ludwig 259 

Lutticher Ananas Calville 79 

Lyman's Large Summer 259 

Taj mail's Pumpkin Sweet 317 

Lyon's Sweet 259 

Lyscom 259 

McAdow's June 181 

McAfee's Nonsuch 260 

McAfee's Red 260 

McCoy's Pippin 260 

MeDaniel 260 

McDowell's Sweet 260 

McHenry 260 

Mclntire's SweeUna 266 



VKGY, 

McKim's Vandervere '261 

McKinley 261 

McLellan 261 

McLoud's Family 172 

MacKay Sweet 260 

Mackie's Clyde Beauty 128 

Maclean's Favorite 261 

Macomber 262 

Madeleine 371 

Mage's Johnny 203 

Magnifique 228 

Magnolia 262 

Magnum Bonum 102 

Magoun Apple 114 

Maiden's Apple 263 

Maiden's Blush 262, 425 

Maiden's Bosom 283 

Maiden's Favorite 263 

Major 263 

Mala Carle 263 

Maltranche 228 

Mamma 263 

Mamma Beam 92 

Mammoth 195 

Mammoth June 264 

Manaen 264 

Mangura 265 

Mank's Codlin 265 

Mannington's Pearmain 265 

Manomet 265 

Manomet Sweet 265 

Mansfield Russet 265 

Marble Sweet 266 

March's Red Seedling 266 

March's Red Winter 266 

Marengo 425 

Margaret 156 

Margaretha Apfel 156 

Margil 266 

Maria Bush 266 

Marietta Russet 342 

Marigold Pippin 294 

Marks 267 

Marmalade Pippin 267 

Marrow Pippin 296 

Marshall 267 

Marshall's Sweet 267 

Marston's Red Winter 267 

Martin 268 

Martin 261 

Martin Nonpareil 268 

Mary 268 

Maryland Beauty 268 

Maryland Cheese 367 

Masten 268 

Masten's Seedling 268 

Master's 268 

Master' s Seedling 268 

Matapfel 341 

Matchless 73, 285 

Matlock's Summer 269 

Matson 269 

Mattamusket 269 



1028 



APPLES. 



PAGK 

Matthew Stripe 259 

Mauck 269 

Maverack's Sweet 269 

Maxey 270 

Maxfield 265 

May 270 

May 270, 402 

May Apple 270 

May of Myers 270 

May Pippin 402 

May Seek-no-Farther 270 

May Seek-no-Further..\ 270 

May of Virginia 402 

Meach 270 

Meachem Sweet 252 

Meader's Winter 425 

Meadow Sweet 270 

Meat's Seedling 271 

Meat's Sweet 271 

Megginch Favorite 195 

Meig's 329 

Meister 271 

Mela Carta 263 

Mela cli Carlo 263 

Mela di Rosmarino rossa 327 

Melon 271 

Melrose 272 

Melt in the Mouth 272 

Melt in the Mouth 302 

Melting Pippin 296 

Melvin Sweet 272 

Menagere 272 

Menouisten Reinette 272 

Mensf elder Gulderling 272 

Mensf elder Winter Calville 272 

Mensfield Calville 272 

Mercer 273 

Mere de Menage 273 

Merit 109 

Merrill's 273 

MerriWs Apple 273 

MerriWs Pear main 342 

Merritt's Sweet 273 

Merwin 273 

Methodist 273 

Metoiree 273 

Mexico 273 

Michael Henry Pippin 274 

Michigan Beauty 351 

Michigan Golden 258 

Middle 274 

Middlebourg Reinette 274 

Mifflin King 275 

Mignonne d'Hiver 275 

Milam 275 

Milch 275 

Milch Apfel 275 

Miller eek Vandsvere 355 

Miller 275 

Miller 215 

Miller's Apple 312 

Miller's Seedling 160 

Milton Golden Pippin 194 



P.AGTT 



Minchall Crab 276 

Mincham's Grab 276 

Minier's Dumpling 276 

Minister 276 

Minkler 276 

Minshul Grab 2T6 

Mishler's Sweet 276 

Mississippi 191 

Missouri Janet 321 

Missouri Keeper 363 

Missouri Pippin 286 

Missouri Red 286 

Missourian 363 

Mitchelson 277 

Mitchelson's Seedling 277 

Mittel 274 

Mrs. Weaver's Sweet 255 

Mobbs 286 

Molasses 277 

Molasses Sweet 313 

Molly Whopper 167 

Monarch 277 

Monarch Sweet 277 

Monk's Favorite 277 

Monkland Pippin 277 

Monkton 277 

Monmouth Pippin 278 

Monstow's Pepping 193 

Monstrous Bellflower 278 

Monstrous Pippin 191 

Montalivet 278 

Montreal Beauty 425 

Moore 279 

Moore's Extra 279 

Moore's Greening 279 

Moore's Seedling 279 

Moore's Sweet 279 

Moorhen Pippin 279 

Moose Apple 282 

Moreland 279 

Morgan White 279 

Morgan's Favoiite 388 

Morris's Court of Wick 280 

Morris's Russet 280 

Morris's Sack and Sugar 345 

Morrison Sweet 280 

Morrison's Red 280 

Morton 280 

Morton's Seedling 280 

Moses Wood 280 

Moss's Incomparable 280 

Mote's Sweet 281 

Mother 281 

Mother Davis 282 

Mottewx's Seedling 89 

Mountain Belle 282 

Mountain Pippin 167 

Mountain Sweet 282 

Mountain Vandevere 391 

Mountaineer 282 

Mouse Apple 282 

Munche's Pippin 263 

Munson Sweet 282 



APPLES. 



1029 



Murphy 282 

Muscat Reinette 282 

Museau de Levre 304 

Musgrove's Cooper 89 

Musk Spice 170 

Muskmelon 383 

Muster 283 

Myer's Nonpareil 291 

MygaWs Bergamot 152 

Naigle's Winter 283 

Nanny 283 

Nantahalee. 283 

NePlus Ultra 109 

Neasley Bellflower 284 

Nectar 283 

Ned 283 

Needle 284 

Needles 178 

Neisley Bellflower 284 

Neisley's Winter Penick 302 

Nelken Apfel 133 

Nelson 284 

Nelson's Codlin 284 

Nequassa 284 

Nequassa Sweet 284 

Neverfail 266 

Never/ail 166, 321 

Neversihk 284 

New Brunswick 149 

New Jersey Bed Streak 155 

New Late Reinette 285 

New London Pippin 255 

New Nonpareil 155 

New Rock Pippin 285 

New Scarlet Nonpareil 347 

New Small Lemon Pippin 285 

New York Gloria Mundi 191 

New York Greening 76 

New York Pippin 93 

New York Spice 252 

Newark King- 284 

Newark Pippin 285 

Newark Sweeting 115 

Newbold's Admiral Duncan 344 

Newbold's Duke of York 344 

Newbury 285 

Newtown Greening 76 

Newtown Pippin 201 

^Newtown Spitzenburgh 285 

Nichols Sweet 286 

Nickajack 286 

i Nieman's Bothe Beinette 287 

Nieman's Red Reinette 287 

Nix Green 288 

Noblesse de Gand 288 

Nodhead 232 

Nonpareil 288 

Nonpareil d'Angleterre 288 

Nonpareil Russet 288 

Nonsuch 288 

Nonsuch 288 

Norfolk 288 



' PA OR 

Norfolk Beaufin 288 

Norfolk Beefing \ 288 

Norfolk Cobnan 412 

Norfolk Paradise 288 

Norfolk Pippin WW. 73 

Norfolk Stone Pippin ...WW. 289 

Norfolk Storing 289 

Norfolk Storing WW WW. 412 

North American Best WWW. . '. 313 

North Carolina Greening .' Ill 

Northern Golden Sweet .] 290 

Northern Greening 135 

Northern Hardskin '.WWW, 220 

Northern Spy / 289 

Northern Sweet W. 290 

Northfield Beauty WWW. 290 

Northwick Pippin WW. 100 

Norton's Melon WW. 271 

Nottingham Pippin 290 

Nursery 290 

Nutmeg Cockle \ \ 129 

Nutmeg Pippin WW. . . . . . . . . . 129 

Nyack Pippin 368 

Oakes 290 

Oat Harvest 243 

Oblong-Fruited Siberian Crab 425 

Oconee Greening 291 

Ofine 291 

Ogdensburg 291 

Ogleby 291 

Ohio Beauty 89 

Ohio Favorite 296 

Ohio Nonpareil 291 

Ohio Pippin 292 

Ohio Red Streak 292 

Ohio Wine 170 

Ohlinger 293 

Old English Codlin 293 

Old Field 293 

Old Golden Pippin 194 

Old House 293 

Old Hundred 293 

Old Maid's 243 

Old Nonpareil 288 

Old Nonsuch 324 

OldPearmain 214, 413 

Old Royal Russet 293 

Old Town Crab 293 

Old Town Pippin 293 

Old Town Pippin 224 

Oldakefs New 74 

Oline 294 

Olive. 294 

Omar Pasha 294 

Onstine 416 

Osceola 296 

Osgood's Favorite 259 

Oskaloosa 296 

Oslin 296 

Osnabrucker Reinette 296 

Osterley 297 

Osterley Pippin 297 



1030 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Ostogate 297 

Ostogate ] 48 

Orange 294, 425 

Orange 168, 258, 369 

Orange Pippin 294 

Orange Pippin 229 

Orange Sweet 295 

Orange Sweet 282 

Orange Sweeting 196 

Ord 295 

OroVs Apple 295 

Original Nonpareil 288 

Orleans Reinette 295 

Orndorf 295 

Ome's Early 295 

Ortley 296 

Ortley Pippin 296 

Overman's Sweet 297 

Oviatt 297 

Owen's Golden Beauty 402 

Ox 297 

Ox Apple. 191 

Ox-Eye 109, 285 

Ox Sweet 297 

Ox Sweet 417 

Oxford Peach 347 

Oxnead Pearmain 297 

Padley's Pippin 298 

Padley's Boyal George Pippin 298 

Palmer Greening 396 

Panden Sweet 298 

Panther 346 

Paper Apple 368 

Paradise Pippin 402 

Paradise Winter Sweet 414 

Park Apple . 298 

Park Spice 298 

Parmentier Reinette 298 

Parmin 214 

Parmin Boyal 214 

Parrot Reinette 298 

Parry's Pearmain 298 

Passe Pomme 304 

Passe Pomme d'Automne 298 

Passe Pomme de Canada 343 

Passe Pomme Cotellee 298 

Passe Pomme Rouge 299 

Passe Pomme Rouge cTAutomne 298 

Patch's Russet 299 

Paternoster Apfel 151 

Paterson's Sweet 299 

Paterson's Sweet 84 

Patton 265 

Pawpaw 299 

Pawsan 299 

Peach 299 

Peach-Pond Sweet 300 

Pear 300 

Pear- Apple 300, 319 

Pear Lot 408 

Pear- Tree Lot 408 

Peaimam 413 



PAGE 

Pearmain d'Hiver 413 

Pearsall's Sweet 300 

Pearson's Early 300 

Pearson's Plate 301 

Peck's Pleasant 301 

Pecker 85 

Pelham Sweet 302 

Pelican 302 

Pennington's Seedling 302 

Pennock 302 

Pennock's Bed Winter 302 

Pennsylvania Cider 354 

Pennsylvania Bed Streak 410 

Pennsylvania Sweet 302 

Pennsylvania Sweeting 302 

Pennsylvania Vandevere 391 

Pennsylvania Wine Sap 302 

Peoples' Choice 302 

Pepin Limon de GaUes 252 

Pepin dOr 194 

Pepin d Or Allemand 74 

Pepin Parmain dAngleterre 413 

Pepin Parmain d'Hiver 413 

Pepin Russe 303 

Peremenes 413 

Perry Russet 303 

Persimmon 220 

Petersburgh Pippin 201 

Petit Api Bouge 244 

Petit Jean 303 

Petworth Nonpareil 303 

Pfarrer Walter 167 

Pfeifer 304 

Philadelphia Pippin 169 

Philadelphia Sweet 82 

Philip Pick 232 

Philip's Bcinette 135 

Phillippi 303 

Phillips' Sweet 303 

Phoenix 304 

Pickard's Reserve 304 

Pickman 304 

Pickman Pippin 304 

Pie Apple 219 

Pifer 304 

Pigeon 304 

Pigeon Bouge 304 

Pigeonet Blanc 304 

Pigeonette 304 

Pigeonette Blanc d£t> 304 

Pigeonette Gros de Bouen 304 

Pigeonette de Rouen 305 

Piketon Russet 305 

Piles Russet 305 

Pilliken 270 

PiUkin 270 

Pirn's Beauty of the West 167 

Pine- Apple 259 

Pine- Apple Pippin 259 

Pine -Apple Russet 305 

Pine Creek Sweet 305 

Pine Strawberry 305 

Pink Sweeting 305 



APPLES. 



1031 



Pinned } s Favorite 

Pinner 

Pinner Seedling 

Pioneer 

Pippin 

Pitmaston 

Pitmaston Golden Pippin. . . . 

Pitmaston Nonpareil 

Pitmaston Pine-Apple 

Pittsburgh Pippin 

Pittstown Pippin 

Pitzer Hill 

Piatt's Sweet 

Pleasant Valley Pippin 

Plum 

Plymouth Greening 

Poland 

Polecat 

Polhemus 

Polinia Pearmain 

Polish 

Polly Bright 

Pomeroy 

Pomme cPApi Rouge 

Pornme oV Argent 

Pomme oVAunee 

Pomme de Berlin 

Pomme du Caen 

Pomme de Caractire 

Pomme de Charles 

Pomme de Codillac 

Pomme de Cuir 

Pomme Double Agathe 

Pomme Finale 

Pomme Granate. 

Pomme Grise 

Pomme de Jaune 

Pomme de Jaune de la Sartha 

Pomme de Look 

Pomme de Malingre 

Pomme de Neige 

Pomme d? Orange 

Pomme oVOr 

Pomme oV Outre Passe 

Pomme de Perroquet 

Pomme Begelans 

Pomme Bomarin Bouge 

Pomme Bose 

Pomme Boye 

Pomme Bubanee 

Pomme de Saint Julien 

Pomme Saint Sauvcur 

Pomme Suisse 

Pomme Violette 

Pomme Water 

Pomme Water Siceet 

Pommeroy 

Pompey 

Ponto Pippin 

Poorhouse 

Pope 

Pope's Apple 

Poppy Greening 



,148, 



PACK 

152 
306 
306 
306 
306 
306 
306 
306 
306 
306 
194 
316 
306 
307 
307 
270 
324 
370 
279 

87 
307 
307 
307 
244 
346 

74 
134 
115 
175 
263 
341 
308 

73 
263 
162 
308 
346 
346 
151 
114 
171 
229 
194 
298 
366 
133 
327 
244 
302 
866 
345 
345 
366 
324 
308 
308 
246 
392 
308 
309 
309 
309 
221 



Popidar Bluff. 

Porter 195, 

Porter Spitzenburgh 

Portsmouth Sweet 

Portugal 

Portugal Gray Reinette 

Posey's Red 

Posey's Bed Winter Sweet 

Posteley 

Posteley's Seedling 

Potpie Apple 

Potter's Large 

Pottefs Large Apple 

Pottefs Large Ssedling 237, 

Potter Sweet 

Pottinger 

Poughkeepsie Busset 

Pound 167, 

Pound Cake 

Pound Pippin 

Pound Royal 

Pound Boyal 169, 195, 

Pound Boy ale 

Pound Sweet 

Pound Sweet 279, 

Pound's July 

Poveshon 

Powell's Russet 

Powers 

Powers 313, 

Powers' Large 

Pownal Spitzenburgh 

Prager 204, 

Praire Banibour Bcinette 

Prairie Calville 

Prather Apple 

Pratt's Sweet 

President 

President De Fay's Dumonceau . . 

Press 

Press Ewing , 

Pride of September 

Priest's Sweet 

Priestley's American 

Priestly 

Priestly 

Primate 

Primiting 

Prince of Orange , 

Prince's Harvest 

Prince's Large Bed and Green Sweet 

Princely 

Princess Noble Zoete , 

Princesse Noble 

Princesse Noble 

Princesse Noble des Chartreaux. . . 

Prinz 

Priofs Bed 

Progress 

Proliferous Reinette 

Prolific Beauty 

Prolific Beauty 

Prolific Sweet 



PA OK 

354 



310 
252 
115 
310 
310 
310 
310 
310 
411 
310 
310 
310 
252 
310 
102 
286 
311 
169 
311 
369 
369 
311 
317 
311 
311 
311 
312 
329 
426 
312 
412 
115 
312 
367 
312 
312 
313 
313 
313 
350 
313 
313 
313 
111 
313 
402 
314 
153 
323 
314 
134 
314 
195 
315 
315 
316 
315 
315 
315 
302 
315 



1032 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Prop 316 

Prussian 131 

Prussian Pippin 134 

Pryor's Red 316 

Pucker End 316 

Pumpkin Russet 317 

Pumpkin Sweet 317 

Pumpkin Sweet 123, 317 

Purple Siberian Crab 426 

Pushmataha 317 

Putnam Harvey 317 

Putnam Keeper 318 

Putnam Russet 342 

Putnam Sweet 318 

Putnam's Savewell 346 

Putneyite 318 

Pyle's Busset 305 

Pyrus Astracanica 401 

Quaker 318 

Quaker 362 

Quaker Pippin 318 

Queen 109 

Queen Anne 258, 281 

Queen Apple 288 

Queen Charlotte 318 

Queen of the Pippins 318 

Queen of Sauce 318 

Queen of the Valley 310 

Queens 103 

Quince 319 

Babbit's Head 125 

Rabine 319 

Ragan 319 

Pagan's Red 319 

Ram's Horns 321 

Rambo 319 

Rambouillet 319 

Rambour cVEte 370 

Rambour Franc 370 

Rambour Gros 320 

Rambour Gros 370 

Rambour Papeleu 320 

Rambour Rose 321 

Rambour Rouge 321 

Rambourg Papeleu 320 

RamsdeWs Red Pumpkin Sweet 163 

RamsdeWs Sicect 163 

RamsdeWs Sweeting 163 

Randall's Red Winter 163 

Randel B<st 321 

Handel's Best 321 

Rariton Sweet 274 

Rasche 321 

Rattle-Box 321 

Raul's Gennetting 321 

Raule's Jannetting 321 

Ravelston Pippin 321 

Reticle's Genet 321 

Rawle's Janet 321 

Rawle's Jannet 321 

Rawlinrfs Fine Red Streak 322 



PAGE 

Rawling-'s Red Streak 322 

Ray Apple 282 

Read's Baker 288 

Rebecca 322 

Red Apple 323 

Red Ashmore 80 

RedAstrachan 323 

Red Autumn Calville 324 

Red Baldwin 85 

Red Belle-Fleur 324 

Red Calville 328 

Red Canada 324 

Red Cathead 324 

Red Cedar 325 

Red Cheek 90, 325 

Red Cheek 168 

Red Cheek Pippin 278 

RedCodlin 180 

RedCrofton 347 

Red Doctor 146 

Red Fall Pippin 329 

Red Favorite 326 

Red Gilliflower 326 

Red GiUiflower 133 

Red Gloria Mundi 109 

Red and Green Sweet 323 

Red Hazel 286 

Red Horse 326 

Red Horse 109 

Red Ingestrie 326 

Red Jewell 326 

Red June . 118 

Red June Sweet 326 

Red Juneating 156, 1 57 

Red Kentish Pippin 237 

Red Lady Finger 329 

Red Limber Twig 253 

Red Mormon 327 

Red Must 327 

Red Neverfail 321 

Red Ox 302 

Red Pearmain 235, 414 

Red Pennock 302 

Red Phamix 235 

Red Pippin 93, 235, 286, 362 

Red Polish 307 

Red Pound Sicect 323 

Red Pumpkin Sweet 163 

Red Quarrenden 145 

Red Queening 137 

Red Ranee 327 

Red Republican 327 

RedRomarin 327 

Red Russet 327 

Red Russet 194 

Red Seek-no-Farther 328 

Red Seek-no-Farther •. 326 

Red Seek-no- Further 236 

Red Shropsaxine 356 

Red Siberian Crab 426 

Red Spitzenburg 235 

Red Spitzenburgh 334 

Red Streak 328 



APPLES. 



1033 



PAGE 

Bed Streaked Bawling 322 

Red Stripe 328 

Red Sweet 328 

Bed Sweet Pippin 279 

Bed Sweet Winesap 378 

Bed Vandevere 329, 355, 391 

Red Warrior 328 

Bed Warrior 286 

Red Winter Calville 328 

Red Winter Pearmain 329 

Bed Winter Pearmain 235 

Red Winter Sweet 329 

Bed Winter Sweet 377 

Redick 326 

Bedling 132 

Reed 329 

Beine des Beincttes 318 

Beinette d'Aix 195 

Beinette d'AngleterrG 162, 194 

Reinette d'Anjou 330 

Beinette Bdtarde 103 

Beinette Bauman 88 

Reinette de Baj^eux 330 

Beinette Blanche 184 

Beinette Blanche, dite Prime 184 

Beinette Blanche d'Espagne 404 

Reinette de Breda 330 

Reinette Calville 330 

Beinette de Canada Grise 343 

Beinette de Canada Platte 343 

Beinette du Canada Blanche 115 

Beinette du Canada, d Cortes 115 

Beinette de Cantorbery 116 

Beinette des Cannes 87 

Reinette "de Caux 331 

Beinette de Champagne 122 

Beinette de Citron 126 

Reinette de Clare val 331 

Reinette Coulon 330 

Reinette Daniel 330 

Beinette Diel 145 

Reinette Dore 331 

Beinette Dor. e 151, 243 

Beinette Duchesse de Brabant 149 

Beinette d'Espagne 404 

Beinette & fits Blanche 371 

Reinette Etoile 360 

Beinette Etoile 165 

Beinette de Flandre 178 

Beinette Franche 184 

Beinette Franche Grauwe 204 

Beinette de Frisland 184 

Beinette Giden 195 

Beinette Golden 195 

Reinette Grain d'Or 331 

Beinette Grise 204, 412 

Beinette Grise Broionlee's 108 

Beinette Grise Extra 204, 412 

Beinette Grise Francaise 204, 412 

Beinette grise haute bonti 212 

Beinette Grise deliver 204, 412 

Beinette Grise de Portugal 310 

Beinette Grosse du Canada 115 



Beinette d'JIollande 219 

Reinette de Hongrie :;:;i 

Beinette Jaune Hatif 158 

Beinette Jaune Sardive :;:;i 

Beinette des Menonites 272 

Beinette de Middlebourg 274 

Beinette de Misnie 1 03 

Beinette Masque 418 

Beinette Musqute 282 

Beinette Nonpareil 288 

Beinette de Normandy 184 

Beinette d' Orleans 134, 295 

Beinette d 1 Osnabruck 296 

Reinette Pippin 332 

Beinette Plate 103 

Reinette Quarrendon 332 

Beinette de la Bochelle 337 

Beinette du Boi 243 

Beinette Bouge 87 

Beinette Bouge de Nieman 287 

Beinette Bousse 87, 331 

Beinette Bousse de Boston 342 

Reinette St. Lambert 332 

Beinette Suisse 378 

Beinette Tardive Nouvelle 285 

Reinette de Thorn 331 

Reinette Triomphante 332 

Beinette der Tyrol 389 

Beinette doree de Van der Laans. . . 195 

Beinette Van Hons 391 

Beinette Versaillaise 392 

Beinette Verte 202 

Reinette Vervaene 332 

Reinette du Vigan 331 

Benetten 312 

Republican Pippin 332 

Revelstone Pippin 321 

Bhenish May 270 

Rhode Island Greening- 332 

Bhode Island Seek-no- Further 175 

Rhode's Orange 333 

Bibbed Pippin 76 

Ribston Pippin 333 

Bibston Pippin 83 

Richard's Graft 334 

Richardson 334 

Bichfield Nonsuch 324 

Richmond 335 

Ridge Pippin 335 

Riest 335 

Rigley ! 336 

Bigley 132 

Ritter 336 

Bival Golden Pippin 135 

River 336 

Boa Yon 246 

Roadstown Pippin 336 

Roane's White Crab 215, 336 

Roberson's White 336 

Robert Bruce 336 

Roberts 337 

Boberts Seedling 337 

Bobertson's Pearmain 329 



1034 



APPLES. 



PAGK 

Robey 337 

Robey* s Seedling 337 

Robin 337 

Robinson's Pippin 337 

Robinson's Superb 337 

Robinson's Sweet 337 

Rochelle Reinette 337 

Rock 338 

Rock Pippin 338 

Rock Remain 321 

Rock Rimmon 321 

Rock Sweet 338 

RockhilVs Russett 333 

RockhilVs Summer Queen 328 

Rockingham Red 75 

Rockport Sweet 338 

Roi Tres- Noble 158 

Rolen's Keeper 338 

Rolla 338 

Rolland 91 

Rollin 338 

Roman Knight 191,302 

Roman Stem 339 

Romanite 339 

Romanite 319 

Romanite of the West 191 

Romarin Blanche 403 

Rome Beauty 340 

Rosa 340 

Rose 340 

Rose Calville 340 

Rose de la Bcnavge 341 

Rose de Hollande 341 

Rose Tendre 341 

Rose-colored Lady Apple 245 

Roseau 340 

Roseau d'Automne 340 

Roseau d'Automne 82 

Rosemary 341 

Rosemary Russet 341 

Ross Greening 393 

Ross Nonpareil 341 

Rosseau 324 

Rostocker 341 

Rosy Red 341 

Rothe Hernapfel 341 

Rothe Sommerpasspomm 299 

Rothe Stettin er 341 

Rother Ananas 78 

Bother Astrakan 323 

Rother August Apfel 299 

Rother Herbstrichapfel 298 

Rother SommercaUille 371 

Rother Taubenapfel 304 

Rouen Transparent Crab 426 

Rough and Ready 313 

Round Catshead 121 

Round Top 159 

Round Winter Nonesuch 341 

Rowe 342 

Rowe's Seedling 342 

Rowland 338 

Roxbury Russet 342 



PA G K 

Royal Grise Reinette 343 

Royal Pearmain 342 

Royal Pearmain 214, 311 

Royal Pippin 86, 120, 142 

Royal Reinette 343 

Royal Russet 343 

Royal Shepherd 343 

Royal Somerset 343 

Royal Somerset 255 

Royale 243 

Royale d' Angleterre 214 

Rubicon 299 

Ruckmaii's Pearmain 194 

RuckmarCs Red 286 

Rules Summer Sweet 343 

Rum Apple 343 

Runnells 343 

Rushock Pearmain 344 

Russam 235 

Russet Golden 196 

Russet Golden Pippin 194 

Russet Nonpareil 306 

Russet Pearmain 344 

Russet Table Pearmain 344 

Russian 134 

Russian Emperor 74 

Russian Transpsrent 344 

Russine 332 

Rusty Coat Milam 275 

Rusty Core 291 

Rymer , 344 

Sable Sweet 344 

Sack Apple 145 

Sack and Sugar 345 

Sailly Autumn 345 

St. John's Nonpareil 306 

Saint Julian 345 

Saint Julien 345 

St. Lawrence 345 

St. Mary's Pippin 148 

Saint Sauveur 345 

Salem 345 

Salem Siceet 345 

Salle 345 

Salopian Pippin 345 

Sam RaicUngs 218 

Sam Win gar d 265 

Sam Young- 346 

Sa?n's Crab 256 

Sanguineus 171 

Sanguinole 328 

Santouchee 346 

Sapson 346 

Sapsonvine 346 

Sartha's Yellow 346 

Sassaf ras Sweet 211 

Savage's Cheese 346 

Save well 346 

Sawyer 347 

Sawyer Sweet 347 

Saylor 283 

Scarlet Crofton 347 



APPLES. 



1035 



PAGE 

Scarlet Leadington 347 

Scarlet Nonpareil 347 

Scarlet Pearmain 347 

Scarlet Pearmain 235 

Scarlet Perfume 130 

Scarlet Queening 137 

Scarlet Sweet 347 

Scarlet Tiffing 348 

Schaffer's Early 348 

Schaffer's Ewrly Bed 348 

Schaffer's Garden 348 

SctoolmocJcer 348 

Schoonmaker 348 

Schreveton Golden Pippin 348 

Schioitzer Apple 306 

Sciota Beauty 348 

Scollop Gilliflower 348 

Scolloped Gilliflower 348 

Scotch Bridget 349 

Scotch Virgin 405 

Scott 84, 313 

Scott's Best 349 

Scrivener's Red 349 

Scudamore 's Grab 328 

Seaconk Sweet 349 

Seager 384 

Sea go 265 

Seaman's Sweet 349 

Seaver Sweet 349 

Seedless 349 

Seedsville Sweet 417 

Seek-No-Further ... .202, 319, 390, 399 

Seever 350 

Seever's Bed Streak 350 

Seigneur d'Orsay 345 

Selby Bellflower 350 

Selma 350 

Selma 238 

Selwood's Reinette 350 

Seneca Spice 319 

September 350 

Sergeant's Sweet 350 

Settin Pippin 151 

Shaker Geeening 350 

Shaker Pippin 350 

Shaker's Yellow 155 

Shakespeare 351 

Shannon 292 

Sharpens Early 370 

Sharpe's Greening 351 

Sharpens Spice 170 

Sheepnose 351 

Sheep Nose 76, 159, 235 

Sheep Shire 179 

Shell.. 351 

Shepherd's Fame 351 

Shepherd's Pippin 74 

Sheppard's Sweet 351 

Sherioood's Favorite 124 

Shiawassee Beauty 351 

Shipley Green 352 

Shippen's Russet 352 

Shirley 181 



PA OR 

Shockley 852 

Showy Crab 426 

Siberian August 181 

Sigler's Bed 347 

Simmon 220 

Simpson's Pippin 295 

Simpson's Seedling 295 

Simpson Sweet 353 

Sinclair's Yellow 153 

Sine-qua-non 353 

Sink 353 

Sir William Gibbons 353 

Skunk 353 

Skunk 302 

Sleeper 353 

Sleeping Beauty 353 

Sleight's Lady Apple 353 

Slingerland Pippin 354 

Sloan's Seedling 317 

Small Black 99 

Small Bomanite 191 

Small's Admirable 354 

Smalley 354 

Smith's 354 

Smith's Beauty of Newark 149 

Smith's Cider 354 

Smithfield Spice 152 

Smokehouse 355 

Smyrna 124 

Snediker 355 

Snepps' 356 

Snorter , 363 

Snow 171 

Snow Chimney 171 

Sol. Carter 109 

Somerset 356 

Somerset Harvest 188 

Sommerset Lasting 356 

Sops of Wine 356 

Soskrieger 122 

Souisson Russet 356 

Soulard 426 

Sour Bough 357 

Sour Bough 368, 380 

Sour Harvest 313 

Southern Fall Pippin 329 

Southern Golden Pippin 201 

Southern Greening 201 

Southern Lady 357 

Southern Bomanite 339 

Sovereign 357 

Spafford Russet 357 

Spark's 357 

Spark's Late 357 

Speckled 357 

Speckled Golden Beinette 87 

Speckled 01 ey 357 

Speckled Bearmain 87 

Speckled Sweet 117 

Spectator 357 

Spencer Sweeting 210 

Spice 354 

Spice Apple 293 



1036 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Spice Russet 858 

Spice Sweet 358 

Spiced Ox Eye 285 

Spitzenburgh 285 

Sponge 358 

Spotted Pippin 110 

Sprague 358 

Spring 83 

Spring Grove Codlin 358 

Spring Pippin 358 

Springer 358 

Springer* s Seedling 358 

Springport Pippin 358 

Squire's Greening 359 

Staats' Sweet 359 

Stack 359 

Stackyard 359 

Staqq's Nonpareil ■ 155 

Stalclubs 391 

Stamford Pippin 359 

Stanard 359 

Stanard's Seedling 359 

Stanley 360 

Stanley's Seedling 360 

Stanley's Winter Sweet 360 

Stansill 360 

Star 360 

Star Lady Apple 245 

Star Reinette 360 

Stark 360 

Starr 360 

Steele's Red Winter 85, 324 

Steele's Sweet 361 

Stelily 215 

Stephenson's Winter 361 

Sterling Beauty 75 

Stettin g Rouge 341 

Stevens' Gilliflower 361 

Stewarts Nonpareil 181 

Stillman's Early 361 

Stillwater Sweet 361 

Stire 180 

Stirzaker's Early Square 361 

Stockade Sweet 361 

Stone 77 

Stone Pippin 362 

Stone Pippin 97, 192, 289 

Stonewall Jackson 362 

StonorPark 362 

Strait 364 

Straudt 362 

Strawberry 124, 324, 334 

Strawn 362 

St?nwn's Seedling 362 

Streaked Pippin 362 

Strifling cV Hirer 80 

Stnped Ashmore 80 

Striped Beaufin 362 

Striped Belle et Bonne 363 

Striped Belle-Fleur 324 

Striped Fameuse 172 

Striped Gilliflower. 348 

Striped Hardest 211 



PAGE 



Striped Holland Pippin 363 

Striped HoUand Pippin 253 

Striped June 156 

Striped Juneating 156 

Striped Mohawk 363 

Striped Monstrous Reinette 363 

Striped Pearmain 363 

Striped Porter 363 

Striped Rambo 193 

Striped R. I. Greening 147 

Striped Shropsavine 363 

Striped Siberian Crab 426 

Striped Sweet Pippin 363 

Striped Vandervere 391 

Striped Winter Pearmain 363 

Stroat 364 

Strode's 364 

Strode's Birmingham 364 

Strubel 365 

Stump 365 

Sturmer Pippin 365 

Stymus 365 

Styre 365 

Styre 180 

Sudbury Sweet 365 

Sudlow's FaU Pippin 182 

Suffolk Beauty 365 

Sugar and Brandy 366 

Sugar Loaf Pippin 366 

Sugar Sweet 366 

Suisse 366 

Summer Bellflower 366 

Summer Bellflower of Pennsylvania 366 

Summer Broaden 367 

Summer Broadend 367 

Summer Cheese 367 

Summer Colman 367 

Summer Golden Pippin 367 

Summer Hagloe 367 

Summer Harvey 367 

Summer Horse 223 

Summer Janet 367 

Summer Jenneting 168 

Summer Limbertwig 367 

Summer Marigold 368 

Summer Nonpareil 155 

Summer Pippin 368 

Summer Pippin 219 

Summer Pound Royal 369 

Summer Queen 370 

Summer Queening 137 

Summer Rambo 370 

Summer Rambour 370 

Summer Red Calville 371 

Summer Red Streak 371 

Summer Reinette 371 

Summer R. I. Greening 369 

Summer Rose 371 

Summer Russet 377 

Summer Sweet 372 

Summer Sweet . 216 

Summer Sweet Paradise 372 

Summer Tcuchat Egg 382 



APPLES. 



1037 



TACtK 

Summer Thorle. 372 

Summer White Calville 372 

Summer our 286 

Summum Bonum 125 

Superb 372 

Superb Sweet 372 

Surprise 373 

Surrey Flat Cap 373 

Susan's Spice 373 

Susannah 373 

Sutton Beauty 373 

Swaar 373 

Swasey 374 

Sweeney Nonpareil 374 

Sweet Baldwin 375 

Sweet Belle Bonne 375 

Sweet Bellllower 375 

Sweet Bel 1 flower 82 

Sweet Bellflower of Wyandot Co. . 375 

Sweet Bough 250 

Sweet Butter 375 

Sweet Gann 115 

Sweet Doctor 375 

Sweet Fall Pippin 375 

Sweet Golden Pippin 82 

Sweet Greening- 375 

Sweet Harvest 250 

Sweet Harvey 378 

Sweet Home 151 

Sweet Janet 370 

Sweet Jersey 209 

Sweet June 216 

Sweet King 376 

Sweet Maiden's Blush 115, 204 

Sweet Mary 376 

Sweet Nonsuch 377 

Sweet Pear 376 

Sweet Pearmain 376 

Sweet Pearmain 378 

Sweet Pippin 376 

Sweet Pippin 218, 279 

Sweet Queen 377 

Sweet Rambo 377 

Sweet Redstreak 378 

Sweet Ribbed CiUiflower 379 

Sweet Romanite 377 

Sweet Russet 377 

Sweet Busset 123, 317, 358 

Sweet Seek-no-Farther 378 

Sweet Seek-no- Further 102 

Sweet and Sour 374 

Sweet Sponge 378 

Sweet Swaar 82 

Sweet Vandervere 378 

Sweet Willie 378 

Sweet Wine 170 

Sweet Winesap 378 

Sweet Winter Pennock 378 

Sweeting, WeWs 399 

Swiss Apple 308 

Swiss Pippin 306 

Swiss Reinette 378 

Syke-House Russet 379 | 



Sylvan Busset 342 

Sylvester 379 

Table Greening 379 

Tallow Apple 258 

Tallman's Sweeting 379 

Talman's Sweet 379 

Tardive de Joncret 380 

Tart Bough 380 

Tart Bough 153, 308 

Tarvey Codlin 380 

Taubenfarbige Apfcl 304 

Taunton 380 

Taunton 307 

Taunton Golden Pippin 380 

Teignmouth 383 

Ten Shillings 381 

Tenderskin 381 

Tenor Hills 91 

Tenterden Park 381 

Terral'sLate 381 

Terry's Red Streak 319 

Tetofsky 381 

Tetofsky 181 

Teuchat's Egg 382 

Tewkesbury Blush 382 

Tewkesbury Winter Blush 382 

Them's Red Streak 382 

Thickset 128 

Thomas 383 

Thomas 275 

Thoral Pippin 372 

Thorle 372 

Tift's Sweet 383 

Tillaqua 383 

Timothy 383 

Timothy Titus Sort 383 

Tinmoiith 383 

TinsorCs Red 329 

Titus Pippin 383 

Toccoa 383 

Tod's Golden Pippin 296 

Toker's Incomparable 384 

Tolbert 384 

Tolman's Sweeting 379 

Tom Potter 384 

Tom Woodward Pippin 296 

Tommy Red 241 

Tompkins 152 

Toole's Indian Rareripe 384 

Tower of Glammis 384 

Tower's Glory 384 

Townsend 384 

Townsend's Smiling Beauty 385 

Trader's Fancy 385 

Transcendent 426 

Transparent Codlin 385 

Transparent de Moscovie 401 

Transpcwent Pippin 135 

Transparent de Zurich 385 

Transport 385 

Travers' 333 

Treadle Hole 386 



1038 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Trenham 286 

Trenton Early 385 

Trenton Early 293 

Trescott Russet 386 

THppe's Horse 223 

Trout Apple 101 

True Spitzenburgh 164 

Trumbull Sweet 386 

Trumbull Sweeting 386 

Trumpeter 386 

Trumpington 143, 319 

Tucker 386 

Tuebner's Cider 386 

Tuebner's Golden 386 

Tuft's 386 

Tufts Baldwin 386 

Tulip 387 

Tulipen CaUille 387 

Tulp 387 

Tulpehockcn 167 

Tulpen 387 

Turk's Cap 387 

Turkey Greening 387 

Turn-off Lane 387 

Turner''' s Cheese 201 

Tuscaloosa 387 

Tuscaloosa Seedling 387 

Tuscaloosa Sweet 387 

Tuttle 388 

Twenty Ounce 388 

Twenty Ounce Apple 388 

20- Ounce Pippin 113 

Twin 388 

Twin Cluster Pippin 128 

Twitcheirs Sweet 388 

Tyler 220 

Tyler Apple 131 

Tyre Beauty 388 

Tyroler Glanz-reinette 191 

Tyroler Pippin 389 

Uncle John 389 

Uncle RicharcVs Graft 334 

Uncle Sani's Best 170 

Undcrdunk 368 

Union 389 

Unique 389 

Updegraff 389 

Utter 389 

Vale Mascal Pearmain 390 

Van Buren 390 

Van Dyne 29G 

Van Mons Reinette 391 

Vance's Early 390 

Vance's Harvest 390 

Vandenabeele 390 

Vandernoot 390 

Vanderspiegel 390 

Vanderveer 391 

Vandervere Pippin 391 

Vandevere 391 

Vandevere 285 



PAGK 

Vandevere of Pa "391 

Vandiver 391 

Vandyne 391 

Varick 143 

Vaugoyeau 392 

Vaughn's Pippin 392 

Vaughn's Winter 392 

Vaun's Pippin. . 237 

Vermilion Ete 323 

Vermilion Royee 392 

Vermont Pippin 383 

Vermont Pumpkin Sweet 317 

Versaillaise Reinette 392 

Victoria 74 

Victoria Pippin 93 

Victoria Red 93 

Victorious Reinette 332 

Victuals and Drink 392 

Violette 393 

Virginia Greening 393 

Virginia Pippin 393 

Virginia Quaker 393 

Virginia Spice 393 

Virginia Sweet 266 

Voss' Winter 393 

VraiDrap cCOr 148 

Wabash 393 

Wabash Bcllflower 393 

W r addell Hall 394 

Wadhurst Pippin 394 

W T agener 394 

Wahr liein ette 115 

Wahrer Weiser Sornmei'-adrille 372 

Walb 286 

Walkefs Winter 395 

Walkers Yellow 395 

Wall. 286 

Walnut Stem 338 

Walpole 395 

Waltham Abbey 395 

Waltham Abbey Seedling 395 

Waltz Apple. .. 301 

Walworth 368 

Wander 286 

Wanstall 395 

Ward 395 

W'arfelCrab 427 

Warfield 395 

Warner Russet 342 

Warner's King 396 

Warraschke de Guben 396 

Warren Pennock 155 

Warren Pippin 296, 418 

Warte fs Golden Pippin 194 

Warwickshire Pippin 417 

Washington 250, 356 

Washington Pearmain 144 

Washington Royal 396 

Washington Strawberry 396 

Washington Sweet 397 

Watch Apple 115 

W^ater 397 



APFLES. 



1039 



PAGE 

Waterman's Sweet 398 

Watermelon 209, 271 

Watermelon 271 

Watrous Dumpling 151 

Watson's Dumpling 398 

Watson's Favorite 398 

Watson's New Nonsuch 372 

Watson's Vandevere 391 

Wattaugah 221 

Waugh's Crab 398 

Wax 398 

Wax Apple 158 

Waxen 92, 398 

Wealthy 398 

Wealthy's Favorite 399 

Webb's Winter 399 

Week's Pippin 135 

Weisse Antillische , 414 

Weisse ItaManische Rosmarinapfel . . 229 

Weisse Reinette 184 

Weisse Sommer Reinette 371 

Weisse Wack's Reinette 371 

Weisser Astrakan 401 

Weisser Winter Calville 401 

Welcome 98 

Well Apple 383 

Well's Sweet 399 

WeUford's Yellow 399 

Wellington 151 

Wells 147 

Welsh Pippin 267 

West G-rinstead Pippin 400 

West's Spitzenberg 140 

Westbrook 357 

Westchester Seek no Further 175 

Western Baldwin 299 

Western Beauty 89, 291 

Western Spy 399 

Westfield Seek-no-Further 399 

Westmoreland Long start 256 

Weston 400 

Wheeler's Extreme 400 

Wheeler's Eusset 401 

Wheeler's Sweet 401 

Wheelock Sweet 323 

Whig 401 

White Apple 92 

White Astrachan 401 

White Beauty 401 

White Bellfleur 296 

White BcUflower 296 

White Calville 401 

White Calville 372 

White Cockle 129 

White Detroit 296 

White Doctor 402 

White Fulwood. 185 

White Graft of Wis 168 

White Hawthornden 212 

White Incomparable 402 

White June 419 

White Juneating 402 

White Lily 144 



PAGE 

White Melrose 272 

White Nonpareil 402 

White Oslin 296 

White Paradise 402 

mite Pippin 402 

White Pippin 289, 296 

White Rambo 403 

White Romarin 403 

White Russet 404 

White Seek-no-Further 202, 296 

White Spanish Reinette 404 

White Spice 404 

White Spice 152 

White Spitzenberg 404 

White Stone Pippin 289, 362 

White Sugar 82 

White Summer Pippin 404 

White Sweet 404 

White Vandevere 391 

White Virgin 405 

^Vhite Wine 405 

White Winter 405, 427 

White Winter Calville 401 

White Winter Pearmain 405 

White's London Pippin 257 

White's Red Winter 404 

mite's Winter 405 

Whitewater Sweet 405 

Whitman 406 

Whitmore's Pippin 406 

Whitney Russet 406 

Whorle Pippin 372 

Wick Pearmain 406 

Wickham's Pearmain 406 

Wier Sweet 407 

Wigwam 324 

Wildcat 346 

Wilden Apfcl 312 

Wilfong 407 

William Penn 407 

William Tell 306 

William's Early 407 

William's Favorite 4.07 

William's Pippin 407 

William's Red 407 

William's White 407 

Willis Sweet 408 

Willis's Russet 408 

Willow 409 

Willow Leaf Pippin 296 

Willow Twig 409 

Willsboro 409 

WUmot 409 

Wilmot's Seedling 409 

Wilson 410 

Wilson? s June 118 

Wilson's Summer 410 

Wilson's Volunteer 410 

Winchell Sweet 410 

Windham Russet 410 

Wine 410 

Wine 159, 285, 334 

Wine of Connecticut 388 



1040 APPLES APEICOTS. 



PAGE 

Wine Sop 411 

Winesap 411 

Wiog Sweet 411 

Winn's Russet 412 

Window 412 

Winter BeUe and Bonne 91 

Winter Belle boon 91 

Winter Blush 167 

Winter Bough 115 

Winter Br va ding 107 

Winter Cheese 201 

Winter Citronenapfel 243 

Winter Codlin 412 

Winter Colman 412 

Winter Golden Sweet 84 

Winter Gray Reinette 412 

Winter Greening 201 

Winter Harvey 413 

Winter Hog- Island Sweet 413 

Winter Horse 286 

Winter Jannetting 321 

Winter Lading- 413 

Winter Maiden's Blush 413 

Winter Ma jettin 413 

Winter May 270 

Winter Pearmain 413 

Winter Pexmnain 81, 275, 363 

Winter Pippin 413 

Winter Pippin of Genem 189 

Winter Pippin of Vermont 41 4 

Winter Pound Royal 311 

Winter Queen 109 

Winter Bed Streak 115, 238 

Winter Reinette. 414 

Win ter Reinette 414 

Winter Rose 28*3 

Winter Russet 243 

Winter Seedling 399 

Winter Seek-no- Further 170 

Winter Sleeping Beauty 353 

Winter Strawberry 414 

Winter Straicberry 387 

Winter Street Bough 115 

Winter Sweet Paradise 414 

Winter Wine 410 

Winthrop Greening 415 

Winthrop Pearmain 415 

Wisner 415 

WitherilVs White Sweet 404 

Wolfs Den 83 

Wollaton Pippin 134 

Wonder 208 

Wood's Greening 416 

Wood's Huntingdon 135 

Wood's Sweet 416 

Woodland 415 

Woodpecker 85 

Woodring 416 

Woodstock 152 

Woodstock Pippin 100 

Woodward's Pippin 296 

Woolfolks 416 

WoolmajCs Harvest 371 



PAGE 

Woolman's Long 296 

Warden's Pie Apple 356 

World's Wander 286 

Wormsley Pippin. 416 

Wright 416 

Wright's Janet 417 

Wygers 195 

Wyken Pippin 417 

Wyker Pippin 195 

Wythe 306 

Yacht 417 

Yadkin 417 

Yahoola 417 

Yankee Spy 417 

Yates 418 

Yellow 135 

Yellow Bellflower 41 8 

Yellow Crank 201 

Yellow Foster 419 

Yellow German Reinette 195 

Yellow Harvest 1 53 

Yellow Hoss 223 

Yellow Ingestrie 419 

Yellow Janett 321 

Yellow June 419 

Yellow May 402 

Yellow Meadow 419 

Yellow Newtown Pippin 419 

Yellow Pearmain 127 

Yellow Pip/pin 285, 296 

Yellow Siberian Crab 427 

Yellow Sweet 419 

Yelloic Vandervere 391 

Yoder 106 

Yopp's Favorite 420 

York 420 

York Imperial 420 

York Pippin 169, 195 

York Russet 123, 317 

Yorkshire Goose Sauce 421 

Yorkshire Greening 421 

Yost 421 

Young's Long Keeping 158 

Zane 421 

Zane Greening 421 

Zieber 421 

Zoar Greening 421 

Zour Bough 313 

Zweibel Apftl , 103 



APRICOTS. 

Abricot Blanc 442 

Abricot Ccmmun 440 

Abricot de Provence 439 

Abricot hdtif Musgute 440 

Abricot Peche 4' ; ;9 

Abricot Pricoce 440 

Abricotier 440 

Abricotier Blanc 442 



APRICOTS. 



1041 



PAGE | 

Abricotier hdtif 440 

Alberge 433 

Alberge de Montgamct 437 

Albergier 433 

Amande Aveline 434 

Amygdalus dasycarpa 434 

Ananas 434, 439 

Angoumis 434 

Anjou 434 

Anson's 438 

Anson's Imperial 439 

Beauge 434 

Black 434 

Blanc 442 

Blenheim 441 

Blotched-leaved Roman 440 

Blotched-leaved Turkey 441 

Breda 434 

Briancon Apricot 442 

Briancon Plum 442 

Brown Masculine 440 

Brown's Early 435 

Brussels 435 

Burlington 435 

Canino Grosso 435 

Claude Bidot 435 

Cornice de Toulon 435 

Crotte 437 



& Alexandrie 

Des Farges 

De Hollande 

De Nancy 438, 4£ 

De Sardaigne 

De St. Jean 

De St. Jean Rouge 

Double-flowering Apricot 

Du Luxembourg 

Du Pape 

Dubois' Early Golden 

Dunmore 

Dunmore's Breda 



438 
435 
434 
441 
441 
437 
437 
442 
439 
434 
43(3 
438 



Early Golden 436 

Early Masculine 440 

Early Moorpark 436 

Early Orange 438 

Early White Mascidine 442 

Friihe Muscateher 440 

O ermine 440 

Gold Blotched 441 

Golden Drop 436 

Green Gage 441 

Gros oV Alexandrie 437 

Gros Fruhe 437 

Gros Prlcoce 437 

Gros Rouge 437 

Gros Rouge Hdtif 437 

Grosse G ermine 440 

66 



PACK 

LTasselnussmandel 434 

Hemskirke 436 

Hunt's Moorpark 438 

Jaques 436 

Kaisha 436 

Lafayette 436 

Large Early 437 

Large Red 437 

Large Turkey 441 

Liabaud 437 

Luizet. . . , 437 

Male. 439 

Mexico 437 

Montgamet 437 

Moorpark 438 

Musch-Musch 438 

Newhall's Early 438 

Noir 434 

Oldaker's Moorpark 438 

Orange 438 

Oullins Early Peach 439 

Peach 439 

Peche 439 

Peche Grosse 439 

Persian 438 

Persique 434 

Ppsiche 439> 

Pine Apple 43$ 

Portugal 439 

Prlcoce d'Esperin 437 

Prlcoce d'Hongrie 437 

Provence. . 439 

Purple Apricot 434 

Red Masculine 440 

Ringold 440 

Roman 440 

Royal 440 

Royal George 438 

Royal Orange 438 

Royal Peach 439 

Royal Persian 438 

Rouge 434 

St. Ambroise 441 

Sardinian 441 

Shipley's 441 

Shipley's Large 441 

Sudlow's Moorpark 438 

SukerPara 441 

Temple's 438 

Texas 441 

Transparent 440 

Turkey 441 



1042 



BERBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES CHERRIES. 



PAGE 



Violet 434 

Walton Moorpark 438 

White Algiers 442 

White Apricot 442 

White Masculine 442 

Wurtemburg 439 

BERBERRIES & BLACKBERRIES. 

THE BERBERRY. 

Common Red 443 

BLACKBERRIES. 

Adair's Claret 443 

Albion 443 

Cape May 444 

Colonel Wilder 444 

Crystal White 444 

Cumberland 444 

Cut-Leaved 444 

Cutter's Mulberry 444 

Dewberry 445 

Doctor Warder 444 

Dorchester 444 

Double Pink Blossomed 446 

Double White Blossomed 446 

Duncan's Falls 445 

Farley 445 

Felton.. 445 

Holcomb 445 

Kentucky AVhite 445 

Kittatinny 445 

Lawton 446 

Low Blackberry 445 

Mason's Mountain 445 

Missouri Mammoth 445 

New Rochelle 446 

Newman's Thornless 446 

Orange's Crystal 444 

Parsley Leaved. 444 

Rose Flowering Bramble 447 

Rubas Canadensis 445 

Rubus odoratus 447 

:Sable Queen 446 

Seacofs Mammoth 446 

Trailing Blackberry 445 



PAGE 



Wachusett 446 

Washington 446 

Wilson's Early 446 

CHERRIES. 

A Courte Queue de Provence 480 

Adam's Crown 450 

Admirable de Soissons 476 

All-Saints 487 

Allen's Sweet Montmorency 474 

Allerheiligen Kirsche. 487 

Amber 450 

Amber 453 

Amber Gean 451 

Amber Heart 462 

Amber a petit fruit 476 

Ambree 451 

Ambree de Choisy 477 

Ambrie d Gros Fruit 477 

American Amber 451 

American Heart 451 

Anglaise Tardive 482 

Anne 451 

AnseWs Fine Black 455 

Apple Cherry 464 

Arch Duke 477 

Arderis Early White Heart 462 

Argental's Late 451 

Autumn Bigarreau 452 

Baramdam 484 

Baumann's May 452 

Belle Agathe 452 

Belle Agathe de Novembre 452 

Belle Audegoise 477 

Belle de Bavay 485 

Belle de Chatenay 477 

Belle de Choisy 477 

Belle Magnifique 477 

BeUe et Magnifique 477 

Belle d'Oiieans 452 

Belle Polonaise 479 

Belle de Rocmont 463, 467 

Belle de Sceaux 477 

Belle de Sceaux 477 

Belle de Soissons 476 

Benham's Fine Early Duke 483 

Bigarreau 453 

Bigarreau Canir de Pigeon 453 

Bigarreau Couleur de Chair 463 

Bigarreau Blanc 476 

Bigarreau Blanc de Drogan 461 

Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildes- 

heim 465 

Bigarreau d'Esperin 463 

Bigarreau Qaubalais 454 

Bigarreau Gros 453 

Bigarreau Gros Coeuret 453 

Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc 463 

Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge .... 467 
Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux 453 



CHERRIES. 



1043 



PAGE 

Bigarreau Gros Noir 474 

Bigarreau Jaboulay 453 

Bigarreau Jaune de Drogan 461 

Bigarreau Lauermann 470 

Bigarreau de Ludwig 469 

Bigarreau de Lyon 453 

Bigarreau de Mai 452 

Bigarreau Marcellin 453 

Bigarreau marbre de Hildesheim . . . 465 

Bigarreau. of Mezel 454 

Bigarreau Noir 454 

Bigarreau Noir de Savoi 454 

Bigarreau Radowesnitzer 456 

Bigarreau Riverchon 454 

Bigarreau de Rocmont 463 

Bigarreau Rouge de Gouben 462 

Bigarreau Royal 453 

Bigarreau Tardif 453 

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim . . . 465 

Bigarreau Tardive d'Argental 451 

Bigarreau des Vignes 463 

& Feuilles de Tabac . . 474 
a Grandes Feuilles. . . 474 

Bill and Coo 454 

Bishop's Large 456 

Black Bigarreau of Savoy 454 

Blade Caroon 455 

Black Circassian 456 

Black Eagle 454 

Black Hawk 455 

Black Heart 455 

Black Honey 455 

Black Mazzard 455 

Black Russian 455, 456 

Black Spanish 480 

Black Tartarian 456 

Black Wild Cherry 486 

Bleeding Heart 464 

BloodgoocCs Amber 45 1 

Blood good's Honey 451 

BloodgoocPs New Honey 451 

Bohemian Black Bigarreau 456 

Bouquet Amarelle 478 

Bowyer's Early Heart 456 

Brandy wine 456 

Brant 457 

Brenneman's Early 475 

Bristol Cherry 455 

Brown's Seedling . . , 457 

Buchanan's Early Duke 483 

Bullock's Hean-t 470 

Burr's Seedling 457 

Bmch Weichsel 478 

BiiscJiel Kirsche 478 

Buttner's Black Heart 457 

Buttner's October Morello 478 

Buttner's Yellow 457 

\ Byrnsville 458 



Carmine Stripe 457 

Carnation . 478 

| Caroline 457 

Caroon 455 



PAGE 

Cerasus avium 455 

Cerasus serndata 486 

Cerasus sylvestris flore pleno 486 

Cerasus Virginiana 486 

C. vulgaris semperflor ens 487 

Cerise Ambree 451, 453 

Cerise d Bouquet 478 

Cerise d Courte Queue 480 

Cerise Doucette 477 

Cerise Guigne 483 

Cerise Lndulle. : 479 

Cerise du Nord 484 

Cerise Nouvelle cTAngleterre 478 

Cerise d Noyau Tendre 477 

Cerise de la Palembre 477 

Cerise de Portugal 478 

Cerise de tit. Martin 487 

Cerise Tardive 487 

Cerise dela Toussainte 487 

Cerisier d Fleurs Doubles 486 

Cerisier de 4 d Livre 474 

Cerisier Nain d Fruit Rond 479 

Cerisier Nain Precoce 479 

Cerisier Pleurant 487 

Cerisier d Trochet 478 

Cerisier de Virginie 486 

Champagne 458 

Chatenay 477 

Cherry Cluster 481 

Cherry Duke 481, 483 

Chevreuse 478 

China Bigarreau 458 

Chinese Double Flowering 486 

Chinese Heart 458 

Choke Cherry 486 

Circassian 456 

Clarice's Bigarreau 470 

Clarke's Superb 470 

Cleveland 458 

Cleveland Bigarreau 458 

Cluster 478 

Cocklin's Favorite 458 

Coe's Late Carnation 478 

Coe's Transparent 458 

Cceur de Pigeon 463 

Columbia 459 

Common English 455 

Common Red 481, 482 

Common Sour Cherry 482 

Commune 481 

Commune d Trochet 478 

Conestoga 459 

Cornelia 459 

Corone 455 

Coularde 483 

Couronne 455 

Crown 478 

Cumberland Seedling 475 

Dacotah 459 

D'Allemagne 478 

Dauphine 478 

Davenport 459 



1044 



CHERKIES. 



Davenports Early 459 

Davenport's Early Black 459 

De Chaux 478 

D'Espagne 483 

DeHollande 483 

DeKalb 481 

De Kleparow 479 

De Soissons 476 

De la Toussaint 479 

Delicate 460 

Doclienaut 478 

Doctor 460 

Donna Maria 479 

Doppelte Natte 479 

Double Flowering Kentish 486 

Double French Cherry 486 

Double Glass 480 

Double Heart 456 

Double Natte 479 

Double Volgers 480 

Doulin Bigarreau 460 

Downer 460 

Downer's Late 460 

Downer's Late Bed 460 

Downing's Reel Cheek 461 

Downton 461 

Dredge's Early White Heart 462 

Drog ail's 1 " Gelbe Knorpelskirsche . ... 461 

Drogan's White Bigarreau 461 

Drogan's Yellow Bigarreau 461 

Duchesse de Palluau 479 

Dutch Morello 484 

Dwarf Double -Flowering 486 

Early Black 455 

Early Black Bigarreau 461 

Early Duke 483 

Early Lamaurie 461 

Early Lvons 462 

Early May 479, 480 

Early Prolific 462 

Early Burple Griotte 462 

Early Purple Guigne 462 

Early Red Bigarreau 462 

Early Bichmond 481 

Early White Heart 462 

Elizabeth 463 

Elkhom 474 

Elkhom of Maryland 474 

Elliott's Favorite 463 

Elton 463 

Elton Kirsche 463 

Elton's Bunte Knoi^pelkirsche 463 

Empress Eugenie 480 

English Morello 484 

English Weichsel 480 

Esperen Bigarreau 463 

Ever- Flowering Cherry 487 

Excellente Douce Tardive 480 

Favorite 463 

Flandrische Weiclisel 478 

Flemish 480 



PAGTC 

Flesh- Colored BigaiYcau 463 

Florence 464 

Four to the Bound 474 

Frankische Wucher Kirsche 484 

Eraser's Black 456 

Eraser's Black Heart 456 

Eraser's Black Tartarian 456 

Eraser's Tartarische 456 

Fraser's White Tartarian 476 

Fraser's White Transparent 476 

Frogmore Early Bigarreau 464 

Friihe Eleine Bunde 479 

Friihe Zwej-g Weichsel 479 

Gascoigne's Heart 464 

Gean Amber 451 

German May duke 462 

Gifford's Seedling 464 

Gobet d Courte Queue 480 

Golden 467 

Governor Wood 464 

Graffion 453 

Great Bigarreau 454 

Great Bigarreau of Mezel 454 

Great Cornelian 480 

Gridley 464 

Griotte cP Espagne 483 

Griotte Grosse Na&e 483 

Griotte Ordinaire du Nord 484 

Griotte de Bortugal 477 

Griotte Precoce 483 

Griotte de V'itlennes 478 

Griottier a Bouquet 478 

Griottier Kain Precoce 479 

Griottier Bouge Bale 478 

Groote Brincess 453 

Gros Bigarreau Blanc 463 

Gros Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. . 463 

Gros Bigarreau Bouge 467 

Gros Cozuret 453 

Gros Gobet 480 

Gross Schwarze Knoorpel 474 

Grosse Cerise Bouge P ie 478 

Grosse Schwarze Hertz Kirsche 455 

Grosse de Wagnellee 465 

Guignier a Feuilles de Tabac 474 

Guigne grosse noir 455 

Guigne Noir Luisante 480 

Guigne Noir Tardive 474 

Guigne Bouge Hdtive 464 

Guigne Tres Precoce 465 

Guignier d rameaux pendans 487 

Guinier d fruit noir 455 

Harrison Heart 476 

Hdtive 479 

Hative Malgre Tout 480 

HenseVs Early 465 

Herefordshire Heart 464 

Herefordshire White 462 

Herz Kirsche 475 

Hildesheim Bigarrsau 435 



CHERRIES. 



1045 



PAGE 

Hildesheimer gam Spate Knorpel 



Kirsche 405 

Hildesheimer Spate Herz Kirsche. . . 4G5 

Htfadley 465 

Holland Bigarreau 470 

HoUandisclie Grosse 453 

Holman'sDuke 4S0 

Honey 4G5 

Hovey 465 

Hyde's Late Black 466 

Hyde's Red Heart 466 

Impera trice Eugenie 480 

Imperial 453 

Imperial English Amber 450 

Imperial Morello 481 

Italian Heart 453 

Jaune de Prusse 466 

Jeffrey's Duke 481 

Jeffrey's Royal 481 

Jeffrey's Royal Gar oon 481 

Jocosot 466 

June Duke 481 

Kennicott 466 

Kentish 481 

Kentish 480 

Kentish Red 481, 482 

Keokuk 466 

Kirsch von der Natte 479 

Kirsche mit Saftigen Fleisch 474 

Rutland's Large Morello 482 

Kirtland's Mammoth 466 

Kirtland's Mary 467 

Kirtland's Morello 482 

Knevett's Late Big arreau 464 

Knight's Early Black 467 

Kdnigliclie Amarelle 479 

Lady of the Lake 467 

Lady Southampton's Duke 467 

Lady Southampton's Golden Drop . . 467 

Lady Southampton's Yellow 467 

Large Black Bigarreau 474 

Large Double Flowering 486 

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. 45%, 463 

Large Honey 465 

Large Mayduke 483 

Large Mordlo 484 

Large Red Bigarreau 467 

Large Red Prool 454 

Large White Bigarreau 476 

Large Wild Black 455 

Late Amber 458 

Late Arch Duke 477 

Late Bigarreau 468 

Late Duke 482 

Late Duke 477 

Late Honey 465 

Late Kentish 482 

Late Purple G-uigne 468 

Lauermann's Grosse Kirsche 470 



PAOX 

Lauermann's Herz Kirsche 470 

Lauermann's Kirsche 470 

Laura 4(J8 

Leather Stocking 468 

Lemercier 485 

Lincoln 468 

Lindley 468 

Lion's Heart 470 

Logan 468 

Louis Philippe 482 

Love Apple 483 

Ludwig 469 

Lud trig's Bigarreau 469 

Lundie Gean 469 

Madison Bigarreau 469 

Magnifique de Sceaux 477 

Manning's Early Black Heart 469 

Manning's Late Black 469 

Manning's Mottled 469 

Martin's Weichsel 487 

May Cherry 479 

May Cluster 481 

Mayduke 483 

Mazzard ■ 455 

Merisier d Fleurs Doubles 486 

Merisier d fruit blanc 465 

Merisier d petit fruit 455 

Merisier d petit fruit noir 455 

Merry Cherry 455 

Merveille de Septernbre 469 

Milan 484 

Millet's Late Heart Duke 483 

Mo nats Amarelle 487 

Monstreuse de Bat ay 485 

Monstrous May 475 

Monstrous de Mezel 454 

Montmorency 480, 481 

Montmorency a Gros Fruit. 480 

Montmorency d longue queue 481 

Morello 484 

Morello de Charmeux 484 

Morris Duke 483 

Morris" s Early Duke 483 

Mottled Bigarreau 469 

Moyer's Honey Heart 469 

Muscat de Prague 481 

Nancy 470 

Napoleon Bigarreau 470 

New Large Black Bigarreau 454 

New Mayduke 459 

Noir Pricoce de Strass 473 

Nouvelie Royale 484 

Ochsen Hem Kirsche 470 

Ohio Beauty 470 

Osceola 470 

Ostheim 484 

Ostheimer Kirsche 484 

Ostheimer WeicJisel 484 

Ox -Heart 470 

Ox-Heart 476 



1046 



CHERRIES — CRANBERRIES. 



PAGE 

Paramdam 484 

Petite Cerise Rouge Pncoce 479 

Pie Cherry 481, 482 

Pierce's Late 471 

Planclioury . 477 

Plumstone Morello 484 

Pontiac 471 

Portugal Duke 477, 483 

Powhattan 471 

Precoce 479 

President 471 

Prince's Black Heart 471 

Prinzessin Kirsche 453 

Proudfoot 471 

Primus cerasus pleno 486 

Bed Heart 464 

Red Jacket 472 

Reine Hortense 485 

Remington 472 

Remington Heart 472 

Remington White Heart 472 

Richardson 472 

Rival 472 

Rivers's Early Amber 472 

Rivers's Early Heart 472 

Roberts' Red Heart 473 

Rockport 473 

Rockport Bigarreau 473 

Ronald's Heart 456 

Ranald 's Large Black Heart 456 

Ronalds Large MoreUo 484 

Rose de Lyons 462 

Royal Duke 485 

Royale 481 

Roy ale Anglaise Tardive 485 

Royale Hdtive 483 

Royale Ordinaire 481 

Rnmsey's Late Morello 485 

St. Martin's Amarelle 487 

Schdne von Choisy 477 

Schwarze Herz liirsche 456 

Seize d la Livre 485 

September Weichsel Grosse 484 

Serrulated Leaved Cherry 486 

Shannon 485 

Shippen 481 

Small Bauble Flowering 486 

Small May 479 

Small Wild Black 455 

Spanish Black Heart 455 

Spanish Yellow 467 

Sparhawk's Honey 473 

Sparrowhawk's Honey 473 

Spa te Hildesheimer Marmor Kirsche . 465 

S trass's Early Black 473 

Street's May 475 

Sumner's Honey 473 

Superb Circassian 456 

Sussex 481 

Swedish 462 

Sweet Montmorency 474 



PAGR 

Tardive de Mons 469 

Tartarian 456 

Tecumseh 474 

The Doctor 460 

Tliompsoii's Duke 483 

Tobacco-Leaved 474 

Tomato 483 

Townsend , 474 

Tradescants 474 

Tradescant's Black Heart 474 

Transparent 475 

Transparent Gean 475 

Transparent Guigne 475 

Trauben Amarelle 478 

Trempe Pricoce 462 

Tres-Fertile 478 

Triumph of Cumberland 475 

Turkey Bigarreau 453, 476 

Vail's August Duke 485 

Very Large Heart 470 

Vier auf ein Pfund 474 

Virginian May . . 481 

Virginian Wild Cherry 486 

Virginische Kirsche 486 

Warren's Transparent 475 

Waterloo 475 

Wax Cherry 478 

Weeping 487 

Weichsel mit ganzkurzen Stid 480 

Wellington 475 

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau 475 

Werder's Early Black Heart 475 

Werdsche Friihe Schwarze 475 

West's White Heart 453 

WetheriU 481 

White Bigarreau 476 

White Bigarreau 453, 476 

White French Guigne 476 

White Heart 462 

White Mazzard 456 

White Ox-Heart 476 

White Tartarian 476 

White Transparent 462 

Whixley Black 455 

Wild Black Fruited 455 

Wild Cherry 486 

Wild English Cherry 455 

Wilder 1 s Bigarreau de Mai 452 

Wilkinson 476 

Yellow 467 

Yellow Honey 465 

Yellow Spanish 453 

Yung To 486 

Zwerg Kirsche 484 



CRANBERRIES. 
Bell-Shaped 493 



CRANBERRIES CURRANTS FIGS. 1047 

PAGR PASS 



Bugle, Oval, or Egg-shaped 493 

Cherry 493 



CURRANTS. 

Attractor 489 

Bang Up 492 

Black English 492 

Black Naples 492 

Black Grape 492 

Blanc Transparent 491 

Burst's Long-Bunched 489 

Oasis 492 

Caucase 490 

Champagne . 489 

Cherry 489 

Common Black 492 

Dana's New White 492 

Fertile d' Angers - . 490 

Fertile de Palluau 489 

Goliath 491 

G-ondouin Red 490 

Gondouin White 490 

Groseillier d Fruit Couleur de Chair. 489 

Groseillier Rouge d Gros Fruit 491 

Grosse Rouge de Holland. 491 

Grosse Weiss und Rothgestreifte Jo- 
hannesbeere 491 

Hdtive de Bertin 490 

Houghton Castle 491 

Imperial Blanc 492 

Imperial Red 490 

Imperial White 492 

Knight's Early Red 490 

Knight's Large Red 490 

Knight's Sweet Red 490 

La Fertile 490 

La Hative 490 

La Versaillaise 490 

Large-Bunched Red 491 

Large Red Butch 491 

Long-Bunched Red 491 

Macrocarpa 490 

May's Victoria 491 

Missouri Currant 493 

Morgan's Red 491 

Morgan's White 492 

New Red Butch 491 

New White Dutch 492 

Ogden's Black Grape 492 



Pheasant's Eye 489 

Prince Albert 491 

Raby Castle 491 

Red Dutch 491 

Red Flowering Currant 493 

Red Grape 491 

Red Provens 490 

Reeve's White 493 

Short-Bunched Red 491 

Silver- Striped 491 

Striped-Fruited 491 

Transparent 491 

Victoria 491 

White Antwerp 492 

White Clinton 492 

White Crystal 492 

White Dutch 492 

White Grape 492 

White Leglwrn 492 

White Provence 492 

Wilmot's Red Grape 491 



FIGS. 

Angelique 498 

Bayswater 497 

Black Genoa 496 

Black Ischia 496 

Black Naples 497 

Blue Ischia 496 

Bordeaux 498 

Brown Hamburg 497 

Brown Ischia 497 

Brown Italian 497 

Brown Naples 497 

Brown Turkey 497 

Brunswick 497 

Chestnut 497 

Chestnut-colored Ischia 497 

Clementine 497 

Concourelle Blanche 498 

Early Forcing 496 

Figue Blanche 498 

Ford's Seedling 498 

Green Ischia 499 

Hanover 497 

Italian 497 

Large Blue 497 

Large White Genoa 498 



1048 



FIGS GOOSEBERRIES. 



PAGE 

Lee's Perpetual 497 

Madonna 497 

Malta 498 

Marseilles 498 

Melitte 498 

Murrey 497 

Nerii 498 

Pocock 498 

Pregussata 499 

Red 497 

Small Brown j 497 

Small Brown Ischia 497 

Violette 498 

Violette de Bordeaux 498 

White Ischia 499 

White Marseilles 498 

White Naples 498 

White Standard 498 

GOOSEBERRIES. 

American Red 504 

American Seedling 504 

Atlas 503 

Banks Dublin 503 

Berry's Greenwood 502 

Boardrnan's British Crown 501 

Briton 503 

Broom Girl 503 

BuerdsQTs Duckwing 502 

Capper's Bonny Lass 503 

Cappers Bunker Hill 502 

Capper's Top Sawyer 501 

Champagne 501 

Cleworth's White Lion 502 

Cluster 504 

Collier's Jolly Angler 502 

Conquering Hero 503 

Cook's White Eagle 503 

Crompton Sheba Queen 502 

Downing 503 

Dutch Joe 504 

Early Green Hairy 502 

Echo 503 

Edward's Jolly Tar 502 

Elijah 503 

Farrow's Roaring Lion 501 

Favorite 503 

Freedom 503 

Glenton Green 502 

Gorton's Viper 502 



PAGE 

Green Gascoigne 502 

Green River 503 

Green Walnut 502 

Guido 503 

Hapley's Lady of the Manor 503 

Hartshorn's Lancashire Lad 501 

Hepburn Green Prolific 502 

Hill's Golden Gourd 502 

Hobbs' Seedling 504 

Hopley's Companion 503 

Houghton's Seedling 504 

Huntsman 503 

Husbandman 503 

Independent 503 

Jolly Cutter 503 

Keen's Seedling 501 

Keepsake 503 

Lady Delamere 503 

Leigh's Rifleman 501 

Marigold 503 

Massey's Heart of Oak 502 

Melling's Crown Bob 501 

Miss Bold 501 

Mountain Seedling 504 

Ohio Prolific 504 

Ohio Seedling . 504 

Ostrich 503 

Overall 503 

Pale Red 504 

Parkinson's Laurel 502 

Part's Golden Fleece 502 

Pilot 503 

Pitmaston Green Gage 502 

Prince Albert 503 

Prince Regent 503 

Profit 503 

Prophet's Rockwood 502 

Queen Caroline 503 

Red Warrington 502 

Riley's 503 

Riley's Tallyho 502 

Robert's Sweet Water 504 

St. Clair .. 504 

Saunders' Cheshire Lass 503 

Scorpion ^03 

Smiling Beauty 303 

Smith's Improved 504 

Smith's Seedling 504 

Sovereign 593 

Taylor's Bright Venus 503 

Teazer 503 



GOOSEBERRIES GRAPES. 



1049 



PAG K 

Thumper 503 

Wainman's G-reen Ocean 502 

Wellington's Glory 503 

White Honey 503 

Wistastoa Hero 503 

Woodward's White Smith 503 

Yellow Ball 502 

Yellow Champagne 502 

Young? Wonderful 503 



GRAPES. 

Adirondac 528 

Agawam 52S 

Aiken 545 

Albino 528 

Aleatica du Po 520 

Aleppo 513 

Alexander's 528 

Alexandrian Frontignan 521 

Alicante 513 

Alicantenivein 513 

Allair 528 

Alvey 530 

Amber Muscadine 521 

American Muscadine 554 

Amiens 521 

Amoureux 554 

AnselVs Large Oval Black 515 

Aramon 516 

Archer 530 

Arcott 530 

Arkansas 530 

Arnold's No. 1 552 

Arnold's No 2 536 

Arnold's No. 5 530 

Arnold's No. 8 532 

Arnold's No. 16 533 

Aughwick 530 

August Pioneer 530 

August Traube 517 

Autuchon 530 

Auvema 514 

Attvernas Rouge 514 

Auverne 514 

Baker 545 

Baldwin le Noir 530 

Barnes 531 

Barry 531 

Baxter 531 

Beautiful 556 

Bird's Egg , 531 

Black Burgundy 514 

Black Gape 528 

Black Champion 514 

Black Chasselas 515 

Black Cluster 514 

Black Constantia 514 

Black Frankenthall 514 



PACK 

Black Frontignac 514 

Black Frontignan 514 

Black German 558 

Black Grape from Tripoli 516 

Black Hamburgh 514 

Black Hawk 531 

Black July 531 

Black Lisbon 513 

Black Lombardy 515 

Black MoriUon 514 

Black Morocco 515 

Black Muscadel 515 

Black Muscadine 515 

Black Muscat of Alexandria 515 

Black Palestine 513 

Black Portugal 513 

Black Prince 515 

Black St. Peters 513 

Black Spanish 513 

Black Spanish Alabama 551 

Black Sweetwater 515 

Black Tripoli 516 

Black Valentia 513 

Blacksmith's White Cluster 522 

Blanc de Bonneuil 518 

Bland 531 

Bland's Madeira 531 

Bland's Pale Bed 531 

Bland's Virginia 531 

Blauer von Alicante 513 

Blood's Black \ 532 

Bloomburg 536 

Blue Favorite 532 

Blue Grape 531 

Blue Imperial 532 

Blue Trolling er 514 

Bogue's Eureka 545 

Boston 515 

Bourdales des Ilautes Pyrenees 514 

Bowood Muscat 516 

Brandywine 532 

Brant 532 

Brinckle 532 

Brown 532 

Brown Hamburgh 514 

Bull 554 

Bullett 554 

Burckhardt's Prince 516 

Burgunder. 514, 517 

Burgundy of Georgia 552 

Burroughs 532 

Burton's Early 532 

Busby's Golden Hamburgh 519 

Camden 532 

Gampanella Bianca 521 

Canada 533 

Canadian Hamburgh 552 

Canadian Hybrid 552 

Canby's August 558 

Canon Hall Muscat ' . 516 

Cape Grape 528 

Carter 533 



1050 



GRAPES. 



PAGE 

Garter 556 

Cassady 533 

Catawba 533 

Catawba Tokay 533 

Cataicissa Bloom 536 

Gerese Septembro 521 

Challenge 533 

Chaptal 516 

Charlsworth Tokay 516 

Charlesworth Tokay Malaga 521 

Charter Oak 533 

Ghasselas blanc 521 

Ghasselas dore 521 

Ghasselas de Fontainebleau 521 

Chasselas Musque 516 

Ghasselas Noir 515 

Ghasselas panache 513 

Ghasselas Precoce 524 

Ghasselas Bouge 521 

Ghasselas Bouge Fonc'e 521 

Chasselas Royal 517 

Ghasselas Boyal 524 

Chasselas Vibert 517 

Chippewa 534 

Christie's Improved Isabella 542 

Christine : 556 

Cigar- Box Grape 551 

Clara 534 

Claret 534 

Clermont 533 

Clifton's Constantia 528 

Clinton 534 

Cloanthe 545 

Clover Street Black 534 

Clover Street Red 534 

Columbia 534 

Columbia County 536 

Concord 536 

Conqueror 536 

Constantia 528 

Cornucopia 536 

Cottage 536 

Cowan 536 

Crevelling 536 

Croton 537 

Cumberland lodge 518 

Cunningham 537 

Cuyahoga 537 

Cynthiana 537 

Dana 537 

TSArbois 521 

Delaware 537 

Be St. Jean 517 

Detroit 539 

Bevereux 531 

Diamant 522 

Biamant Traube 522 

Diana 539 

Diana Hamburgh 539 

Dracut Amber 539 

Duchess of Buccleugh 517 

Butch Hamburgh 514 



PAGE 

Butch Sweetwater 524 

Early Black 5l4 

Early Black Bordeaux 517 

Early Black July 517 

Early Chasselas 518 

Early Golden Frontignan 517 

Early Hudson 539 

Early Eienzheim 518 

Early Saumur Erontignan 517 

Early Silver Frontignan 518 

Early Smyrna Frontignan 518 

Early Sweetwater 524 

Early White Teneriffe 521 

Early White Malvasia 518 

Early White Mmcadine 524 

Elizabeth 539 

Elsenborough 540 

Elsinbaro 540 

Elsingburgh , 540 

Emily , 540 

Erbalus 522 

Espagnin Noir 513 

Esperione 518 

Eumelan 540 

Fanclier 533 

Farineux noir 520 

Fintindo 518 

Flame- Colored Tokay 520 

Fleisch Traube 514 

Flora 540 

Foster's White Seedling 519 

Framingham 541 

Franc Pineau 514 

Frankendale 514 

Frankenthaler 514 

Frankenthaler Gros Noir 514 

Franklin 540 

Fromente 520 

Garber's Albino 528 

Garrigues 540 

Genuine Tokay 524 

German Wine 558 

Gibraltar . 514 

Goethe 540 

Golden Champion 519 

Golden Chasselas 521 

Golden Clinton 541 

Golden Hamburgh 519 

Graham 541 

Grauer MuscateUer 519 

Gray Tokay 524 

Green's Prolific 519 

Grizzly Frontignac 519 

Grizzly Frontignan 519 

Gros Maroc 519 

Grosser Riessling 524 

Grove End Sweet Water 518 

Hagar 530 

Hall 541 



GRAPES. 



1051 



PAGE 

Hampton Court Vine 514 

Hardy Blue Windsor 518 

Hart 531 

Hartford Prolific 541 

Hattie 541 

Heath 537 

Herbemont 541 

Herbemont's Madeira 541 

Hettie 541 

Hine 542 

Hopkins Early Bed 558 

Howell 542 

Hudler 514 

Hudson 542 

Husson 531 

Hyde's Eliza 542 

Iden 546 

Imitation Hamburgh 557 

Iona 542 

Isabella 542 

Isaker Daisiko 518 

Israella 545 

Italian Wine 537 

Ives 545 

Ivei Madeira 545 

Ices' Seedling 545 

Jack 551 

Jacob's Traube 517 

Jacquez 551 

James' Seedling- 533 

Jews 522 

July Grape 517 

Jura Muscat 520 

Keuka 550 

Kilvington 545 

King 541 

Kingsessing 545 

Kitchen 545 

Kittredge 545 

Klein er Biessling 524 

Knight's Variegated Chasselas. . . . 520 
Kiimmel Traube 519 

LaanHdtif 522 

Labe 545 

Lady Downe's 520 

Lady Downe's Seedling 520 

Lake 546 

Languedoc 514 

Large German 558 

Laura Beverly 536 

Le Canir 515, 516 

Le Metier . 518 

Le Meunier 520 

Lee's 545 

Lenoir 546 

Lenoir 531 

Lincoln 531 

Lindley 546 

Logan 546 



PA OP 

Lombardy 520 

Long 537 

Long Noir d 1 'E 'spagne 522 

Longworth's Ohio 551 

Louisa 54G 

Louisiana 546 

Lydia 546 

Lyman 547 

Mc Candless. 551 

McCoun 547 

Mc Cowan 536 

McLean 531 

McNeil 547 

Madeira Wine Grape 523 

Madeira of York, Pa 528 

Madeleine 517 

Madeleine Musqu'te de Courtiller . . . 517 

Madeleine Noir 517 

Mammoth Catawba 533 

Manhattan 548 

Marion 548 

Marion Port 558 

Marocain 519 

Martha 548 

Mary 548 

Mary Ann 548 

Massasoit 548 

Maurillan noir panache 513 

Maurillan panache 513 

Maxatawney 548 

Mead's Seedling 533 

Metier blanc 518 

Meredith's Alicante 513 

Merrimack 549 

Merritt's Seedling 550 

Michigan 533 

Miles 550 

MiUer Grape 520 

Miller's Burgundy 520 

Miner's Seedling 557 

Missouri 550 

Missouri Seedling 550 

Modena 550 

Mohrendutte 514 

Money's 515 

Monteith 558 

Montgomery 550 

Morillon Hdtif 517 

Morillon noir 514 

Morillon Taconne 520 

Morna Chasselas 518 

Mornair blanc 518 

Morone Farinaccio 520 

Moscado Bianco 523 

Moscatel Commun 523 

Moscatel Gordo Blanco 521 

Moschata Bianca 523 

Mottled 550 

Mount Lebanon 550 

Mailer 520 

Mullevrebe 520 

Muscado Rosso 519 



1052 



GRAPES. 



PAGE 

Muscat of Alexandria 521 

Muscat Blanc 523 

Muscat Blanc de Jura 523 

Muscat Escholata 521 

Muscat Esculata 521 

Muscat Grec 521 

Muscat Gris 519 

Muscat Hamburgh 515 

Musca t Hdtif de Saumur 517 

Muscat of Jerusalem 521 

Muscat of Lunel 521 

Muscat Noir 514 

Muscat Noir de Jura 514, 520 

Muscat Noir Ordinaire 514 

Muscat Bomain 521 

Muscat Bouge 519 

Muscat de Saumur 517 

Muscat de Smyrne 518 

Muscat Troveren 523 

Muscat Troveren Blanc 523 

Muscateller 523 

Musk Chassclas 516 

Neil Grape 541 

Neff 550 

Nepcan's Constantia 523 

NoiHn 520 

Nonantum 550 

North America 551 

North Carolina 551 

North Carolina Seedling 551 

Northern Muscadine 551 

Norton's Seedling 551 

Norton's Virginia 551 

Ohio 551 

Ontario 557 

Onondaga 551 

Oporto 552 

Osmond 552 

Othello 552 

Baign's Isabella 542 

Palestine 522 

Pause Musqule 521 

Passe Musqule 521 

Pauline 552 

Payne's Early 542 

Perkins 552 

Petit Biessling 524 

Pineau 514 

Pitmaston White Cluster 521 

PlanteBiche 516 

Pocock's Damascus 515 

Pceschel's Mammoth 533 

Pollock 552 

Pond's Seedling 533 

Poonah 515 

Powell 531 

Precoce Musque 517 

Primavis Frontignan 521 

Purple Constantia 514 

Purple Frontignan 514 



PAGE 

Purple Hamburgh 514 

Puherulenta 520 

Raabe 552 

Baisin cCAless. 513 

Baisin de Bourgne 514 

Baisin des Carmes 515 

Baisin de Champagne 521 

Baisin de Cuba 515 

Baisin de Frontignan 523 

Baisin Pricoce 517 

Baisin Suisse 513 

Baisine dlEspagne 515 

Rebecca 553 

Red Chasselas 521 

Bed Constantia 519 

Bed Elben 554 

Bed Frontignac of Jerusalem 515 

Bed Frontignan : 519 

Bed Grape of Taurida. 520 

Bed Hamburgh 514 

Bed Lenoir 552 

Bed Muncy 533 

Bed Muscadine 521 

Bed Muscat of Alexandria 515 

BedBirer 537 

Bed Scuppernong 531 

Reeves' Muscadine 521 

Rentz 554 

Bhemish Bed 520 

Richmond 545 

Biessling 524 

Boanoke 554 

Bilssling 524 

Sogers' No. 1 540 

Rogers' No. 3 548 

Bogers' No. 4 557 

Bogers' No. 9 546 

Bogers' No. 15 528 

Bogers' No. 19 549 

Bogers' No. 22 554 

Bogers' No. Ad 531 

Bother 514 

Bothrock 528 

Royal Muscadine 521 

Budesheimerberg 524 

Bulander 554 

St Albans 516 

St. Catherine 554 

St. Genevieve 554 

St. Peters 513 

Sanct Peter's Traube 513 

Salem 554 

Salisbury Violet 514 

Sanbornton 545 

Sanborntou 542 

Saratoga 533 

Sauvignien noir 520 

Schloss Johannisberg 524 

Schuylkill Madeira 528 

Schuylkill Muscadel 528 

Schuylkill Muscadine 528 



GRAPES. 



1053 



PAGE 

Schwarzer 514 

Schwarzer Fruhzeitiger 517 

Schwarzer Spanischer 513 

Scotch White Cluster 522 

Scuppernong 554 

Seneca 541 

Shaker Grape 557 

Sheppard's Delaware 555 

Sherman 547 

Sherry 531 

ShurtlefE's Seedling 556 

Sir A. Pytches' Black 515 

Sir William Bowlegs Black 514 

Small Black Cluster 514 

Small German 558 

Smart's Elsingburg 540 

Spoford Seedling 550 

Springmill Oonstantia 528 

Steward's Black Prince 515 

Steward's Sweetwater 524 

Stock wood Park Golden Hamburgh . . 519 

Striped Muscadine 513 

Sumpter 531 

Switzerland Grape 513 

Syrian 522 

Tasker's Grape 528 

Taylor's Bullet 556 

Telegraph 556 

Terra de la Promise 522 

Thurmond 531 

To Kalon 556 

Tokai blanc 524 

Tottenham Park Muscat 521 

Trebbiano 522 

Trebbiano Bianco 522 

Trebbiano Vero 522 

Trentham Black 522 

Troller 514 

Trolling er 514 

Troveren 523 

Troveren Frontignan 523 

True Burgundy 514 

Tryon 558 

Tuley 531 

Turner's Black. 518 

Tyningham Muscat 523 

Tynningham Muscat 516 

Ugni Blanc 522 

Ugrie Noir 516 

Una 556 

Underhill 556 

Underbill's Celestial 556 

TJnderhilVs Seedling 556 

Union Village 557 

Urbana 557 

Uva Salamana 521 

Valentine's 514 

Van der Laan Precoce. . 522 

Variegated Chasselas 513, 520 

Venango 557 



PAGK 

Verdal 523 

Verdelho 523 

Verdilhio 523 

Vevay 528 

Victoria 514 

Vitis rotundifolia 554 

Vitis Vulpina 554 

Vrai Auvernas 514 

Walter 557 

Wantage 520 

Warner's Black Hamburgh 514 

Warren 541 

Warrenton 541 

Water Zoet Noir 515 

Water Zoete Blanc 524 

Weisse Muscaten Traube 523 

Weisser Muscateller 523 

Weissholziger Trollinger 514 

Welscher 514 

Wemple 537 

West's St. Peters 515 

White Cape 528 

White Catawba 533 

White Chasselas 521 

White Constantia 523 

White Frontignan 523 

White Frontniac 523 

White Hamburgh 523 

White Lisbon 523 

White Melier 518 

White Muscadine 524 

White Muscat of Alexandria 521 

White Nice 524 

White Nice 521 

White Portugal 523 

White Raisin 523 

White Ressling 524 

White Sweetwater 524 

White Tokay 524 

Wilder , 557 

Wilmington 557 

Winne 528 

Winslow 558 

Wolfe 558 

Woodward 542 

Worthington 534 

Wright's Isabella 545 

Wyman 556 

Wyoming Bed 558 

Xeres 521 

Yeddo 524 

York Lisbon 528 

York Madeira 558 

Zane 533 

MELON FAMILY. 

1. MELONS. 

Allen's Superb 560 



1054 



WATER-MELONS MULBERRIES NECTARINES. 



PAGE 

Alvord's Hybrid 560 

Beechwood 560 

Christiana 560 

Dampsha 561 

Green Citron 560 

Green Melon 561 

Ispahan 560 

Jenny Lind 560 

Large Musk Cantelope 561 

Nutmeg 561 

Persian 561 

Pine-Apple 561 

Skillman's Fine Netted 561 

Valencia 561 

White Japan 561 

Winter Melon 561 

2. WATER-MELONS. 

Apple-Seeded 562 

Baugh 562 

Black Spanish 562 

Bradford 562 

Carolina 562 

Citron Water Melon 563 

Clarendon 562 

Ice Cream 563 

Imperial 563 

Mountain Sprout 563 

Mountain Sweet 563 

Odell's Large White 563 

Orange 563 

Ravenscroft 563 

Souter 564 

MULBERRIES. 

Black Mulberry 564 

English Mulberry 564 

Everbearing 564 



PAGE 

Hick's Everbearing. 564 

Johnson 564 

Red Mulberry 565 

White Mulberry 565 



NECTARINES. 

Albert 566 

Anderson's .567, 570 

Anderson's Round 570 

Aromatic 572 

Balgone 566 

Balgowan 566 

Black 567 

Black Murry 569 

Boston 566 

Broomfield 566 

Brugnon HAtif. 572 

Brugnon Musqute 571 

Brugnon de Newington 570 

Brugnon Red at the Stone 572 

Brugnon Violette Musquee 571 

Chauviere 566 

Claremont 567 

Common Elruge 567 

Cowdray White 570 

D Angleterre 570 

De Balgone 566 

DeFeligny 568 

Downton 567 

J)u Hainaut 568 

Du Tilly's 567 

Due du Tellier's 567 

Due de Tello 567 

Due TiUiers 567 

Duke de Tilly 567 

Early Black 567 

Early Black Newington 567 

Early Brugnon 572 

Early Newington 567 

Early Violet 572 

Elruge 567 

Emerton's New White 570 

Fairchild's 568 

FairchiWs Early 568 

Feligny 568 

Fine Gold-fleshed 568 

Flanders 570 

French Newington 570 

Galopin 568 

Gathoye 568 

Golden 568 



NECTARINES NUTS. 



1055 



Hampton Court 572 

Hardwicke 569 

Hardwicke's Seedling 569 

Hunts Early Tawny 569 

Hunts Large Tawny 569 

Hunt's Tawny 569 

Large Scarlet 572 

Large White 570 

Late Green 570 

Lewis 566 

Lewis's 566 

Lord Napier 569 

Lord Selsey's Elruge 572 

Lucombe's Blade 567 

Lucombe's Seedling 567 

Muffrum 5^9 

Murrey 569 

Murry 569 

Mats White 570 

New Hark Newington 567 

New Early Newington 567 

New Scarlet 572 

New White 570 

Newington 570 

Oatlands 567 

Old Newington 570 

OldBoman 571 

Old White 570 

Orange 568 

Perkins' Seedling 566 

Peterborough 570 

Peterborough 567 

Petit Violette Hdtive 572 

Pine -Apple 570 

Pitmaston Orange 571 

Red Roman 571 

Rivers' Orange 571 

Rivers' White 571 

Roman 571 

Bough Boman 570 

Scarlet 570 

Scarlet Newington 570 

SionHill 570 

Smith's Newington 570 

Spring Grove 567 

Stanwick 571 

Temple's . .. 567 

Vermash 570 

Victoria 572 

Violet 572 

Violet Musk 572 

Violet Bed at the Stone 572 

Violette Angervillieres 572 

Violette Grosse 572 



PAGE 

Violette Hative 572 

Violette Musquee 572 

Williams' Orange 571 

Williams' Seedling 571 

NUTS. 

1. CHESTNUTS. 

Chestnut 572 

Chinquapin 573 

Dwarf Chestnut 573 

Spanish Chestnut 573 

2. FILBERTS. 

Cosford 574 

Hwarf Prolific 574 

Filbert Cob 574 

Frizzled 574 

Kentish Cob 574 

Lambert 574 

Northamptonshire Prolific 574 

Nottingham Prolific 574 

Pearson's Prolific 574 

Purple Filbert 574 

Purple-Leaved 574 

Red Filbert 574 

White Filbert 574 

3. HICKORY NUTS, BUTTERNUTS. 

Hickory Nut 574 

Shell Bark 574 

The Butternut 574 

4. WALNUTS. 

A Coqae Tendre 574 

Black 574 

He Jauge 573 

Double .. 573 

Dwarf Prolific 573 

Early-Bearing 573 

European 573 



1056 



NUTS — OLIVES ORANGE FAMILY PEACHES. 



PAGE 

Fertile 573 

French 573 

Large-Fruited 573 

Precious 573 

Thin-Shelled 574 

OLIVES. 

Broad-leaved 576 

Devil-wood 575 

Long-leaved 576 

Olivier a Fruit Arrondi 576 

Olivier Picholine 576 

Olivier Pleureur 576 

Weeping Olive 576 

W ild American 575 

ORAXGE FAMILY. 

1 . ORANGES. 

Bergamot 578 

Bitter Orange 578 

Blood Red 578 

Common Sweet 578 

Double Bigarade 578 

Fingered 579 

Havana 578 

Maltese 578 

Mandarin 578 

Noble Orange -578 

Pear-shaped 579 

Bibbed 579 

St. Augustine 578 

St. Michael's 578 

Seville 578 

Shaddock 579 

Sweet Skinned 579 

2. LEMONS. 

Common 579 

Sweet 579 



PAGE 

3. LEVIES. 

Common 579 

Porno d? Adamo 579 

4. CITRONS. 

Common 579 

Madras 579 

PEACHES. 

A Bee 596 

Abricotee 597 

Acton Scott 597 

Admirable 608 

Admirable Jaime 597 

Admirable Tardive 600 

Alberge Jaune 637 

Albert's Late Rareripe 597 

Alexandra 597 

Alexandra Noblesse 597 

Algiers Winter 621 

Algiers Yellow 621 

Alida 597 

Allen 598 

Allison 621 

Amelia 598 

Anne 609 

Apricot Peach 597 

Aremie 598 

Astor 598 

Atwood 598 

Austin's Late Red 598 

Avant Peclie de Troycs 629 

Avant Rouge 629 

Baldwin's Late 599 

Barnard's Farly 637 

Barnard's Yellow Honest John 637 

Barrington 599 

Batchelder 599 

Baxter's Seedling, No. 1. 618 

Belle Bauce 599 

BeUeBausse 599 

Belle de Beaucaire 600 

Belle et Bonne 600 

Belle Chevreuse 599 

Belle de la Croix 600 

Belle deDouai 600 

Belle de Done 600 

Belle de Fillemont 600 

Belle de Paris 622 

Belle de Vitry 600 

Belle de Vitry 608 

Bellegarde 600 

Bellis 600 

Bergen's Yellow 601 

Blanton Cling 601 

Blood Cling 601 



PEACHES. 



1057 



PAGF, 

Blood Clingstone 601 

Bonne Gros de Noisette 601 

Bordeaux Cling 602 

Brentford Mignonne 600 

Brevoort 602 

Brevoort's Morris 602 

Brevoort's Seedling Melter ... 602 

Briggs 602 

Brown Nutmeg 629 

Buckingham Mignonne 599 

Cable's Late 602 

Cable's Late Melocoton 602 

Cambridge Belle 602 

Camellia-flowered 638 

Canary 602 

Carnation-flowered 638 

Carpenter's White 603 

Catherine 603 

Chancellor 603 

Chancellilre 603 

Chinese Cling 603 

Chinese Peach 638 

Christiana 603 

Claret Clingstone 601 

Clemence Isaure 603 

Clinton 604 

Cole's Early Red 604 

Cole's White Melocoton 624 

Colonel Ausley's 599 

Columbia 604 

Columbus, June 604 

Comet 604 

Comtesse de Hainaut 605 

Congress 603 

Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe 605 

Cooledge's Favorite 605 

Count's 605 

Crawford's Early 605 

Crawford's Early Melocoton 605 

Crawford's Late 605 

Crawford's Superb Malacatune 605 

Crimson-flowered 638 

Crimson Galande 606 

Crimson Mignonne 606 

Crockett's Late White 606 

Cut- Leaved 612 

Cutter's Yellow 638 

. D'Abricot 597 

Dagmar 606 

De Beurre * 606 

De Bonlez 606 

Be Montigny 617 

i Desse Tardive 606 

I De Zelhem 606 

Doctor Hogg 607 

iD'Oignes 607 

Donahoo Cling 607 

D' Orange 597 

Dorsetshire 625 

Double-Blossomed 638 

Double Flowering Peach 638 



Double Montagne. 

Double Mountain. . 

Double Swalsh 

Druid Hill 

Duff Yellow 

D up err on 

Dwarf Orleans. . . . 



Early Admirable 

Early Albert 

Early Alfred 

Early Anne 

Early Beatrice 

Early Sourdine 

Early Chelmsford 

Early Crawford. 

Early Garlande 

Early German 

Early Grosse Mignonne 

Early Louise 

Early Maiden 

Early May 

Early Newington 610, 

Early Newington Freestone 

Early Purple 

Early Purple Avant 

Early Red Nutmeg 

Early Red Rareripe 

Early Pavers 

Early Royal George 600, 

Early Silver 

Early Sweet Water 

Early Tillotson 

Early Victoria 

Early Vineyard. 

Early White Nutmeg 

Early York 

Eastbum 

Eastburn's 'Choice 

Eaton's Golden 

Edgar's Late Melting 

Eliza Peach 

Elmira Cling 

Emperor of Russia 

English Galand 

Ernoult 

Exquisite 



Favorite 

Favorite Red. . .. 

Fine Heath . 

Flat Peach of China 

Flater's St. John 

Fie wellen Cling 

Fox's Seedling 

Freeman 

Freestone Heath 619, 

French Bourdine 

French Chancellor 

French Magdalen 

French Mignonne 

French Royal George 

Fruitland 



PAGR 

607 
607 
631 
607 
608 
608 
608 

608 
608 
608 
609 
609 
631 
609 
605 
600 
615 
609 
609 
609 
615 
632 
610 
611 
615 
629 
629 
610 
631 
610 
610 
610 
611 
615 
637 
611 
611 
611 
611 
603 
611 
612? 
612? 
637' 
612; 
612? 

612- 
612' 
616. 
638 
613 1 
613 
613 
613 
624 
620 
631 
622' 
615, 
600 
613; 



67 



1058 



PEACHES. 



PAGE 



Fruitla nd Seedling 613 

Fulkerson 613 

Fulker son's Early 613 

Gcdande 600 

Gaylord 614 

George the Fourth 614 

Gold-Flexed 637 

Golden Mignonne 637 

Goode's October 614 

Gorgas 614 

Great Eastern 614 

Green Catharine 614 

Green Nutmeg 609 

Gregory's Late 614 

Griffin's Mignonne 631 

Griffith 634 

Griffith Mcdacotune 634 

Griffith Mammoth 632 

Grim wood's New Royal George 615 

Grimwood's Royal Charlotte. 631 

G rim i rood s Royal George 615 

Gros Melocoton 626 

Gros Persique Rouge 626 

Grosse Jaime Tardive 597 

Grosse Mignonne 615 

Grosse Mignonne Hettive 609 

Haines' Early Red 615 

Hale's Early 615 

Hardy Galand 637 

Harker's Seedling 615 

Hastings' Rareripe 616 

Hatch 616 

Hative de Ferrieres 616 

Heath 616 

Heath Clingstone 616 

Heath Free 619 

Henry Clay 616 

Hero of Tippecanoe 634 

Hoffman's Pound 623 

Hoffner 617 

Hoffner's Seedling 617 

Hogg's Melocoton 629 

Honest John 619 

Honey 617 

Horton's Delicious 617 

Hovey's Cambridge BeUe 602 

Hull's Athenian 617 

Hyslop 617 

Hy slop's Clingstone. 617 

Incomparable 618 

Indian Blood 601 

Indian Peach 604 

Irish Jane 618 

Italian 622 

Italian Dwarf 608 

Jackson Cling 61 8 

Jacques' Rareripe 618 

Jacques 1 Yellow Rareripe 618 



Jane 618 

Java Peach 638 

Johnson's Early Purple 615 

Jones' Early 618 

Jones' Large Early ... 618 

Jose Sweet 618 

Judd's Melting 620 

Julia 619 

Kennedy's Carolina 621 

Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone 621 

Kenrick's Heath 619 

V Admirable 608 

La Grange 619 

La Royale 615, 620 

Lady Ann Steward 624 

Lady Parham 619 

Lady Palmerston 619 

Large American Nutmeg 610 

Large Early York 619 

Large French Mignonne 615 

Large Newington 626 

Large Red Rareripe 624, 629 

Large White Clingstone 620 

Large Yellow Rareripe 638 

Largest Lemon 621 

Late Admirable 620 

Late Admirable Cling. 618 

Late Chancellor 603 

Late Purple 620 

Late Red Rareripe 620 

Late Yellow Alberge 621 

Lemon Clingstone 621 

Lenoir 621 

Leopold 1 621 

Lincoln 621 

Lock-yer's Mignonne 631 

Long Yellow Pine- Apple 621 

Lord Fauconberg's Mignonne 631 

Lord Montague's Noblesse 625 

Lord Nelson's 631 

Lord Palmerston 621 

Luscious White Rareripe 624 

Lyon 622 

Madame d'Andrimont 622 

Ma dclein e Blanche 636 

Madeleine Blanche de Loisel 636 

Madeleine de Courson 622 

Madeleine d Petite Fleur 631 

Madeleine Rouge 622 

Madeleine Rouge ci Moyenne Fleur . 631 

Madeleine Rouge d Petite Fleur 631 

Madeleine Rouge Tardive 631 

Malacatune 629 

Malagatune 629 

Malta 622 

Malte de Normandie 622 

Mammoth 609 

Marie Antoinette 638 

Merriam 622 

Mellish's Favorite 625 



PEACHES. 



1059 



; Middleton's Imperial 629 

i Mignonne .... 615 

t Mignonne d Bee 596 

! Mignonne Dubarle 622 

j Mignonne Hdtive 609 

f Millet's Mignonne 631 

9 Molden's White 623 

Montague 607 

I Montague Blanche 636 

j Montauban 607 

(j Montgomery's Late 623 

Moore's Favorite 623 

I Moore's June 623 

f! Monstrous Pavie 626 

( Monstrous Pomponne 626 

i Monstrueuse de Done 630 

\ Morris Bed 624 

\ Morris's Red Rareripe 624 

1(1 Morris's White 624 

Morris's White Freestone 624 

5 Morris's White Rareripe 624 

W Morrisania Pound 623 

(! Morrison's Pound 623 

1 Motteux's 620 

I Mrs. Hunley 623 

I Mrs. Poinsette 623 

Mulatto 604 

l 

if; Napoleon 624 

(I Nectarine Peach 624 

(i Neil's Early Purple 615 

1 New Cut- Leaved 612 

j New Early Purple 631 

j. New Royal Charlotte 631 

jj New York Rareripe 619 

in New York White Clingstone 620 

jj Newington 626 

[ j Newington Peach 610 

jjl Nivette 625 

j t Nivette Veloutee 625 

[jj Noblesse 625 

| j, Noir de Montr euil 600 

i \ Noisette 603 

U Nonesuch of N. C 598 

It October Yellow 621 

d 8< Old Newington 626 

Oil'' Oldmixon Clear stone 625 

jti Oldmixon Cling 625 

j j f Oldmixon Clingstone 625 

m Oldmixon Freestone 625 

II \\l Orange Clingstone 626 

II ji' Orange Peach 597 

(1 \[! Orangeburg 598 

M Orchard Queen 630 

xi }? Osceola 626 

git Owen 626 

m Owen's Lemon Rareripe 626 

0Pace 604 

g i' Pavie Admirable. 618 

m Pavie Camu 626 

Pavie Monstrueux 626 



PAGE 



Pavie de Pompone 626 

Pavie de Pomponne Crosse 626 

Pavie Rouge de Pomponne 626 

Peche Jaune 637 

Peclier d Fleurs Doubles 638 

Pecher d Fleurs Semi-Doubles 638 

Peche Malte 622 

Peche Royale 620 

Peen To.' 638 

Pettit's Imperial 629 

Picquet's Late 276 

Pine-apple Clingstone 621 

Poole's Large Yellow 627 

Poole's Late Yellow Freestone 627 

Pourpne d Bee 596 

Pourpree Hdtive 611, 615 

PourprLe Hdtive Vineuse 599 

Pourpne de Normandie 615 

Pourprle Tardive 620 

Pourprle Vineuse 599 

President 627 

President Church 627 

Prince of Wales 627 

Prince's Climax 628 

Prince's Excelsior 628 

Prince's Paragon 628 

Prince's Red Rareripe 620 

Princess of Wales 628 

Pucelle de Malines 628 

Purple Alberge 637 

Purple Avant 615 

Ray 628 

Raymackers 628 

Rayzer's June 598 

Red Alberge 637 

Red Avant 629 

Red Cheek Malocoton 629 

Red-Cheek Melocoton 629 

Red Heath 616 

Red Magdalen 600, 622, 631 

Red Nutmeg 629 

Red Rareripe 629 

Red Rareripe 624 

Red and Yelloio Rareripe 638 

Reeves' Favorite , 630 

Reid's Weeping Peach 639 

Reine Des Vergers 630 

Rivers' Early York 630 

Rodman's Cling 630 

Rodman's Red 630 

Ronald's Mignonne 600 

Ronald's Seedling Qalande 615 

Rosanna 637 

Rose 633 

Rose Aromatic 630 

Rose-Flowering 638 

Rosebank 630 

Rough Paysanne 622 

Royal Charlotte 631 

Royal George 631 

Royal Kensington 615 

Royal Sovereign 615 



1060 



PEARS. 



PAGE 

St. George 632 

Sally's Peach 598 

Sanguinole d Chair Adherente 601 

Scott's Early Eed 631 

Scott's Magnate 631 

Scott's Nectar 631 

Scott's Nonpareil 629 

Scott's October 632 

Seedling Noblesse 597 

Selby's Cling 620 

Serrate Early York 611 

Serrated, 612 

Shanghae 632 

Smith's Early Newington 610, 632 

Smith's Favorite 632 

Smith's Newington 632 

Smith's Newington 610 

Smock Freestone 632 

Smooth-leaved Royal George 600 

Snow 632 

Stephenson Cling 633 

Stetson's Seedling 633 

Stewart? s Late Galande 603 

Strawberry 633 

Str Oman's Carolina 598 

Stump the World 633 

Sturtevant 633 

Sumner's Early 633 

Sumner's White Free 634 

Superb 631 

Superb Royal 615 

Susquehanna 634 

Sweet Water 610 

Swiss Mignonne 615 

Teton de Venus 620 

Tice 629 

Tinley's October 634 

Tippecanoe 634 

Titus 634 

Troth's Early Red 634 

True Red Magdalen 622 

Tuft's Rareripe 635 

Unique 612 

Van Buren's Golden Dwarf 635 

Van Zandt's Superb 635 

Vanguard 625 

Variegated-flowered 638 

Veloutee de Merlet 615 

Velout'e Tardive 625 

Vineuse de Fromentin 599 

Vineuse Hdtive 599 

Violet Hative 637 

Walburton Admirable 635 

Walter's Early 635 

Ward's Late Free 635 

Washington 635 

Washington Clingstone 636 

Washington Red Freestone. 635 

Weeping Peach 639 



PAGE 

White Ball 636 

White Blossom 636 

White-Blossomed Incomparable. . . 636 

White English 616 

White Heath 619 

White Imperial 636 

White Magdalene 636 

White Melocoton 624 

White Nutmeg 637 

White Pace 637 

White Rareripe 624 

Williamson's New York 620 

Willoio Peach 636 

Yellow Admirable 597 

Yellow Alberge 637 

Yellow Blanton Cling 601 

Yellow Malagatune 629 

Yellow Malocoton 629 

Yellow Pine-apple 621 

Yellow Rareripe 638 

Yellow Rareripe 637 

Yellow St. John 613 



PEARS. 

A cmirte queue 880 

A. Gobert 661 

A Tetine 884 

Abbe de Beaumont 651 

Abbe Edouard 654 

Abbe Mongein 835 

Abbe Perez 654 

Abbott 654 

Aberoromby 654 

Abercromby's Seedling 654 

Adams 654 

Adelaide de Reves 654 

Adele Lancelot 655 

Adele de St. Ceiras 664 

Adele de St. Denis 664 j 

Admirable 6551 

Admiral Farragut 6551 

Adolphe Catchet 655 j 

Adolphine Richard 65o 

Aglae Gregoire 6551 

Ah ! Mon Dieu 65U 

Albert ine 742| 

Alexander 65C 

Alexandre Berckman 674 

Alexandre Bivort 65C 

Alexandre Belie 66< c 

Alexandre Lambre 65 f 

Alexandrina 65C 

Alexandnna Bivort 65( 

Alexandrine Douillard 65< 

Alexandrine Mas 65- 



Almain 

Almond Pear 

Alpha 

Alphonse Karr 

Althorpe Crassane. 



IT, 

661 

65' 

65 

65 



PEARS. 



1061 



Amadotte 

Amande Double 

Amandine de Rouen. . . 

! Ambre Gris 

j Ambret 

Ambrette 

, Ambrette avec epines 

j Ambrette epineuse 

! Ambrette Crm 

« Ambrette aVBZiver 

! Ambrosia 

• Amelie Leclerc 

j America 

' American Beauty 

, Amiral 

Amiral Cecil . 

Amire Joannet 

Amire Johannet 

Amire roux 

Amire roux de Tours . . . 

S Amory 

<i Amoselle 

Amour 

Ananas 

Ananas de Courtray. . . . 

Ananas d'£te 

Ananas Fran^ais 

d Ananas d'Hiver 

Anderson 

Andersons Favorite 

Andre Desportes 

Andrews 

jj Andrews' Kingsessing. . . 
§ Angelique de Bordeaux. 

Angelique Leclerc 

Angleterre 

Angleterre d'Hiver 

Angleterre Nain 

Angleterre Parfume 

•:■ Angobert 

\ Angoisse blanche 

i; Angora 

Anna Audisson 

Apple Pear 

Arbre Courbe 

Arbre Superbe 

Archduke Charles 

Archduke of Summer. . . 

Archiduc d'Ete 

Arlequin Musque 

Arteloire 

Arthur Bivort 

Aston Town. . 

Audibert 

Audibert 

Auger 

Augert 

Augiere 

August Perfume 

Auguste Jurie 

Auguste Lelieur. . 

Auguste de Mdraise 
I Auguste Royer 



.600, 



PAGE 

657 
661 
657 
658 
658 
658 
658 
658 
658 
658 
658 
658 
658 
740 
662 
658 
658 
658 
862 
862 
660 
784 
659 
782 
659 
660 
660 
828 
885 
751 
660 
660 
794 
660 
661 
661 
661 
661 
661 
661 
661 
835 
661 
662 
661 
762 
733 
862 
862 
662 
850 
662 
662 
662 
688 
667 
667 
667 
828 
662 
663 
684 
663 



PACK 

Auguste Van Krans 856 

Augustine Lelieur 663 

Augustus Dana 663 

Aurate 663 

Aurore 682 

Autumn Bergamot 663 

Autumn Bon Chretien 858 

Autumn Butter 880 

Autumn Catherine 846 

Autumn Colmar 663 

Autumn Colmar 724 

Autumn Melting 762 

Autumn Mouthwater 804 

Autumn Nelis 664 

Autumn Superb 657 

Avril 664 

B. O. de la Cour 811 

Bachelier 673 

Badham's 710 

Bagpipe of Anjou 775 

Bancrief 729 

Baud de la Cour 811 

Banueau 701 

Barbancinet 664 

Barbe Nelis 664 

BarneWs William 666 

Baron Deman De Lennick 664 

Baronne de Mello 664 

Barry 665 

Bartlett 666 

Bartlett Bonchretien 666 

Bartram 667 

Bassin 767 

Bayonnaise 861 

Beadnell 667 

BeadnelVs Seedling 667 

Beau Present 758 

Beau Present d'Artois 667 

Beauchamps 673 

Beauclerc 863 

Beaute de Tervueren 835 

Beauty of Brussels 668 

Beauvalot 667 

Bedminster Gratioli 791 

Bein Armudi 700 

Bell Tongue 883 

Belle Adrienne 875 

Belle Alliance 698 

Belle Andreane 875 

Belle Angevine 835 

Belle dAout 668 

Belle Audibert 662 

Belle cPAustrasie 790 

Belle de Berry 875 

Belle de Bruxelles 668 

Belle de Bruxelles 778 

Belle desBois 760 

Belle et Bonne 778 

Belle et bonne d'Ez»e 705 

Belle et Bonne d'Hiver 723 

Belle Canaise 819 

Belle Comelie 767 



1062 



PEARS. 



PAGE 

Belle Epine Dumas 668 

BeUe dEsquermes 790 

Belle dEte 883 

Belle Excellente 747 

Belle de Figuier 668 

BeUe de Flandres 760 

Belle de Flushing 779 

Belle de Forets 713 

BeUe Gabrielle 658 

Belle Heloise 875 

Belle Henriette 782 

Belle de Jersey 668, 835 

Belle Julie 668 

BeUe Lucrative 762 

Belle de Luxembourg 778 

BeUe de Moire 694 

Belle Moulinoise 669 

BeUe apres Noel 764 

Belle de Noel 764 

Belle Noisette 669 

Belle de l 1 Orient 668 

Belle sans Pepins 778 

BeUe de Prague 668 

Belle Rouennaise 669 

Belle de Thomas 668 

Belle de Thomas 668 

Belle de Troyes 668 

Belle Verge 758 

Belle du Vemie 736 

BeUe du Vernis 736 

Belle Williams 669 

BeUegarde 772 

BelUsime dAutomne 668 

Bellisime du Bur 669 

BelUsime de Provence 847 

Bellissime 883 

BeUisdme dEte 767 

Bellissime d'Hiver 669 

Bellissime d'Hiver du Bur 835 

Bellissime Jargonelle 767 

Bellissime Supreme 767 

Belmont 669 

Benoist 674 

Bergamot Rayfe 865 

Bergamot Seckel 671 

Bergamot Sylvanche 866 

Bergamotte d'Alencon 784 

Bergamotte d Angleterre 778 

Bergamotte d Avranches 805 

Bergamotte Beauchamp 673 

Bergamotte Bouissiere 669 

Bergamotte de Bruxelles 778 

Bergamotte Bufo 670 

Bergamotte de Bugi. 751 

Bergamotte Cadet 670 

Bergamotte Capraud .. . 670 

Bergamotte de Careme 751 

Bergamotte Cheminette 790 

Bergamotte Crassane 729 

Bergamotte Crassane dAutomne. . . 729 
Bergamotte Crassane de Bntneau. . . 676 

Bergamotte Crassane d'Hiver 676 

Bergamotte Dor'ee 841 



PAGE 

Bergamotte Dussart •. . . 670 

Bergamotte d'Esperen 670 

Bergamotte dEte 862, 863 

Bergamotte dEte Grosse 778 

Bergamotte Fievee . 762 

Bergamotte de Flandre 760 

Bergamotte Fortune e 766 

Bergamotte de Fougere 784 

Bergamotte Ceerard 772 

Bergamotte de la Qrillihre 751 

Bergamotte Gaudry 670 

Bergamotte Heimbourg 671 

Bergamotte d'Hiver 751 

Bergamotte d'Hiver d Holland. 784 

Bergamotte dHolland 784 

Bergamotte Leseble 671 

Bergamotte Louise 802 

Bergamotte Lucrative 762 

Bergamotte Matthews Eliza 776 

Bergamotte de Millipieds 670 

Bergamotte Musque 841 

Bergamotte de Pdques 751 

Bergamotte Parthenay 671 

Bergamotte de Parthenay. 671 

Bergamotte de Pay sans 778 

Bergamotte de la Pentecute 751 

Bergamotte Piquot 671 

Bergamotte Poireau 671 

Bergamotte Quessoy dEte 700 

Bergamotte Ronde dHiver 751 

Bergamotte Rouge 841 

Bergamotte Rouge Tardif 782 

Bergamotte Royal d'Hiver 723 

Bergamotte Sageret 671 

Bergamotte Sanspareil 702 

Bergamotte Sieulle 746 

Bergamotte Soldat-Nabours 751 

Bergamotte de Soulers 706 

Bergamotte Stoffels 671 

Bergamotte Suisse 865 

Bergamotte Sylvange 866 

Bergamotte Tardive 723 

Bergamotte Tliouen 884 

Bergamotte de Toulouse 751 

Bergen. 671 

Bergentin 829 

Bergoloo 880 

Berriays 672 

Berthebirn 835 

Bed d Airy 700 

Bed de Bretagne 700 

Bed Esperen 701 

Besi Fondante 777 

Bed Incomparable 702 

Besi Hamon 777 

Bed de Mai 702 

Besi de Maraise 716 

Bed de la Pierre 701 

Bed de Quassoy 700 

Bed Quessoy dEte 700 

Bed de St. Wdast 702 

BesiVa 702 

Bed Vaat 702 



PEARS. 



1063 



PAGE 

Bed Vath 702 

Bed Waet . . . • 702 

Besidery 700 

Beddery Sundry 753 

Beurre 710 

Beurre d'Albret G78 

Beurre dAlencon 784 

Beurre dAmalis 678 

Beurre Amande -. 061 

Beurre d'Amanlis 678 

Beurre d'Amanlis 678 

Beurre d'Amanlis Panachee 679 

Beurre d Ambleuse 710 

Beurre dAmboise 710 

Beurre Ananas 782 

Beurre d Angleterre 661 

Beurre d'Anjou 679 

Beurre Anna Audisson 661 

Beurre Antoine 672 

Beurre Antoinette 672 

Beurre d Araudore 805 

Beurre dArdenpont 773 

Beurre d'Aremberg 680 

Beurre d'Aremberg 773 

Beurre dArgenson 829 

Beurre Assomption 672 

Beurre de V Assomption 672 

Beurre Audusson d'Hiver. 682 

Beurre Auguste Benoit 674 

Beurre Auneniere 673 

Beurre Aurore 682 

Beurre d Austrasie 790 

Beurre d'Autien 819 

Beurre d'Avoine 681 

Beurre d Avranches 805 

Beurre Bachelier 673 

Beurre Bailey 673 

Beurre Beauchamps 673 

Beurre Beaulieu 673 

Beurre de Beaumont 702 

Beurre Beguines 673 

Beurre des Beiges 859 

Beurre Bennert 674 

Beurre Benoist 674 

Beurre Benoist JVouveau 674 

Beurre Berckmans 674 

Beurre Blanc 863, 880 

Beurre Blanc des Capucins 657 

Beurre blanc de Jersey 700 

Beurre Blanc de Nantes 685 

Beurre Boisbunel 674 

Beurre Boll wilier 674 

Beurre Bon Chretien 696 

Beurre or Bonne Louise dAraudere. 805 

Beurre Bosc 674 

Beurre Boucquia 707 

Beurre de Bourgogne 760 

Beurre Boussock 742 

Beurre Brettonneau 676 

Beurre de Brignais 681 

Beurre Bronzce 760 

Beurre Bruneau 676 

Beurre de Bruxellcs 668 



PAGE 

Beurre Burchardt 680 

Beurre Burnicq 676 

Beurre de Caen 710 

Beurre de Oambron 773 

Beurre de Capiaumont 682 

Beurre du Cercle 687 

Beurre de Cercle 687 

Beurre de la Chapelle 705 

Beurre Chapman 829 

Beurre Chaptal 717 

Beurre Charneuse 747 

Beurre Charron 676 

Beurre Chatenay 676 

Beurre de Chaumontel 718 

Beurre Citron 676 

Beurre Clairgean 678 

Beurre Coit 722 

Beurre Colmar 678 

Beurre Colmar dAutomne 678 

Beurre Colmar Oris, ditprecel 829 

Beurre Coloma 678 

Beurre du Coloma 678 

Beurre de Co nick 684 

Beurre Conning 684 

Beurre Gullem 701 

Beurre Curtet 727 

Beurre Cutter 727 

Beurre Davy 760 

Beurre Defais 682 

Beurre Befays 682 

Beurre de Bef tinge 760 

Beurre Deftinghern 760 

Beurre Delannoy 684 

Beurre Delbecq , 684 

Beurre Delberq 684 

Beurre Delbret 678 

Beurre Delfosse 684 

Beurre Derouineau 685 

Beurre Beschamps 680 

Beurre Diel 686 

Beurre Bore de Bilboa 773 

Beurre Bor> e 710 

Beurre Brapiez 871 

Beurre Duhaume 687 

Beurre Dumon 687 

Beurre Dumont 687 

Beurre Dumortien 687 

Beurre Durand 688 

Beurre Duval 688 

Beurre Duvernay 736 

Beurre Duvivier 688 

Beurre dElberg 668 

Beurre d'Enghien of France 678 

Beurre Epine 696 

Beurre dEte 863 

Beurre Extra 784 

Beurre le Fevre 799 

Beurre de Fevrier 682 

Beurre de Flandre 696 

Beurre Flon 688 

Beurre Foidard 760 

Beurre de Fontenay 690 

Beurre Fougiere 688 



1064 



PEAKS. 



PAGE 



Beurre Fromental 682 

Beurre Geerards 772 

Beurre de Oelle 686 

Beurre Gendron 688 

Beurre Gens 689 

Beurre de Ghelin 682 

Beurre Giffard 689 

Beurre Goubalt 690 

Beurre Gris 710 

Beurre Gris dAutomne 710 

Beurre Gru de Bilboa 773 

Beurre Gris oVEte 886 

Beurre Gris (CHiver 690 

Beurre Gris cPHiver Nouxeau 690 

Beurre Gris de Lucon 690 

Beurre Gris d# Portugal. 778 

Beurre Gris Superieur 690 

Beurre Haffner 691 

Beurre Maggerston. 802 

Beurre Haniecher 691 

Beurre de Hamptienne 791 

Beurre d' Hardenpont 773 

Beurre d'Hardenpont d'Automne. . . 683 
Beurre (THardenpont de Cambron . . 773 

Beurre Hardy 691 

Beurre Hdtif 863 

Beurre des LZautcs 733 

Beurre d) Hixer 690, 696, 718 

Beurre d 'Hirer de Bruxelles.. ...... 751 

Beurre Lncomparable 686 

Beurre oVLsambert le Bon 710 

Beurre Jalais 692 

Beurre de Jalaise 705 

Beurre Jean Van Geert 692 

Beurre de Johnge 683 

Beurre Judes 661 

Beurre Kennes 692 

Beurre Kenrick 692 

Beurre de Kent. 773 

Beurre Knox 692 

Beurre Knox. 657 

Beurre Koninck 684 

Beurre de Koning 684 

Beurre Kossuth 692 

Beurre Langelier 693 

Beurre LasaUe 733 

Beurre Le Feyre 693 

Beurre Leon Le Clerc 693 

Beurre Leon Bey 801 

Beurre Liebart 802 

Beurre Lombard 773 

Beurre de Lucon 690 

Beurre Lucrative 762 

Beurre Luizet 693 

Beurre Magnifique 686, 742 

Beurre de Malines 884 

Beurre de Mans. 684 

Beurre Mauxion 693 

Beurre Menand 693 

Beurre Menaud 693 

Beurre de Merode 742 

Beurre Millet of Angers 694 

Beurre Moire 694 



Beurre Moiret 694 

Beurre Mondelle 695 

Beurre de Mons 684 

Beurre de Montgeron 684 

Beurre de Montigeron. 684 

Beurre de Mortefontaine 693, 799 

Beurre des Mouchouses 685 

Beurre Nantais 685 

Beurre de Nantes 685 

Beurre Navez 695 

Beurre Niett 821 

Beurre de Nivelles 685 

Beurre de Noirchain 696 

Beurre Noisette 695 

Beurre, St. Nicholas 749 

Beurre Oken 822 

Beurre d'Or 710 

Beurre des Orphelincs 680 

Beurre Oudinot 660 

Beurre de Pacques 751 

Beurre de Paris 758 

Beurre Paimpol 695 

Beurre Parthenay 671 

Beurre de la PentecSte 751 

Beurre Perrault 748 

Beurre Philippe Belfosse 684 

Beurre Picquery 871 

Beurre Plat 729 

Beurre Pointelle de Roux 695 

Beurre Preble 695 

Beurre Precocee 695 

Beurre Prince de Schwarzenberg 796 

Beurre de Printemps 725 

Beurre de Bhin 696 

Beurre du Boi 710 

Beurre Bouge 710 

Beurre de Quenast 685 

Beurre Quitelet 727 

Beurre de Backenheim 661 

Beurre Bance 696 

Beurre Banse 696 

Beurre de Bans 696 

Beurre d la Peine 818 

Beurre de Bemme 766 

Beurre Richelieu 696 

Beurre Robert 696 

Beurre Bobin 746 

Beurre Bochechourt 668 

Beurre de Bochoir 668 

Beurre Roinain 696 

Beurre de Borne 696 

Beurre Bouge 745 

Beurre Rouge d'Anjou 697 

Beurre Bouge Tardif 782 

Beurre Boupe 751 

Beurre Bousse 710 

Beurre Roux 710 

Beurre Boyale 686 

Beurre St. Amour 760 

Beurre de Saint Arnaud 685 

Beurre de Saint Arnaud 685 

Beurre Saint Helier 790 

Beurre St. Louis 668 



PEARS. 



1065 



PAGE 

Beurre Scheid-weiller 697 

Beurre de Semur 661 

Beurre S&ringe 777 

Beurre Seutin 697 

Beurre Sieulle 746 

Beurre Six 697 

Beurre Soulang-e 697 

Beurre Soule 747 

Beurre de Solders 706 

Beurre Spae 697 

Beurre Spence 697 

Beurre Spence 760 

Beurre de Spoelberg 877 

Beurre Sprin 656 

Beurre Sterkinans 698 

Beurre Superfin 698 

Beurre Tuerlinckx 868 

Beurre Van Driessche 699 

Beurre Van Marum 873 

Beurre Van Mom 664 

Beurre Vert 686, 710 

Beurre de Wad 695 

Beurre de Waterloo 747 

Beurre de Westerloo 742 

Beurre de Wetteren 685 

Beurre oV Telle 686 

Beuzard. 778 

Beymont 696 

Bezi de Caen 699 

Bezi de Caissoy. . % 700 

Bezi de Caissoy d'Ete 700 

Bezi de Chasseray 753 

Bezi de Chaumontelle 718 

Bezi Chaumontelle tres-gros 751 

Bezi VEchasserie 753 

Bezi d'Echassey 753 

Bezi Esperen 701 

Bezi Goubault 701 

Bezid'Heri 700 

Bezi de Eery 700 

Bezi Mai 702 

Bezi de Montigny 701 

Bezi de la Motte 700 

Bezi de la Pierre 701 

Bezi Precocee 695 

BeziBoyal 700 

BeziVaet.. % 702 

Bezi des Veterans 701 

Bezy cV Esperen 701 

Bezy de Lou vain 734 

Bezy de Quessoy 700 

Bezy Sanspareil 702 

Biernont 673 

Bigarride 863 

Bis Curtet 727 

Bishop's Thumb 702 

Black Beurre 875 

Black Pear of Worcester 702 

Black Worcester 702 

Blanc-per-ne 800 

Blanclie 858 

Bland 855 

Blanquet Anastere 703 



Blanquet Anasterque 703 

Blanquet cPAustrasia 703 

Blanquet de Florence 775 

Blanquet Petit 802 

Blanquette a longue queue 804 

Blanquette d longue queuen 804 

Bleecker's Meadow 703 

Bloodgood 703 

Bloody 851 

Blumenbach 856 

Bois Napoleon 819 

Bolivar 835 

Bolivar d? Hirer 835 

Bon Chretien 884 

Bon Chretien d' 'Amiens Chartreuse . 716 

Bon Chretien cVAuch 884 

Bon Chretien cPAutomne 858 

Banchretien Barnett 666 

Bon Chretien de Bruxelles 704 

Bon Chretien de Chaumontel 718 

Bon Chretien de Constantinople .... 884 

Bon Chretien Bore 819 

Bon Chretien dore d'Espagne 858 

Bon Chretien d'Espagne 858 

Bon Chretien d'Ete 863 

Bon Chretien d'Ete Jaune 863 

Bon Chretien d'Ete Musque 704 

Bon Chretien Fondante 704 

Bon Chretien Fondante Musque 704 

Bon Chretien Gratioly 863 

Bon Chretien d' Hirer 884 

Bon Chretien Jaune d) Aidomne 858 

Bon Chretien Joseph Lamarque. . . . 704 
Bon Chretien Musque Fondante . . . 704 

Bon Chretien de Bans 696 

Bon Chretien Spina 858 

Bon Chretien de Tours 884 

Bon Chretien Turc 761 

Bonchntien Vernois 761 

Bon Chretien de Vernon 884 

Bon Gustave 704 

Bon Papa 875 

Bon Parent 798 

Bonaparte 819 

Bonne Antoine 705 

Bonne oVAvranchcs 805 

Bonne de la Chapelle 705 

Bonne Charlotte 705 

Bonne-ente 880 

Bonne d'Ezee 705 

Bonne des Mates 705 

Bonne de Jalais 705 

Bo n n e de Keinzh eim 872 

Bonne de Longueval 705, 805 

Bonne Louise d'Araudore 805 

Bonne de Malines 884 

Bonne Rouge 769 

Bonne Sgplier. 706 

Bonne Sophia 706 

Bonne de Soulers 706 

Bonne Therese 707 

Bonne de Zees 705 

Bonner's Pope's Pear 751 



1066 



PEAKS. 



PAGE 

Bonneserre de Saint Denis 705 

Bonnisseme 760 

Bonnissima de la Sartha 760 

Bosc Sire 760 

Bosc's Flaschenbirne 674 

Bosch 760 

Bosch Nouvelle 760 

Boschpeer 760 

Bossoch 742 

Boston 833 

Boston Eparne 779 

Boucquia 707 

Bourgemester 707 

Bourgmestre Delfosse 684 

Bouteille 873 

Bouvier 798 

Bouvier Bourgemestre 707 

Bow Parent 798 

Braconot 707 

Braddicks Field Standard. 813 

Bran de St. Germain 707 

Branded 707 

Brande's Saint Germain 707 

Brandy wine 707 

Bretagne le Cour 835 

Brettonneau 676 

Brewer 708 

Brialmont 708 

Briffaut 708 

Brill fan te 706 

Brilliant 760 

Brindamour 709 

Bringewood 709 

British Queen 709 

Brocas Bergamot 769 

Bronx 710 

Brougham 710 

Brown Admired 862 

Brown Beurre 710 

Brown St. Germain 837 

Brute Bonne d'Automne 863 

Buchanan 's Spring Beurre 875 

Buff am 711 

Buffum 711 

Bugiarda 704, 758 

Bugiarda des Italiens 758 

Bujaleuf 877 

Burlingame 711 

Burnett 712 

Butlefs Harvest 767 

Butter of Michigan 828 

Butter Pear 784, 831 

Butter Pear of Philadelphia 880 

Cabot 712 

Cadet de Vaux 712 

Cadillac 716 

Caen de France 712 

Caillaurozat 863 

Gaillorozar 863 

CaiUot Rosat 863 

Caillot Rosat tffiU 863 

CaillouRozat 863 



PAGE 



Calebasse 712 

Calebasse 827 

Calebasse d'Albret 678 

Calebasse Bosc 674, 827 

Calebasse Carafon 873 

Calebasse Delvigne 713 

Ccdebasse Double Extra 71 2 

Calebasse d'Ete 713 

Calebasse de Holland 873 

Calebasse d'Hollande 712 

Calebasse Impiriale 873 

Calebasse Monstre 873 

Ccdebasse Monstrueuse 873 

Calebasse Monstrueuse du Nord 873 

Calebasse Musquee 712 

Calebasse de l¥erckma?i's 873 

Calebasse du Nord 873 

Calebasse Princesse Marianne 827 

Calebasse Royale 873 

Calebasse Sterkmans 698 

Calebasse Tougard 713 

Calebasse Vasse 682 

Calhoun 714 

Calua Rosat 863 

Cambridge Sugar Pear 779 

Camerling 714 

Camerling cPAllemagne 714 

Camcrlingue 714 

Camerlyn 714 

Camille de Rohan 714 

Canandaigua 714 

Candle tf£U 863 

Cannelle 674 

Canning 751 

Canning cFHiver 751 

Cantelope 714 

Cape May 751 

Capiumont 682 

Capsheaf 714 

Captif de Sainte Hdhne 819 

Capuchin 715 

Capucin 715 

Capucin Van Mons 715 

Capucine d y Auto?nne Colomcc 678 

Carlisle 880 

Cartofel 724 

Cassante de Mars 715 

Casserule 715 

Castelline 715 

Catharine Gardette 715 

Catherine 714 

Catherine Lambre 716 

Catillac 716 

Catinka 716 

Cedarmere 716 

Celestas 777 

CeUite 829 

Cent Couronnes 822 

Certeau d'Ete 717 

Certeau Madam 758 

Certeau Musqu'e d'Hiver 814 

Chair d Dame 837 

Chamber's Large 835 



PEARS. 



1067 



PAGE 

Chambrctte 877 

Chambrette cV Hirer 877 

Chamomile 802 

Chancellor 717 

ChandeUe 758 

Chapman 717 

Chapman's 829 

Chaptal 717 

Charbonniere 722 

Charles 819 

Charles cVAutriehe 733 

Charles Basiner 717 

Charles Bivort 717 

Charles Frederick 718 

Charles Srnet 718 

Chmies Smith 718 

Charles Van Hooghten 718 

Charlotte de Brower 718 

Chasseurs 735 

Chaulis 815 

Chaumontel 718 

Chaumontelle trhs-gros 751 

Cheat Servant 658 

Chelmsford 719 

Chenille 828 

Cher Aclame 837 

Chevalier 673 

Vhemiers de Stuttgardt 847, 

Chinese Sand Pear 851 

Chiot 802 

Choisnard 719 

Choix cTun Amateur 821 

Chopine , 758 

Church 719 

Circe $ River 772 

Citrina 720 

Citron 720 

Citron des Cannes 809 

Citron des Cannes 809 

Citron de Septembre 880 

Citron-birne Bomisclie grosse punc- 

tirte 775 

Claire 720 

Clair geau 678 

Clair geau de JFantes 678 

Clap 720 

Clapp's Favorite 720 

Clara 720 

Clarke 719 

Clay 721 

Clemence 722 

Clement Bivort 722 

Clement Doyenne 666 

Clementine 722 

Clinton 722 

Clion 875 

Cluster 729 

Cluster Pear 778 

Coit's Beurre 722 

Colin Noir 722 

Collins 722 

Colmar 723 

Colmar d'Alost 724 



PARR 

Colmar d'Aremberg 724 

Colmar Artoisenet 723 

Colmar d'Automne Nouveau 724 

Colmar Boise 772 

Colmar Bonnet 829 

Colmar Bosc 821 

Colmar Chamay 662 

Colmar Beschamps 680 

Colmar Bone 723 

Colmar Epine 725 

Colmar Epineaux 829 

Colmar d'Ete 724 

Colmar Gris 829 

Colmar Rardenpont 829 

Colmar d' River 723, 884 

Colmar des Invalides 725 

Colmar Jaminette 790 

Colmar de Jonghe 724 

Colmar de Lot 668 

Colmar de Meester 725 

Colmar Musque 829 

Colmar Navez 695 

Colmar Wilis 884 

Colmar Mel 821 

Colmar Precoce 724 

Colmar Preule 829 

Colmar de SiUy 829 

Colmar Souveraine 829 

Colmar Van Jfons 725, 864 

Coloma d'Automne 871 

Colorie oVAout 717 

Coloree de Juillet 725 

Columbia 725 

Columbia Virgalouse 725 

Columbian Yirgalieu 725 

Cornice de Toulon 875 

Commissaire Delmotte 726 

Commodore 728 

Common Bergamot 663 

CommunauU 815 

Compagnie cVOstende 858 

Comprette 726 

Gomptesse de Lunay 701 

Comstock 727 

Comstock Wilding 727 

Comte d'Egmont 726 

Comte de Flandre 727 

Comte La may 727 

Comte de Lamy 727 

Comte Lelieur 727 

Comte de Limoges 668 

Comte de Michaux 816 

Comte de Paris 727 

Comtesse d'Alost 728 

Comtesse de Chambord 728 

Comtesse de Frenol 760 

Comtesse de Lumay 749 

Comtesse de Terweuren 835 

Congress Pomologique 728 

Conklin 728 

Conseiller de la Cour 811 

Conseiller Ramvez 728 

Copia 729 



1068 



PEARS. 



PAGE 

Cops Heat 714 

Cor ail 765 

Cor chorus 813 

Cordelier 835 

Cornells 735 

Comwell 729 

Coter 729 

Cotillard de Litre 716 

CouleSoif. 863 

Coule Soif oVAutomne 804 

Coidis 815 

Coulon de Saint Marc 668 

Count Coloma 871 

Courte de Ersol 717 

Convent 815 

Crapaud 670 

Crassane 729 

Crassane d'Austrasie 790 

Crassane cPAutomne 729 

Crassane Bruneau 676 

Crassane d'Ete 841 , 863 

Crassane d'Hiver 676 

Crassane d'Hiver de Bruneau 676 

Crawford 729 

Crlsane 729 

Cristalline 660 

Croft Castle 729 

Cross 730 

Crottee 859 

Crouch 730 

Crustemenie 884 

Clueillette d'Hiver. 875 

Cicisse Dame d'Ete 767 

Cuisse Madame 767 

Culotte de Suisse 804 

Cumberland 730 

Cumberland of Belgium 781 

Curette 875 

Cushing 730 

Cyprus Pear 846 

D'Ambre 818 

D'Ar ember g Barf ait 680 

D Austrasie 790 

D'Avril 664 

D'EauBose 863 

D' Horticulture 835 

Dagobert 661 

Dcdbret 678 

Dallas 730 

Dame Houdotte 657 

Dana's Admirable 655 

Dana's Excelsior 759 

Dana's Hovev 730 

Dana's No. 1 814 

Darlington 731 

Dauphine 797 

Davis 731 

De Bavay 732 

De Bell Argentine 716 

De Bon Crustemenien 884 

De Bordeaux 700 

De Cadet 670 



PAGE 



De Cailleau 863 

De Caillot 863 

De Champagne d'Ete 717 

De Chine 658 

De Chretien 884 

De Citrouille 716 

De Clion 875 

De Cog 668 

De Deux Foix Lane 732 

DeDos 884 

DeDuchesse 863 

De Fesses 884 

De Fontenay Vendee 790 

De Grain e Da.madote 657 

De Gros Bateau Baisenette 716 

De Henri 700 

De Holla nde 886 

De Janvry 858 

De Jersey 805 

De Keinzheim 872 

De Lamartine 797 

De Lansac 797 

De Launay 684 

De Lepine 801 

De Lestumitrcs 665 

De Louise 805 

De Lou vain , 734 

DeMaune 723 

De Melon 686 

De Monsieur 863 

De Monsieur Le Cure 875 

De Montgeron 684 

De Montigny 701 

DeMott 859 

De Nonne 681 

DePerigord 830 

De Pucelle 790 

De Quessoy 700 

De Savnte Catherine 661 

De Sainte Herblain 676 

De Saint Martin 884 

De Saint Waast 702 

De Sidle 841 

De Sidle Musquee 841 

De Sorlus 735 

De Solders 706 

DeSpoelberg 877 

De Tongres 735 

De Tout Temps 716 

De ValUe 872 

De Vigne Pelone 760 

Dela Glacier e 682 

De-la-mi-Juillct 862 

Dela Montitres 863 

Deacon Dillen 741 

Dean's ' 880 

Dearborn's Sanding 732 

Dearborn's Seedling 732 

Dechantsbirne 880 

Decoster's Busselet 845 

Defays 743 

Delavaidt 666 

Delbecque 684 



PEARS. 



1069 



PAGE 

ic 801 

Delfosse 684 

Delfosse Bourgmestre 684 

Dtlices d'Alost 724 

Delices oV Angers 733 

Delices d?Ardenpont 733 

Delices de la Cacaudiere 734 

Delices de Charles 732 

Delices d'Hardenpont of Angers. . . 733 
Delices d'Hardenpont of Belgium.. 733 

Delices de Froyennes 733 

Delices de Jodoigne 733 

Delices de Louvenjal 734 

Delices de la Meuse 734 

Dtlices de Mons 734 

Dtlices des Orphelins 680 

Delices Van Mons 734 

Demeester 725 

Democrat 734 

Des Chasseurs 735 

Des Dames 668 

Des Deux Sceurs 736 

Des Nonnes 681 

Des Trois Tours 686 

Des Vet'rans 701 

Deschamps 680 

Desiree Cornells 735 

Desiree Van Mons 735 

Despoilberg 877 

Deutsche National Bergamotte 778 

Deux Scaurs 736 

Devergnies 736 

Dial 791 

Diamant 769 

Dickerman 736 

Die Sommer Christebime 863 

Diel 686 

DieVs Butterbirne 686 

Dieudonne Anthoine 736 

Dillen 686 

Dillen d'Automne 811 

Dillen deliver 686 

Diller 736 

Dingier 727 

Dix 737 

Doyenne 880 

Doyenne d'Affay 743 

Doyenne d'Alencon 742 

Doyenne Anna Audisson 661 

Doyenne d'Autoinne 745 

Doyenne Barry 665 

Doyenne Mane 880 

Doyenne Boussock 742 

Doyenne Boussouck 745 

Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle 742 

Doyenne de Bruxelles 712 

Doyenne de Cercle 742 

Doyenne de Cercle Pratique de Rouen 742 

Doyenne du Cornice 744 

Doyenne Grotte 859 

Doyenne Defais 743 

Doyenne Downing 744 

Doyenne d'Ete 742 



PAOF. 

Galeux 745, 859 

Doyenne Goubault 745 

Doyenne Gray 745 

Doyenne Gris 745 

Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveau 742 

Doyenne cPIIiver 751 

Doyenne d'Hiver oVAlencon 742 

Doyenne d'Hiver Nouveau 742 

Doyenne Hovey 784 

Doyenne de Juillet 742 

Doyenne Marbr'e 742 

Doyenne de Merode 742 

Doyenne Musque 701 

Doyenne Panache 881 

Doyenne du PHntemps 751 

Doyenne Bobin 746 

Doyenne Bose 746 

Doyenne Rouge 745 

Doyenne Roux 745 

Doyenne Santellet 746 

Doyenne de Saumur 743 

Doyenne Sieulle 746 

Doyenne Sterkmans 698 

Doyenne White 880 

Docteur Bouvier 738 

Docteur Brettonneau 676 

Docteur Capron 738 

Docteur Lentier 738 

Docteur Trousseau 738 

Doctor Dillen 741 

Doctor Lenthier 738 

Doctor Nelis 738 

Doctor Beeder 739 

Doctor Turner 740 

Dr. Udales Warden 835 

Dorothee Roy ale 686 

Dorothee Boyale Nouvelle 740 

Dorsoris 740 

Double Mansuette 661 

Double Philippe 742 

Douillard. 656 

Dow 741 

Dowlin 872 

Downham Seedling 777 

Doyen Dillen 741 

Driver 773 

Dry Martin 814 

Dry Toren 686 

Du Bouchet 660 

Du Breuil Pere 746 

DuBur 669 

Du Golombier 841 

Du Cure 875 

DuMortier 687 

Du Pdtre 751 

Du Pradel 875 

Du Seigneur 762 

Du Tonneau , 835 

Due Alfred de Cruy 747 

Due d)Aremberg 680 

Due d'Aumale 747 

Due de Bourdeaux 668 

Due de Brabant 747 



1070 



PEABS. 



PAGE 

Due de Nemours 695 

Due d? Orleans 749 

Duchesse d'Angouleme 747 

Duchesse d'Aremberg 747 

Duchesse de Berry. . . . 748 

Duchesse de Berry d'Ete 748 

Duchesse de Berry d) Hirer 835 

Duchesse de Berry de Nantes 748 

Duchesse de Bourdeaux 748 

Duchesse de Brabant 748, 749 

Duchesse Helene d'Orleans 749 

Duchesse d'Hiver 749 

Duchesse de Mars 749 

Duchesse d'Orleans 749 

Dunaont Dumortier 750 

Dumontier 687 

Dumoustier 687 

Dundas 750 

Dunmore 750 

Dupuy Charles 750 

Duree 751 

Duree's Seedling 751 

Dusnas 851 

Duval 688 

Duvemay 736 

Duvernis 736 

Duvivier. 688 

Dicad 688 

Earl Pear 783 

Early Bergamot 751 

Early Beurre 658, 703 

Early Butter of Cincinnati 751 

Early Catharine 846 

Early Chaumontelle 809 

Early Denzelona 833 

Early Queen 818 

Early Pousselet 846 

Early Sugar 779 

Early Summer Butter 751 

Easter Bergarnofc 751 

Easter Beurre 751 

Easter Saint Germain 800 

Eastnor Castle 752 

Echasserie 753 

Echassery 753 

Edmonds 753 

Edward Morren 754 

Edwards 754 

Edwards' Elizabeth 754 

Edwards' Seedling St. Germain 754 

Edwige 880 

Eisenbart 710 

Eleonie Bouvier 754 

Eliott Dundas 750 

Eliza d'He^st 754 

Elizabeth Van Mons 810 

Ellanrioch 778 

Elliott's Melting 755 

Ellis 755 

Ellsworth 756 

Elton 756 

Emerald 756 



Emerance 756 

Emerance Bivort 756 

Emiled'Heyst 757 

Emile de Pochois 668 

Ernilie Bivort 756 

Emily Bivort 756 

Emmanuel 717 

Emmilacour 815 

Endicott 863 

Enfant Prodigue 846 

Englebert Lott 779 

English Bergamot 663 

English Autumn Bergamot 663 

English Beurre 661 

English Jargonelle 758 

English Bed Cheek 767 

Epargne 758 

Epine Dumas 668 

Epine d'Ete 758 

Epine d'Ete Couleur Pose 863 

Epine d'Hiver 885 

Epine de Limoges 668 

Epine de Rochoir 668 

Epine Pose 863 

Epine Pose Gris 851 

Epine Pose oV River 885 

Epine Eoyale 758 

Episcopcd 766 

Ermesinde 758 

Ernestine Auzolle 758 

Eshleman 784 

Espargne 758 

Esperin's Herrenbirne 762 

Esperine 759 

Esperine 656 

Essex 759 

Esturion 759 

Etourneau 884 

European Honey 784 

Excelsior 759 

Eyewood 759 

False Sprecieic 827 

Famenga 759 

Fanfareau 778 

Faux-Bolivar 835 

Faux Spreciew 827 

Favori Musque 660 

Favori Musqu'e du Conseiller 782 

Fig Pear of Naples 760 

Figue 760 

Figue d'Alencon 760 

Figue d'Alencon cCHiver 760 

Figue cCHiver 760 

Figue d) Hirer oVAlen^on 760 

Figue de Naples 760 

Fin Or d'Ete 760 

Fin Or cPHiver 766 

Fine Gold of Summer 760 

Fine Gold of Winter 766 

FingaVs 778 

Feast 759 

Feasts Seedling 759 



PEAKS. 



1071 



PAGE 

Feaster 703 

Filiate Dundas 750 

Felix de Leim 759 

Ferdinand Demeester 864 

Fa-din an d de Meester 814 

Flat Butter 729 

Flemish Beauty 760 

Flemish Bon Chretien 761 

Fleur de Guignes 856 

Fleur de Mars 684 

Fleur de Neige 782 

Florent Scouman 762 

Florimond Parent 762 

Fondante 863 

Fondante Agre able 762 

Fondante d'Albret 762 

Fondante d'Automne 762 

Fondante du Bois 760, 821 

Fondante de Charncuse 747 

Fondante dn Cornice 764 

Fondante de Cueme 763 

Fondante Delbecq 684 

Fondante dTngendal. 763 

Fondante de la Maitre d'Ecole 764 

Fondante de Malines 764 

Fondante de Maubege 762 

Fondante de Mfflot 854 

Fondante de Mons 829 

Fondante Musquee 758 

Fondante de Xees 764 

Fondante de Xoel 764 

Fondante Pariselle 733 

Fondante de Pome 696 

Fondante des Pres 764 

Fondante Serrurier de MiUot 854 

Fondante Tan Mons 764 

Fontarabie acure 772 

Foote's Seckel 765 

Forelle 765 

Forellen-birne 765 

Forme de Bergamotte Crassane. . . 766 

Forme de Delices 766 

Forme de Marie Louise 813 

Forniquet 851 

Fortun'e 766 

Fortuiue de Remme 7(56 

40 Ounce 716 

Fosters St. Michael 766 

Fourcroy 6S6, 760 

Franc Ral 766 

Franc Real oVEti 863 

Franc Real d'Hiver 766 

Franchimont 766 

Franchipane 767 

Francois Bergia 766 

Frangipane 767 

Frankford 703 

Franklin 791, 850 

Franzbsische RumelUrne 700 

Fraser Pear 831 

Frauenschenkel 758 

Frederick Leclerc 767 

Frederick Lelieur 727 



Frederick de Wurtemburg 767 

Frederick of Wurtemburg 767 

Frederika Bremer 767 

French Jargonelle 767 

FriJie Rousselet 856 

Fulton 768 

Fulvie Grigoire 822 

Fusie oVEU 767 



Gambier 

Gansel's Bergamotte 

Gansel's Late Bergamotte. 

Gansel's Seckel 

Garde Eeorce 

Garde d'Ecosse 



... 829 
... 769 
.... 769 
... 770 

772 
772 

Garden Pear 770 

I Gardner 880 

: Garner 880 

Gastelier 696 

Gaudry 670 

Gedeon Paridant 747 

Gendebien 770 

j Gendesheim 770 

General Banks 831 

' General Bosquet 770 

; General Canrobert 770 

General Dutilleul 770 

General D u rider 688 

General Lamoriciere 771 

General de Lourmel 770 

General Taylor 771 

General Todlebcn 771 

| General Totleben 771 

Genesee 859 

j Gerando 771 

Gerardin 772 

Gerardine 772 

German Baker 835 

German Muscat 772 

Gibson 660 

| Giffart 689 

Gile-o-gile 772 

I GiUette longue 804 

GOoiril 772 



<rdin. 



4 i 4> 

7 72 
772 
772 
710 
819 



j Girardon 

&::v:::::;:.v.::.::: 

Gloire de TEmpereur 

i Glory of Combrone 772 

Glou-morceau 773 

Ghu Morceau de Cambron 773 

Ghut Morceau 773 

Gloux Morcea ux 773 

Gobert 772 

Golden Beurre^ 710 

Golden Beurre of Bilboa 773 

Golden End of Winter 766 

Good Christian of Spain 858 

Good Christian of Winter 884 

Goodale 773 

Goodale's Seedling 773 



1072 



PEARS. 





PAGE 




773 






Goulue Mbrceau de Chambron . 


773 




778 


Gradoli d'Hiver 


686 


Gracioli of Jersey 


, 791 




863 








664 


Graham's Bergamot 


664 




774 








716 




775 




716 




775 




858 




863 


Gratioli d'Et'e 


863 








., 886 












710 


Gray Butter Pear 


745 




745 


Gray Doyenne 


745 








775 




775 




774 


Great Citron of Bohemia 


775 




863 




818 




862 




825 




843 




775 




775 




776 




861 




' 866 




883 




776 




851 


Grenllier 


762 




861 




776 




716 




, 661 




, 797 




863 




. . 863 




863 


Gros Certeau iTEt'e 


, 717 


Gros Colmar Van Mons 


725 




, 686 




835 




772 




660 




772 




.. 772 



PAGE 

Gros Guy GriUaud. 772 

Gros Micet 766 

Gros Micet d? EU 863 

Gros Mouille Bouche 863 

Gros Muscadille 668 

Gros Oynonet 862 

Gros Quere 734 

Gros Bousselet 843 

Gros Rousselet d J Aout 776 

Gros Bateau 716 

Gros Bateau gris 716 

Gros Thomas 716 

Grosse Allongce 875 

Grosse Blanquet 775 

Grosse Blanquette 775 

Grosse Blanquette Bonde 797 

Grosse de Bruxelles 835 

Grosse Calebasse du Nord. 873 

Grosse Cuisse Madame 758 

Grosse Dame Jeanne 835 

Grosse Dorothee 686 

Grosse Figue 760 

Grosse Grande Bretagne 858 

Grosse Grande Bretagne done 858 

Grosse Jargonelle 883 

Grosse Marie 811 

Grosse Boi Louis 775 

Grosse Sucre 697 

Grumkower 776 

Grumkower Winterbirnie 776 

Grune Magdalen a 809 

Grune Sommer Magdalena 809 

Guernsey 859 

Gute Graue 886 

Guenette 775 

Guillaume de Nassau 686 

Gurle's Beurre 769 

Gustave Bivort 776 

Gustave Burgoyne 776 

Gustin's Summer 776 

Hacon's Incomparable 777 

Haddington 777 

Hadley 795 

Hagar 777 

llaghens cCHiver 673 

Haight 777 

Hamilton 777 

Hamilton Seedling 777 

Hamon 777 

Hampden 778 

Hampden's Bergamot 778 

Hampton 778, 780 

Hampton's Bergamot 778 

Hampton's Cluster 778 

Hampton's Virgalieu 778 

Hannas 778 

Hanners' 778 

Hanover 779 

Hardempont 773 

Hardenpont d'Hiver 773 

Hardenpont du Printemps 696 

Harris 779 



PAGE 



Harrison's Large Fall 779 

Harvard 779 

Harvest 779 

Hasselbirn 783 

Hativeau 775 

Hativeau Blanc 863 

Hawes' Winter 780 

Hazel 783 

Heathcot 780 

Hebe 780 

Hebron 833 

Hegeman 780 

Hegerman 780 

Heggerman 780 

Heidelberg 703 

Helene Gree-oire 780 

Henkel . . . 7 781 

Henkel d'Hiver 871 

Henri Bivort 781 

Henri (Bivort) 781 

Henri Desportes 782 

Henry tlie Fourth 782 

Henri Quatre 782 

Henri Van Mons 782 

Henri Van Mons 727 

Henrietta 782 

Henriette 782 

Henriette Bouvier 782 

Henriette d? Orleans 7^2 

Hepworth 879 

Hericart 783 

Hericart de Thury 783 

Herkimer 783 

Herma.nsbirne 850 

j Hessel 783 

Hemes' Winter 780 

; Hingham 783 

His Poiteau 850 

I Hocrenaille 844 

Hoe- Lang er Hoe-Liever 864 

J Holland Bergamot 784 

j Holland Green 784 

} Hollande Bergamotte 784 

Hollandische Bergamotte 784 

Homewood 771 

| Honey 784 

Hooper's Bilboa 774 

Hosenschenck 784 

Hosenschenck 784 

Hovey 784 

Howard 785 

Howell 785 

Hubard 678 

Huguenot 786 

Hull 786 

Hungerford's Oswego 786 

Hunt's Connecticut 786 

Hunter 735 

Huntingdon 797 

Huntington 786 

Huron 855 

Huyshe's Bergamot 787 

I Huy she's Prince Consort 786 



1073 

PAGE 



Huyshe's Prince of Wales 787 

Huyshe's Princess of Wales 787 

Huyshe's Victoria 787 

Ice Pear 877 

Imrplratrice 829 

Imperatrice de Prance 760 

Imperial 822 

Imperial Oak-leaved 822 

Impcriale dfeuilles de chene 822 

Incommunicable 787 

Incomparable 723 

Inconnue la Pare 850 

Inconnue Van Mons 787 

Inconstant 788 

Iris Gregoire 788 

Iron 702 

Isabella 788 

Isambcrt 710 

Isambert le Bon 710 

Island 788 

Ives' August 788 

Ives's Bergamot 769 

Ives' Bergamotte 788 

Ives' Pear 788 

Ives' Seedling 789 

Ives' Virgalieu 789 

Ives' Winter 789 

Ives' Yale 789 

Packman's Melting 794 

Jackson 789 

Jackson 789 

Jackson's Elizabeth 789 

Jagdbirne 753 

Jalousie 790 

Jalousie de Pontenay 790' 

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee 790 

Jamin 747 

Jaminette 790 

Janvry 858 

Japan 790 

Jaquin 782 

Jar din de Jougers 784 

Jargonelle de Knoop 758 

Jargonelle des Proven^aux 864 

Jean Baptiste Bivort 790* 

Jean de Witte 791 

Jefferson 791 

Jenart 696; 

Jersey Gratioli 791 

Jewess 79fr 

Jilogil 772; 

Joannette 658 ; 

John 815 

John Griffith 7911 

Johonnot 791 

Joli-mont 864 

Jolie Fille de Gust 792 1 

Jolimont 742: 

Jolivet 742- 

Jolliemont 742 

Joly de Bonneau 792 



68 



1074 



PEARS. 



PAGE 

Jones 792 

Jones's Seedling 792 

Joseph Staquet 793 

Josephine 696, 790 

Josephine Bouvier 793 

Josephine de Malines 793 

Jouffroy 875 

Judge Andrews 794 

Juive 796 

Jules Bivort 734 

Julienne 794 

July Pear 862 

Just 767 

Just-peer 886 

Jutjesbirne 886 

Juite 886 

Kaiser d Automne 880 

Kaiserbirne 880 

Kaissoise 678 

Kartofel 724 

Ka.ttern 846 

Katzenkop 716 

Keele Hall Beurri 861 

Keiser 794 

Kelsey 794 

Kessoise 678 

Keyports 771 

Kilmer 823 

King 794, 795 

King Edward's 794 

King of Summer 843 

King of Wurtemberg 767 

King's Seedling 795 

Kingsessing. 795 

Kirtland 795 

Kirtland' s Beurr'e 795 

Kirtland 's Seckel 795 

Kirtlands Seedling 795 

Knight's 796 

Knight's Monarch 796 

Knight's Seedling 796, 840 

Konge 883 

Kopertscher 796 

Kossertscher 796 

Kronprinz Ferdinand 773 

Kronprinz von Oestreich 773 

L' Echasserie 753 

L'Lnconnue 787 

K Inconstant 788 

L'Orpheline 680 

La Bonne Malinaise 884 

La Fortume de Paris 766 

La Fortune e de Parmentier 766 

La Girardin 772 

La He'rard 796 

La Juive 796 

La Moulinoise 797 

La Savourese 797 

La Sceur Gregoire 798 

La Quintinye 835 

La Peine 696 



PART 

La Virguleuse 877 

Lady Thigh 

La fare 850 

Lafayette 796 

Lamartine 797 

Lammas 797 

Lammas 729 

Langelier's Beurr'e 693 

Langlier's Victoria 773 

Lansac 797 

Large Round Blanquet 797 

Large Rousselet 843 

Large Seckel 703 

Large Sugar 863 

Large Summer Bergamot 862 

Large Swan's Egg 779 

Las Canas , 798 

Latch 832 

Late Catherine 846 

Laundry Wilding 753 

Laure de Glymes 

Laurentienne 767 

Lawrence 798 

Le Beurre 745 

Le Breton 798 

Le Bran 

Le Cure 875 

Le Virgoule 877 

Lebanon 8 

Lee 799 

Lee's Seedling 799 

Leech's Kingsessing 795 

Lefevre 799 

Lefevre 693 

Lenawee 800 

Lent Saint Germain 800 

Lent St. Germain 835 

Leochine de Printemps 800 

Leon le Clerc Laval 800 

Leon le Clerc Louvain 801 

Leon Gregoire 800 

Leon Bey 801 

Leonie Pinchart 800 

Leopold 1 801 

Leopold Riche 801 

Lepine 801 

Lewis 801 

Leicis 737 

Long Green 803 

Long Green of Autumn 804 

Long Green of Esperin 804 j 

Long Green Panache 804 I 

Long Island Summer 758 

Long-Stalked Blanket 804 j 

Long-Stalked Blanquet 804; 

Long-Tailed Blanguette 804 1 

LongueviUe dEcosse 778 

Loi'd Cheeney's 784 j 

Lord Cheney ~ 784 

Lord Martin Pear 844 

Lott's Pear / 779 

Louis Bosc 701 

Louis Dupont 871 



PEARS. 



1075 



PAGE 

Louis Gregoire 806 

Louise Bonne 804 

Jjouise Bonne oV Avranches 805 

Louise Bonne d'Hiver 835 

Louise Bonne de Jersey 805 

Louise Bonne of Jersey 805 

Louise Bonne de Printemps 804 

Louise Bonne Real 804 

Louise of Boulogne 806 

Louise cC Orleans 871 

Louise dePrusse 859 

Liart 819 

Liberate 801 

Liebart 802 

J Lieutenant Poidevin 802 

I Lieutenant Poitevin 802 

i Limon 802 

\ Linden oVAutomne 773 

Little Blanket 802 

; Little Blanquet 802 

j Little Muscat 802 

; Little Musk 802 

Livingston Virgalieu 803 

i Livre de Burgoyne 772 

I Locke 803 

Locke's New Beurrl 803 

I Lodge 803 

I London Sugar 803 

i Longue de Narkouts 661 

i Love Pear 659 

< Lucien Leclercq 806 

I Lucrate 762 

o Lycurgus 806 

ij Lydia Thierard 806 

j Lyon 807 

j MabUle 686, 819 

McLellan 880 

t McLaughlin 807 

j McVean 807 

1 Madame 883 

q Madame Ad'laide Rives 654 

I Madame Ducar 808 

i Madame Durieux 808 

I Madame Eliza 809 

j Madame de France 883 

j Madame Gregoire 809 

Madame Henri Desportes 809 

Madame Millet 809 

Madame Treyve 809 

Madeleine 809 

j Madeleine 809 

Madeleine Vert 775 

Madotte 657 

Magdelen 809 

Maiden of Flanders 818 

Maiden of Xaintonge 818 

Mailanderin Orosse Grune 819 

i Malconnaitre 722 

Malconnaitre d'Haspin 810 

Manchester 810 

i Manchester Late 810 

' Manchester October 810 



PAGE 



Mandieu 656 

Manning's Elizabeth 810 

Mansfield 811 

Mansuette 661 

Marasquine 811 

Marcellis 815 

March Bergamotte 811 

Marechal de la Cour 811 

Marl dial Decours 811 

Marechal Dillen 811 

Margaret 811 

Maria Nouvelle 827 

Marianne 827 

Marianne de Nancy 812 

Marie Chrltienne 813 

Marie Guisse 813 

Marie Louise 813 

Marie Louise I) elacourt 813 

Marie Louise Donkelar 813 

Marie Louise oVElcourt 813 

Marie Louise de Jersey 813 

Marie Louise Nouvelle 813 

Marie Louise Nova 813 

Marie Louise d'Uccle 813 

Marie de Nantes 812 

Marie Parent 814 

Marion 815 

Marmion 814 

Marotte Sucree Jaune 829 

Marquise de Bedman 814 

Martha Ann 814 

Martin Sec 814 

Martin Sec de Champagne 814 

Martin Sec d'Hiver 814 

Martin Sire 814 

Martin Sire 844 

Marulis , 815 

Mary 815 

Mather 815 

Matthews Eliza 776 

Maynard 815 

Meadow Feaster 703 

Meafs Summer Butter 751 

M connaitre 722 

Mdaille 819 

Mdailled'Or 767 

Mellish 815 

Melon 819 

Melon de Ko])s 686 

Merriam 815 

Merriwea ther 866 

Merocitte de la Nature 751 

Messire dPIiver 875 

Messire Jean 815 

Messire Jean Blanc 815 

Messire Jean Bore. 815 

Messire Jean Oris 815 

Michaux: 816 

Mid Waterloo 747 

Mignonne d'Hiver 816 

Milan Blanc 863 

Milan Blanc 863 

Milan de la Beurrure 863 



1076 



PEARS. 



PAGE 

Milan de Bourdeaux 670 

Milan de Rouen 816 

Milan Vert 778 

Milanaise Cuvelier 884 

Miller's Early 828 

Millot de Nancy 816 

Misporde Benoist 716 

Missive d'Hiver 875 

Mitchell's Russet 817 

Moccas 817 

Mogul Summer 719 

Moire 694 

Molle Bouche d'Hiver 660 

Molle Bouche Nouvelle 760 

Mollet's Guernsey Beurre 817 

Mollet's Guernsey Chaumontelle . . .. 817 

MonDieu 656 

Monarch 796 

Monkowthy. .. 661 

Monseigneur Affre 817 

Monseigneur des Hons 817 

Monseigneur Sibour 817 

Monsieur 875 

Monsieur le Cure ; 875 

Monsieur Jean 815 

Monstreuse de Landers 716 

Monstrueuse du Nord 873 

Moor -f aid Egg 865 

Moore's Pear 784 

Moore's Pound 784 

Morel 818 

Morgan 780 

Mouille Bouche 803 

Mouille bouche oVAutomne 804 

Mount Vernon 818 

Mouthwater 803 

Moyamensing 818 

Mr. John 815 

Mrs. Jackson 789 

Muscadet d'£t° 767 

Muscadille 668 

Muscadine 81 8 

Muscat VAleman 772 

Muscat d'Allemagne 772 

Muscat I'Alleman 772 

Muscat Allemand 772 

Muscat V Allemand 772 

Muscat cPAmbre 818 

Muscat of Germany 772 

Muscat Lallemand 772 

Muscat Petit 802 

Muscat Robert 818 

Musca t Robine 818 

Muscat Rouge 668 

Musette d'Anjou 775 

Musk Blanquet, or Blanquette 802 

Musk Orange 824 

Musk Pear 846 

Musk Robine 818 

Musk Summer Bon Chrltien 863 

Muskingum 819 

Musquine de Bretagne 784 

My- God Pear 656 



PAGB 

Naaman's Greek 878 

Namen's Creek 878 

Napoleon 819 

Napoleon d'Hiver 819 

Napoleon Savinien 81 9 

Napoleon Vrai 819 

Naumkeag 819 

Navez Peintre 819 

Ne Plus Meuris 820 

Ne Plus Meuris 679 

Nectarine 846 

Negley 820 

Nelis d'Hiver 884 

Neue Crassane 829 

New Bridge 820 

New Frederick of Wurtemberg 684 

New St. Germain '. 837 

New S)mng Beurr'e 875 

New York Red Cheek 852 

Newhall 820 

Newtown 820 

Newtown Seedling 820 

Nickerson 820 

Niell 821 

Niles 821 

No. 10 VanMons 802 

No. 135 Van Mons 877 

No. 1599 ^/ VanMons 692 

Noir chain 696 

Nones 732 

Nonpareil 821 

Nonpareille 702 

Norris Pear 791 

Notarie Minot 821 

Nouveau Maison 854 

Nouveau Mauxion 854 

Nouveau Poiteau 821 

Nouvelle Fulvie 822 

Nouvelle d' Ouef 880 

Nun's Pear 681 

Nutmeg Pear 700 

Oak-Leaved Imperial 822 

Oak-leaved Imperial 822 

Oakley Park Bergamotte 822 

CEuf • 822 

Ognan de Xaintonge 863 

Ognonet 862 

Ognonet Musque 862 

Ognonnet 862 

Oiqnonet 862 

Oken 822 

Oken d'Hiver 822 

Oliver's Russet 822 

Olivier de Serres 822 

Omer Pacha 850 

Oneida 823 

Onondaga 823 

Ontario 824 

Orange 824 

Orange d'Automne 824 

Orange Bergamot 832 

Orange Bergamotte 824 



PEARS. 



1077 



Orange d 'Me 824 

Orange d'Hiver 824 

Orange Mandarine 824 

Orange Musk 824 

Orange Musquee 824 

Orange Rouge 824 

Orange Tulipee 825 

Orpheline Colmar 825 

Orpheltne d Enghien 680 

Osbands Favorite 825 

Osband's Summer 825 

Osborne 825 

Oswego Beurre 825 

Oswego Incomparable 826 

Ott 826 

Ott's Seedling 826 

Owen 826 

Oxford Gliauraontel 718 

Paddock 826 

Paddrington 751 

Pailleau 826 

PancJiresta 884 

Paquency 830 

Parabelle Musque 734 

Paradise d'Automne 827 

Pardee's No. 2 736 

Pardee's Seedling 827 

Parfum d'Aout 828 

Parfum de Rose 828 

Pariselle 733 

Parkinsons Warden 702 

Parsonage 828 

Parthenay 671 

Passa-tuiti 850 

Passans du Portugal 828 

Passe Colmar 829 

Passe Colmar Epineaux 829 

Passe Colmar Francois 791 

Passe Colmar Oris 829 

Passe-Colmar Musque 829 

Passe- Colmar Musque d'Automne. . . 829 

Passe Colmar Vineux 829 

Passe Crassane 829 

Passe Tardive 829 

Pastorale d'Hiver 751 

Pater Noster 830 

PaulAmbre 830 

Paul Thielens 830 

Paul Thielens 830 

Payenche 830 

Payenchi 830 

Payenchi de Perigord 830 

Payency 830 

Peach 831 

Peach Pear 831 

Pearl Pear 802 

Peck's Seedling 847 

Pemberton 831 

Penderson 831 

Pendleton's Early York 831 

J Pengethly 831 

; Penn 831 



paor 

Pennsylvania 832 

Pequini 772 

Peral del Campo 863 

Perdreau 846 

Perfumed 828, 851 

Perpetual 832 

Petaless 760 

Peters 832 

Peter silie Peer 760 

Petit Blanquet 802 

Petit Certeau 66$ 

Petit Corail 765 

Petit Johannet 658 

Petit Muscat 802 

Petit Muscat d'Automne 841 

Petit muscat batard muscade 775 

Petit Musqu'p 704 

Petit Rousselet 846 

Petit St. Jean 658 

Petite Beurre d'Hiver 700 

Petite Blanquette 802 

Petite Epine d'Ete 758 

Petre 832 

Pettalless 760 

Pftrsichbirne 831 

Philadelphia 832 

Philippe Delfosse 684 

Philippe Goes 833 

Philippe de Pacques 751 

Philippe Stri'e 859 

Picciola 833 

Pickering Pear 835 

Pickering's Warden 835 

Picquery 871 

Pie IX 833 

Pine Pear 880 

Pinneo 833 

Pioulice 704 

Piper 835 

Pistolette ' 760 

Pitmaston Duchesse d'Angouleme. . 833 

Pitt's Prolific 834 

Pitt's Surpasse Marie 834 

Plantagenet 834 

Piatt 834 

Piatt's Seedling 834 

Plombgastel 851 

Pocahontas 834 

Poire d'Abondance 656 

Poire d'Albret 678 

Poire d Amboise 710 

Poire d Amour 659 

Poire dAngoise 884 

Poire d'Apoth'caire 884 

Poire d'Avril 664 

Poire de Bavay 732 

Poire de Berriays 672 

Poire Braconot d'Epinal 707 

Poire de Bunville 844 

Poire de Cadet 670 

Poire des Chasseurs 735 

Poire Chenille 828 

Poire de Chypre 846 



1078 



PEARS. 



Poire Davy 760 

Poire du Doyen 880 

Poire Durandeau 735 

Poire Gendron 688 

Poire Gerando 771 

Poire Giffard 689 

Poire-glace 877 

Poire de Glace 877 

Poire d Gobert 772 

Poire Goubalt 690 

Poire GuUlaume 666 

Poire His 850 

Poire des Invalides 725 

Poire du Jardin 770 

Poire de Lepine 801 

Poire Liard 819 

Poire de Limon 880 

Poire de Louvain 734 

Poire avx Mouches 825 

Poire Napoleon 819 

Poire Niell 821 

Poire des Nonnes 681 

Poire de Poyency 830 

Poire Peche 831 

Poire a la Perle 802 

Poire dePersil 760 

Poire-Pomme 662 

Poire Poriaidt 671 

Poire Prevost 836 

Poire de Prince 837 

Poire de Printemps 858 

Poire d la Peine 818 

Poire Ritelle 842 

Poire de Rose 863 

Poire sans Peau 856 

Poire sans Pepins 778 

Poire Seutin 854 

Poire Six 697 

Poire de 16 Ounces 772 

Poire de Stuttgard 847 

Poire de tables des princes 758 

Poire Truite 765 

Poire Van Marum 873 

Poire Vauquelin 874 

Poireau 671 

Pollan 834 

Pomoire 662 

Pope's Quaker 834 

Pope's Scarlet Major 834 

Potts 773 

Pound 835 

PoicelVs Virgalieu 864 

Pradcllo de Catalogue 875 

Prairie du Pond 835 

Pratique de Rouen 687 

Pratt 835 

Prlcel 829 

Precilly 835 

Precoce de Glady 856 

Precocee Goubault 695 

Pr^mices de Wagelwater 836 

Present de Malines 829 

Present Royal de Naples 667 



PAGE 

Present Royal de Nantes 667 

President 836 

President oVEspagne 858 

President Felton 836 

President Mas 836 

Pretty Girl of Gust 792 

Preul 829 

Prevost 836 

Primitive 802 

Prince Albert 836 

Prince Camille de Rohan 714 

Prince Imperial de France 837 

Prince de Joinville 837 

Prince Napoleon 837 

Prince's Harvest 837 

Prince's Pear 837 

Prince's St. Germain 837 

Prince's Sugar 862 

Prince's Sugar Top 862 

Princess. 818 

Princess Charlotte 838 

Princess Helen d 1 Orleans 749 

Princess Maria 838 

Princess of Orange 839 

Princess Royal 776 

Princesse Conquete 839 

Princesse Marianne 827 

Princesse oV Orange 839 

Pnncesse de Parme 813 

Princiire de Kopertsh 796 

Professeur Hennau 839 

Pucelle Condi sienne 829 

Pulsifer 839 

Puvis St. Germain 839 

Queen of August 784 

Queen of the Low Countries 839 

Queen's Amber 818 

Queen's Pear 818 

Quilletette 840 

Quinn 840 

Quinnipiac 850 

Railroad Fuss 831 

Rallay 840 

Rapelje 840 

Ravenswood 840 

Raymond 840 

Read's Seedling 825 

Reading- 841 

Real Jargonelle 758 

Red Berg-amot 841 

RedBeurre 710, 745 

Red Butter 710 

Red Cheek 767 

Red- Cheeked Seckel 852 

Red Doyenne 745 

Red Garden 841 

RedMuscadel 767 

Red Orange 824 

Reedefs Seedling 739 

Regine 841 

Regintin 829 



PEARS. 



1079 



PACK 

Reigner 880 

Heine Caroline 841 

Heine d'Hiver 841 

Bdne des Pays Bas 839 

Heine des Poires 842 

Heine Victoria 842 

Reine de Vierge 749 

Reserve Pear . . 758 

Retour de Home 842 

Reynaer Beemaert 842 

Richards 842 

Richards Beurre 863 

Richmond 779, 850 

Ridelle's 842 

Bis de Loup 772 

Rivers' Winter Beurre 843 

Roberts Keeping 751 

Robert's Muskateller 818 

Robertson 878 

Robine 818 

Robinson 878 

Roe's Bergamot 843 

Roi d'Ete 843 

Roi Jolimont 742 

Roi Louis 775 

Roi Louis Nouveau 688 

Roi de Louvain 716 

Roi de Rome 843 

Roi de Rome 819 

Roi de Wurtemberg 767 

Roitelet , 843 

Rokeby 844 

Rondelet 844 

Honville 844 

Ropes 844 

Rose Epi ne Rose 863 

Rose Pear 863 

Rosenbime 863 

Roslyn 844 

Rostiezer 845 

Rouge d'Anjou 697 

Rouge des Vierges 717 

Round Top 872 

Rousellet de Mcester 814 

Rousse Lench 845 

Rousselet 843, 846 

Rousselet Aelens 845 

Rousselet Bivort 845 

Rousselet de Coster 845 

Rousselet Decoster 845 

Rousselet Double 846 

Rousselet Enfante Prodigue 846 

Rousselet Esperen 846 

Rousselet Hatif 846 

Rousselet d'Hiver 814 

Rousselet Jamin 750 

Rousselet de Jamin 750 

Rousselet de Janvier 845 

Rousselet de Jonghe 846 

Rousselet Musqu'e 846 

Rousselet de Rheims 846 

Rousselet St. Nicholas 847 

Rousselet Stuttgart 847 I 



PAGE 

Rousselet Vanderwecken 847 

Rousseline 847 

Rousselon 847 

Roussette d'Anjou 700 

Royal 847 

Royal d'Angleterre 835 

Royal Tairling 751 

Royal Winter 848 

Royale 863 

Royale d'Hiver 848 

Royale Nouvelle 849 

Rozatte du Dauphine 863 

Rozatte d'Lngrandes 863 

Rushmore's Bon Chretien 779 

Russelet 843 

Russelin 847 

Rutter 848 

Sabine 790 

Sabine d' EU 767 

Sabine Van Hons 790 

Sacandaga 849 

Sacandaga Seckel 849 

Saco 773 

Safran d'Automne 858 

Safran d'Ete 863 

Safran rosat d'Automne 858 

Sageret 671 

Saint Andre 849 

St. Cerran 664 

Saint Crispin 849 

Saint Denis 849 

Saint Dorothee 849 

Saint Germain 850 

Saint Germain blanc 804, 850 

Scant Germain brun 850 

St. Germain Bore 850 

St. Germain Dutilleul 668 

Saint Germain d'Ete 864 

Saint Germain Fondant 672 

St. Germain de Graines 668 

Si. Germain Gris 850 

St. Germain Jaune 850 

Saint Germain d'Hiver 850 

Saint Germain de Martin 864 

St. Germain Nouveau 874 

St. Germain Panache.e 850 

Saint Germain de Pepins 850 

Saint- Germain-Puvis 839 

St. Germain du Tillay 668 

St. Germain du Tilloy 668 

Saint Germain Vauguelin 874 

Saint Germain vert 850 

Saint Ghislain 850 

St Herblain d'Hiver 751 

St. Jean 658 

St. Jean Baptist e 727 

St. Jean Baptiste d'Hiver 727 

St. Jean Musguee Gros 818 

St. John's Pear 658 

Saint Lambert 758 

Saint Laurent 767 

Saint Lezin 850 



1080 



TEARS. 



PAGE 

Saint Menin 850 

Saint Marc 668, 871 

St. Martial 660 

St. Michael Archange 851 

Saint Michael Archangel 851 

St. Michael of Boston 880 

St. Michael Bore 745 

St. Michael d'Bte 742 

St. Michael d' River 742 

St. Michel 880 

Saint Michel Crotte 859 

St. Nicholas 749 

Saint Sampson 758 

Saint Vincent de Paul 851 

Sainte-3f a delaine 809 

Salisbury Seedling 851 

Salviata 851 

Sand Pear . . . . 851 

Sanguine d' Italic 851 

Sanguinole .... 851 

Sanguinole de Belgique 852 

Sans Pair 702 

Sans Pareille 702 

Sans Pepins 778 

Sanspeau 856 

Sarah 852 

Sarah 784 

Satin 797 

Satin Vert 758 

Schelis 863 

Schone and Gute 778 

Schuman 852 

Scotch Bergamot 778 

Seal 852 

Sebastopol 852 

Sebastopol tfEti 852 

Seckel 852 

Seckle. 852 

Seigneur 762 

Seigneur cFEsperin 762 

Seigneur d? River . 751 

Selleck 854 

Senateur Mosselman 854 

Sept-en-gueule 802 

Seraphine Ovin 854 

Serrurier 854 

Serr wrier d'Automne 854 

Seutin 854 

Shakespeare 852 

Shaumontel 718 

Shaw-Montel 718 

Shawmut. 855 

Sheldon 855 

Shenk's 784 

Sheppard 855 

Short's Saint Germain 864 

Sicile 758 

Sickel 852 

Sieulle 746 

Silliman's Russet 833 

Silvanbirne 866 

Silvange Pierard 866 

Simon Bouvier 856 



PAGE 



Sire Martin 814 

Skinless 856 

Small Blanquet 802 

Small Winter Beurre 700 

Smith's Bordenave 803 

Smith's Early Butter 818 

Smith's Pennsylvania 832 

Smokehouse 784 

Snow Flower 782 

Smir Gregoire 798 

Soldat Esperen 856 

Soldat Laboureur 856 

Soleure 706 

Solitaire 661 

Sommer Gute Christenbirne 863 

Sophia Beekmans 814 

Souvenir du Congress 856 

Souvenir d'Esperen 857 

Souvenir Favre 858 

Souvenir of Madame Treyve 809 

Souvenir de la Heine des Beiges. . . 857 

Souvenir de Simon Bouvier 856 

Souveraine. 829 

Souveraine d' Ete 858 

Souveraine d' River 829 

Souveraine de Printemps 858 

Spanish Bon Chretien 858 

Spanish Warden 858 

Sparbirne 758 

Speckled Harris 779 

Spice Butter 703 

Spice Pear 846 

Spina 858 

Spina di Carpi 848 

Sponge 721 

Sportsman 735 

Spiing Beurre 875 

Staunton 7<>9 

Steinmitz Catherine 858 

Steinmitz Spice 859 

Stephen's Genesee 859 

Sterling 859 

Stevens' Genesee 859 

Stone 860 

Striped Bergamot 865 

Striped Bean 881 

Striped Germain 850 

Striped Orange 825 

Stuttgarter Geishirtel. 847 

Stuyversant 863 

Styer 860 

Styrian 861 

Sublime Garnotte 880 

Sucre d'Automne de Tertolen 861 

Sucre Noir d'£te 861 

Sucre de Tertolan 861 

Sucre Vert 861 

Sucre Vert d'Automne de Tolsduyn. 861 

Sucre-vert cCHoyersworda 861 

Sucr e blanche 804 

Sucree du Cornice 861 

Sucree de Hoyerswerda 861 

Sucne Doric 819 



PEARS. 



1081 



PAGK 

Suchrin blanc cCfite 804 

Suffolk Thorn. 862 

Sugar of Hoy ersworda 861 

Sugar Pear 779 

Sugar Top 862 

Sukerey <PAutomne 861 

Sullivan 862 

Summer Apothekerbirne 86') 

Summer Archduke 862 

Summer Beauty 767 

Summer Bell 883 

Summer Bergamot 862 

Summer Beurre d'Aremberg 862 

Summer Bon Chretien 863 

Summer Crassane 863 

Summer Doyenne 742 

Summer Franc Real 863 

Summer Good Christian 863 

Summer Jargonelle 767 

Summer Pine- apple 660 

Summer Portugal 828 

Summer Rose , 863 

Summer SL Germain 864 

Summer Thorn 758 

Summer Virgalieu 864 

Summer Virgalieu 825, 833 

Superfondante 864 

Supreme 883 

Supreme Coloma 796 

Supreme de Quimper 864 

Surpass Maria Louise 834 

Surpasse Crassane 829 

Surpasse Fortune e 766 

Surpasse Meuris 864 

Surpasse Virgalieu 864 

Surpasse Virgouleuse 864 

Suzette de Bavay 865 

Swan's Egg 865 

Swan's Orange 823 

Sweet Summer 758 

Swiss Bergamot 865 

Syckle 852 

Sylvanche 866 

Sylvange 866 

Sylvange d' River 760 

SyUanghe vert d?hiver 686 

Tardif de Mons 866 

Tardive de Toulouse 749 

Tarquin 866 

Tarquin des Pyrenees 866 

Taylor Pear 866 

Tea 866 

Terling 751 

Terreneuvaise 700 

THe de Chat 716 

Teton de Venus 772 

Theodore Van Mons 867 

Th^rese Kumps 868 

Thiessoise 678 

Thompson's 868 

Thooris 868 

Thorny Ambrette 658 



PACK 

Thorny Rose 863 

Thouin 884 

Thuerlinckx 868 

Tillington 868 

Tilloy 668 

Tilton 658 

Tombe de V Amateur 821 

Totten's Seedling 868 

Treasure 659 

Trescott 869 

Tresor 659 

Tresor oV Amour 659 

Trimble 773 

Triomphe de Hasselt 873 

Triomphe de Joduigne 869 

Triomphe de Louvain 869 

Triomphe du Nord 873 

Triomphe de Pomologique 728 

Troken Martin 814 

Trompe-valet 658 

Trout Pear 765 

Trouve de Montigny 701 

Truckhill Bergamot 869 

Tuerlinckx 868 

Tulipte 863 

Tuliped or Fly Pear 825 

Turkish BonchrUien 76 1 

Turkish Pear 761 

Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leo- 
pold I 869 

Two Sisters 736 

Tyler 869 

Tynsbord 1 719 

Tyrolle 790 

Tyson 870 

Udal 767 

Union 835 

Upper Crust 870 

Urbaniste 871 

Urbardste Seedling 871 

Ursula 872 

UvedaWs St. Germain 835 

Uwchlan 872 

VaDeuxAns 725 

Valandree 734 

Valencia 880 

Valentia - 880 

Valentine 872 

Vallee Franche 872 

Van Assche 872 

Van Assene 872 

VanAsshe 872 

VanBuren 873 

Van Deventer 873 

Van de Weyer Bates 873 

Vandeweyer Bates 873 

Van Donckelaer 813 

Van Donkelear 813 

Van By ok 858 

Van Marum 873 

Van Mons Leon le Clerc 873 



1082 



PEARS. 



PAGE 

Van Mans No. 154 810 

VanMonsNo. 889 862 

Van Mans No. 1238 722 

Van Mans St. Germain 874 

Van Vranken 849 

Vandyck 858 

Vauquelin 874 

Verdette 861 

Verlaine 874 

Verlaine 770 

Verlaine cTEte 770, 874 

Vermilion 668 

Vermilion d? fits 767 

Vermilion d'Autamne 668 

Vermilion des Dames 668 

Vermilion oVEspagne d'Hiver 858 

Vermilion d'EU 767 

Vermilion (Ten Haut 874 

Vermilion cTHiver des Dames 669 

Vermont 874 

Vermont Seedling 874 

Verte Longue 803 

Verte Longue d Angers 760 

Verte Longue oVAutamne 804 

Verte Longue of Espenn 804 

Verte Longue (tlliver 753 

Verte Longue de la Mayenne 760 

Verte Longue panache 804 

Vemlam 875 

Vezouziere 875 

Vicaire de Winkfield 875 

Vicar of Winkfield 875 

Vicomte de Spoelberch 877 

Victoria 773 

Vignes 733 

Viliane d'Anjou 863 

Vinense 877 

Vineuse cFEsperen 877 

Virgalieu of New York 880 

Virgidoo 880 

Virgin of Xaintonge 818 

Virgolese 877 

Virgouleuse 877 

Von Zugler 877 

Wadleigh , 877 

Walker 877 

Walker's Seedling 818 

Warwick Bergamot 880 

Washington 878 

Water 883 

Waterloo 747 

Watermelon 784, 883 

Watertown 722 

Watson 878 

Wayne 855 

Webster 878 

Weisse Herbst Butterbirne 880 

Welbeck Bergamot 879 

Wellington 879 

Wendell 879 

Westcott 879 

Wetmore 879 



PAGK 

Wharton's Early 879 

Wheeler 880 

Whieldon 880 

Whieldan's McLellan 880 

White Autumn Beurre 880 

White Beurre 880 

White Butter 880 

White Doyenne 880 

White Pear 802 

White's Seedling 881 

Wicar of Wakefield. 875 

Wiest 882 

Wilbur 882 

Wilding of Caissoy 700 

Wilding of Hery 700 

Wilfred 683 

Wilhelmine 790 

Wilkinson 882 

Willermoz 882 

William 805 

William Edwards 882 

William the Fourth 805 

William Powell 863 

William Prince „ 883 

Williams' Bonchretien 666 

Williams' Bonchretien 666 

Williams' Early 883 

Williamson 883 

Wilmington 883 

Windsor 883 

Winship 884 

Winship Seedling 884 

Winter Ambret 658 

Winter Bell 835 

Winter Bergamotte 751 

Win ter Beurre 718, 843 

Winter Bonchretien 884 

Winter Duchess 749 

Winter Good Christian 884 

Winter Green Long 753 

Winter Long Green 753 

Winter Nelis 884 

Winter Oken 822 

Winter Orange 824 

Winter Bousselette 814 

Winter Royal 848 

Winter Seckel 885 

Winter Thorn 885 

Winter Virgalieu 723 

Wisner 855 

Woodbridge's Seckel 885 

WolcotVs Early 779 

Woolaston 773 

Woodstock 886 

Wredow 886 

Yat 886 

Yellow Butter 880 

York Bergamot 663 

Yutte 8S6 

Zepherin Gregoire 886 

Zepherin Louis 886 



PEARS PLUMS. 



1083 



PAGE 

Zepherin Louis Grcgoire 886 

Zoar Beauty 887 

Zoar Seedling 887 



PLUMS. 

Abricot Vert 917 

Abricote Blanc 952 

Abricote Hdtif 911 

Abricot' e 896 

Abricotee Blanc 896 

Abricotee Blanche 896, 952 

Abricotee de Braunau 895 

Abricotee de Braunau JYouvelle. . . . 929 

Abricot' e Ilutive 911 

Abricotee Rouge 942 

Abricot' e Sageret 917 

Abricot' e de Tours 896 

Admiral de Rig ny 923 

AgenBatte 939 

Albany Beauty 895 

Alderton 948 

Aloises Green Gage 917 

Altesse Blanche 954 

Altesse Double 924 

American Magnum Bonum 896 

American Wheat 896 

American Yellow Gage 939 

Amber Primordian 925 

Angelina Burdett 896 

Anglaise Noir 935 

Anna Maria 896 

Apple Plum 896 

Apricot 896 

Apricot Plum of Tours 896 

Askew' s Golden Egg 954 

Askew 1 s Purple Egg 943 

Auburn 897 

Aunt Ann 918 

Austrian Quetsche 916 

Automne de Schamali 897 

Autumn Beauty 898 

Autumn Compote 897 

Autumn Gage 897 

Avant Prune blanche 925 

Azure Dative 899 

Bavay's Green Gage 897 

Beacb Plum 889 

Beekmaii's Scarlet 929 

Bejonnicres 898 

Belgian Purple 898 

Belle de Louvain 898 

Belle de Septembre 898 

Benedict 899 

Bilboa 925 

Bingham 899 

Black Damson 907 

Black Imperial 901 

Black Morocco 932 

Black Perdrigon 899 

Blackthorn 955 



Bleecker's Gage 899 

Bleecker's Scarlet 929 

Bleeckei^s Yellow 899 

Bleecker's Yellow Gage 899 

Bleu de Belgique 898 

Bleu de Per que 898 

Blue Gage 899 

Blue Holland 921 

Blue Imperatrice 900 

Blue Imperatrice 947 

Blue Imperial 901 

Blue Perdrigon 900 

Blue Perdrigon 937 

Blue Plum 900 

Blum 900 

Bolmar 951 

Bolmer 951 

Bolmer's Washington 951 

Bonnet d'Eveque 900 

Boulouf 901 

Boulouf 926 

Bradfwcl Gage 917 

Bradshaw 901 

Brahy's Green Gage 901 

Brandy Gage 931 

Bremen Prune 916 

Brevoort's Purple 901 

Brevoorfs Purple Bolmar 901 

Brevoorfs Purple Washington 901 

Bricet 901 

Bricetta 901 

Brignole 953 

Brignole Violette 900 

Brugnon Gage 917 

Bruyn Gage 917 

Bryanston's Gage 902 

Buel's Favorite 902 

Burettes 902 

Burgundy Prune 902 

Burlington Gage 902 

Bury Seedling 904 

Byfield 902 

Caldwell's Golden Drop 902 

Caldwell's White Gage 903 

Caledonian 917, 933 

Cambell 903 

CambeWs Seedling 903 

Canf slate Green Gage 917 

Catalonian 925 

Cerisette Blanche 925 

Chapin 903 

Chopin's Early 921 

Chapman's Prince of Wales 938 

Charlotte 950 

Cherry 903 

Chester County Prune 903 

Cheston 904 

Chickasaw Plum 889 

Cleavinger 904 

Cloth of Gold Esperen 916 

Cloth of Gold Plum 910 

Coe's Golden Drop 904 



1084 



PLUMS. 



PAGE 

Coe's Golden Drop Violette 905 

Cods Imperial 904 

Coe's Late Red 904 

Coe's Plum 904 

Coe's Violet 905 

Columbia 905 

Columbian Gage 905 

Common Damson 907 

Common English Sloe 955 

Common Orleans 935 

Common QuetscJie 915 

Common St. Julien 946 

Comte Gustave d'Egger 905 

Cooper's Blue Gage 899 

Cooper's Large 905. 

Cooper's Large American 905 

Cooper's Large Red 905 

Cope 906 

Copper 906 

Corse's Admiral 906 

Corse's Field Marshal 906 

Corse's Nota Bene 906 

Couetsche 915 

Covetche 915 

Cox's Seedling 906 

Croft's Early 907 

Cruger's 907 

Cruger's Scarlet .... 907 

Cruger's Scarlet Gage 907 

Cruger's Seedling 907 

D'Agen 939 

D'Avierique Rovge 903 

D'Automne de Schamal. 897 

D'Autriche 908 

D'Avoine 925 

Damas Blanc 952 

Damas Blanc Gros 952 

Damas Blanc Hdtif Gros 952 

Damas Dronet 910 

Damas d'Espagne 949 

Damas Gros ... 915 

Damas dltalie 924 

Damas Jaune 953 

Damas Larcson 928 

Damas de Mangeron 931 

Damas Musque 933 

Damas de Provence 939 

Damas de Provence Hdtif 939 

Damas de Septembre 947 

Damas de Tours 937 

Damas de Tours gros 917 

Damas Vert 917 

Damas Violet 941 

Damas Violet Gros 915 

Damascena Schamali 897 

Damascene Maugeron 931 

Damask 915 

Dame Aubert 954 

Dame Aubert blanche. . .'. 954 

Dame Aubert Jaune 954 

Dame Aubert Violette 943 

Damson 907 



PAGE 



Dana's Yellow Gage 908 

Date Plum 908 

Dattelzwetsche 908 

Dauphin 948 

Dauphine 917 

De Bordeaux 926 

De Chypre 933 

De Delice 908 

De Montfort 908 

De Virginie 903 

Denniston's Albany Beauty 896 

Denniston's Red 908 

Denniston's Superb 908 

Denyer's Victoria 948 

Diamond 909 

Dictator 909 

Diaphane 950 

Diaphane Laffay 950 

Diapr'e Blanc 952 

Diaprie Blanche 952 

Diaprie Rovge 942 

Diaprle Violette 904 

Die Rothe Eiperflavme 943 

Die Violette Kimigin Claudie 940 

Dolphin 948 

Domine Dull 909 

Darelle's Neue Grosse Zwetsche 934 

Dorelle's New Purple Prune. 934 

Dorr's Favorite 909 

Double-blossomed Plum 955 

Double-flowering Sloe 955 

Downing' s Early 910 

Downton Imp^ratrice 910 

Drap d'Or 910 

Drop d'Or Et>peren 916 

Dronet Damask 910 

Duane's Purple 910 

Dumore 910 

Dunmore 910 

Dutch Prune 909 

Dutch Quetzen 909 

Dwarf Texas Plum 889 

Early Amber 911 

Early Apricot 911 

Early Bovay 926 

Early Black Morocco 932 

Early Cross 911 

Early Damask 932 

Early Damask of Provence 939 

Early Damson. 907 

Early Favorite 911 

Early Genesee 920 

Early Green Gage 911 

Early John 925 

Early Monsieur 911 

Early Morocco 932 

Early Orleans 911 

Early Prolific 912 

Early Purple 921 

Early Rivers 912 

Early Royal 945 

Early Royal of Nikita 912 



PLUMS. 



1085 



PAGE 

Early Russian 915 

Early St. John 912 

Early Scarlet 903 

Early Tours 937 

Early Violet 937 

Early Yellow 925 

Early Yellow Prune 912 

Edouard Seneclauze 912 

Egg Plu m 954 

Eif'rey 912 

Elfry's Prune 912 

Emerald Drop 913 

Empress 900 

English Orleans 935 

English Wheat 913 

English Yellow Gage 913 

Eugene Furst 913 

Fair's Golden Drop 904 

Fellenberg 924 

Fine Bonte 913 

Florence 943 

Flushing Gage 923 

Fonthill 937 

Footers Early Orleans 913 

Foote's Golden Gage 914 

Fotheringay 914 

Fotheringhani 914 

Franklin 951 

French Copper 906 

French Royal 945 

French St. Julien 946 

Frost Gage 914 

Frost Plum 914, 952 

Fulton 914 

Galbraith 914 

Gelbe Mirabelle 932 

Gem 915 

Genl. Hand 915 

German Gage 899 

German Prune 915 

German Quetsche 915 

Ghiston's Early 916 

Gilford's Lafayette 916 

Gillett 931 

Gisborne's 916 

Gisborn e's Early 916 

Gloire de New York 922 

Golden Cherry Plum 916 

Golden Esperen 916 j 

Golden Gage 904 j 

Golden Gage Lawson 928 ; 

Goliath 917 j 

Gonne 917 j 

Gonnds Green Gage 913 \ 

Goring" s Golden Gage 917 

Goutte d'Or 904 

Great Damask Violet of Tours 917 

Great Green Damask 917 

Green Gage 917 

GrimwoooVs Early Orleans 911 

Gros Damas Vert 917 



t-agk 

Gros Damas de Tours 917 

Gros Rouge de Septembre 898 

Grosse Luisante. 954 

Grosse Reine 917 

Grosse Reine Claude 917 

Groundacre 918 

Grove House Purple 914 

Gundaker Plum 918 

Gundaker Prune 918 

Guthrie's Apricot 918 

Guthrie's Aunt Ann 918 

Guthrie's Golden 918 

Guthrie's Late Green 919 

Guthrie's Russet 919 

Guthrie's Taybank 919 

Guthrie's Topaz 919 

Gwalsh 919 

Hallenbeck 920 

Hampton Court 911 

Hartwiss' Yellow Prune 920 

Henrietta Gage 920 

Henry Clay 920 

Highlander 920 

Hinckley 931 

Holland 921 

Holland Prune 921 

Horse Plum 921 

How's Amber 921 

Howard's Favorite 921 

Howell's Early 921 

HowelVs Large 933 

Hudson Gage 922 

Huling's Reine Claudia 917 

Huling's Superb 922 

Ickworth Imperatrice 922 

Ida Gage 917 

Ida Green Gage 917 

Imperatrice 900 

Imperatrice Blanche 952 

Impiratrice Violet 900 

Imperatrice Violette 915 

Imp'tratrice Violette Grosse 915 

Imperial 943 

Imperial Diadem 942 

Imperial Gage 923 

Imperial Ottoman 923 

Imperial Purple 923 

Imp'rial de Sharp 948 

Imperial Violet 943 

Imperiale. 943 

Imperiale blanche 954 

Imperiale de Milan 922 

Imperiale Rouge 943 

Imp'riale Violette 943 

Incomparable 924 

Incomparable Prune 924 

Irving 's Bolmar 951 

Isabel 931 

Isabella 924 

Isleworth Green Gage 917 

Italian Damask 924 



PAGB 

925 
917 

933 
930 
930 



1086 



PLUMS. 



PAGE 

Italian Prune 924 

Italian Quetsche 924 

Ives 924 

Ives 1 Seedling 924 

Ives 1 Washington 924 

Jackson 951 

Jacob 925 

Jaune de Catalogne 925 

Jaune Hative 925 

Jean Hative 925 

Jefferson 925 

Jenkins 1 Imperial 933 

Jerusalem 926 

Jodoigne Green Gage 926 

Judson 926 

July Green Gage 926 

Kester's Green Gage 926 

Kester's Yellow Gage 926 

Keyser's Plum 922 

Kirke's • 926 

Kirke's Stoneless 949 

Knevett's late Orleans 933 

Knights Large Drying 927 

Knights No. 6 922 

Koetsche 915 



Loudon Plum , 

Louis Brun . , 

Louis Philippe 

Louisa 

Lucombe's Nonesuch , 



Mc Cauley's Seedlin g 

McLaughlin 

Madison 

Magnum Bonum 

Mattre Claude 

Mamelon Soger et 

Mamelonnee 

Mangeron 

Mann's Brandy Gage 

Mann's Imperial 

Manning's Long Blue 

Manning's Long Blue Prune 

Manning's Prune 

Marian 

Marten 

Marten's 
Matchless 

Maugeron 

Maugeron Damask. 
Mediterranean .... 
Meigs 



Kolenkamp 927 

La Dilicieuse 905 

La Bioyale 945 

Lady Plum 927 

Langdon 927 

Langdon's Seedling ........ 927 

Large Early Damson 921 

Large German Prune 915 

Large Green Drying 927 

Large Long Blue 930 

Large Peach 936 

Large White Damson 907 

Largest Damask of Tours 917 

Late Black Damson 907 

Late Black Orleans 927 

Late Bolmer 928 

Late Cluster 952 

Late Green Gage 935 

Late Monsieur 935 

Late Purple Damson 907 

Late Rivers 928 

Late Yellow Damson 952 

Lawrence's Favorite 928 

Lawrence's Gage 928 

Lawrence's Early 928 

Lawson's Golden 928 

Leipzic 915 

Lewiston Egg 929 

Liegel's Apricot 929 

Little Blue Gage 899 

Little Mirabelle 932 

Little Queen Claude 913 

Livingston Manor 917 

Lombard 929 

Long Scarlet 929 



903 
930 
908 
954 
953 
930 
930 
931 
931 
931 
930 
930 
930 
945 
931 
931 
904 
931 
931 
931 
931 



Mimms 942 

Miner 931 

Minette 919 

Mirabelle 932 

Mirabelle Blanche 932 

Mirabelle Double 910 

Mirabelle Grosse 910 

Mirabelle Jaune 932 

Mirabelle de Nancy 932 

Mirabelle d'Octobre 901 

Mirabelle Perle 932 

Mirabelle Petite 932 

Mirabelle Pricoce 932 

Mirabelle Tardive 901 

Mirabelle Vert Double 917 

Mirabelle de Vienne 932 

Miser Plum 903 

Mitchelson 932 

Mitchelson's 932 

Monroe 932 

Monroe Egg 932 

Monsieur 935 

Monsieur a fruits Jaune 954 

Monsieur Ildtif 911 

Monsieur Ildtif de Montmorency . . . 911 

Monsieur Hative 911 

Monsieur Ordinaire 935 

Monsieur Tardif 949 

Monsieur Tardive 949 

Monstrueuse de Bavay 897 

Monstrueuse d' OuUins 935 

Montgomery Prune 929 

Morocco 932 

Moyret's Gage 933 

Mulberry 933 

Murray's Peine Claudia 917 



PLUMS. 



1087 



PAGE 

Muscle 933 

Musk Damask 933 

Musqub de Malta 933 

Myrobolan 903 

Nectarine 933 

Nelson's Victory 933 

New Ea/rly Orleans 911 

New Golden Drop 904 

New Orleans 911 

New Washington 951 

New York Purple 901 

Newman 934 

Noire Ildtive 937 

Nolen Plum 953 

Nonpareil * 924 

Norbert 934 

Norman Perdrigon 934 

North 934 

North's Seedling 934 

Nouvelle de Dorelle 934 

Nutmeg 913 

Oberley 934 

Oberley's Greenwood 934 

October Green Gage 935 

CEildeBamf 926 

Old Apricot 896 

Old Orleans 935 

Orange 935 

Orange Gage 935 

Orleans 935 

Oullin's Gage 935 

Oullin's Golden 935 

Oullin's Golden Gage 935 

Parker's Mammoth 951 

Parsonage 936 

Paterson's 916 

Peach Plum 936 

Peach Plum 933 

Penobscot 936 

Peoly's Early Blue 936 

Perdrigon Blanc 953 

Perdrigon Normamd 934 

Perdrigon Rouge 943 

Perdrigon Violet 937 

Perdrigon Violet Hatif 936 

Perdrigon Violette 900 

Pershore 936 

Peter's Yellow Gage 937 

Petit Bricette 901 

Petit Drap d'Or 932 

Petit St. Julien 946 

Petite Peine Claude 913 

Philippe I. 951 

Pickett's July 925 

Piq eon's Heart 941 

Pitless 949 

Plum de VInde 937 

Pond's Purple 937 

Pond's Seedling 937 

Pourprte Buane 910 



PAGE 

Precoce de Bergthold 938 

Precoce de Tours 937 

Prince Albert 938 

Prince Englebert 938 

Prince of Wales 938 

Prince's Blue Primordian 939 

Prince's Early Damson 907 

Prince's Gage 923 

Prince's Imperial 923 

Prince's Imperial Gage 923 

Prince's Orange Egg 938 

Prince's Orange Gage 938 

Prince's Primordian 939 

Prince's White Gage 923 

Prince's Yellow Gage 939 

Provence Damask 939 

Prune d'Agen 939 

Prune d'Allemagne 915 

Prune d'Altesse 949 

Prune d'Altesse blanche 925 

Prune d'Ast 939 

Prune d'Automne de Schamili 897 

Prune d'Autriche 908 

Prune des Bejonnieres 898 

Prune de Bourgogne 902 

Prune de Brignole 939 

Prune de Catalogue 925 

Prune de Chypre 933 

Prune Damson 907 

Prune Datte 908 

Prune Biaphane Laffay 950 

Prune de Gaillon 937 

Prune Gonne 917 

Prune Goutted'Or 904 

Prune Grosse Quetsche Nouvelle 934 

Prune d'Inde blanc 954 

Prune d' Italic 924 

Prune de lepine 934 

Prune de Louvain 898 

Prune de la Madelaine 937 

Prune de Malthe 933 

Prune de Milan 922 

Prune de Mirabelle 932 

Prune de Monsieur 935 

Prune Monsieur Jaune 925 

Prime Nouvelle de Dorr el 934 

Prune d'CEuf 943 

Prune d' Orleans 935 

Prune Peche 933, 936 

Prune de Prince 934 

Prune du Boi 939 

Prune Roy ale 945 

Prune de St. Barnabe 925 

Prune de St. Jean. . 912 

Prune de St. Martin 904 

Prune Suisse 949 

Prune de Vacance 947 

Prune Violet de Jerusalem 926 

Prunier de Jerusalem 926 

Prunier des Vacances 947 

Primus Cerasifera 903 

Primus Myrobolana 903 

Purple Damson 907 



1088 



PLUMS. 



Buiple Egg 943 

Purple Favorite 940 

Purple Gage 940 

Purple Magnum Bonuni 910, 943 

Quackenboss 941 

Queen Claudia 917 

Queen Mother 941 

Quetsche cV Allemagne Grosse 915 

Quetsche de Breme 916 

Quetsche Datte 908 

Quetsche de Dorelle NouveUe Grand. 934 

Quetsche Grosse 915 

Quetsche de Hongrie 908 

QueUche cCItalie 924 

Quetsche Bricoce de Furst 913 

Quetzen 915 

Reagle's Ancient City 941 

Reagle's Gage 941 

Reagle's Union Purple 942 

Red Apricot 942 

Ped Damask 935 

Red Diaper 942 

Red Egg 943 

Red Gage 942 

Bed Gage 929 

Red Gage of Dutchess County 942 

Bed Imperial 943 

Red Magnum Bonum 943 

Bed Mag a urn Bon um 948 

Bed Orleans 935 

Red Perdrigon 943 

Red Primordian 943 

Bed Queen Mother 941 

Bed Saint Martin 904 

Beina Nora 898 

Beine Claude 917 

Beine Claude cTAutomne 897 

Beine Claude de Bavay 897 

Beine Claude de Bavay Motive 926 

Beine Claude Berger 936 

Beine Claude Blanche 913 

Beine Claude de Brahy 901 

Beine Claude Diaphane 950 

Beine Claude Boree 917 

Beine Claude Motive 911 

Beine Claude d? Hudson 922 

Beine Claude Imp 'riale 923 

Beine Claude de Jodoigne 926 

Beine Claude de Lawrence 928 

Beine Claude May ret 933 

Beine Claude (F Octobre 935 

Beine Claude d'Oullins 935 

Beine Claude Pricoce 935 

Beine Claude Rouge de Septembre. . 898 

Beine Claude Bouge Van Mons 898 

Beine Claude Tardive 935 

Beine Claude Transparent 950 

Beine Claude Violette 940 

Beine Claudia blanche la grosse. ... 917 

Beine petite esplce 913 

Reine Victoria 943 



PAG15 



Reizenstein's Yellow Prune 943 

Bensselaer Gage 917 

Rhinebeck Yellow Gage 944 

Rhue 944 

Bhue's Seedling 944 

Richland 944 

Risers' No. 1 911 

Biters'' Early No. 2 912 

Rivers' Early Favorite 911 

Rivers' Early Prolific 912 

Robe de Sergent 939 

Robinson 931 

Roby's Yellow 944 

Roche Carbon 942 

Roe's Autumn Gage 897 

RoUande Galloppi 944 

Ronald's Fancy 945 

Rostrave Bell 945 

Botlierham 953 

Royal 945 

Royal Dauphine 948 

Royal Red 945 

Royal Tours 945 

Royal de Yilvorde 926 

Royale 945 

Roy ale Ha five 945 

Roy ale de Tours 945 

St. Barnabie 925 

Saint Catherine 946 

Saint Clair 897 

Saint Cloud 917 

Saint Etienne 946 

St. James' Quetsche 916 

St. Jean 912 

Saint Julien 946 

St. Julien petit 946 

Saint Martin 904 

Saint Martin Bouge 904 

Saint Martin's Quetsche 947 

St Maurin 939 

Sand Plum 889 

Sans Noyau 949 

Scarlet Gage 929 

Schenectady Catherine 947 

Schuyler Gage 947 

Schuyler Gage 917 

Sea 921 

Semiana of Boston 947 

September Damask 947 

Shatter's White Bamson 952 

Sharp's Emperor 948 

Sheen 914 

Sheldon 948 

Shepler 943 

Shropshire Damson 907 

Siamese 948 

Si mi ana 949 

Sir Charles Worsley's 945 

Small Green Gage 913 

Small Mirabelle 932 

Small Red Damson 907 

Small White Damson 907 



PLUMS — POMEGRANATES. 



1089 



PAGE 

Smith's Orleans 948 

Spanish Damask 949 

Spotted Gage 949 

Standard of England 949 

Steeds Emperor 917 

Stoneless 949 

SucrinVert 917 

Suisse 949 

Superior Green Gage 923 

Sweet Damson 913, 921 

Sweet Prune 915 

Swiss Plum 949 

Switzefs Plum 949 

Thomas 949 

I Thorndyke Gage 950 

Tomlinson's Charlotte 950 

Townsend 931 

Transparent Gage 950 

Trompe Gargon 917 

Trompe Valet 917 

Trouvee de Voueche 950 

True Large German Prune 915 

Turkish Quetsche 915 

Ulysses 950 

Van Mans 1 Bed 898 

Van Mons 1 Red Gage 898 

Verdochio 917 

Verducia 917 

Veritable Imperative 900 

Vert Bonne 917 

Verte Tiquetee 917 

Victoria 948 

I Violet Diaper 904 

Violet Empress 900 

Violet Gage 940 

Violet Perdrigon 900, 948 

Violet de Tours 937 

Violette 900 

Violette Hdtive 937 

Violette Jerusalem 926 

Violette Queen Claude 940 

Virgin 950 

Virginal Blanc 950 

Virginal d Fruit blanc 950 

Virginal a gros Fruit blanc 950 

Virginale Blanc 950 

Virginia Cherry 903 

Wager 935 

Wangenheim 951 

Washington 951 

Washington Jaune 951 

Washington Purple 901 

Waterloo 904 

Wax 951 

Wentworth 954 

Wheat Plum 913 

Wheaton 913 

White Apricot 952 

White Bullace 952 



69 



White Damascene 952 

White Damask 952 

White Damson 952 / 

White Diaper. 952 

White Egg 954 

White Empress 952 

White Gage 913, 923, 939 

White Holland 954 

White Imperatrice 952 

White Imperial 954 

White Magnum Bonum 954 

White Mirabelle 932 

White Mogul 954 

White Perdrigon 953 

White Primordian 925 

White Prune Damson 952 

White Virginale 950 

White Winter Damson 952 

Whitlow 913 

Wild Goose 953 

Wild Red Plum 889 

Wilde's 953 

Wilkinson 953 

Wilmofs Early Orleans 911 

Wilmofs Green Gage 917 

Wilmofs Late Green Gage 917 

Wilmofs Late Orleans . . < 917 

Wilmofs New Green Gage 917 

Wilmofs Orleans 911 

Winesour 953 

Winter Bolmar 928 

Winter Damson 907 

Woolston's Black Gage 953 

Yellow Apricot 896 

Yellow Damask 953 

Yellow Egg 954 

Yellow Imperatrice 954 

Yellow Magnum Bonum 954 

Yellow Perdrigon 910 

Yellow Plum 889 

Yohe's Eagle 954 

Young 955 

Young's Seedling 955 

Zwetsche 915 



POMEGRANATES. 

Acid-Fruited 957 

Double Red 957 

Double White 957 

Grenadier a Fruit Doux 957 

Subacid-Fruited 957 

Sweet-Fruited 957 

Variegated Flowered 957 

Wild Pomegranate 957 



1090 



POMEGRANATES — QUINCES — RASPBERRIES. 



Yellow Flowered 957 



QUINCES. 

Angers 958 

Apple-shaped Quince 959 

Blush Japan Quince 960 

Chinese Quince 960 

Cydonia Japonica 960 

Japan Quince 960 

New Upright 959 

Oblong Quince 959 

Orange Quince, 959 

Pmis de Fontenay 959 

Pear-shaped Quince 959 

Portugal Quince 959 

Pyrus Japonica 960 

Pea's Seedling 959 

VanSlyke 959 

White Quince 960 



RASPBERRIES. 

Abel 967 

Allen 962 

Allen 971 

Allen's Antwerp 962 

Allen's Red Prolific 962 

American Black 963 

American Improved 966 

American Red 963 

American White 963 

Arnold's Orange 963 

Arnold's Red 963 

August Black 963 

Autumn Black 963 

Autumn Black Raspberry 969 

Bagley's Perpetual 964 

Barnet 964 

Earnest Cane. 964 

Belle de Fontenay 964 

Belle d? Orleans 964 

Belle de Paluau 964 

Black 964 

Black Raspberry 963 

Brentford Cane 964 

Brinckle's Orange 971 

Burley 972 

Burlington 964 

Canada Black Cap 964 

Carter's Prolific 965 



PAGE 

Catawissa 965 

Cincinnati Bed 969 

Clarke 965 

Col. Wilder 965 

CollinsviUe Miami. 969 

Common Black- Cap 963 

Common Red 963 

Cope 965 

CornwalVs Prolific 964 

CornicaWs Seedling 964 

Cretan Red 965 

Cushing 965 

Cutbush's Prince of Wales 971 

Davison's Thornless 966 

Doolittle 966 

Doolittle's Black Cap 966 

Doolittle's Red Flavored Black Cap. 967 

Double-Bearing 966 

Double-Beaiing Yellow 974 

Duhring 966 

Ellisdale 966 

Elm City 966 

Elsie 966 

Emily . .. 966 

English Black 964 

English Globe 966 

English Purple 971 

English Red 971 

English Red Cane 962 

False Red Antwerp 962 

Fastollf 967 

Filby 967 

Framboisier d Gros Fruit 972 

Franconia 967 

French 967 

Fulton 967 

Garden 967 

Gen. Patterson 967 

Golden Cap 963 

Golden Thornless 967 

Hildreth 968 

Hornet 968 

Rowland's Red Antwerp 972 

Hudson River Antwerp 968 

Huntsman's Giant 968 

HuntsviMe 971 

Imperial 968 

Imperial Red 968 

Improved Miami 969 

Joslyn's Black Cap 966 

Joslyn's Improved 966 

Joslyn's Improved Black Cap 966 

Jouet 968 

Kirtland 969 

Knevet's Giant 969 



RASPBERRIES STRAWBERRIES. 



1091 



KneveWs Anticerp 972 

Large-Fruited Monthly 969 

Large Miami Black Gap 969 

Large Orange 972 

Large Red 964 

Late Siberian 966 

Lindley 969 

Little Miami Black Cap 970 

Lord ExmoutKs 964 

Lum's Ever-Bearing 969 

McCormick 969 

Magnum Bonum 970 

Mammoth Cluster 969 

MerveiUe de Quatre Saisons 970 

Miami Black 970 

Miami Black Cap 969 

Mote's Ever-Bearing 970 

Mrs. Wood 970 

New Bed Antwerp 968 

Northumberland Fill-Basket 970 

Nottingham Scarlet 970 

October Red 970 

October Yellow 970 

Ohio Ever-Bearing 971 

Ohio Raspberry 971 

Old Red Antwerp 972 

Orange 971 

Perpetual Bearing 966 

Philadelphia 971 

Pilate 971 

Prince of Wales 971 

Prince's Globose 971 

Prolific {Carter's) 965 

Prosser 964 

Purple Cane 971 

Purple Prolific ■ 971 

Red Antwerp 972 

Red Imperial 968 

Red Pearl 972 

Red Prolific 971 

Riley's Early 972 

Rivers' 1 New Large Monthly 969 

Rivers' Orange 972 

Roger's Victoria 973 

Rubus Occidentalis 963 

Russell's Red 972 

Semper Fidelis 972 

Seneca Black Cap 972 

Souchetti 973 

Stoever 963 

Summit 973 

Superior Miami 969 

Surprise 973 

Sweet Yellow Antwerp 973 



Thimbleberry . 



PAGE 

Thornless Black Cap 966 

Thunderer 973 

True Red Antwerp 972 

Vice-President French 967 

Victoria 973 

Walker 973 

White Antwerp 974 

White Canada 973 

White Transparent 973 

Woodside 974 

Woodward 974 

Yellow Antwerp 974 

Yellow Cap 963 

Yellow Pearl 974 



STRAWBERRIES. 

Aberdeen 1001 

Aberdeen Beehive 988 

Aberdeen Seedlin g 1 001 

Abraham Lincoln 978 

Adair 978 

Admiral Dundas 978 

Agriculturist 978 

Ajax 978 

Albino 994 

Albion White 994 

Alice Maud 978 

Ambrosia 978 

America 978 

American Scarlet 990 

Ariadne 978 

Atkinson's Scarlet 988 

Austin 979 

Austin Seedling 979 

Austin Shaker 979 

Austrian Scarlet 985 

Barnes' Mammoth 979 

Barnes' White 979 

Baron Deman de Lennick 979 

Bartlett 980 

Belle de Bordelaise 1007 

Bicolor 979 

BictonPine 979 

Bijou 979 

Bishop's New 979 

Bishop's Orange 979 

Black 997 

Black Beacon 997 

Black Canterbury 997 

Black Lmperial 979 

Black Pine 997 

Black Prince 979 

Black Roseberry 980 

Blood Pine 998 

Boisselot 980 

Bonte de St. Julian 980 

Boston Pine 980 



1092 



STRAWBERRIES. 



PAGE 

Boudinot 980 

Boule d'Or 980 

Boyden's Mammoth. 980 

Boyden's No. 30 980 

Brewer's Emperor 980 

BricMey Scarlet 1 001 

Brighton Pine 980 

Brilliant 981 

British Green Seedling 998 

British Queen 981 

British Queen 996 

Brook's Prolific 991 

Brooklyn Scarlet 981 

Brune de Gilbert 1005 

Bryan's Satisfaction 981 

Buffalo 995 

Buisson des Alpes Blanc, etc 1006 

Bunce 984 

Burr's New Pine 981 

Burr's Old Seedling 981 

Burr's Seedling 981 

Burr's Staminate 981 

Caleb Cope 981 

Caper on Hermaphrodite 1 007 

Caper on Royal 1007 

Capt. Cook 981 

Carolina 998 

Carolina 998 

Carolina Superba 981 

Champion 982 

Charles Downing 982 

Charles Favorite 982 

Charlotte 982 

Charlton Prolific 982 

Choiiton 982 

Chillian 982 

Clinton 982 

Cockscomb 982 

Colfax.... 982 

Colonel Ellsworth 983 

Columbus 983 

Common Bouge 1006 

Commun sans Filets 1006 

Comte de Flandre 983 

Comte de Paris 983 

Conical 1007 

Cornucopia 983 

Crimson Cluster 983 

Crimson Cone 983 

Crimson Favorite 983 

Crimson Queen 983 

Crystal Palace 985 

CulverwelTs Seedling 984 

Cushing 984 

CuthilVs Black Prince 979 

GiithilVs Princess Royal 1000 

Cutter's Seedling 984 

De Bath 984 

Delices d' Automne 984 

DeptfordPine 884 

Des Alpes d Fruit Blanc 1006 



PAGE 

Des Alpes d Fruit Rouge 1005 

Des Alpes de Tous les Mois d Fruit 

Blanc, etc 1006 

Des Alpes de Tous les Mais d Fruit 

Rouge 1005 

Des Alpes sans Filets 1006 

Des Bois d Fruit Rouge 1006 

Des Quatre Saisons 1006 

Diadem 984 

Doctor Hogg 984 

Doctor Nicaise 984 

Double- Bearing 1007 

Doubleday's No. 2 983 

Downer's Prolific 984 

Downton 985 

Due de Brabant • 985 

Due de Malakoff 985 

Duchesse de Trevisse 1004 

Duke of Kent. 985 

Duke of York Scarlet 985 

Dundee, 985 

Durand 985 

Durands Seedling 985 

Dutchberry 983 

Early Prolific Scarlet 985 

Early Virginia 993 

Early Washington 991 

Eclipse 985 

Elton 986 

Elton Improved 986 

Elton Pine 986 

Elton Seedling 986 

Emily 986 

Emma ^ 986 

Empress Eugenie 986 

English Lady Finger 986 

English Red Wood 1006 

Fairy Queen 986 

Faulkner's King 1000 

Faulkner's Seedlin g 1 000 

Ferdinande 986 

Filbert Pine 986 

Fill-Basket 987 

Fillmore 987 

Fleming 987 

Florence 987 

Fraisier Vert 1008 

French 987 

French Musk Hautbois 1007 

French's Seedling 987 

Frogmore Late Pine 987 

Galland 1005 

Garibaldi 987 

General McLellan 995 

General Scott 988 

Genesee 987 

Germantown . . . 990 

Globe 988 

Globe Scarlet 985 

Globose Scarlet 988 



STRAWBERRIES. 



1093 



Golden Seeded P 988 

Golden Queen 1004 

Goliath 988 

Grandiflora 998 

Great Eastern 988 

Green Alpine 1008 

Green Pine 1008 

Green Prolific 988 

Green Strawberry 1008 

Green Wood 1008 

GreenweWs French 1007 

GreenweWs New Giant 1007 

Grove End Scarlet 988 

Haquin 989 

Harlem Orange 989 

Hathaway 989 

Hathaway' s Seedling 989 

Hendry 989 

Hero 989 

Biggins' Seedling 996 

Highland Chief'. 989 

Highland Mary 989 

Hooker 989 

Hooper's Seedling 990 

Hovey's Seedling 990 

Hudson 990 

77 udson's Bay 990 

Huntsman 990 

Ida 990 

Imperatrice Eugenie 990 

Imperial Crimson 990 

Imperial Scarlet 991 

Ingram's Prince Arthur 991 

Program's Princess Royal 1000 

Iowa 991 

Jenny Lind 991 

Jenny's Seedling 991 

Jessie Read 991 

Jeyes' Wonderful 1005 

John Powell 991 

Jucunda 991 

Julien 991 

Keen's Black Pine 992 

Keen's Seedling 992 

Keen's Seedling 996 

Kentucky 992 

KimberlyPine 992 

Kitley's Goliath 988 

Knight's Seedling 985 

Knox's 700 991 

Kramer 992 

La Challonaise 992 

La Constante 992 

La Delicieuse 992 

La Fertile 993 

La Grosse Sucree 993 

La Liegeoise 993 

LaPerle 993 



PAGR 

La Peine 993 

La Sultane 993 

La Versaillaise 994 

Ladies' Finger 993 

Ladies' Pine 992 

Lady 992 

Lady Finger , 993 

Lady of the Lake 993 

Large Early Scarlet 993 

Late Scarlet 990 

Laurella 993 

Le Baron 994 

Lennig's White 994 

Leonce de Lambertye 994 

Leopold I 994 

Little Monitor 994 

Lizzie Randolph 994 

Longworth's Prolific 994 

Lorenz Booth 994 

Lorio 995 

Lucas 995 

Lucida Perfecta 995 

McAvoy's Extra Red 995 

McAvoy's No. 1 995 

McAvoy's No. 12 995 

McAvoy's Superior 995 

Malcolm's Aberdeen Seedling 979 

Mammoth 995 

Marguerite 995 

Marquise de la Tour Maubourg 1004 

Marshall's Seedlin g 1 003 

Mead's Seedling 995 

Melon 995 

Me tcalf's Early 996 

Methven Castle 996 

Methven Scarlet 996 

Miss Lda 990 

Monitor 996 

Monroe Scarlet 996 

Montevideo Pine 996 

Monthly, icithout runners 1006 

Moyamensing 996 

Mulberry 997 

Murphy's Child 992 

Musk Bautbois 1007 

My att's British Queen 981 

Myatt's Beptford Pine 984 

My att's Eleanor 985 

Myatt's Eliza 996 

Myatt's Globe 988 

Myatt's Mammoth 995 

Myatt's Prolific 1005 

Myatt's Seedling 986 

Naomi 996 

Napoleon 997 

Napoleon III 997 

Necked Pine 997 

New Bautbois 998 

New Jersey Scarlet 997 

Newark Prolific 988 

Newland 982 



1094 



STRAWBERRIES. 



PAGE 

Newlantfs Mammoth 1006 

Mcanor 997 

Nimorod 978 

Nova Scotia Scarlet 985 

Oakland's Scarlet 985 

Old Black 997 

Old John Brown 997 

Old Pine 998 

Old Scarlet 998 

Old Scarlet Pine 998 

Omer Pacha 996 

Orange Hudson Bay 979 

Orange Prolific 998 

Oscar 998 

Patagonian 1007 

Peabody 998 

Peabody 's Seedling 998 

Peak's Emperor 998 

Pennsylvania 998 

Pine Apple 997, 998 

Powdered Pine 1008 

Prairie Farmer 1003 

Premier 998 

President 978 

President Wilder 998 

Primordian 999 

Prince Albert 999 

Prince Frederick William 999 

Prince of Orleans 999 

Prince of Wales 999 

Prince's Climax 999 

Prince's Excelsior 999 

Prince's Magnate. . . . , 999 

Princess Alice Maud 978 

Princess Royal 1000 

Princess Royal of England 1000 

Profuse Scarlet 1000 

Prolific 1000, 1007 

Prolific Pine 1001 

Pyramidal ChiUian 982 

Randolph Pine 1000 

Red Alpine 1005 

Red-Bush Alpine 1006 

Bed Monthly Strawberry 1 005 

Red Wood 1006 

Beeves Eclipse 985 

Begenfs Dwarf 1007 

Reine des Beiges 999 

Richardson's Early 1000 

Richardson's Late 1000 

Rifleman 1000 

Ripawam 1000 

Rival Hudson 1001 

Bival Queen 996 

Rivers' Eliza 1001 

Robinson's Defiance 1001 

Romeyn Seedling 1004 

Bose 1001 

Roseberry 1001 

Rosebud 1001 



PAGE 

Ross's Phoenix 1001 

Royal Hautbois 1007 

Ruby 1001 

Buisson 1006 

Russell's Prolific 1001 

Sabreur 1002 

Sacombe 1007 

Salter's Versaillaise 1002 

Scarlet Cone 1002 

Scarlet Magnate 999 

Scarlet Melting 1002 

Scarlet Nonpareil 1002 

Scotch Pineapple 983 

Scotch Bunner 983 

Scotch Scarlet 1001 

Scott's Seedling 1002 

Seedling Eliza 1001 

Shaker's Seedling 979 

Sir Charles Napier 1002 

Sir Harry 1002 

Sir Joseph Banks 1007 

Sir Joseph Paxton 1002 

Southampton Scarlet 996 

Southborough 1003 

SoutliborougJi Seedling 1003 

Souvenir 1003 

Souvenir de Eieff. 1003 

Stinger 1003 

Stinger's Seedling 1003 

Stirling Castle Pine 1003 

Stoddard's Alpine 1006 

Swainstone's Seedling 1003 

Topsy 1003 

Trembly' s Union 1004 

Triomphe de Gand 1003 

Triomphe d'Hollande 1006 

Triomphe de Liege 1004 

Triumph of Holland Alpine 1006 

Trollope 's Victoria 1 004 

True Chili 1007 

Turkey Pine 997 

Union 1003, 1004 

Unique Prairie 997 

Yicomtesse Hericart de Thury. . . .1004 

Victoria 1004 

Victory of Bath 1004 

Vineuse de Nantes 1004 

Virgin Queen 979 

Walker's Seedling 1004 

Ward's Favorite 1004 

Warren's Seedling 996 

Washington 991 

Washington Alpine 1006 

White Albany 994 

White Alpine 1006 

White Bush Alpine .1006 

White Monthly 1006 



White Monthly, witlwut runners . . . 1006 



STRAWBERRIES. 



PAGE 

White Pineapple 994 

White Wood 1007 

Western Queen 1004 

Wild Strawberry of Europe 1006 

Willey 1005 

Wilmot's Superb 1007 

Wilinot's Prince Arthur 1005 



Wilson's Albany- 
Wizard of the North 
Wonderful 

Yellow Chili 

York River Scarlet 

Young's Seedling 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Butternut, 574. 



Axmond, its nativity, 430 ; uses of, ib. ; 
its cultivation, ib. ; varieties, 431 ; or- 
namental, 432. 

American Blight, 66. 

Annual pruning of peach trees, 585 
(note). 

Aphis, the Woolly, 66. 

Apple, its history, 58 ; where best nat- 
uralized, 59 ; its uses, ib. ; its quality, 
60 ; propagation, ib. ; grafting, 21 ; 
soil and situation for, 61 ; planting 
and cultivation of apple orchards, 62 ; 
the bearing year, 63 ; pruning, ib. ; 
insects destructive to, ib. ; how to de- 
stroy, 64 ; gathering and keeping, 
67; varieties of, 72; Siberian crabs 
and improved Siberian apples, 421 ; 
selections for different latitudes, and 
for table use, marketing, cooking, and 
keeping, 427. 

Apple bark beetle, 67. 

Apple Borer, 63. 

Apple Worm, 66. 

Apricot, uses and cultivation of, 433 ; 
liable to disease, ib. ; curculio fatal 
to fruit, ib. ; varieties of tree, ib. ; 
ornamental varieties, 442 ; varieties 
adapted for small gardens, and for 
cold climates, ib. 

Ashes, a cure for peach borer, 586. 

Aspect of fruit trees, 53. 

Bark Louse, the, 66. 
Bats, useful as destroyers of insects, 
58. 

Bending down limbs, to produce fruit- 
fulness, 37. 

Berberry, description of, 442; its use 
and culture, 443 ; varieties of, ib. 

Birds, as destroyers of insects, 57. 

Black Gum, fatal to plum trees, 894. 

Black Walnut, 574. 

Blackberry, culture and varieties of, 
443 ; ornamental varieties, 446. 

Blight on Apple Trees, 67. 

Budding, 23; proper season for, 24; 
shield and American shield budding, 
25 ; reversed shield budding, 26 ; an- 
nular budding, 27. 



Canker Worm, the, 65. 

Caterpillar, 64 ; to destroy, ib. 

Chamomile to destroy insects, 56. 

Cherry, its history, 447 ; uses of, ib. ; 
gum of the, 448 ; as shade trees, ib. ; 
soil and situation for, ib. ; propaga- 
tion and cultivation, 449 ; classes of, 
450; ornamental varieties, 486; se- 
lections of, for family use, to ripen 
in succession, 487 . 

Chestnut, 572. 

Cider, how to make, 69. 

Citron, the, 579. 

Coal Tar, a remedy for grubs, 56. 
Codling Moth, 66. 

Composition for wounds in pruning, 35. 

Crab, wild species of, 58. 

Cranberry, description of and value, 
493 ; its culture profitable, 494. 

Cross-breeding, 7. 

Cucumber Bug, the, 559. 

Curculio, 892 ; habits of, ib. ; how to 
destroy, 893. 

Curl, the, in peach trees, 592. 

Currant, its history and use, 487 ; pro- 
pagation and culture, 488 ; insects de- 
structive to, 488, 489 ; varieties of, 
489 ; ornamental, 493. 

Cuttings, to propagate by, 29. 

De Candolle, remarks on decay of 

varieties, 11. 
Deep planting to be avoided, 48. 
Disbarking and ringing, 37. 
Duration of varieties, 10. 



Fig, its history, 494 ; its secret blossom, 
494, 495 ; propagation, 495 ; soil and 
culture, ib. ; oiling the fruit, 496 ; va- 
rieties, ib. 

Filbert, varieties of, 574. 

Fire Blight, 644. 

French Standard Names, key to, 1009. 

Frozen-Sap Blight, 646. 

Fruit, production of new varieties, 1. 



Eyes, or Buds, to propagate by, 23. 



GENERAL INDEX. 



1097 



Fruitfulness increased by root-pruning. 
36 ; by bending the limbs, 37. 

Glands of the Peach, 593. 

Gooseberry, description and uses of, 
499, 500; propagation and culture, 
500; varieties, 501 ; selection of, 503; 
American varieties, ib. 

Graft, its influence on the stock, 27. 

Grafting, uses of, 16 ; proper time for, 
ib. ; scions selected, 17; stock for, 
ib. ; theory of, ib. ; confined to cer- 
tain limits, ib. ; its manual opera- 
tion, IS ; splice and tongue grafting, 
18, 19 ; American Whip-tongue graf- 
ting, 19 ; cleft grafting. 21 ; grafting 
the vine. 22 ; saddle grafting, ib. ; 
side grafting, 23. 

Grafting Clay, 23. 

Grafting Wax, 23. 

Grape, history of, 504 ; uses and soil, 
505 ; propagation, 506 ; culture of 
foreign, ib. ; renewal system, 507 ; 
culture under glass, without heat, 
508 ; soil for vinery, 509 ; pruning, 
ib. ; routine of culture, 510 ; thinning 
the fruit, ib. ; culture under glass, 
with fire -heat, ib. ; construction of 
vinery, 511 ; the border, 512 ; the 
spur system of pruning, 512 ; insects 
and diseases peculiar to, 513; varie- 
ties, ib. ; pruning, training, and cul- 
ture of American grapes, 525 ; dis- 
eases and insects. 527 ; grafting, ib. ; 
keeping, ib. ; varieties, 528 ; selection 
of varieties, 558. 

Grape Beetle, 527. 

Hickory Nut, 574. 
Hybridising, 7 ; limits of, 8. 

Inoculating Fruit Trees, 23. 
Insect Blight, 645. 

Insects, remarks on, 54 ; to destroy by 
hand-picking, 55; larvae, or grubs, 
ib. ; salt, a remedy for, ib. ; to de- 
stroy in the winged state, 56. 

Knight, his mode of raising new varie- 
ties, 10 ; his theory on the decay of 
varieties, ib. 

Knots Disease, fatal to plum, 894. 

Layers, propagating by, 31. 
Laying in by the heels, 50. 
Lemons and Limes. 579. 
Lime, a cure for peach-borer, 586. 
Loams, best adapted for plantations, 
51. 

Longevity of Peach Trees, 585 (note). 

Madeira Nut, 573. 

Manure for fruit trees, 48, 49. 



Melon, its history and culture, 559 ; in- 
sects attacking, ib. ; varieties, 560. 

Mice, to prevent girdling trees, 35. 

Mildew in grapes, 527. 

Moths, how to destroy, 56. 

Mulberry, habits and varieties, 564 ; the 
ever-bearing, ib. ; the red mulberry, 
565. 

Mulching, 48. 

Nectarine, its history and culture, 
565 ; curculio an enemy to, ib. ; va- 
rieties, 566. 

Xoyes, Darling, remarks on the yellows 
in Peach 588 (note). 

Nuts: Chestnut, 572 ; the Chinquapin 
and European Walnut, 573 ; Filbert, 
Hickory nut, 574. 

Olive, history and uses, 575 ; propaga- 
tion and culture, ib. ; varieties, 576. 

Orange, history, 576, 577 ; soil and cul- 
ture, 577 ; insects on, ib. ; specific 
against, 578 ; varieties, ib. 

Peach, its history, 580 ; uses, 581 ; 
propagation, 5S2 ; soil and situation, 
ib. ; pruning, 583 ; training, 585 ; in- 
sects and diseases, 586 ; yellows in, 
587 ; symptoms, ib. ; cause, 588 ; 
remedy for. 591 ; the curl, 592 ; classi- 
fication of freestones and clingstones, 
ib. ; raising peaches in pots, 594 ; va- 
rieties, 596 ; curious or ornamental 
varieties, 638 ; selection of choice 
sorts, 639; selection for the South, 
ib. 

Peach Borer, 586 ; remedy for, ib. 

Pear, history of, 639 ; its nativity, 640 ; 
extraordinary specimen of tree, 641 ; 
uses of. ib. ; gathering and keeping, 
ib. ; propagating, 642 ; soil, situation, 
and culture, 648 ; diseases of, 644 ; 
insect blight, etc. , 645 ; varieties, 
650 ; select list for table use, market- 
ing, and cooking, 887. 

Planting deep, bad effects of, 48. 

Plum, history and use, 889 ; propaga- 
tion and culture, 890; soil, 891; in- 
sects and diseases, ib. ; curculio or 
plum-weevil, 892; how to destroy, 
893 ; the knots or black gum, 894 ; 
varieties, 895 ; ornamental varieties, 
955 ; selection of varieties for table, 
market, and cooking, ib. 

Plum Weevil, 892. 

Pomegranate, history and uses, 956 ; 
propagation and culture, 957 ; varie- 
ties, ib. 

Position of fruit trees, 51. 

Potash Wash for fruit trees, 35. 

Preparing soil for fruit trees, 47. 

Propagation of Varieties, 16 ; by cut- 
tings, 29 ; by layers and suckers, 31. 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Prunes, to make, 890. 

Pruning, to promote growth, 33 ; to in- 
duce fruitfulness, 36; annual, pro- 
duces longevity in peach trees, 585 
(note). 

Quenottille training, 39. 

Quince, its history and use, 957, 958 ; 
propagation, culture, and varieties, 
958 ; ornamental varieties, 960. 

Quince Stocks to dwarf pears, 643. 

Babbits, to prevent girdling trees, 35. 

Kaspberry, its habits, uses, propaga- 
tion, and culture, 960, 961 ; varieties, 
962. 

Remedies for Blight, 646. 
Benewal Training of vines, 507. 
Binging and Disbarking, 37. 
Rivers, Mr. , on Root-pruning, 36. 
Root-pruning, 36. 

Saddle-grafting, 22. 

Salt, used to destroy insects, 55. 

Scale Insect on Orange, 578. 

Scions, to select, 17. 

Seedlings, to raise, 4, 5. 

Shaddock, the, 579. 

Shellac, for wounds in trees, 35. 

Shortening -in, mode of pruning the 

peach, 37. 
Siberian Crabs, 421. 
Slug-worm, 650. 

Smells will drive away winged insects, 
56. 

Soft-Soap, for stems of trees, 36. 
Soil, best for fruit trees, 51 . 
Species of Fruit Trees, 2. 
Spurring-in, training the vine, 507. 
Stocks, for grafting, 17 ; their influence 

on graft, 27. 
Stopping the bearing shoots of the vine, 

508. 

Strawberry, history and uses, 974 ; pro- 
pagation and soil, 975 ; modes of cul- 
ture, 976 ; fertile and barren plants, 
976, 977 ; varieties, 977 ; Alpine and 
wood strawberries, 1005 ; hautbois 
strawberries, 1007 ; Chili strawberries, 



ib. ; green strawberries, 1008 ; selec- 
tion of varieties, 1008. 
Suckers, propagating by, 32. 

Taklng up Trees, 46. 
Thorn, the, good stocks for pear trees, 
643. 

Toads destroy insects, 58. 

Tobacco- Water, remedy for insects, 56. 

Training, remarks on, 38 ; its objects, 
39 ; conical standards and quenouille 
training, 39, 40 ; pyramids and bush- 
es, 40 ; cord on- training, 41 ; fan-train- 
ing, 42 ; horizontal training, 44. 

Transplanting, remarks on, 45 ; best 
season for, 45, 46 ; preparing the 
places, 47 ; proper size for, 49 ; lay- 
ing in by the heels, 50. 

Trellis, use of, for the vine, 508. 

Trenching, to improve soil, 53. 

Valleys, objectionable for fruit trees, 
53. 

Van Mons' Theory, 5. 

Varieties, to produce new, 1 ; tendency 
to change, 3 ; influence of grafting 
on, 4 ; Van Mons' method of raising 
new, 5 ; cross-breeding, 7 ; propaga- 
tion of, 16 ; remarks on the duration 
of, 10 ; Knight's theory on the decay 
of, ib. ; effects of climate on, 12 ; to 
restore decayed, 15. 

Vine, grafting the, 22 ; culture of, 506. 

Vinery, cheap mode of building, 508 ; 
for fire-heat, 510. 

Vineyard Culture, 526. 

Wash for stems of fruit trees, 35. 
"Water Melon, its uses, culture, and 

varieties, 561. 
Weevil, attacks plums, 892. 
Whale-oil Soap, to destroy insects, 56. 
Wild Plum, varieties indigenous, 889. 
W r oolly Aphis, the, 66. 
Wounds made in pruning, composition 

for, 35. 

Yellows, disease of, in Peach, 587 ; 
symptoms, ib. ; cause, 588 ; remedy 
591. 



31*77 
1300 



j 




o ^ ^iP"^ * or c*v • . 




3p 



Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: September 2012 




111 Thomson Park Di 
Cranberry Township, 
(724) 779-2111 



